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Global State of National Urban Policy 2024Building Resilience and Promoting Adequate,Inclusive and Sustainable HousingGlobal State of NationalUrban Policy 2024Building Resilience and Promoting Adequate,Inclusive and Sustainable HousingGlobal State of National Urban Policy 2024Building Resilience and Promoting Adequate,Inclusive and Sustainable HousingNOTEThe names of countries and territories used in this joint publication follow the practice of the United Nations.Regional groupings in this report follow the new regional groupings based on United Nations Standard Country and Area Codes(M49)Classifications.The following modifications have been made in order to more adequately align with UN-Habitat regional groupings,which are reflected in the UN-Habitat World Cities Report:Western Asia States have been regionally grouped into the Arab States,with the exception of Comoros,Djibouti,Somalia and Mauritania,which are in the Africa region,and Armenia,Azerbaijan,Cyprus,Georgia,Israel and Trkiye,which are in the Asia and the Pacific region.The North American countries,Canada and the United States of America,have been added to the European region,forming a category for Europe and North America.The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities.The use of such data by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights,East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.Note by Republic of Trkiye The information in this document with reference to“Cyprus”relates to the southern part of the island.There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the island.Trkiye recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus(TRNC).Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations,Trkiye shall preserve its position concerning the“Cyprus issue”.Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union The Republic of Cyprus is recognized by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Trkiye.The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.Cover Photo:Modern apartment buildings in Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada AdobeStock/KaramyshHS Number:HS/090/16EPlease cite this publication as:UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024),Global State of National Urban Policy 2024:Building Resilience and Promoting Adequate,Inclusive and Sustainable Housing,UNON Publishing,Nairobi,https:/unhabitat.org/global-state-of-national-urban-policy-2024Preface Urbanisation is one of the megatrends driving global transformation.Around the world,cities are serving as engines of national economic growth and development.However,challenges such as climate change and inequalities in cities are jeopardising sustainable development.Progress on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,the globally endorsed overarching roadmap to achieve sustainable development,has been too slow.Indeed,many cities are below 2015 baselines on some targets related to urban resilience,such as the number of people and services affected by natural disasters,sanitation and hygiene,and the number of refugees.Access to housing also remains a challenge,given that the total number of slum dwellers in 2022 was 130 million higher than in 2015.While there are a number of factors that can explain poor progress,including post COVID-19 pressures on public finances,a critical factor is often limited co-ordination across different levels of government and policy areas,in particular to manage trade-offs(for example,when allocating resources between shortterm needs and long-term goals),whilst also maximising potential synergies.In addition,with cities influencing economic,social,and environmental outcomes beyond their own boundaries,it is essential to design and implement sustainable urban development policy interventions across wider territorial scales that can also fulfil the social and ecological function of land with a view to progressively achieving the full realization of the right to adequate housing,as envisaged in the New Urban Agenda,adopted at the Habitat III Conference(2016).In this respect,National Urban Policy(NUP)can provide a clear strategic framework and effective coordination mechanism to articulate policies across the urban-rural continuum,including at metropolitan and regional scales.By fully tapping into the transformative potential of NUP,governments can harness the positive contribution of cities and local action to global sustainability targets,as emphasised in the New Urban Agenda.Since 2018,UN-Habitat and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)have developed the Global State of National Urban Policy reports as part of a joint National Urban Policy Programme(NUPP)to inform better NUPs by providing a consistent global monitoring through a comparative lens.These reports offer a unique analysis of trends,knowledge,experiences and good practices on NUPs around the world and provide insights on how countries can develop and implement more effective NUPs in a rapidly urbanising world.Against the backdrop of pressing shocks and inequalities,this third edition of the Global State of National Urban Policy draws on a survey of 78 countries and includes a special focus on how NUPs can build urban resilience and promote adequate,inclusive and sustainable housing.The report also highlights how NUPs have become critical instruments to localise the Sustainable Development Goals,especially Goal 11“make cities and human settlements inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable”.UN-Habitat and the OECD look forward to continuing to support governments around the world in achieving the goals of the 2030 Agenda and the New Urban Agenda.We hope that this report will encourage,inspire and equip countries to advance their NUPs to deliver greater benefits for a sustainable urban future.Anacludia Marinheiro Centeno RossbachUnder-Secretary-General and Executive Director,UN-HabitatLamia Kamal-ChaouiDirector,OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship,SMEs,Regions and Citiesvi|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)AcknowledgementsThis report was co-produced by the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship,SMEs,Regions and Cities(CFE),led by Lamia Kamal-Chaoui,Director,as part of the programme of work of the OECD Regional Development Policy Committee,together with the UN-Habitat Global Solutions Division,led by Raf Tuts.Tadashi Matsumoto,Head of the National Urban Policy and Climate Resilience Unit,CFE,OECD,and Remy Sietchiping,Chief of the Policy,Legislation and Governance Section within the Urban Practices Branch of UN-Habitat,led the overall work,under the supervision of Aziza Akhmouch,Head of the Cities,Urban Policies and Sustainable Development Division in the CFE,OECD,and Shipra Narang Suri,Chief of the Urban Practices Branch,UN-Habitat.The report was written by a core team of analysts as follows:Chapter I(introduction and methodology)and chapter VI(ways forward):David Burgalassi(OECD)and Michael Kinyanjui(UN-Habitat).Chapter II(institutional and policy frameworks)and chapter III(urban resilience):David Burgalassi(OECD),with contributions from Stefan Jankowski,Alicja Mizeracka and Nina Pedersen(OECD).Chapter IV(housing)and chapter V(monitoring and evaluation):Michael Kinyanjui and Antonio Kipyegon(UN-Habitat).Several colleagues provided comments or inputs throughout the drafting process and are herein gratefully acknowledged:Nadim Ahmad,Rudiger Ahrend,SooJin Kim,Stefano Marta,Mnica Velarde Miranda,Andrew Paterson,Camille Viros and Celia Zuberec from the OECD;Winnie Achieng,Emmanuel Adeleke,Martin Barugahare,Yue Chen,Joeng Hyun,Francesca Lionetti,Samuel Wahome Maina,Mark Mungai,Lilian Museveki,Dennis Mwaniki,Sandra Mwimali,Raf Tuts,Rong Yang and Edlam Abera Yemeru from UN-Habitat.This report benefited greatly from the guidance,insights and comments provided by delegates of the OECD Working Party on Urban Policy,as well as the contributions to the report from peer reviewers during the consultation webinar held on 8 July 2024,and by the UN-Habitat Publications Board.Special thanks are extended to the experts who offered valuable feedback on earlier outlines and drafts of the report:Jago Dodson(Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology),Firdaous Oussidhoum(United Cities and Local Governments)and Susan Parnell(University of Bristol).We would like to thank the governments of the countries that have participated in the survey,for their active engagement and commitment to this initiative.The report was approved by the UN-Habitat Publications Board on 12 August 2024.The report was also approved by the OECD Working Party on Urban Policy through written procedure on 17 September 2024 under cote CFE/RDPC/URB(2024)5/REV1.BUILDING RESILIENCE AND PROMOTING ADEQUATE,INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING|viiTable of ContentsPreface vAcknowledgements viAbbreviations and acronyms xiExecutive summary xiiiNUP in practice:key findings from the survey xivRecommendations xvRsum xviPNU en pratique:principales conclusions de lenqute xviiRecommandations xix1.Introduction and methodology 1A Context 2B Objectives and structure of the report 3C Methodology 5Annex 1A:List of questions in the country survey 7Annex 1B:Countries that responded to the country survey 92.Institutional and policy frameworks of national urban policy 11A Trends and characteristics:existence of national urban policy,explicit and implicit policies and subnational urban policies 13B Mechanisms for implementing national urban policies 29C National urban policy types,institutional and policy frameworks 37ANNEX 2A:List of national urban policies(65 countries,by global region)493.National urban policy to enhance urban resilience 57A Urban resilience:an emerging policy challenge in the poly-crises context 59B National urban policys role in enhancing urban resilience 62C Concrete actions foreseen by national urban policies to promote resilience 70D Coordination between national urban policies and other resilience policies 75viii|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)4.National urban policy to promote adequate,affordable and sustainable housing 81A Housing:an urban policy challenge 83B Urban housing challenges and priorities in national urban policies 84C Attention given and actions undertaken by national urban policies to promote affordable,adequate and sustainable urban housing.91D Housing policies outside national urban polices 98E Existing national housing policies are mostly aligned with their countries national urban policies 1005.Monitoring and evaluating national urban policy 105A Over two thirds of the countries have monitoring and evaluation frameworks for their national urban policy(most of which are based on urban scale data and indicators)107B Delivering results through the national urban policy 110C Monitoring Goal 11.a.1.through national urban policies has been a strategic opportunity,yet an important challenge for national governments 112D National urban policies are increasingly used to support the implementation of the New Urban Agenda 117E New Urban Agenda implementation,monitoring and evaluation frameworks 119F Countrys initiatives in reviewing national urban policies 1216.Ways forward 123References 128BUILDING RESILIENCE AND PROMOTING ADEQUATE,INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING|ixFigure 2.1.Existence of national urban policy 14Figure 2.2.Countries with a national urban policy,by global region 14Figure2.3.Explicit and implicit national urban policies,by global region 15Figure2.4.National urban policy form and share of national population living in cities 16Figure2.5.National urban policy form and growth of the population in cities(20002020)17Figure2.6.Main characteristics of explicit national urban policies 18Figure2.7.Institution with a leading role in national urban policy 19Figure2.8.Level of attention given in national urban policy,by thematic category 22Figure2.9.Themes receiving extensive,moderate and low attention,by thematic category 23Figure2.10.National urban policy form and income gap across regions 28Figure2.11.Mechanisms to ensure policy alignment and coordination 30Figure2.12.Mechanisms to align national urban policies with sectoral policies at the national level 31Figure2.13.Mechanisms for vertical policy alignment and coordination between national and subnational governments 32Figure2.14.Mechanisms for horizontal policy alignment and coordination among local governments within and between urban areas 33Figure2.15.Instruments for national urban policy implementation 34Figure2.16.National urban policy financing sources 35Figure2.17.Level of stakeholders engagement 36Figure2.18.Monitoring and evaluation frameworks used in national urban policies 37Figure2.19.Four types of national urban policies 38Figure2.20.Level of attention given to thematic categories 40Figure2.21.Dimensional scores of national urban policies 42Figure2.22.Types of national urban policy 43Figure2.23.Types of national urban policies,explicit and implicit policies 44Figure2.24.Share of national urban policies by type,explicit and implicit policies 44Figure2.25.Share of national urban policies by type and leading institution 45Figure 2.26.OECD Principles on Urban Policy incorporated into national urban policies across OECD countries 48Figure3.1.Share of national urban policies including resilience 60Figure3.2.Dimensions of resilience included in national urban policies 63Share percentage of respondent countries(n=59)63Figure3.3.Dimensions of resilience included in national urban policies,by global region 64Figure3.4.Dimensions of resilience included in national urban policies,by income level 65Figure3.5.Level of attention given to climate resilience in national urban policies across the three editions of GSNUP 67Figure3.6.Climate and ecological shocks and crises included in national urban policies 68Figuresx|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Figure3.7.Economic shocks and crises included in national urban policies 69Figure3.8.Social-institutional shocks and crises included in national urban policies 70Figure3.9.Foreseen actions within national urban policies to promote resilience against different shocks,crises and uncertainties 71Figure3.10.Existence of national resilience policy for countries with a national urban policy 75Figure3.11.Existence of mechanisms to ensure policy coherence between existing national resilience policies/strategy and national urban policies 77Figure3.12.Mechanisms to ensure policy coherence between existing national resilience policies/strategy and national urban policies 78Figure4.1.National urban policy identifying country level housing challenges 86Figure4.2.National urban policies identifying city level housing challenges 87Figure4.3.Affordable housing challenges 88Figure4.4.Adequate housing challenges 90Figure4.5.Sustainable housing challenges 91Figure4.6.National urban policy attention to housing in cities and urban areas 93Figure4.7.Actions foreseen within national urban policies to promote affordable,adequate and sustainable housing 94Figure4.8.Respondent countries with national urban policy actions on housing challenges 98Figure4.9.National housing policy beyond NUP 99Figure4.10.Countries with a national-level dedicated housing policy or strategy outside the national urban policy,by region 100Figure4.11.Misalignments between national urban policies and national housing policies 101Figure4.12.Mechanisms for policy coherence between national urban policies and housing policies 103Figure5.1.National urban policies with monitoring and evaluation frameworks 107Figure5.2.Types of monitoring and evaluation frameworks 108Figure5.3.Types of monitoring and evaluation frameworks found in the Global State of National Urban Policy 2 report 108Figure5.5.National urban policies and regional development plans that fulfil Goal 11.a.1 by qualifier 113Figure5.6.Regional comparison of national urban policies fulfilling the three qualifiers 116Figure5.7.National urban policies that support implementation of New Urban Agenda 118Figure5.8.National urban policies monitoring and evaluation mechanism for New Urban Agenda 119Table2.1.National urban policy form and trends in GDP and regional inequalities in OECD countries 29Table2.2.Indicators used to measure the incorporation of the OECD Principles on Urban Policy into NUPs across OECD countries 46Table3.1.Dimensions and major crises,shocks and uncertainties of urban resilience 63Table3.2.National urban policies by number of dimensions of resilience included 66Table5.1.National urban policy links to Sustainable Development Goals indicators and New Urban Agenda 120TablesBUILDING RESILIENCE AND PROMOTING ADEQUATE,INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING|xiAbbreviations and acronymsANCTNational Agency for Territorial Cohesion(Agence nationale de la cohsion territoriale)(France)ARPAAmerican Rescue Plan Act(United States)ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsBBSRFederal Institute for Research on Building,Urban Affairs and Spatial Development(Germany)BKKFederal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance(Germany)BP2BTSavings-Based Housing Financing Assistance(Indonesia)BSPSSelf-Help,Housing Stimulus Assistance(Indonesia)CACities AllianceCCClimate changeCEDACouncil of Economic and Development Affairs(Saudi Arabia)CIDOBCentre of Global ThinkingCNDUNational Council for Urban Development(Chile)CONPESNational Council for Economic and Social Policy(Colombia)COMICIVYTCommission for the City,Housing and Territory(Chile)CORICIVYTRegional City,Housing and Territory Commissions(Chile)COVID-19Coronavirus diseaseC40Cities Climate Leadership GroupDLUHCDepartment for Levelling Up,Housing and Communities(United Kingdom)ECEuropean CommissionEEAEuropean Economic AreaEUEuropean UnionFLPPTax Incentives,Housing Financing Liquidity Facility(Indonesia)FUAFunctional urban areaGCPGross city productGDPGlobal domestic productGISGeographic information systemGHGGreenhouse gasesGSNUPGlobal State of National Urban PolicyICLEILocal Governments for SustainabilityINEInstitute for Statistics(Spain)LFRLocal Resilience Forum(United Kingdom)LRGLocal and regional governmentsxii|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)LUPLevelling up partnerships(United Kingdom)MEFLMinistry for Economy,European Funds and Lands(Malta)MFiPRMinistry of Funds and Regional Policy(Poland)MIDUVIMinistry of Urban Development(Ecuador)MoUIMinistry of Urban and Infrastructure(Ethiopia)MRiTMinistry of Development and Technology(Poland)NAPNational Adaptation Plan(New Zealand)NSRDNational Strategy of Regional Development(Trkiye)NUANew Urban AgendaNUDPNational Urban Development Policy(Nigeria)NUPNational urban policyNUPPNational Urban Policy ProgrammeOECDOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentONAVNational Observatory of Cities(Mali)REKSpatial Development Concept Plan(Austria)PLAN GAMNational Urban Development Plan for the Greater Metropolitan Area(Costa Rica)PNOTNational Urban Development Plan(Costa Rica)PNVUNational Housing and Urban Planning Policy(Peru)PPPPublic-private partnershipPROTRegional Spatial Planning Programmes(Portugal)RDPRegional Development PlansRMITRoyal Melbourne Institute of TechnologySBUMDown Payment Assistance Subsidy(Indonesia)SCPPState Civil Protection Plan(Latvia)SDGSustainable Development GoalSINAGERDNational Disaster Risk Management System(Peru)SMOStrategic Management Office(Saudi Arabia)SUPSubnational urban policyTACARTerritorial Approach to Climate Action and Resilience UCLGUnited Cities and Local GovernmentsUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNDRRUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk ReductionUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNOPSUnited Nations Office for Project ServicesBUILDING RESILIENCE AND PROMOTING ADEQUATE,INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING|xiiiExecutive summaryHome to around half of the worlds population,cities are hubs of economic,social,and cultural activity acting as engines of growth,innovation,and global interconnection,accounting for over 80%of the worlds GDP.They attract talent,investment,and creativity,fostering vibrant,diverse communities,and facilitate the exchange of ideas.However,when urbanisation is poorly managed,these agglomeration benefits can be offset by agglomeration costs,such as traffic congestion,air pollution,urban sprawl,and rising housing costs.Cities are often unequal places,with significant disparities in income,housing,jobs,and access to green amenities and public services.Moreover,several megatrends,ranging from the climate crisis to demographic and digital transformations,are also having an impact on citizens well-being.Addressing these interconnected challenges in cities is at the heart of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 making cities and human settlements,inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable.However,progress is off-track.Of the four SDG 11 targets where adequate data are available,two(upgrading slums,and access to public and green spaces)are far behind schedule,and the other two(access to public transport,and disaster risk management)still require substantial efforts to be achieved.Despite varying degrees of decentralisation and capacity across and within countries,cities often hold key policy and investment responsibilities to address urban challenges.However,cities cannot do it alone:they need to work hand in hand with national governments.By providing a comprehensive framework to align planning,investment,and policy interventions across levels of government to drive quality urbanisation,National Urban Policy(NUP)can help address urban challenges more effectively and avoid duplicating efforts or resources.For example,it is estimated that while cities have the potential to reduce one third of urban GHG emissions by 2050,the remaining two-thirds depends either on national and state governments or on co-ordination across levels of government.NUP is therefore essential to steer a whole-of government approach towards sustainable urban development.Drawing on a survey of 78 countries across the globe,this report shows that NUP is increasingly becoming a critical instrument to manage urban challenges and to advance sustainable urbanisation,with more than 80%of countries having a NUP in place.The share of explicit NUPs,which are defined as formally labelled urban frameworks or policies,increased to 63%in 2024(up from 51%in 2018 and 58%in 2021).Explicit NUPs are particularly prevalent in countries with significant urban population growth.On average,countries with explicit NUPs saw their urban population grow by 43%over the 2000-2020 period,compared to only 19%in countries with non-explicit NUPs.Given large differences across countries in the scale of urban challenges,the degree of political,administrative,and fiscal autonomy of local governments,as well as the policy and institutional frameworks in place,significant variation exists in how NUPs are defined and developed.Indeed,there can be no one-size-fits-all approach for effective NUPs.However,many commonalities and lessons can be drawn from diverse experiences in designing,formulating,implementing and monitoring NUPs,which are summarised below to provide a source of inspiration for policy makers and other urban actors.In addition,the report takes a forward-looking view by making a series of recommendations to expand the monitoring and evaluation of NUP impacts.xiv|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)NUP in practice:key findings from the survey While NUPs thematic scopes and implementation frameworks differ across countries,the survey has identified common characteristics that can help countries compare their NUP approaches with others.On the one hand,many NUPs are multi-sectoral,embracing a wide range of policy areas(e.g.,France,Lithuania,Saudi Arabia),typically under the auspices of a dedicated ministry or agency responsible for urban policies,while others are mono-sectoral,focusing on one or a few themes(e.g.,Canada,Costa Rica,Sweden).On the other hand,NUPs implementation settings can be either guidance-oriented,i.e.prioritising general principles or guidelines(e.g.,Bolivia,Czechia,Egypt),or action-oriented,i.e.emphasising policy execution(e.g.,Mexico,Norway,Nigeria).Three quarters of NUPs include formal mechanisms for policy alignment and co-ordination across and among levels of government.For example,Mexico uses legal frameworks(requiring states and municipalities to prepare urban development plans that are consistent with national guidelines),while Germany uses a multi-stakeholder platform(Congress of the National Urban Development Policy).Three-quarters of NUPs also promote horizontal co-ordination between local governments in urban areas,which is crucial to support the spatial continuity and functional relations between urban and rural areas for balanced territorial development.For instance,Polands projects of Revitalisation Regions aimed at reinforcing the capacity of municipalities to plan and implement revitalisation measures.Climate resilience is an increasing priority for NUPs.The majority(93%)of NUPs target urban resilience in their thematic scope,especially resilience to ecological and climate shocks(88%of NUPs).Indeed,the share of NUPs giving extensive attention to climate resilience increased significantly from 13%in 2018 to 49%in 2024.Resilience to economic shocks(75%),including structural transformation and chronic diseases,is also prioritised but social-institutional shocks(such as migration)receive comparatively less attention(41%).This suggests potential for NUPs to advance a systems approach to resilience,encompassing not only climate policies but also economic development and social policies,in particular to protect vulnerable urban populations.Housing emerges as a key NUP priority in a context where 23%of the worlds urban population still lives in inadequate housing conditions(SDG 11 Synthesis Report 2018).Many NUPs explicitly recognise challenges related to affordable and quality housing and foresee related measures.Two-thirds of NUPs mention the lack of social housing(e.g.,United Kingdom)and over half of NUPs aim to tackle high property prices,for instance by investing in the growth of liveable communities(e.g.,Canada).In addition,51%of NUPs refer to energy efficiency challenges in housing and aim at retrofitting existing housing stock to improve energy efficiency(e.g.,Estonia).However,misalignment challenges between NUPs and national housing policies also persist(21%of respondent countries).For instance,NUP is sometimes restrictive of new infrastructure investment in urban suburbs although a national housing policy has set housing supply targets that would require large-scale suburban development.NUPs fail to fully leverage urban-rural linkages for regional development.Whereas 58%of NUPs give extensive attention to balanced and polycentric urbanisation,only 45%of NUPs foresee concrete actions to maximise the potential of urban-rural linkages and interdependencies.This BUILDING RESILIENCE AND PROMOTING ADEQUATE,INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING|xvsuggests a need for NUPs to recognise and harness cities strong influence on the economic,social,and environmental performances of their broader regions beyond their own boundaries.Mobilising funding and financing for urban development is a constant challenge that needs to be addressed.Most urban development projects to implement NUPs are financed by national direct investments,with insufficient own-source revenues at the subnational level and inadequate financial instruments to facilitate private investment.For instance,only 22%of respondent countries use land value capture mechanisms.This highlights the need for national governments to strengthen funding and financing for urban development.Three quarters of countries reported the presence of mechanisms to monitor and evaluate their NUPs.Among them,more than 70%of NUPs use targets and indicators,a sharp increase from 38%in 2021.Nearly nine out of ten NUPs with monitoring and evaluation mechanisms monitor SDG target 11.a.1.However,only 54%of NUPs are publishing monitoring and evaluation reports,which may hinder the effective tracking and adjustment of policies.Recommendations Engage sectoral ministries in charge of economic development and social policies more actively in NUPs.This could help tailor economic development and social policies to specific challenges in cities,thus contributing to enhancing the economic and social dimensions of resilience.Similarly,NUP processes could facilitate better alignment between housing and urban policies.Tap into the full potential of NUPs to support balanced territorial development.NUPs can help strengthen the spatial continuity and functional relations between urban and rural areas,beyond a narrow territorial coverage of cities,by informing public investments and programme design and by promoting an integrated development approach,for instance by strengthening co operation among local governments or empowering planning bodies within functional urban areas.Enhance city governments access to finance for urban development.NUPs could prioritise providing cities with sufficient and reliable sources of funding,including own-source revenue and inter-governmental transfers,to meet the needs for urban development,strengthen cities financial capacities and improve the efficiency of public investment across levels of government.At the same time,NUPs can leverage private investment(for instance,through biodiversity offsetting,land value capture,land pooling and land banks)by providing legal and institutional grounds for new funding and financing mechanisms(e.g.municipal bonds)as well as promoting public-private partnerships,which are currently poorly used by cities.Improve monitoring and evaluation to report and amplify the impacts of NUPs.More can be done to monitor,evaluate and report NUP impacts,for instance through digital tools and monitoring frameworks,standards and platforms that can foster comparative assessments and mutual learning between countries,as well as through enhanced horizontal co-operation with other ministries,e.g.environment ministries to develop and collect data on environmental quality.xvi|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Rsum Accueillant environ la moiti de la population mondiale,les villes sont des ples dactivit conomique,sociale et culturelle,jouant le rle de moteurs de croissance,dinnovation et dinterconnexion mondiale,reprsentant plus de 80%du PIB mondial.Elles attirent les talents,les investissements et la crativit,favorisant des communauts dynamiques et diversifies,et facilitant lchange dides.Cependant,lorsque lurbanisation est mal gre,ces avantages peuvent tre compenss par des cots tels que la congestion du trafic,la pollution de lair,ltalement urbain et la hausse des cots de logement.Les villes sont souvent des lieux ingalitaires,avec des disparits significatives en matire de revenus,de logement,demplois et daccs aux espaces verts et aux services publics.En outre,plusieurs mgatendances,allant de la crise climatique aux transformations dmographiques et numriques,affectent galement le bien-tre des citoyens.Aborder ces dfis interdpendants dans les villes est au coeur de lobjectif de dveloppement durable n11 des Nations Unies:rendre les villes et les tablissements humains inclusifs,srs,rsilients et durables.Cependant,les progrs sont en retard.Sur les quatre cibles de lODD 11 pour lesquelles des donnes suffisantes sont disponibles,deux(rhabilitation des bidonvilles et accs aux espaces publics et verts)accusent un retard considrable,tandis que les deux autres(accs aux transports publics et gestion des risques de catastrophes)ncessitent encore des efforts substantiels pour tre atteintes.Malgr des degrs variables de dcentralisation et de capacit entre et au sein des pays,les villes dtiennent souvent des responsabilits politiques et dinvestissement cls pour relever les dfis urbains.Cependant,les villes ne peuvent pas le faire seules:elles doivent travailler main dans la main avec les gouvernements nationaux.En fournissant un cadre global permettant daligner la planification,les investissements et les interventions politiques tous les niveaux de gouvernement pour favoriser une urbanisation de qualit,la Politique Nationale Urbaine(PNU)peut aider relever les dfis urbains de manire plus efficace et viter la duplication des efforts ou des ressources.Par exemple,il est estim que si les villes ont le potentiel de rduire un tiers des missions de GES urbaines dici 2050,les deux tiers restants dpendent soit des gouvernements nationaux et tatiques,soit dune coordination entre les diffrents niveaux de gouvernement.La PNU est donc essentielle pour orienter une approche gouvernementale globale vers un dveloppement urbain durable.Sappuyant sur une enqute ralise dans 78 pays travers le monde,ce rapport montre que la PNU devient de plus en plus un instrument essentiel pour grer les dfis urbains et faire avancer lurbanisation durable,plus de 80s pays ayant mis en place une PNU.La part des PNU explicites,dfinies comme des cadres ou politiques urbaines officiellement labellises,est passe 63%en 2024(contre 51%en 2018 et 58%en 2021).Les PNU explicites sont particulirement courantes dans les pays connaissant une croissance importante de la population urbaine.En moyenne,les pays avec des PNU explicites ont vu leur population urbaine crotre de 43%sur la priode 2000-2020,contre seulement 19ns les pays avec des PNU non explicites.Compte tenu des grandes diffrences entre les pays en matire dampleur des dfis urbains,de degr dautonomie politique,administrative et fiscale des gouvernements locaux,ainsi que des cadres politiques et institutionnels en place,il existe des variations significatives dans la manire dont les PNU sont dfinies et dveloppes.En effet,il ne peut y avoir dapproche unique pour des PNU efficaces.Cependant,de nombreux points communs et enseignements peuvent tre tirs des BUILDING RESILIENCE AND PROMOTING ADEQUATE,INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING|xviiexpriences diverses en matire de conception,de formulation,de mise en oeuvre et de suivi des PNU,rsums ci-dessous pour fournir une source dinspiration aux dcideurs politiques et autres acteurs urbains.En outre,le rapport adopte une perspective tourne vers lavenir en formulant une srie de recommandations visant largir le suivi et lvaluation des impacts des PNU.PNU en pratique:principales conclusions de lenqute Alors que les portes thmatiques et les cadres de mise en uvre des PNU diffrent entre les pays,lenqute a identifi des caractristiques communes qui peuvent aider les pays comparer leurs approches de PNU avec celles dautres pays.Dune part,de nombreuses PNU sont multisectorielles,couvrant un large ventail de domaines politiques(par exemple,France,Lituanie,Arabie saoudite),gnralement sous lgide dun ministre ou dune agence responsable des politiques urbaines,tandis que dautres sont monosectorielles,se concentrant sur un ou quelques thmes(par exemple,Canada,Costa Rica,Sude).Dautre part,les cadres de mise en uvre des PNU peuvent tre soit orients vers lorientation,cest-dire en priorisant les principes ou lignes directrices gnraux(par exemple,Bolivie,Tchquie,gypte),soit orients vers laction,cest-dire en mettant laccent sur lexcution des politiques(par exemple,Mexique,Norvge,Nigria).Les trois quarts des PNU incluent des mcanismes formels pour lalignement et la coordination des politiques tous les niveaux de gouvernement.Par exemple,le Mexique utilise des cadres juridiques(obligeant les tats et les municipalits prparer des plans de dveloppement urbain cohrents avec les lignes directrices nationales),tandis que lAllemagne utilise une plateforme multipartite(Congrs de la Politique Nationale de Dveloppement Urbain).Les trois quarts des PNU promeuvent galement la coordination horizontale entre les gouvernements locaux dans les zones urbaines,ce qui est crucial pour soutenir la continuit spatiale et les relations fonctionnelles entre les zones urbaines et rurales pour un dveloppement territorial quilibr.La rsilience climatique est une priorit croissante pour les PNU.La majorit(93%)des PNU visent la rsilience urbaine dans leur champ thmatique,en particulier la rsilience aux chocs cologiques et climatiques(88s PNU).En effet,la part des PNU accordant une attention particulire la rsilience climatique a considrablement augment,passant de 13%en 2018 49%en 2024.La rsilience aux chocs conomiques(75%),y compris la transformation structurelle et les maladies chroniques,est galement priorise,mais les chocs socio-institutionnels(tels que les migrations)reoivent comparativement moins dattention(41%).Cela suggre que les PNU pourraient adopter une approche plus systmique de la rsilience,en englobant non seulement les politiques climatiques,mais aussi les politiques de dveloppement conomique et social,notamment pour protger les populations urbaines vulnrables.Le logement apparat comme une priorit cl des PNU dans un contexte o 23 la population urbaine mondiale vit encore dans des conditions de logement inadquates(Rapport de synthse sur lODD 11 de 2018).De nombreuses PNU reconnaissent explicitement les dfis lis au logement abordable et de qualit,et prvoient des mesures connexes.Les deux tiers des PNU mentionnent le manque de logements sociaux(par exemple,Royaume-Uni)et plus de la moiti visent sattaquer aux prix levs de limmobilier,par exemple en xviii|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)investissant dans la croissance de communauts vivables(par exemple,Canada).En outre,51s PNU voquent les dfis lis lefficacit nergtique dans le secteur du logement et visent rnover le parc immobilier existant pour amliorer lefficacit nergtique(par exemple,lEstonie).Cependant,des dfis de dsalignement entre les PNU et les politiques nationales du logement persistent galement(21s pays rpondants).Par exemple,la PNU est parfois restrictive quant aux nouveaux investissements dans les infrastructures en banlieue urbaine,bien quune politique nationale du logement ait fix des objectifs dapprovisionnement en logements ncessitant un dveloppement grande chelle des banlieues.Les PNU ne tirent pas pleinement parti des liens urbain-rural pour le dveloppement rgional.Alors que 58s PNU accordent une attention particulire une urbanisation quilibre et polycentrique,seulement 45s PNU prvoient des actions concrtes pour maximiser le potentiel des liens et interdpendances urbain-rural.Cela suggre quil est ncessaire que les PNU reconnaissent et exploitent la forte influence des villes sur les performances conomiques,sociales et environnementales de leurs rgions au-del de leurs propres limites territoriales.La mobilisation des financements pour le dveloppement urbain reste un dfi constant relever.La plupart des projets de dveloppement urbain mis en uvre dans le cadre des PNU sont financs par des investissements directs nationaux,avec des recettes propres insuffisantes au niveau infranational et des instruments financiers inadquats pour faciliter les investissements privs.Par exemple,seulement 22s pays rpondants utilisent des mcanismes de capture de la valeur foncire.Cela met en vidence la ncessit pour les gouvernements nationaux de renforcer le financement du dveloppement urbain.Trois quarts des pays ont signal la prsence de mcanismes de suivi et dvaluation de leurs PNU.Parmi eux,plus de 70s PNU utilisent des objectifs et des indicateurs,une nette augmentation par rapport 38%en 2021.Prs de neuf PNU sur dix disposant de mcanismes de suivi et dvaluation suivent la cible 11.a.1 des ODD.Cependant,seulement 54s PNU publient des rapports de suivi et dvaluation,ce qui pourrait entraver la bonne valuation et lajustement des politiques.BUILDING RESILIENCE AND PROMOTING ADEQUATE,INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING|xixRecommandations Impliquer plus activement les ministres sectoriels en charge du dveloppement conomique et des politiques sociales dans les PNU.Cela pourrait aider adapter les politiques conomiques et sociales aux dfis spcifiques des villes,contribuant ainsi renforcer les dimensions conomiques et sociales de la rsilience.De mme,les processus des PNU pourraient faciliter un meilleur alignement entre les politiques de logement et les politiques urbaines.Exploiter tout le potentiel des PNU pour soutenir un dveloppement territorial quilibr.Les PNU peuvent aider renforcer la continuit spatiale et les relations fonctionnelles entre les zones urbaines et rurales,au-del de la couverture territoriale restreinte des villes,en informant les investissements publics et la conception des programmes,et en promouvant une approche intgre du dveloppement,par exemple en renforant la coopration entre les gouvernements locaux ou en autonomisant les organismes de planification au sein des zones urbaines fonctionnelles.Amliorer laccs des gouvernements municipaux au financement du dveloppement urbain.Les PNU pourraient prioriser la mise disposition de ressources financires suffisantes et fiables pour les villes,y compris les revenus propres et les transferts intergouvernementaux,afin de rpondre aux besoins du dveloppement urbain,de renforcer les capacits financires des villes et damliorer lefficacit des investissements publics tous les niveaux de gouvernement.En parallle,les PNU peuvent encourager les investissements privs(par exemple,par le biais de mcanismes tels que la compensation de la biodiversit,la capture de la valeur foncire,le regroupement foncier et les banques foncires)en fournissant un cadre juridique et institutionnel pour de nouveaux mcanismes de financement(comme les obligations municipales)et en promouvant les partenariats public-priv,qui sont actuellement peu utiliss par les villes.Amliorer le suivi et lvaluation pour rendre compte et amplifier les impacts des PNU.Davantage defforts peuvent tre dploys pour surveiller,valuer et rendre compte des impacts des PNU,par exemple en utilisant des outils numriques et des cadres de suivi,des normes et des plateformes permettant de favoriser les valuations comparatives et les changes dexpriences entre les pays,ainsi quen renforant la coopration horizontale avec dautres ministres,par exemple les ministres de lenvironnement pour dvelopper et collecter des donnes sur la qualit environnementale.xx|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY|11.Introduction and methodologyThis chapter provides the context,objectives,structure and the methodology of the report.To this aim,the relevance of a national urban policy(NUP)in effectively addressing urban challenges and ensuring quality urbanization are highlighted at the beginning of the chapter;these were key themes explored in the previous two editions of the report.The chapter then continues with an outline of the reports objectives and details of its structure.Finally,there is a description of the methodology employed,including a spotlight on the underlying global survey on NUP conducted in 2023.AdobeStock/Jandrie Lombard 2|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)A.ContextWith cities housing around half of the worlds population and serving as hubs of economic,social and cultural activity,they have become critical policy targets for national governments(OECD,2014).Cities drive global growth,contributing over 80 per cent of the worlds GDP(UN-Habitat,2023).However,these benefits are often accompanied by challenges such as traffic congestion,air pollution and rising housing costs,particularly when urbanization is poorly managed.Additionally,cities often have significant inequalities in income,housing,jobs and access to public services,while being impacted by megatrends such as climate change and digital transformations.As is emphasized in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,addressing these complex challenges is vital for making cities inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable.Given their significant policy and investment responsibilities,city administrators must collaborate closely with national governments.This is where NUP becomes crucial,guiding and coordinating efforts across government levels to ensure quality urbanization and achieve sustainable urban development.Policymakers around the world have recognized such policy needs and have taken actions to support countries efforts to develop and implement NUPs.Recent global challenges such as the coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic,the green transition and digitalization have also reaffirmed the importance of urban policies for sustainable development and the crucial role that national governments can play in this process.In addition,the implementation of the 2030 Agenda adopted in 2015 and the New Urban Agenda(NUA)adopted in 2016 have provided a strong rationale for countries to develop or review their NUP frameworks(OECD/UN-Habitat/UNOPS,2021).However,despite the critical importance of making cities and human settlements inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable,as outlined in Sustainable Development Goal 11,progress is currently off-track.Of the four main Goal 11 targets,only two access to public transport and disaster risk management have sufficient data,with current progress assessed as having a“moderate distance to target”.The other targets,including improving slums and ensuring access to public and green spaces,are significantly far from the being achieved,underscoring the need for intensified efforts at both the national and local levels(United Nations,2024).Since 2016,the OECD,UN-Habitat and Cities Alliance have been collaborating to develop a regular and systematic NUP monitoring framework at the global scale as part of the National Urban Policy Programme(NUPP).1 In February 2018,the first edition of the Global State of National Urban Policy report(GSNUP1)was jointly launched by the OECD and UN-Habitat at the 9th World Urban Forum.The report was the first ever attempt to chart the progress of the development and implementation of NUP in 150 countries(OECD/UN-Habitat,2018).After three years,in June 2021,the second edition of the Global State of National Urban Policy(GSNUP2)was launched,with an improved methodology.It highlighted how governments across the world are leveraging NUP to address the challenges that COVID-19 has underlined and amplified(OECD/UN-Habitat/UNOPS,2021)(see box1.1).Both reports served as a critical source of information and analysis for policymakers and urban professionals on how NUPs have been developed and implemented in changing circumstances.1.The National Urban Policy Programme(NUPP)is a global platform that was established by the OECD,UN-Habitat and Cities Alliance during the Habitat III Conference in 2016 to facilitate the sharing of experiences with NUP.It is also intended to provide targeted support to countries,building on the expertise of the three organizations and supporting partners.The objective is to strengthen knowledge and capacity in countries to develop,implement and monitor NUP in an effective,efficient and inclusive way.INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY|3Box1.1.Second edition of the Global State of National Urban Policy report:key findings“Global State of National Urban Policy 2021:Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and Delivering Climate Action”monitored and evaluated the progress of NUP across 162 countries.It showcased how countries used NUP to enhance sustainable urban development,advance global agendas and address challenges magnified by the COVID-19 crisis.Key findings included the following:While definitions of NUPs varied between countries,they commonly referred to a coherent set of decisions through a deliberate,governmentled process rallying and coordinating diverse actors towards a common vision and goal to promote transformative,productive,inclusive and resilient urban development for the long-term.The global monitoring revealed significant improvements in NUP design and implementation,with all 162 countries studied having national-level urban policies,in different forms,development stages and with varying thematic focuses.NUPs had matured since the first edition of the global monitoring report that was published in 2018.They had taken more explicit forms(from 51 to 56 per cent),had advanced to implementation stage(from 61 to 62 per cent),and had embraced wider objectives,including climate resilience(from 36 to 48 per cent).Through NUPs,countries primarily aimed to achieve“balanced territorial and urban development”(55 per cent),“a coherent vision for national urban development”(44 per cent),and“improved policy coordination across sectors”(31 per cent).The report indicated that more than two-thirds of surveyed countries recognized the potential of NUPs to advance the Goals.In particular,with regard to Goal 11 “Make cities inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable”,a total of 30 countries(41 per cent)reported that their NUPs fulfilled the criteria for Goal indicator 11.a.1 responding to population dynamics,ensuring balanced territorial development,and increasing local fiscal space.Equally,more than 50 NUPs were reported to address both climate resilience and the low carbon transition.Source:OECD/UN-HABITAT/UNOPS(2021).Global State of National Urban Policy 2021:Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and Delivering Climate Action Paris:OECD Publishing.https:/urbanpolicyplatform.org/download/global-state-of-national-urban-policy-2021/.B.Objectives and structure of the report1.Objectives of the reportThe report is intended to offer a unique framework for understanding how and in what forms NUPs have been developed,implemented and monitored globally.Building on the previous two editions,this third edition features key trends,country experiences and other cross-cutting thematic topics related to NUPs.4|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)In common with the previous editions,this report has the following objectives:Analyse the status of NUPs,to understand their trends and to allow for comparisons at global and regional scales.To this end,the report has definitions and classifications of different forms of NUP(explicit,implicit),phases of development(diagnosis,formulation,implementation and monitoring,and evaluation)and thematic areas,to provide a comprehensive overview at the regional and country level.Assist governments,international and national institutions,and other stakeholders to better understand where future support efforts should be directed.Outline the current governance structure of NUPs in countries and identify policy and capacity gaps to effectively advance NUPs and global agendas the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda.Highlight key evidence and successful cases of NUPs to support peer learning and targeted application of lessons in different national or regional contexts.Provide policy recommendations to inform future actions to advance NUP processes for sustainable urban development.The report also expands on the previous two editions of the Global State of National Urban Policy reports of 2018 and 2021 with the following objectives:It tackles the heterogeneity of NUPs among countries,by providing a more granular and nuanced understanding of NUPs beyond the types of NUP.Namely,it distinguishes between“multi-sectoral”(that is,embracing a wide range of policy areas)and“mono-sectoral”(focusing on one or a few themes),and between“guidance-oriented”(prioritizing general principles or guidelines)and“action-oriented”(emphasizing policy execution).It provides a deeper analysis of monitoring and evaluation frameworks to measure the impacts of NUPs and it reviews the results achieved from NUPs implementation.It analyses two new thematic areas of focus:o The role of NUPs to enhance urban resilience.o The role of NUPs to promote affordable,adequate and sustainable housing.2.Structure of the report Chapter II.Institutional and policy frameworks of national urban policy This chapter has an analysis of the institutional and policy frameworks of NUPs across countries.The analysis focuses on the following:the main features and trends of NUPs in terms of existence,type(explicit or implicit),and subnational scale urban policy(SUP),the attention given to policy areas covered by NUP;the mechanisms for policy alignment and coordination,financing and implementation,as well as the level of stakeholder engagement.It reports on the outcomes of the novel analysis of the spectrum of thematic coverage,and the role of NUP as either“guidance-oriented”or“action-oriented”.INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY|5Chapter III.National urban policy to enhance urban resilienceThis chapter features an analysis of the way in which resilience has become a key goal for NUPs to anticipate,prepare and respond to diverse shocks and uncertainties,including the asymmetric impacts they produce across people and places.The increasing role of resilience in national frameworks is described and the potential of NUP for building urban resilience is outlined.The analysis focuses on how NUPs include multiple dimensions of resilience(climate and ecological resilience,the economic resilience,and the social-institutional resilience).It reports on the mechanisms and actions foreseen by NUP to promote resilience and to ensure policy coherence between NUPs and other national resilience policies.Chapter IV.National urban policy to promote adequate,affordable and sustainable housingThis chapter features an analysis of the main urban housing challenges reported by countries that impact housing affordability,adequacy and sustainability.There is a focus on the attention given by NUPs to housing challenges and the subsequent action undertaken through NUPs.It also has a report on the existence of housing policies outside NUPs,and the existence and type of mechanisms to ensure policy coherence and alignment between NUPs and other national and subnational housing policies.Chapter V.Monitoring and evaluating national urban policyThis chapter has an analysis of the existence,and the types of frameworks used by countries to monitor and evaluate their NUPs.It reviews the main results achieved from implementing NUPs and there are details about the contribution of NUPs to the three qualifiers of Sustainable Development Goal 11.a.1(NUP is now officially a part of the Goals indicator framework)and how NUPs are contributing to achieving the NUA targets.Chapter VI.ConclusionsThis chapter is a reiteration of the main findings of the report and subsequent recommendations.C.MethodologyThe 2021 edition of the Global State of National Urban Policy introduced a country survey that was carried out in 2020,in addition to expert assessment based on desk research.The survey generated comparable data and enhanced political buy-in and sense of ownership among responding countries/agencies leading urban policy.To develop the third edition,UN-Habitat and the OECD decided to use country surveys as the main source of input and jointly developed and disseminated a new country survey in 2023.The survey retained similar questions to the previous edition to enable comparative and trend analysis.The survey also integrated new topics to closely monitor recent developments,highlighting newly produced or modified NUPs.In addition,the survey included specific questions related to the two thematic focus areas of GSNUP3:urban resilience,and affordable,adequate and sustainable housing.6|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)The survey was circulated among all United Nations Member States between July 2023 and April 2024.It consisted of 30 questions structured around 5 main parts,as follows(Annex 1.A features the questions used in the survey):Part 1 Overview of NUPs.Part 1 of the survey mapped the varied policy environments surrounding NUPs globally by considering the diversity of institutional settings in which NUPs are embedded,their competencies and responsibilities.It also contained an analysis of the key characteristics of NUPs,including their form,stage of development and thematic scope.Part 2 Achieving sustainable and integrated urban development.Part 2 featured an analysis of the attention urban policies give to the creation of more resilient,sustainable and inclusive cities.It featured an assessment of how NUPs contributed to the achievement of Goal target 11.a,implementation and monitoring of the New Urban Agenda and mainstreaming of climate action(both mitigation and adaptation)into urban planning and design,urban infrastructure investments and urban service delivery frameworks.Part 3 Implementing,monitoring and evaluation of NUPs.Part 3 had an assessment of the sectoral coordination across ministries,the horizontal coordination among local governments and urban areas,and the vertical coordination between national and subnational scales.In addition,it featured a review of NUP implementation,monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and stakeholders engaged in the process.Part 4 Urban resilience.Part 4 focused on the role NUPs play in advancing urban resilience.It featured an assessment of the level of attention that urban resilience received in NUPs to foster enhanced policy responses to shocks and stresses.The level of policy coherence between NUPs and other national resilience policies and strategies was also assessed.Part 5 Affordable,adequate and sustainable housing.Part 5 had an assessment of the role of NUPs in fostering access to affordable,adequate and sustainable housing.While housing challenges addressed by NUPs were assessed,there was also an evaluation of the alignment of NUPs with national sectoral policies aimed at improving the housing market,access to land,housing construction and maintenance,decarbonization of housing stock and housing finance.In total,78 countries responded to the survey,among which 34 were OECD countries and 44 were non-OECD countries.The analysis covered 19 countries from Africa,5 countries from the Arab States,13 countries from Asia and the Pacific,31 countries from Europe and North America,and 10 countries from Latin America and the Caribbean(Annex 1.B).INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY|7Annex 1A:List of questions in the country surveyPart 1:Overview of national urban policyQ1.What competences and responsibilities for urban policy does your government have?Q2.Which ministry/agency has a leading role for urban policy in your national government?Q3.Does your country have a national urban policy,whether explicit or not?Q4.If you answered yes in Q3 above,is your national urban policy explicit?Q5.What are the main characteristics of your explicit national urban policy?Q6.If you answered no in Q4 above(that is,if your national urban policy is not explicit),could you indicate the most relevant urban policy documents?Q7.If your national government has developed subnational-scale urban policies(that is,covering specific geographical areas in your country)or cross-border urban policies complementing your NUP,can you provide further details below?Q8.In which phase of development is your NUP?Part 2:Achieving sustainable and integrated urban developmentQ9.What level of attention does your NUP grant/is going to grant to the following themes?Q10.Does your NUP and/or do your regional development plans contribute to Goal 11.a.1 target?Q11.Does your NUP mainstream climate action(both mitigation and adaptation)and/or biodiversity into urban planning and design,urban infrastructure investments and/or urban service delivery frameworks?How?Q12.Does your NUP support implementing and monitoring the New Urban Agenda?Part 3:Implementing,monitoring and evaluating NUPQ13.Does your country have mechanisms to ensure policy alignment and coordination across ministries between your NUP and other sectoral policies at the national level?Q14.Does your country have mechanisms to ensure vertical policy alignment and coordination between the NUP and subnational urban policies?Q15.Does your NUP have any mechanisms to facilitate horizontal policy alignment and coordination among local governments in and between urban areas(encompassing multiple local administrative entities)?Q16.To what extent have subnational governments and other non-governmental stakeholders been engaged with/contributed to the NUP process?Q17.Does your NUP have implementation mechanisms at the national level?Q18.What sources are being used to implement your NUP?8|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Q19.Does your NUP have a monitoring and evaluation framework?Q20.If you answered yes to Q19,where has your NUP delivered tangible results or improvements?Part 4:Special Focus Area 1:Urban resilienceQ21.How are the major crises,shocks and uncertainties included and potentially addressed in your NUP?Q22.Which actions are foreseen within your NUP to promote resilience against different shocks,crises and uncertainties?Q23.In addition to your NUP,does your country have a dedicated national-level resilience policy/strategy encompassing urban resilience challenges?Q24.If you answered yes in Q23 above,does your country have mechanisms to ensure policy coherence between existing national resilience policies/strategy and your NUP?Part 5:Special Focus Area 2:Affordable,adequate and sustainable housingQ25.What are major housing challenges in cities and urban areas in your country,and how are they included and potentially addressed within your NUP?Q26.What level of attention does your NUP grant to affordable,adequate and sustainable housing?How is your NUP addressing housing challenges in cities and urban areas?Q27.Which actions are foreseen within your NUP to promote affordable,adequate and sustainable housing?Q28.Does your country have a national-level dedicated housing policy/strategy outside the NUP?How does it address specific challenges related to cities and urban areas?Q29.If yes in Q28 above,are there any misalignments observed between your NUP and existing national housing policies/strategies?Q30.If you responded yes in Q29 above,which mechanisms exist to ensure policy coherence between your NUP and the existing national and subnational housing policies/strategies?INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY|9Annex 1B:Countries that responded to the country surveyRegionCountriesAfrica(19)Benin,Burkina Faso,Cameroon,Comoros,Eswatini,Ethiopia,Ghana,Guinea Bissau,Kenya,Madagascar,Malawi,Mali,Mozambique,Niger,Nigeria,Rwanda,Somalia,Togo,ZambiaArab States(5)Egypt,Morocco,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,YemenAsia and the Pacific(13)Australia,Cambodia,Georgia,Indonesia,Israel,Japan,Republic of Korea,New Zealand,Philippines,Thailand,Trkiye,Turkmenistan,UzbekistanEurope and North America(31)Austria,Belarus,Belgium,Bulgaria,Canada,Croatia,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Ukraine,United Kingdom,United StatesLatin America and the Caribbean(10)Bolivia,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Ecuador,Guatemala,Mexico,Paraguay,Peru,Uruguay10|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|11This chapter features an analysis of the institutional and policy frameworks of the NUPs across the 78 countries that completed the country survey.The chapter is divided in three sections.The first section comprises an analysis of the main trends and characteristics of NUPs,in terms of existence,type(explicit or implicit)and subnational scale urban policy(SUP).The second section features an analysis of the mechanisms for policy alignment and coordination,implementation and financing,as well as the level of stakeholder engagement.The third section has a new,comprehensive analysis of the spectrum of thematic coverage,distinguishing between multi-sectoral and mono-sectoral NUPs,and examines the role of NUPs as either“guidance-oriented”or“action-oriented”.The analysis is intended to provide a more granular and nuanced understanding of NUPs beyond the types of NUP(explicit vs.implicit).2.Institutional and policy frameworks of national urban policy Pexels/Jimmy Liao 12|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Key findings More than 80 per cent of countries have an NUP in place.There is a rising trend for explicit NUPs(defined as formally labelled urban frameworks or policies).Among countries that have an NUP,72 per cent have an explicit NUP marking an increase from 51 per cent in 2018 and 58 per cent in 2021.There are marked global variations in the share of explicit versus implicit NUPs.Explicit NUPs are more common in countries where the share of the population in cities is higher and where the urban population has rapidly expanded over the last 20 years.Countries with explicit NUPs saw their urban population grow by 73 per cent in the 2000 to 2020 period,compared to only 20 per cent in countries with non-explicit NUPs.Explicit NUPs are more commonly observed in regions where acute urbanization challenges are being tackled,such as Arab States,Latin America and the Caribbean region.NUPs prioritize polycentric urbanization in their thematic focus by widely addressing“urban systems and networks and inclusive growth”.However,NUPs fail to fully leverage urban-rural linkages for regional development.Whereas 58 per cent of NUPs feature extensive attention to balanced and polycentric urbanization,only 45 per cent NUPs foresee concrete actions to maximize the potential of urban-rural linkages and interdependencies.Three-quarters of NUPs include formal mechanisms for policy alignment and coordination across and among levels of government.For example,in Mexico legal frameworks are used(requiring States and municipalities to prepare urban development plans consistent with national guidelines),while a multistakeholder platform is used in Germany(Congress of the National Urban Development Policy).Three-quarters of NUPs also promote horizontal coordination between local governments in urban areas.The project in Poland entitled“Revitalization Regions”is aimed at reinforcing the capacity of communes to programme and implement revitalization measures.By contrast,metropolitan-wide coordination is less pronounced:71 per cent of NUPs promote horizontal coordination between local governments in urban areas(down from 95 per cent in 2021),and fewer than one in four NUPs provide financial incentives for metropolitan coordination.84 per cent of NUPs have implementation mechanisms,mostly financed by conventional financial instruments(for example,national direct investments),while innovative financial instruments(for example,land value capture)are used by only 15 per cent of responding countries.INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|13 NUPs thematic scope and implementation frameworks can be clustered into different categories.On the one hand,many NUPs are“multi-sectoral”,embracing a wide range of policy areas(for example,France,Lithuania,Saudi Arabia),typically under the auspices of a dedicated ministry or agency responsible for urban policies,while others are“mono-sectoral”,focusing on one or a few themes(for example,Canada,Costa Rica,Sweden).On the other hand,NUPs implementation settings can be either“guidance-oriented”,that is,prioritizing general principles or guidelines(for example,Bolivia,Czechia,Egypt),or“action-oriented”,namely emphasizing policy execution(for example,in Mexico,Norway,Nigeria).In more than half of countries,NUPs are carried out by a ministry or an agency specialized in urban affairs.A dedicated“urban”leading body(for example,a ministry of urban affairs)is more associated with a multi-sectoral policy coverage and a greater emphasis on policy execution.A.Trends and characteristics:existence of national urban policy,explicit and implicit policies and subnational urban policies1.More than 80 per cent of countries have a national urban policyA national urban policy is defined as“a coherent set of decisions through a deliberate government-led process of coordinating and rallying various actors towards a common vision and goal that will promote more transformative,productive,inclusive and resilient urban development for the long term”(OECD/UN-Habitat/UNOPS,2021).This standard definition which was used in the previous Global State of National Urban Policy reports has been adapted to country contexts and may include explicit or implicit NUPs.An explicit NUP is formally identified by specific words in its title,such as“national urban policy”or other variants such as“national urbanization policy”,“national urban development policy”,“national urban strategy”,“national urban development strategy”,and so forth.An implicit NUP is a strategic document or policy that,albeit not explicitly labelled as such,still maintains an urban focus,or exerts a significant impact on cities.For example,it may include a sectoral policy(for example,housing,transport)primarily directed towards urban areas.According to this definition,84 per cent of respondent countries(65 out of 77)reported that they had a NUP(see figure2.1).2 The existence of NUPs has a certain degree of variability across global regions.The highest NUP adoption is found in Latin America and the Caribbean where 90 per cent of countries(9 out of 10)have a NUP,followed Europe and North America(87 per cent,27 out of 31),Asia and the Pacific(83 per cent,10 out of 12 countries),Arab States(80 per cent,4 out of 5 countries),and Africa(79 per cent,15 out of 19 countries)(see figure2.2).2.Of the 78 countries that responded to the survey,77 countries indicated whether or not they had a NUP.The exception was Turkmenistan.14|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Figure 2.1.Existence of national urban policyShare of respondent countries(N=77)Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey.Figure 2.2.Countries with a national urban policy,by global regionShare and counts of respondent countries(N=77)Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey.16%YesNoLatin America and the CaribbeanEurope and North AmericaAsia and the Pacific0 0Pp0%,113%,487%,2717%,283%,10Arab States21%,480%,420%,179%,15Africa90%,9INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|152.Almost two thirds of national urban policies are explicitWhile 41 out of 65 countries with a NUP in place(63 per cent)have an explicit NUP,24 countries(37 per cent)have an implicit NUP.The ratio between explicit and implicit NUPs shows a high degree of heterogeneity among global regions.Highest proportions of explicit NUPs are found in Latin America and the Caribbean,where 78 per cent of NUPs(7 out of 9)are explicit,followed by the Arab States(75 per cent of NUPs are explicit,3 out of 4),Africa(73 per cent of NUPs are explicit,11 out of 15),Asia and the Pacific(where 70 per cent of NUPs are explicit,7 out of 10).Meanwhile,Europe and North America show a balance between explicit and implicit NUPs(48 per cent of NUPs are explicit,13 out of 27)(see figure2.3).Figure2.3.Explicit and implicit national urban policies,by global regionShares and count of respondent countries with a NUP(N=60)Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey3.Explicit national urban policies are prevalent in countries with significant urban population growthThe form of NUP adopted is associated with urbanization figures.Data retrieved from the degree of urbanization3 show that on average,countries with explicit NUPs have a higher urbanization level,measured as the share of population living in cities,than countries with implicit NUPs(44 per cent vs.36 per cent)(see figure2.4).3.The degree of urbanization identifies settlements(cities,towns and villages)from clusters of adjacent 1 km2 grid cells with medium or high population densities(OECD etal.,2021).Accordingly,cities have at least 50,000 inhabitants and a minimum density of 1,500 inhabitants per 1 km2.Latin America and the CaribbeanEurope and North AmericaAsia and the Pacific0 0Pp0%,225%,175%,327%,473%,11Arab States52%,1470%,730%,348%,13Africa78%,7ExplicitImplicit16|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Figure2.4.National urban policy form and share of national population living in citiesAverage share of population living in cities(year 2020)Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey and data on the degree of urbanization.Additionally,countries with explicit NUPs tend to have experienced faster urbanization than countries with implicit NUPs.On average,countries with explicit NUPs have shown a growth of the total population living in cities by 43 per cent(compared to 19 per cent of countries with implicit NUPs)over the 20002020 period(see figure2.5).Among others,countries with an explicit NUPs and the fastest growth of the urban population are:Qatar,where the urban population increased by 47 per cent from 2000 to 2020(from less than 400,000 to more than 2,000,000 inhabitants),Madagascar( 234 per cent,from 1.5 million to 5.2 million inhabitants),Mali( 213 per cent,from 1.7 million to 5.2 million inhabitants),Rwanda( 204 per cent,from 600,000 to 1,850,000 inhabitants).10 %05EP6D%ExplicitImplicitINSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|17Figure2.5.National urban policy form and growth of the population in cities(20002020)Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey and data on the degree of urbanization.4.Explicit national urban policies have the main role of providing a strategic,long-term and shared vision for national urban developmentThe survey revealed that the most common characteristic of explicit NUPs was to provide a strategic,long-term and shared vision for national urban development(found in 98 per cent of countries with an explicit NUP),followed by the integration and coordination of sectoral policies(93 per cent,39 countries),and the use of an integrated territorial approach promoting a system of cities and connectivity between urban and rural areas(86 per cent,36 countries).A few other characteristics were found in about 75 per cent of explicit NUPs(31 countries):develops implementation mechanisms,including legal,regulatory and financial tools and supports capacity development;promotes and ensures the engagement and participation of subnational governments and stakeholders(citizens,the private sector,academics,etc.,Relies on robust urban scale data and ensures regular monitoring and evaluation.Finally,71 per cent(30)explicit NUPs feature the development of coordination mechanisms across levels of government(clarifying roles,responsibilities and resources).These findings are in line with what was found in the second edition of GSNUP(OECD/UN-Habitat/UNOPS,2021,pp.52-53).It is worth noting that the share of countries mentioning the development of coordination mechanisms increased from 51 per cent in 2021 to 71 per cent in 2024.10 %05EPC%ExplicitImplicit18|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Figure2.6.Main characteristics of explicit national urban policiesSource:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey.5.In more than half of countries,national urban policies are carried out by a ministry or an agency specialized in urban affairsThe leading institution can be characterized by its level of specialization in urban matters or its institutional type(for example,ministry,prime ministers office or chancellery,or a national agency).In most cases,a ministry or agency specialized in urban issues has a leading role for urban policy(52 per cent,or 40 out of 77 respondent countries),followed by a ministry or agency in charge of general national planning or development(26 per cent,or 20 respondent countries),or by another national institution(13 per cent,or 10 countries)(see figure2.7).Some countries with a dedicated ministry for national urban policy are:In Chile,the Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning holds the mandate to build socially integrated and connected cities,transform environments into friendly and inclusive spaces,and promote access to adequate housing.In Egypt,the Ministry of Housing,Utilities and Urban Communities is responsible for providing urban infrastructure(for example,public housing,water amenities)and for planning new urban areas.In Ethiopia,the Ministry of Urban and Infrastructure is responsible for urban policies,which fall under the jurisdiction of the federal Government.In Germany,the Federal Ministry for Housing,Urban Development and Building oversees the portfolios of the construction industry and governmental buildings,urban development programmes,housing as well as spatial planning,regional policy and regional planning.In New Zealand,the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development conducts programmes aimed at developing housing and fostering inclusive urban environments.98vvwcvwrR 0%Provides a strategic,long-term,and shared vision for natural urban development.Applies an integrated territorial approach,promoting a system of cities and connectivity between urban and rural areas.Relies on robust urban scale data and ensures regular monitoring and evaluation.Promotes and ensures the engagement and participation of subnational governments and stakeholders(citizens,the private sector,academia,etc.)Develops implementation mechanisms,including legal,regulatory,and financial tools,and supports capacity development.Develops co-ordination mechanisms across levels of government,clarifying roles,responsibilities,and resources.Integrates and coordinates sectoral policies(e.g.,urban economy,social inclusion,climate change,technology and innovation,etc.).20232020INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|19Some countries have more than one leading institution in charge of national urban policy.In France,leading institutions include a ministry specialized in urban issues(Ministry of Ecological Transition and Territorial Cohesion),the office of the head of state/prime minister,and other ministries(Ministry of Interior,Ministry of Economics,Finance and Industrial and Digital Sovereignty).In Italy,leading institutions are a ministry/agency in charge of general national planning/development(Agency for Territorial Cohesion)and ministries that handle urban issues within their specialized sectors(for example,Ministry of Infrastructure).NUP responsibilities are not clearly defined in seven countries(9 per cent).In some cases,sectoral ministries handle urban issues within their sectoral policies.Figure2.7.Institution with a leading role in national urban policyShare and count of respondent countries(N=77)Note:In case a country has more than one leading institution,it has been allocated to“a ministry/agency specialized in urban issues”if it is among the institutions.In case it lacks a ministry/specialized agency in urban issues,it has been allocated to“a ministry/agency in charge of general national planning/development”.In case it lacks a ministry/agency in charge of general national planning/development,it has been allocated to“other national institutions”.Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey.6.Half of the countries have at least one subnational scale urban policy:targeting specific urban areas,serving as a planning framework or addressing sectoral issuesSubnational-scale urban policies(SUPs)are national policies implemented in specific regions or cities.They can encompass urban policies covering specific geographical areas within a country or cross-border urban policies complementing a national NUP.For instance,this might involve an urban policy for a capital region where the national government has direct oversight or a cross-border urban policy that is jointly developed with the governments of neighbouring countries.Typically,a SUP serves to implement the general framework of urban development in the subnational context or to establish the general framework of urban development within its own territorial context.Half of the studied countries have at least one subnational urban policy.The survey revealed two main types of SUPs:1)SUPs related to the urban planning of specific metropolitan areas or cities(for example,capital cities or large metropolitan areas);and 2)SUPs with a broader regional scope,serving as a planning framework A ministry/agency specialized in urban issues A ministry/agency in charge of general national planning developmentOther national institutionsNot clearly defined0 0P;52 ;26;13%7;9 |GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)or addressing sectoral issues(for example,housing or economic development).Some examples of such SUPs related to the urban planning of specific metropolitan areas or cities are the following:France has two dedicated SUPs,one for the Paris metropolitan region(Grand Paris Express,since 2017)aimed at promoting its economic development,global attractiveness and balanced urban development;and another for Marseille(Marseille en grand,since 2023),to support housing,security,education,health,employment,transportation and culture in the city.In Denmark,the Finger Plan(since 2019)provides a framework for the municipal planning within the Copenhagen metropolitan area.In Italy,the PON Metro Programme aims to improve the quality of services and to promote social inclusion in the 14 largest metropolitan areas of the country(Turin,Genoa,Milan,Bologna,Venice,Florence,Rome,Bari,Naples,Reggio Calabria,Cagliari,Catania,Messina and Palermo).In the Republic of Korea,the Seoul Metropolitan Area Readjustment Plan(developed by the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport)aims to re-balance the excessive concentration of population and economic activities in some parts of the metropolitan area.Some examples of SUPs with a broader regional scope are the following:In Costa Rica,the National Urban Development Plan for the Greater Metropolitan Area(PLAN GAM-2013-2030)addresses urban planning in the Greater Metropolitan Area of the Central Valley and the El Guarco Valley of Costa Rica,which are divided into four geographical subregions:San Jos,Heredia,Cartago and Alajuela.In the Netherlands,urbanization strategies(“Verstedelijkingsstrategien”)have been collaboratively developed by the national Government and the seven regions with the highest urbanization rates(identified by the national government).These strategies are to plan housing development(with a goal to realizing 900,000 homes by 2040)and manage mobility,natural resources,energy and water.In Nigeria,the Niger State Urban Policy addresses urbanization issues at the regional level with the aim to enhance the potentials of urban and rural areas through effective settlement planning In Portugal,the Regional Spatial Planning Programmes are territorial development programmes set at a regional level(“Spatial Planning Regions”)that act as the territorial reference framework for sectorial,intermunicipal and municipal spatial planning.They integrate and further develop the options established at national level for territorial and urban development and take into consideration the existing municipal local development strategies.7.“Urban systems and networks”and“inclusive growth”are the two dominant themes most frequently addressed by national urban policiesIn the survey,countries were asked to assess the extent to which their NUP gave attention to 25 themes listed under six broad categories:(a)“urban systems and networks,urban-rural co-operation”;(b)“economic development,skills and innovation”;(c)“inclusive growth and opportunities for all”;(d)“environmental quality and climate action”;(e)“engagement,capacity development,monitoring and INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|21evaluation”;and(f)“financing urban infrastructure”.For each theme,it was requested that respondents indicate whether the NUP was given an“extensive”,“moderate”or“low”level of attention4.Figure2.8 shows the average share of countries by level of attention to each of thematic category covered by the NUP,while figure2.9 reports the detailed shares for each specific theme.As reported in figure2.8,the highest degree of attention across NUPs is given to the category“urban systems and networks,urban-rural co-operation”.On average,53 per cent of respondent countries devote extensive attention to the category,while 30 per cent provide it with a moderate level of attention.Looking into more detailed themes under this category,as shown in figure2.9,58 per cent of countries are giving extensive attention to the theme“maximize the potential of cities of all sizes and promote a balanced national urban system(for example,leveraging the territorial assets of small and intermediary cities,supporting city-to-city cooperation)”(see box2.1).Further,56 per cent of countries are giving extensive attention to“targeting an effective territorial scale”.The theme of urban-rural interdependencies appears to be less prioritized,with only 45 per cent of countries giving it extensive attention.NUPs,therefore,fail to fully leverage urban-rural linkages for regional development.“Inclusive growth and opportunities for all”is the second category by level of attention(in 50 per cent of countries it has extensive attention,while in only 18 per cent of countries it has low attention).Within this category,most of the attention is given to the theme“alleviate urban poverty,ensure access to basic urban services and infrastructure(for example,water,sanitation,waste management,public transport,digital infrastructure)for all urban residents and users”.This theme receives extensive attention in 59 per cent of NUPs.Following closely,is the theme of“develop(ing)policies and strategies to provide affordable and adequate housing(for example,innovative financing mechanisms for affordable housing,upgrading informal settlements)”,which receives extensive attention in 52 per cent of NUPs.“Environment and climate”is the third most frequently addressed category.On average,in 45 per cent of NUPs it has extensive attention,and in 37 per cent it has moderate attention.This category shows a certain degree of heterogeneity in terms of the themes addressed.The most popular theme,given extensive attention in 51 per cent of NUPs,is“address urban sprawl,exploit the potential advantages of urban density and urban form,and promote compact and connected cities”.This is followed by“mainstream climate action(both mitigation and adaptation)into urban planning and design,urban infrastructure investments,and/or urban service delivery frameworks”in which 51 per cent of NUPs it has extensive attention,and in only 14 per cent it has low attention.In addition,“promote green buildings,green and blue infrastructure,ecosystems,biodiversity and nature-based solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and foster resilient cities”receives extensive attention in 45 per cent of NUPs.“Engagement,capacity development,monitoring and evaluation”is less of a priority,as 43 per cent of NUPs devote extensive attention to it,and almost one quarter of NUPs give it low attention.Within this category,the level of attention is polarized among themes.While 54 per cent of NUPs give extensive attention to the theme“promote stakeholder engagement in the design and implementation of urban policy(for example,citizens,businesses)”,the themes 4.Extensive”indicated a strong importance given to the thematic area,which is prominently featured among NUP objectives,with a detailed analysis of the situation,concrete goals and targets,as well as implementation measures to achieve them(for example,indicators,roadmap,timeline,budget,etc.).“Moderate”indicated cases in which the NUP provided a clear reference and description of the thematic issue,as well as the opportunities and challenges to address.“Low”indicated that the theme was either not mentioned as a concern in the NUP,or only briefly mentioned without much information on the situation nor any guidance or directions for future action.22|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)of“strengthen the capacity of citizens and other stakeholders(for example,business,trade unions,etc.)in cities”and“foster monitoring,evaluation and accountability of urban governance and policy outcomes”get relatively low levels of attention,with 39 per cent and 35 per cent respectively getting extensive attention,and 25 per cent and 27 per cent getting low attention.The thematic category“financing urban infrastructure”appears to be less popular in terms of policy attention in NUPs,as on average,it gets extensive attention in only 39 per cent of NUPs.Within this thematic category,the theme with the most widespread interest is“set priorities for government funding”to which 51 per cent of NUPs give extensive attention.In contrast,the themes related to“the diversification of sources of finance”and to“the use of public procurement”have untapped potential,with 39 per cent and 32 per cent of NUPs giving low attention to the themes,respectively.“Economic development,skills and innovation”is the least popular thematic category in terms of average level of attention given in NUPs.On average,only 33 per cent of NUPs give extensive attention to the themes associated with this category.While a reasonably high level of NUPs give extensive attention to the theme“Identify and foster the territorial assets for economic development,increase productivity and competitiveness in cities and communities”(54 per cent),a low level of attention is given to“leverage the potential of the social and solidarity economy”(42 per cent)and“promote sustainable tourism”(35 per cent).Figure2.8.Level of attention given in national urban policy,by thematic categoryAverage share of respondent countries(n=77)ExtensiveModerateUrban systems and networksInclusive growthEngagement capacity development,M&EEconomic development skills and innovationFinancing infrustractureEnvironment and climate0 0P%Low530P2E7C4#90038)%Note:Each column provides the average value of the share of countries with a certain level of attention(extensive,moderate or low)within each category.Environmental quality and climate action is composed of five themes;urban systems and networks,urban-rural cooperation is composed of three themes;inclusive growth and opportunities for all is composed of five themes;economic development,skills and innovation is composed of five themes;engagement,capacity development,monitoring and evaluation is composed of three themes;and financing is composed of three themes.Respondents could choose more than one option.Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey.INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|23Figure2.9.Themes receiving extensive,moderate and low attention,by thematic categoryShare of respondent countries(n=77)Urban systems and networks,urban-rural cooperationExtensiveModerateMaximize the potential of cities of all sizes and promote a balanced and efficient national urban systemTarget an effective territorial scale in urban areasSupport urban-rural co-operation0 0P%Low58%V4%8E0%Inclusive growth and opportunities for allExtensiveModerateAllievate urban poverty,ensure access to basic urban services and infrastructure(e.g.,water,sanitation,waste management,public transport,digital infrastructure)for all urban residents and usersDevelop policies and strategies to provide affordable and adequate housing(e.g.,innovative financing mechanisms for affordable housing,upgrading informal settlements)Promote urban identity and a quality living environment for all neighbourhoods(e.g.,fighting against spatial segregation,investing in urban public spaces)0 0P%Low59%R4I4%Provide opportunities for all urban residents,in particular by ensuring that urban development is sensitive to vulnerable urban populations.Promote diversity and inclusion,reduce gender and/or generational gaps491!%Leverage digital tools to improve the quality and the universal access to public services.395$|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Environment and climateExtensiveModerateAddress urban sprawl,exploit the potential advantages of urban density and urban form,and promote compact and connected citiesMainstream climate action(both mitigation and adaptation)into urban planning and design,urban infrastructure investments,and/or urban service delivery frameworksPromote green buildings,green and blue infrastructure,ecosystems,biodiversity,and nature-based solutions to reduce GHG emissions and foster resilient cities0 0P%LowPromote efficient use of resources,sustainable consumption and production patterns(e.g.,promoting circular economy in cities)Address negative agglomeration externalities,such as traffic congestion,air and water pollution500 P5FA9!9A %Engagement,capacity development,monitoring and evaluationExtensiveModeratePromote stakeholder engagement in the design and implementation of urban policy(e.g.,citizens,businesses)Strengthen the capacity of citizens and other stakeholders(e.g.,businesses,trade unions,etc.)in citiesFoster monitoring,evaluation,and accountability of urban governance and policy outcomes0 0P%Low54095%58%INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|25Financing urban infrastructureExtensiveModerateSet priorities for government fundingAssess and indicate the investment needs for urban infrastructureDiversify the sources of finance(e.g.,increasing autonomy to uselevies/fees/charges,leveraging private investment,promoting the use of municipal bonds)0 0P%Low51$D2#222%Promote the use of public procurement to drive changes2809onomic development,skills and innovationExtensiveModerateIdentify and foster the territorial assets for economic development,increase productivity,and competitiveness in cities and communitiesPromote and adapt to technological innovation(e.g.,ICT,smart cities)Promote education and skills,and improve labor markets in cities(e.g.,role of Public Employment Services)0 0P%Low54284(F%Leverage the potential of the social and solidarity economy254B%Promote sustainable tourism21D5%Note:Respondents could choose more than one option.Source:Authors elaboration based on the 2023 National Urban Policy Country Survey.26|GLOBAL STATE OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY 2024 UN-HABITAT/OECD(2024)Box2.1.Balanced and polycentric urbanization is a consolidated key priority Many countries use their NUPs to promote a more balanced and polycentric urbanization strategy in order to harness the benefits of urban agglomeration across entire systems of cities.Some NUPs that target polycentric and balanced urban development include the following:5 In Ethiopia,the Urban Development Policy(2013-)promotes the establishment of a balanced urban system.This policy is structured around several pillars,including the following:urban job creation and enterprise development,urban land management and infrastructure provision,housing development,social services,governance,and capacity-building.In the Republic of Korea,the 5th Comprehensive National Territorial Plan(2020-2040)promotes the notion of win-win balanced development,which is to be attained via regions cooperation with the central Government and voluntary solidarity between regions.The plan envisions that large cities should contribute to their broader regions across economic,social and cultural dimensions.Depopulation in small-and medium-sized cities is identified as a key challenge.In Peru,a priority objective of the National Urban Policy(“Poltica Nacional en Vivienda y Urbanismo”)is to guarantee the growth and sustainable development of all of the countrys cities and“population centres”(that is,relevant settlements of a smaller size)through urban and territorial planning.This involves leveraging the unique characteristics and potential of each city and population centre.In Portugal,the National Spatial Planning Policy Programme is promoting polycentric urban systems and balanced territorial organization among its priorities.The revitalization of small-and medium-sized cities implies cooperation and connectivity to strengthen territorial cohesion.The social dimension of the programme targets medium-sized cities specifically,as they are mentioned as“clusters of social vulnerability”.In Trkiye,the Integrated Urban Development Strategy and Action Plan highlights multi-centred and balanced spatial development as one of its values,although the plan does not outline more detailed policies.Other NUPs devote specific attention to small-and medium-sized settlements:While France does not have a single NUP document,three main programmes guide urban policy,all of which are led by the National Agency of Territorial Cohesion.The Small Cities of Tomorrow(“Petites villes de demain”)programme mobilizes funding and technical support for local investments.The City Policy(“Politique de la ville”)is intended to combat inequalities inside cities and promote the development of social capital and civic initiatives.Lastly,the Heart of the City Initiative(“Action Coeur de Ville”)focuses on fostering the economic and social dynamism of medium-sized cities.5.The country examples mentioned are extracted from the NUPs of the countries that have declared they give extensive attention to one of the themes under the category“urban systems and networks”.INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF NATIONAL URBAN POLICY|27 In Luxembourg,the Territorial Planning Master Programme(“Programme directeur damnagement du territoire”)identifies territorial inequalities as a strategic challenge,by prioritizing small cities and towns.Historical and natural capital,along with emerging trends in mobility and remote work,are pinpointed as factors that can be leveraged to revitalize smaller settlements.In Poland,the National Urban Policy 2030 highlights the need to foster close cooperation inside functional urban areas and points to medium-sized cities as the major driver within that area.The Ministry of Development Funds and Regional Policy plans to develop a support centre for medium-sized cities.This objective meets the ambition of the countrys National Regional Development Strategy 2030,which highlights declining medium-sized cities as key targets of balanced regional development policy,for example through the Medium City Package.Some countries also dedicate efforts to supporting specific cities facing social and economic decline:In Germany,the National Urban Development Policy recognizes the risk of a downfall spiral when it comes to social challenges in small municipalities.The Social City programme also focuses on small cities in an integrated approach and can be deployed jointly with the Active City and District Centres programmes,both aiming to promote public spaces.Finally,the Rural Infrastructure Initiative deploys its Smaller Towns Programme to help smaller municipalities in revitalizing their potential.In the United Kingdom,the Levelling Up Partnerships(LUPs)target 20 local authorities and the Long-Term Plan for Towns focuses on 55 towns deemed“left behind”across the UK.The aim is to
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