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Creating value with real estateIn cooperation with:RETAIL REAL ESTATE REPORT19 2024 2025HIGHLIGHTS 2024|20250203Green Leases on the advance 2023/2024 HIGHLIGHTS2024 2025Yet another turnover record in retailQuick Commerce business model on the descentDiscount focus among consumers continuesBricks-and-mortar retail continues to gain market share against online retail ESG firmly established in the retail and investment marketsGermany as an investment location with solid results by European comparisonRestrained activities on the property investment marketRetail store segment and high-street properties favouredPrime yields have peakedCreating value with real estateCONTENTEconomy and retail 121.1 Economic recovery doubts remain 141.2 Overall retail development 221.3 Development of the food retail sector 28 DIGRESSION Market shake-up for food retail delivery services 481.4 Non-food retail in Germany 52 DIGRESSION Temu and Shein 561.5 The textile retail trade 601.6 The shoe retail trade 681.7 DIY and garden centres 74 DIGRESSION BAUHAUS vs.OBI 821.8 Electronics stores 861.9 Non-food discounters 921.10 Sports and outdoor retail 98 DIGRESSION ESG:Social sustainability of retail properties 1021.11 Retailer survey 2024 106The retail investment market 1202.1 Restrained activities on the German property investment market 1222.2 The retail property investment market is growing in importance 1242.3 Lower momentum with portfolio transactions with a stronger focus on the top 7 cities 1272.4 Retail store segment and high street property transactions characterise the retail property market 1362.5 German investors dominate the market 1402.6 Prime yields have peaked 143 2.7 Outlook 1452.8 Structure of German retail trade 1462.9 Green leases as a building block on the way to ESG-compliant properties 1562.10 Investor survey 2024 16206 Foreword by the Hahn Gruppe08 Foreword by bulwiengesa AG10 Foreword by CBRE 174 Glossary178 Imprint1.02.00405CONTENTLittle has changed in summer 2024 as compared to the previous year at first glance.The retail sector continues to struggle with difficult economic condi-tions and subdued consumer attitudes.At the same time,property investors remain cautious in the face of rising interest rates.This has caused a persistent lull in the property investment market.The last three years doubtlessly have seen a chal-lenging market phase.However,those who have been working in the business or property sector for a long time are aware that not only are such consolidation phases unavoidable,they are even necessary to ensure healthy market developments in the long term.The downturn will be followed by an upswingEconomic wisdom has it that every downturn will be followed by an upswing.As we are preparing the new HAHN Retail Real Estate Report,we are happy to report that we have come a good deal closer to this upturn compared to the previous year.Economic experts predict that the increased pur-chasing power of consumers will lead to a revival in retail turnover at the latest by 2025.The mood among investors is looking up as well:They see only limited downside potential in the current property valuations.More than 80%of the investors who participated in our expert survey expect that yields have peaked for the moment.This constitutes a significant increase on the previous year,when only 30%were of this opinion.Many challenges remain in spite of this improved outlook.They range from geopolitical and economic uncertainties to regulatory and cost-related burdens and the typical imponderables of operating retail property.However,such risks are now offset by a reasonable yield that offers investors an attractive performance outlook with a significant yield gap to the risk-free interest rate.Resilient retail parksA sub-segment that characterised by stability and resilience for many years may be attractive for investors who find the usual risks of retail property investments too great:Retail parks and retail stores.These property formats are,for the greatest part,immune to the challenges of online retailing,incon-sistent shopping behaviour,and subdued consumer attitudes since they primarily serve the inelastic demand,ensuring basic supply of the population.FOREWORD BY THE HAHN GRUPPEThus,it does not come as any kind of surprise that retail parks once again are strongly favoured by retailers and investors over other property types such as shopping centres this year.Our cooperation partnersOnce again,we have compiled the HAHN Retail Real Estate Report 2024/2025 in close co-operation with our valued partners CBRE,bulwiengesa,and the EHI Retail Institute.In the first chapter,bul-wiengesa will analyse the economic conditions for private consumption and take a detailed look at de-velopments in the various food and non-food retail sectors.Chapter 2 will be dedicated to the property investment market,with CBRE examining,amongst other things,the relevance of“green leases”on the way to ESG-compliant retail properties.The report is supplemented by two informative expert surveys conducted in the summer.Together with the EHI Retail Institute,we have asked retail expansion managers about their expectations.A second survey was targeted at property investors and financial institutions,meaning to learn about their assessment of the investment markets.We hope that this market report will once again provide some valuable insights for all players in the property and retail sector!Thomas KuhlmannChairmanHahn GruppeThomas Kuhlmann 0607FOREWORD BY THE HAHN GRUPPEFOREWORD BY BULWIENGESANew turnover records in retail,but not in real application.Retail cannot escape the challenging environment.Concepts represented by phrases like urbanisation,supply chains,mobile working,migration,digitalisa-tion,and energy efficiency require retailers to keep adapting to new framework conditions under high cost pressure.This isnt actually anything new.The slogan“Trade means change”has always been true.There is some change,however:The expansion we have seen in the last two decades seems to have ended.Cities are losing a massive number of retail outlets as entire shopping centres are moving or being abandoned.The large chain stores are opti-mising their store networks and focusing on what they consider to be the optimal locations for them.Space requirements are being reconsidered as well.Large chain stores have had to file for insolvency or are undergoing insolvency proceedings at the moment.Owner-managed businesses are going out of business,amongst other things due to a lack of succession plans.Demand for retail space is generally declining,increasing the pressure on rent levels in turn.This presents local authorities with new,far-reaching challenges.Once well-functioning shopping streets are now marked by high vacancy rates.Property values decline,making many cities less attractive in turn.What about the retail parks and retail locations,then?They seem almost immune to this development.Retail stores and retail locations with a positive signWhile administrators,politicians,urban planners,city managers,and many other stakeholders are looking for solutions that are not yet in sight,retail parks and retail locations with their food anchors appear to be offering a solution.The typical retail store operators continue to report highly stable visitor frequencies and enjoy a predom-inantly positive or stable turnover development.In particular food retailers,drugstores,DIY stores,and non-food discounters focus on bricks-and-mortar retail.They are stable consumers of space,as shown by the retailer survey in this report once more.Urban shopping streets are facing some challengesThe plethora of advantages that many city centres have enjoyed due to expansive trade are suddenly facing reversal.Many players say that concepts must be rethought,though the how and where to go with this remain entirely unanswered.One thing is clear,however:the situation trade-ori-ented urban development brought about is likely gone for good.Something else must follow in its tracks.Residential and catering-based development components will become more important,but it will be a slow and difficult path that will require a great deal of patience from all stakeholders.The new Hahn Retail Real Estate Report offers a comprehensive discussion of the familiar retail sec-tor topics in Germany.The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are waning.Dealing with an increased inflation rate is becoming more routine and new challenges are coming into focus.As always,retail is going to master this phase as well,in spite of temporary stagnation.This being said,we hope that you will enjoy reading this issue.Ralf-Peter Koschny Dr.Joseph FrechenCRE FRICS Division manager Director Retailbulwiengesa AGRalf-Peter KoschnyDr.Joseph Frechen0809FOREWORD BY BULWIENGESAFOREWORD BY CBREThe German retail sector continues to face some major challenges due to the economic downturn.As a result,the sector is fighting a large number of business closures in several areas,not least in the segment of department stores.Even though the sit-uation appears quite gloomy in many places,some silver linings have appeared on the horizon.The Handelsverband Deutschland expects consumption to gain significant momentum over the remainder of the year.It maintains its forecast of a nominal increase in turnover of 3.5%as to the previous year.The main shopping streets are also increasingly frequented again and consumers once more appre-ciate the benefits of bricks-and-mortar retail that also plays a central and systemically relevant role in terms of its magnetic function for a sustainably vibrant city with its diverse neighbourhoods.The prerequisite for this is that retailers understand how to offer consumers tangible added value when shopping and a higher quality of service than online retailers.German market remains at the investors focusThe continuing relevance of the German retail sector from the perspective of national and inter-national investors is reflected in the investment volume rising continuously in the course of the last three quarters.As at mid-2024,retail proper-ties accounted for the highest share of the total investment volume allocated nationwide at just under two thirds,also due to a number of very large-volume transactions and faster repricing than some other asset classes are seeing.Accordingly,investors continue to highly favour food-anchored retail stores and retail parks.They now account for more than two thirds of the total retail-relat-ed transaction volume the highest figure ever measured and thus play a key role in diversifying risk in property investors portfolios.Rising rents are a supporting factor here,with both prime and average rents increasing by more than 25%in nominal terms over the last ten years.This develop-ment is contrary to the general trend in retail rents.Rents in prime locations and in shopping centres are stagnating at the moment while rents in the best areas as well as in the retail store segment have risen continuously year on year.The years of the COVID-19 pandemic 2020/2021 also saw a significant downward adjustment in rents,likely in particular due to the cessation of retailers expan-sion activities in that period as well as the months-long lockdowns with their resulting significant loss of turnover and subsequent insolvencies.The system-relevant retail sector for retail parks,on the other hand,is predominantly anchored in the retail park sector.This has had little or no impact here due to its local and basic supply task.ESG matters are growing in importanceIn light of the intense debate on sustainability,the matter of ESG is growing increasingly important across all retail properties.Our surveys show that virtually every single property investor pursues some targeted measures to implement sustaina-bility strategies.The main focus remains on the“E”component,retrofitting existing buildings to comply with the requirements.Some other favoured methods include the possibility of on-site solar power generation or,increasingly,the installation of charging stations for electric vehicles.We believe that green leases are another building block on the way to ESG-compliant retail property.This approach is going to be extended to ESG leases in the medium term in order to consider social and corporate govern-ance aspects as well.Even if the decision-making processes are growing more time-consuming and complex,it is important to boldly utilise the many opportunities retail offers at the moment.In addition to reliable partners,the right information and insights into the multifaceted market are essential.We are happy to be able to advise you with this report.We hope that the read will be useful.Kai Mende Dr.Jan LinsinCEO Germany Managing Director Head of ResearchCBREDr.Jan LinsinKai Mende1011FOREWORD BY CBRE ECONOMY AND RETAILbn Retail turnover 2023649Million sq m sales area in Germany38.8Turnover increase in%for drugstore centres 202310.6 Purchasing power in Germany is steadily increasing Food retail and drugstores are seeing significant turnover increases Consumer and drugstore centres are gaining market share Non-food discounters continue down the fast lane in further expansion Online retail remains behind bricks-and-mortar business1.013120.1%.A quarterly increase in GDP in one quarter was followed by a decline in the next in eight quarters,adjusted for seasonal and calendar effects.The expected economic recovery will,therefore,be impaired once again.The seasonally adjusted number of people in em-ployment and the number of employees subject to social insurance contributions continued to rise.Following increases of 9,000 in both March and April,the number of employed workers rose by an-other 20,000 in May.Adjusted for season,46.04mil-lion people were employed in May,corresponding to an increase of 0.3%as compared to the previous year.The number of employees subject to social insurance contributions rose by 0.5%as compared to the previous year.Every third employee is currently working in part-time employment.The number of part-time employ-ees increased disproportionately by 2.0%,while the number of full-time employees only increased by The German economy is showing some initial signs of recovery from the crisis.However,the vast majority of companies continue to rate the cur-rent situation as poor.Nevertheless,expectations regarding developments in the next few months have improved in all economic sectors since the start of 2024.While general industry is supporting the economy with its export business,the construc-tion industry is expected to continue its downward trend.The available economic indicators do not yet show any change in private consumption.The purchasing power of private households is expected to improve during the remaining part of the year to bring about an overall economic recovery.The forecast for the price-adjusted gross domestic prod-uct is as follows:An increase of 0.1%is expected for the current year and an increase of 1.0%for upcoming one.ECONOMY AND RETAILThe course for the remainder of the year is generally set for recovery.The attitude among companies has improved since the beginning of the year and expectations regarding developments in the com-ing months have also brightened in all economic sectors.Gradual improvement in the climate on the German sales markets and the associated hope of rising new orders in the manufacturing industry are also likely to have contributed to this development.Restrained development during the yearFollowing a decline in economic output of 0.5%as compared to the previous quarter,an increase of 0.2%was recorded in the first three months of 2024.The increase in economic output is primarily attributable to the construction industry being able to produce more than usual at this time of year due to the mild weather.The manufacturing industry,trade,and certain service sectors were also able to slightly increase their value added.However,greater increase was prevented by insufficient demand for goods and services.The latest results for the second quarter of 2024 show further decline in GDP of THE GERMAN ECONOMY IS SHOWING SOME INITIAL SIGNS OF RECOVERY FROM THE CRISIS.ECONOMIC RECOVERY DOUBTS REMAIN1.114150.1%.The increase in employment is exclusively due to foreigners from the European currency area,Switzerland,and other third countries.In contrast,the number of Germans in employment subject to social insurance contributions decreased by 96,000,or 0.3%.Demographic change and the associated ageing of the German working-age population are key factors in this development.The number of registered jobs dropped by 11,000 on a seasonally adjusted basis in June.This continues the previous months trend,with declines of 6,000 and 9,000 jobs recorded in May and April respectively.The moving annual total from June 2023 to June 2024,compensating for seasonal and random fluctu-ations,decreased by 177,000 jobs to a total of 1,557,000.The vacancy period rose from 144 to 154 days in a year-on-year comparison.This develop-ment illustrates the issues many companies have in finding adequate labour in a timely manner.The situation is particularly tense in the areas of nursing and medicine,construction,and skilled trades as well as IT.The BA job index1 reflects a slight decline in demand for labour on a seasonally adjusted basis.An index value of 107 points was recorded in July 2024,corresponding to a decline of 12 points as compared to the same month of the previous year and 31 points compared to the all-time high two years ago.A deterioration in the ifo business climate was evident in July 2024.The index dropped from 88.6 points to 87.0 points.However,the current situation is assessed as slightly improved.Expectations have deteriorated again in the last two months following several months of recovery.The results for GDP growth in the second quarter and the current sen-timent do not suggest a rapid or stronger recovery.A cautious mood can also be observed within the individual economic sectors.The retail and con-struction sectors remain highly sceptical about the future even though business expectations in the manufacturing and service sectors have improved in the last few months.The ZEW Indicator of Eco-nomic Sentiment shows a similar trend to the ifo Business Climate surveys.The current situation is predominantly perceived as negative,although the majority of ZEW respondents are positive about the future economic situation.The positive development within the sectors is particularly evident in informa-tion technologies( 57.8 points)as well as in con-sumption/trade( 24.2 points).Vehicle construction,on the other hand,is a lot more pessimistic about the future,reaching a value of-42.4 points.Increased savings ratesConsumer spending reduced slightly at the start of the year,which is surprising given the positive trend in real income in the last few quarters.Initially,consumption did not increase any further,with more money flowing into current accounts instead.This led to an increase in the savings rate to 12.4%.This shows that the ECBs restrictive monetary policy has the desired effect.The increase in real interest rates means that private households prefer to put their money aside instead of consuming it.This reduces pressure on consumer prices.Relatively weak growth rates in retail turnover in the sec-ond quarter permit the assumption that consumer spending was low as well.Consumer spending is expected to reduce in 2024,in particular in light of the weak development in the first half of the year,while an increase is expected for 2025 again,in particular in light of increasing real incomes.Development of wages and salaries in Germany in the last few years has been characterised by significant increases.In 2023,employees effective monthly earnings rose by a remarkable 6.2%.This constitutes the greatest increase in more than three decades.The increase was 2.6 percentage points higher than the increase in wages agreed in collective bargaining.Increase in the minimum wage to 12 per hour in October 2022 was a key factor in this exceptional growth.This led to disproportionately high wage increases in the lower income bracket,both for full-time and part-time employees.Premiums to compensate for inflation and permanent wage increases were paid earlier in sectors not covered by collective agreements.This also increased growth in the higher income groups.Increase in gross wages and salaries per employee continued with a seasonally adjusted rise of 2.2%in the first quarter of 2024.The increase is primarily due to the strong development of wages agreed in collective bargaining.However,it can be assumed that this effect will reduce in the course of the year,to remain at a low level in 2025.This is due to the fact that wages agreed in collective bargaining are rising and the influence of inflation adjustment pre-miums is decreasing.In spite of the clear real wage losses in the preceding years,it can be assumed that nominal wages will once again increase more quickly than consumer prices in the coming years.This will noticeably increase employees purchasing power.The HDE consumer barometer has recovered from its low at 84.14 points in October 2022 and stood at 97.76 points in July 2024(January 2017=100.0).Propensity to save money remains at a high level,while propensity to buy remains weak.Surveys do not lead to expectations of any significant change in consumer behaviour until July.However,recovery in consumer spending and thus GDP growth is to be expected if income and economic expectations increase in the coming months.Private households currently act sceptical regarding a recovery,which also explains the increased savings rate.The(multi-)crises of the last few years have clearly left a mark on consumers.1 The BA Job Index,or BA-X for short,has been available for Germany since spring 2007.The BA-X is the monthly job index published by the Federal Employment Agency(BA).It is the most up-to-date job index in Germany and is based on specific job applications submitted to the BA by companies.The index reflects development of labour demand on the primary labour market and thus signals the willingness of companies in Germany to hire new staff.The reference figure is the annual average for 2015=100.CONSUMER SPENDING IS EXPECTED TO REDUCE IN 2024,WHILE AN INCREASE IS ANTICIPATED IN 2025,PARTICULARLY IN LIGHT OF RISING REAL INCOMES.1617ECONOMY AND RETAILInflation rate declines significantlyInflation in Germany and the eurozone as a whole has seen a remarkable development in the last few years.It responded to a number of influencing factors.In 2023,an inflation rate of 6.0%was recorded(5.9%in accordance with the Federal Statistical Office),which was well above the target of 2%set by the European Central Bank.The high inflation rate primarily is caused by rising energy prices and supply bottlenecks,which have been exacerbated by geopolitical tensions and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.A significant decline in the inflation rate is forecast for 2024.The forecast assumes a drop of inflation to 2.4%,which is close to the ECBs long-term target.The decline is due to several factors:The first factor to be named here is stabilisation of energy prices,which is easing the pressure on consumer prices.Secondly,supply chain issues that developed during the pandemic and the subsequent recovery have mostly been resolved.This helps normalise production and distribution costs.Core inflation,which looks at price trends excluding energy and food prices,also shows a downward trend.This is significantly influence by the devel-opment of wages and salaries.A more moderate increase is expected for the coming years due to the strong wage increases in 2023.As a result,cost increases cannot be passed on in full to consumers.Further reduction in the inflation rate to 2.0%is forecast for 2025.This projection is based on the assumption that energy prices remain stable and no new geopolitical or economic shocks occur.It is also assumed that the ECBs monetary policy measures,including interest rate cuts and discontinuation of bond purchase programmes,will have unfold in-tended effect and contribute to further stabilisation of price levels.Following the interest rate cut in June 2024,the first interest rate turnaround since July 2022,the ECB has left open whether it will make another rate cut at its meeting in September.As in the past,the intention is to act in a data-de-pendent manner and thus keep all options open.All in all,one can say that the trend in inflation has eased considerably compared to the highs of the last few years.Lower energy prices,normalisation of supply chains,and more moderate wage growth will help to bring the inflation rate closer to the ECBs target of 2%in the coming years.This should also strengthen consumers purchasing power and contribute to more stable economic development,including in the form of increased consumer de-mand.Rising real income bringing up hopes for the eurozoneIn accordance with the latest forecasts,the euro-zone economy is set to grow by 0.8%in 2024 and by 1.4%next year.The European Commissions predicted growth rates thus have been revised downwards as compared to the autumn 2023 fore-cast.Germany once again carries the red lantern in a European comparison.No country in the eurozone is forecasting a lower growth in 2024 and 2025.It can be assumed that Germany will also suffer from demographic changes in the forecast period.The potential labour force is declining,which is having a negative impact on potential growth in this country.The high unemployment rate has been an issue in the eurozone that has not affected Germany for many years.The unemployment rate has fallen from 9.2%(2015-2019)to 6.6%(2023)in the last few years.However,unemployment in the eurozone remains relatively high by international standards.The unemployment rate in the USA is at 3.6%,in the UK 4.0 at%and in Japan at 2.6%.The southern European countries in particular have been able to reduce their unemployment rates,some of which are considerable,over time among the eurozone countries,however.Nevertheless,Spain(12.2%)and Greece(11.1%)continue to have the highest unemployment rates in the eurozone in 2023.Consumer prices in the eurozone and Germany will rise at roughly the same rate over the next two years.There were no significant deviations in previous years.Average inflation was slightly above inflation in the eurozone.It can be assumed that consumer prices in all eurozone countries will approach the ECB target in large steps in 2024,following the double-digit inflation rates in some cases in 2022 and 2023.An inflation rate of less than 2%is forecast for some countries as early as 2024.Consumer spending is expected to increase in 2024 and 2025 since real wage increases are anticipated.On the other hand,consumers have increased their savings rates in the last few years,which leaves them with saved purchasing power at their disposal.Some of this is likely to be consumed during the next economic upturn as uncertainty subsides.Germany traditionally has a higher sav-ings rate than other European countries.Both the German and European savings rates have risen in comparison to the historical average in the last few years.Germany has the highest savings rate by comparison to other countries in the eurozone or the EU.AN INFLATION RATE OF LESS THAN 2%IS FORECAST FOR SOME COUNTRIES AS EARLY AS 2024.1819ECONOMY AND RETAILThe European Economic Sentiment Indicator(ESI),compiled and calculated by the European Commis-sion,measures the current economic sentiment in EU countries2.The current index value for the eu-rozone is 95.8 points.The index has remained at a constant level for several months.The development within the sub-indices is relatively homogeneous.The mood is slightly restrained in industry as well as among consumers,service providers and retailers.A positive mood based on historical standards cur-rently is only evident in the construction sector.This development may come as a surprise from a Ger-man perspective,but construction activity in many eurozone countries has by no means declined to the same extent as in Germany.A look at the results for Germany also reveals a homogeneous picture between the individual sub-sectors.Sentiment is slightly below average compared to the eurozone with an index value of 92.3 points.Slightly positive expectations Growth impulses from consumptionSeveral factors must be considered when assess-ing future developments.Forecasts are,of course,subject to uncertainty,and the forecast interval for the following year has increased further compared to the current year.However,there are also some explicit risks that need to be pointed out.Particu-lar attention must be paid to this area due to the strong dependence of GDP growth on consumption.An expected increase in real incomes and the high savings rates at the moment lead to the assump-tion that consumption will expand in the second half of the year and beyond and serve as a growth stimulus.If this impulse does not materialise due to rising inflation rates,lower than expected income increases,or general economic uncertainty,growth is expected to be significantly lower,which would result in another downward revision of the forecast.Escalation of the armed conflicts in Ukraine or the Gaza Strip and an accompanying increase in polit-ical uncertainty is possible as well.On top of this,freight rates from China to Europe have more than doubled in recent weeks due to the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea.The alternative route via the Cape of Good Hope leads to higher costs and longer dis-tances,which can lead to delays.Price increases are expected for many companies that source a large proportion of their goods from the Far East.They will either lower margins or increase prices for con-sumers.This may lead to the European Central Bank refraining from its planned interest rate cuts,which could put additional pressure on the economy.2 The European Economic Sentiment Indicator(ESI)reflects how companies and consumers assess the economic situation in the eurozone.A value above 100 suggests that companies and consumers are more optimistic than pessimistic.01 Development of the economy in Germany and the eurozone Change compared to the previous year in 2220232024e2025eGDP(real)Eurozone3.40.40.81.4GDP(real)Germany1.8-0.30.11.0CPI(consumer price index)eurozone8.45.42.52.1CPI(Consumer Price Index)Germany8.76.02.42.0Private consumer spending(real)Eurozone4.20.51.11.5Private consumer spending(real)Germany3.9-0.70.60.9Unemployment rate Eurozone6.86.66.66.5Unemployment rate Germany3.13.13.13.1IT IS ASSUMED THAT CONSUMPTION WILL ACT AS A GROWTH STIMULUS DUE TO THE EXPECTED INCREASE IN REAL INCOMES AND THE CURRENT HIGH SAVINGS RATES.2021ECONOMY AND RETAILreal decline with a simultaneous nominal increase in turnover is the sharp rise in food prices,which in accordance with the Federal Statistical Office have risen by around 12.9%on average in 2023.In spite of the repeated turnover reduction(down 3.9%in real and 0.4%in nominal terms compared to the previous year),distance selling is still ben-efiting from the high turnover growth during the COVID-19 pandemic.Although turnover in 2023 was lower than in the previous year for the second year in a row,it was still 22.8%higher than in 2019.The retail sector in Germany is also expected to see a slight increase in real turnover for the first four months of 2024 due to reducing inflation in Ger-many,with turnover rising again in nominal terms.Bricks-and-mortar food retailers fare better than bricks-and-mortar non-food retailers.3Another turnover record in the retail sector in 2023Retail turnover achieved by bricks-and-mortar retail and distance selling reached a new turnover record of 649 billion see figure 02.It is fast approach-ing the 600 billion mark,with the HDE forecasting an increase in turnover to about 670 billion1 for the current year 2024.However,this regular turn-over expansion is being paid for dearly.This is because the high inflation rate of 6%on average is causing a real turnover reduction of 3.4%,which puts the nominal growth of 2.9%compared to 2022 in a different light.Only the bricks-and-mortar retail trade in textiles,clothing,shoes,and leather goods was able to escape the real turnover reduction according to data from the Federal Statistical Office2 for 2023.This sector has carried some of the previous years ECONOMY AND RETAILturnover dynamics into 2023,but is still around 4.6low the pre-COVID year 2019 in real terms.Food retail turnover showed a strong real decline.This is because nominal turnover growth of 5.4%ulti-mately resulted in a real turnover reduction of 3.9%.This trend was already apparent in the first half of 2023 and stabilised at this lower level in the second half of 2023.All in all,the food retail sector is still benefiting from the strong real increase in turnover in 2020 due to COVID-19,when an increase of 5.4%was achieved as compared to 2019.Since then,how-ever,there has been a continuous turnover reduction at real prices,specifically-1.6%in 2021 and-4.6%in 2022.The situation looks significantly better when looking at nominal prices.At 5.9%,a substantial increase was once again achieved in 2023,exceeding that of the previous year( 5.5%).The reason for the OVERALL RETAIL DEVELOPMENT1.202 Development of retail turnover 2000 to 2024*Source:Federal Statistical Office,*HDE forecast 2024;excluding VAT;provisional data;retail trade excluding motor vehicles,petrol stations,fuels,pharmacies,status:08/07/2024 Total turnover p.a.(bn,net)Real change compared to previous year ine43210-1-2-3-4-52000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024*428.3432.2423.1417.2426.3430.2 432.7 427.6 432.3418.9427.2437.9445.4450.9458.0477.8 493.2514.4527.8546.2577.4589.4631.4649 HDE forecast 2024;excluding VAT;provisional data;retail trade excluding motor vehicles,petrol stations,fuels,pharmacies,status:08/07/20242 Federal Statistical Office:Press release no.041 dated 31/01/2024,quoted from:www.destatis.de3 Federal Statistical Office:Press release no.215 dated 31/05/2024,quoted from:www.destatis.de6702223Purchasing power on the rise in GermanyMB Research presents its forecasts of the purchas-ing power of private households at the beginning of each year.MB Research forecasts total pur-chasing power of 2,368.2 billion for Germany for 2024 after 2,295.5 billion in the previous year.4 The disposable income(net income excluding taxes and social security contributions,including trans-fer payments received)of Germans has thus risen by 728 to 27,939 per capita based on revised data from the previous year.This corresponds to a nominal increase of 2.7%and thus remains slightly below the previous years value.Per capita pur-chasing power was calculated to increase by 4.6%compared to 2022 based on revised data.Distribution of purchasing power by federal state shows the familiar picture.The southern federal states have the highest per capita purchasing power,while the inhabitants of the eastern fed-eral states have the lowest.Bavaria and Hamburg are the first two federal states to exceed the per capita purchasing power threshold of 30,000.Bavaria comes out about 8.8ove the national average and,as in previous years,in first place with a per capita purchasing power of 30,395.Hamburg in second place breaks the dominance of the southern federal states with 30,100 per capita( 1.8%as compared to the previous year).Baden-Wrttemberg(29,708 per capita, 2.3%)and Hesse(28,693 per capita, 2.5%)follow subsequently,with Schleifensonde-Holstein with 28,107 per capita coming next.These five federal states have a purchasing power per inhabitant that is above the national average of 27,939.Purchasing power is below average in a nationwide analysis in the other federal states.Mecklen-burg-Western Pomerania continues to bring up the rear among the federal states,where residents have an average of 24,749 per capita at their disposal,which is around 88.6%of the national average.At the same time,the situation among the“bottom performers”has improved slightly.Relatively speaking,they are moving closer to the national average.Two more federal states,i.e.,Saxony and Thuringia,now have purchasing power ratios of over 90.0,having ranked below this in previous years.Starnberg remains in the leadThe district with the highest per capita purchasing power in Germany has for years been the Bavar-ian district of Starnberg with 41,764 per capita.It exceeds the national average by almost 50%.The districts of Munich and Hochtaunuskreis have swapped the subsequent places.The district of Mu-nich ranks second with 38,795 per capita,ahead of the district of Hochtaunuskreis with 38,382 per capita.As in the previous year,the state capital of Munich,with a per capita expenditure value of 37,505,documents the dominance of the Mu-nich metropolitan region in terms of purchasing power,as the district of Ebersberg(35,190 per capita)in 5th place,the district of Miesbach with 34,491 per capita(7th place)and the district of Frstenfeldbruck with 33,379 per capita(10th place)belong to this regional cluster.Two districts from Baden-Wrttemberg,the independent city of Heilbronn(33,913 per capita,8th place)and the district of Lrrach(33,411 per capita,9th place)and,two Hessian districts,the Hochtaunuskreis(3rd place)and the Main-Taunus-Kreis(34,682 per capita,6th place),made it into the top 10.As in previous years,the city of Dsseldorf is once again the highest-placed district in the most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia.It ranks 12th with 32,895 per capita.4 Michael Bauer Research GmbH,Purchasing Power 2024Purchasing power index 2024(Index BRD=100)under 9090 to 9595 to 100100 to 105over 10503 Purchasing power in Germany 2024 regional distribution Source:bulwiengesa AG,RIWIS,MB Research2425ECONOMY AND RETAILThe usual appearance remains unchanged other-wise.The northern districts are gradually losing purchasing power compared to the districts in the south of Germany,which means that the south-north divide that has been observed for years is continuing unabated.The last positions have not been occupied by dis-tricts in eastern Germany for some time now.They are located in western Germany instead:Bremer-haven remains in last place with 21,406 per capita purchasing power,ahead of Gelsenkirchen(21,727 per capita)and the city of Duisburg(22,565 per capita).The other 4th and 5th places also go to two major cities in North Rhine-Westphalia(Herne and Hamm).Purchasing power disparities in Germany remain considerable in spite of various state equalisation payments and adjustments to wage and pension levels.While 37 of the 44 districts in Baden-Wrt-temberg,i.e.,84%of all districts or independent cities,achieved a purchasing power index of over 100,as in the previous year,only the district of Potsdam-Mittelmark(104.8 purchasing power index or 29,286 per capita)and the state capital of Potsdam(101.3 purchasing power index or 28,295 per capita)achieved this in the eastern German states.Although the eastern German metropolises like the state capital Dresden(94.8 or 26,476 per capita),the state capital Magdeburg(89.9 pur-chasing power index or 25,117 per capita)and the capital Berlin(94.3 or 26,343 per capita)were able to increase their purchasing power levels compared to previous years,they still lag behind the national average.The crescent distribution of the highest purchasing power from Hamburg via the Rhine and Rhine-Main region to Stuttgart and Munich,which has been observed for years,remains unchanged,although the urban and rural districts of the eastern federal states have successively gained purchasing power see figure 03.Consolidated turnover in online retail As in 2022,the turnover forecast for online retail was not achieved in 2023.While the turnover growth expected at the beginning of 2023 was at about 4.9 billion,the increase ultimately fell to 0.9 billion compared to the previous year.Al-though online retail returned to a turnover growth path,it ultimately fell well short of expectations.As a result,online retail was also affected by consumers general reluctance to spend.The HDE predicts turnover growth of 3.4%to 88.3 billion in its May forecast for 2024.The growth story for online retail remains intact as compared to the last pre-COVID year 2019.The growth achieved from 2019 to 2023 remains considerable.In spite of the reduced increase to 84.5 billion as compared to the previous years forecast,an increase in turnover of 26.2 billion or about 44%was achieved com-pared to 2019,resulting in average annual turnover growth of almost 10%see figure 04.Irrespective of whether the forecast materialises exactly as stated,based on the turnover performance to date in the first half of 2024,turnover growth is expect-ed to reach a new all-time high for online retail in Germany.Source:HDE Online Monitor 2024,incl.forecast for 202404 Turnover development in online retail in Germany 2016 to 2024*(net)Figures in bn B2C e-commerce in accordance with HDE Share of B2B e-commerce in retail turnover in%(right-hand scale)The growth in overall retail turnover( 2.9%,nomi-nal)reduced the relative share of turnover generat-ed online.Measured against the total German retail turnover volume of 649 billion,the online share fell marginally by 0.2 percentage points compared to the previous year and stood at 13.2%in 2023.In the peak year of 2021,when online turnover exceeded the 80 billion mark for the first time,the share of turnover was 14.7%.The renewed decline in the relative share of turnover is primarily due to a turnover reduction in the non-food segment.As in the previous year,the food segment remained at a relative share of 2.9%of total turnover in the food sector(food including beverages).44.248.953.359.272.886.784.585.42016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024ONLINE RETAIL WAS ALSO AFFECTED BY CONSUMERS GENERAL RELUCTANCE TO SPEND.88.3e2627ECONOMY AND RETAILThe trend towards shopping at low-price discounters and drugstores continuesThe trend towards buying more from low-price discount supermarkets continued last year and is set to continue this year.Drugstores have also been able to achieve significant turnover growth.Con-sumers aligned their purchases with special offers and at the same time increasingly visited different shopping centres to meet their needs.Full-range retailers,in particular including EDEKA and REWE,have lost growth momentum compared to discount stores in the past year due to high infla-tion.Consumer sentiment has brightened somewhat again this year,partly due to the favourable wage settlements,meaning that consumers once again have more money available for shopping.Both retailers and consumers are going to benefit from the fact that many disputes between brand manufacturers and retailers last year regarding pricing,which led to some empty shelves and deliv-ery stoppages,have been resolved,partly because inflation has eased significantly.Organisation of the European Football Championships in Germany also contributed to a surge in turnover in the food retail sector this year.EU supply chain law passed after long Negotiations The long-debated Europe-wide supply chain law was adopted by the EU at the end of May this year,after further improvements were made.Fewer com-panies are now affected,and the fashion industry is no longer defined as a high-risk sector.The CSDDD that has now been adopted will initially apply to companies with more than 5,000 employees and more than 1.5 billion in turnover worldwide after a transitional period of three years;the limits are going to be lowered subsequently so that in five years the directive will also apply to companies with 1,000 employees and 450 million in turnover.The member states have two years to transpose the CSDDD into national law.In this context,the existing German Supply Chain Due Diligence Act(Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz)must also be adapted accordingly,in particular as the EU Supply Chain Act(EU-Lieferkettengesetz)covers fewer companies.In terms of civil liability(including human rights violations),however,it goes beyond the existing German law,and companies must also draw up climate plans.All in all,the supply chain law passed by the EU has met with a very mixed response.Nominal turnover growth also in 2023 Turnover in the food retail sector rose by 6.2%in nominal terms in 2023 but due to the high inflation rate,this led to a real decline of-3.5%compared to the previous year,as in 2022,in accordance with calculations by the Federal Statistical Office.In accordance with bulwiengesa calculations,ex-penditure on food and drugstore goods(including household goods)will amount to about 289 billion in 2023.Online share for food remains lowThe online share of groceries remained unchanged year-on-year at 2.4%in 2023.In contrast,the online share of drugstore products rose slightly to 3.4%,which is the same share as in 2021 see figure 05.ECONOMY AND RETAILDEVELOPMENT OF THE FOOD RETAIL SECTOR1.305 Share of online retail turnover Source:HDE Online Monitor 2024,p.20*incl.hygiene paper/washing/cleaning and cleaning productsFoodDrugstore goods*20212.23.420222.43.220232.43.4 WZ08-4711 Retail sale of miscellaneous food,beverages,and tobacco.Data revision of consumption expenditure 2023.282920192020202120222023Discounter15,91015,88015,90815,92315,911Supermarket 16,15015,90815,68915,40115,278Superstore4,2354,2754,4324,5124,570Hypermarket634627599555559Drugstore4,9775,0485,1035,1605,193Total 41,90641,73841,73141,55141,51120192020202120222023Hypermarket10.610.49.99.08.7Superstore22.923.424.324.524.3Supermarket15.215.015.315.014.4Discounter41.641.841.041.742.4Drugstore9.89.59.59.810.2Total100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0Drugstores with highest turnover growth in 2023 Al in all,turnover across all types of business increased by around 6.8%in nominal terms from 2022 to 2023.Thus,growth was higher than in the previous year.Drugstores were even able to top the high turno-ver growth of the previous year with double-digit growth of around 10.7%and surpass the 10%mark with a market share of 10.2%in 2023 see figure 06.Discounters were also able to increase their turn-over disproportionately,by a nominal 8.5%.The already-high market share was increased to 42.4%.The gap to the other types of food and drugstore retailers analysed has thus widened further.Superstores recorded turnover growth of around 5.8%,which was below the average turnover growth in the sector,meaning that their share of turnover fell slightly to 24.3%.Supermarkets achieved the lowest growth at only around 2.9%,just as in the previous year.It should be noted that both the sales area and the number of supermarkets continued to decline.The share of total turnover fell to just 14.4%.Turnover for hypermarkets increased by around 3.6%,following a decline in 2022.However,this is also below the sectors overall turnover growth,even though both sales area and the number of locations developed slightly positively.As a result,their share of turnover among all types of business is falling further to only around 8.7%.Number of drugstores and grocery stores reduces slightlyThe trend from last year continued in 2023,with the number of food and drugstore outlets falling slightly year-on-year to a total of 41,511 stores(-40 properties).The decline in supermarkets was particularly high.The number of stores decreased by-123 to 15,278 in this context see figure 07.The number of discounters also fell marginally by-12.There are probably several reasons for this.The restrained new construction activity or the post-ponement of new construction projects due to the drastic increase in construction costs is also likely to have contributed to this last year in addition to store network optimisation with the closure of small and unprofitable stores.In contrast,the number of superstores continues to rise steadily and has increased by 58 properties.However,this growth was below the previous year(2022: 80 objects).The number of hypermarkets also increased slightly to 4 properties.This slight in-crease is probably mainly due to temporary closures of former real stores in the course of remodelling and takeovers by the new operators,which were then reopened last year.This does not suggest any reversal of the trend.The number of hypermarkets has dropped significantly by 75 properties compared to 2019 to 559 stores.The number of drugstores also increased to 5,193 stores,but with an additional 33 properties.Consid-erably fewer new stores were added than in 2022 or 2021,and the growth in these two years was also significantly lower than in previous years.Growth in drugstores has weakened considerably all in all.Source:bulwiengesa from information provided by TradeDimensions,2020 data partly revised06 Share of turnover in the food retail sector Figures in%Source:bulwiengesa from information provided by TradeDimensions07 Number of stores by type of operation Figures in number of stores3031ECONOMY AND RETAIL20192020202120222023Hypermarket12.111.911.210.210.1Superstore26.326.427.127.727.8Supermarket18.518.118.017.917.7Discounter34.234.434.635.035.0Drugstore8.99.19.19.39.4Total100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0Sales area once again growingAfter falling for the first time last year,the sales area of food and drugstore chains rose again in 2023 to 38.8 million sq m and thus grew by 0.6%.The decline in sales area in hypermarkets in particu-lar contributed to this negative result in 2022.This year,the sales area of hypermarkets increased again marginally by 0.1%.The trend of declining sales area in supermarkets,which has been in place since 2020,contin-ued in 2023.This was in line with the declining number of supermarkets.The sales area of su-permarkets decreased further by-0.3%to about 6.88 million sq m.The share of sales area thus is going to continue to fall to 17.7%in 2023 see figure 08.Growth in sales area was primarily achieved by drugstores( 1.7%),followed by superstores( 1.2%).The share of drugstores in the sales area for food and drugstores has increased to 9.4%in 2023 and the share of superstores has risen to around 27.8%.Sales area growth at discount stores was much more subdued,with an increase of around 0.6%.This likely is mostly due to the expansion of existing stores,as the number of discount stores declined slightly in 2023.However,discounters were able to maintain their market share compared to the previous year,at about 35%of the sales area of all food and drugstore outlets surveyed.ALDI Nord expands into central locationsALDI Nord has further modernised and optimised its outlet network,reducing the number of shops by 18 to 2,200 in 2023.At the same time,however,the average sales area per shop increased slightly to 955 sq m increased see figure 09.This means that ALDI Nord operates fewer shops,but their average sales area has increased.ALDI Nord is also focusing its expansion efforts on locations close to city centres and urban transport hubs.The store network is to be expanded and new locations opened,particularly in major urban centres such as Berlin,Hamburg,and Essen.ALDI Nord is focussing on commuters who want to do their daily shopping quickly and easily on the way home.New properties are preferred if offering approx.1,000 sq m of sales area,which makes them smaller than those preferred by sister company ALDI SD.One reason for this is that ALDI Nord is not aiming to further expand its product range but is instead pursuing a rather streamlined product range policy and is thus returning to the core element of a“hard”discounter.Almost every other ALDI store now has a packing station.More than 1,000 DHL packing stations have been put into operation in car parks throughout the ALDI Nord store network in cooperation with the Deutsche Post DHL Group since the end of 2021.The various measures to increase profitability in the last few years came to fruition last year and ALDI Nord was able to increase its turnover by around 6.3%.Floor space productivity(turnover per sq m sales area)also increased by around 6%and achieved a high sales area productivity of 7,120 per sq m of sales area.ALDI Nord wants to raise its profile through price and has announced a much more aggressive pricing policy in future.Sustainable energy sources are used in new con-struction projects and the modernisation of existing stores,so that ideally no fossil fuels need to be used.A growing number of stores have PV systems,energy-saving refrigeration technologies are used and the waste heat from refrigerated wall shelves is utilised.ALDI Nord also depends on sustainabil-ity when it comes to building materials by using materials that can be quickly and easily returned to the recycling cycle at the end of a store buildings service life.Beyond this,ALDI Nord is building stores in timber construction.A loyalty system has not yet been introduced in Germany but is being tested in Belgium.The loyal-ty system app can be used to obtain personalised customer data and thus better align offers with customer needs.Based on press reports,the pro-gramme that has now been set up is designed in such a way that it could also be used at Aldi Sd.Competitor Lidl is already operating very successful-ly with its customer app.ALDI SD is increasingly acting as a builderLast year,ALDI SD expanded its store network further by 15 to 2012 shops,but fewer shops were added than in the previous year.ALDI SD thus joins the ranks of other discounters that are also no longer significantly expanding their store network.The focus is on modernising and improving the quality of the store network.ALDI SD continues to act as a builder of mixed-use properties with residential and retail units,and in some cases also day-care centres.In Waldbronn near Karlsruhe,ALDI SD has built 3,000 sq m worth of retail space,of which ALDI itself developed 1,300 sq m occupied by ALDI itself.The upper floors are to contain 115 Source:bulwiengesa from information provided by TradeDimensions,data update drugstores as of 201708 Proportion of sales area Figures in233ECONOMY AND RETAIL StoresSales areaSpace productivity*TurnoverCompanySales division(selection)Type of operationNumberChange since 2022Avg.store sizein sq mChangesince 2022sq mChangesince 2022Changesince 2022ALDIALDI NordDC2,200-0.851.3%7,1206.0,100,000,0006.3%ALDI SD*DC2,0120.8%1,0180.5%9,4007.2,450,000,0008.7EKA GroupNettoDC4,3491.240.4%5,3407.2,050,000,0008.6EKA/E-aktiv/E-NeukaufSM/VM3,8820.2%1,3140.7%5,4903.2,977,495,0004.1%E-CenterVM/SBW5062.0%3,2911.6%5,6003.5%9,327,108,0007.3%MarktkaufSBW856.3%6,717-1.3%4,65014.0%2,654,186,00019.7%REWE GroupPENNYDC2,123-0.6t80.5%6,5808.6,447,000,0008.6%REWE(incl.Kaufpark)SM/VM3,634-0.1%1,5480.4%4,6703.5,103,000,0003.9%REWE Center(incl.Kaufpark)SBW350.0%6,5440.3%4,320-2.0%1,019,055,000-1.7%Schwarz-GruppeLidl*DC3,2600.450.4,1009.23,450,000,00011.1%KauflandVM/SBW7710.5%4,578-0.1%6,2802.1#,100,000,0003.2rtels-LangnessFamila NordostVM/SBW900.0%3,7350.1%5,1206.9%1,721,000,0006.9%BntingFamila NordwestVW/SBW200.0%4,510-1.5%5,0603.1E6,000,0001.3%GlobusGlobusSBW654.8,340-1.2%6,5508.8%4,540,000,00012.7%NORMANORMADC1,3440.6v60.9%4,4102.8%4,683,000,0004.6 Development of the number of locations and space productivity of food retailers 2023 Source:TradeDimensions,bulwiengesa,and Aldi SD with data on number of shops and sales area;data status:Q2 2023*Excluding online turnover from information provided by TradeDimensions or bulwiengesas own estimates*Data ALDI SD|*Data revision 3435ECONOMY AND RETAILflats,some of which will be subsidised housing.Based on ALDI SDs press release,more than 2,000 additional residential units will be created at ALDI SD locations in the coming years through project developments that have already begun.Rental and owner-occupied flats,socially subsidised housing,areas for assisted living,and even flats for students are under development.In cooperation with the Studierendenwerk Vorderpfalz,ALDI SD has built 32 flats for 65 students above a branch in Landau in der Pfalz,with further projects underway in Tbingen and Mannheim.ALDI SD has refurbished and revitalised an existing property in a prominent location in Dsseldorf.The ground floor of the prop-erty is let to restaurateurs and retailers,while the ALDI shop itself occupies a space on the first floor.ALDI SD has also leased new locations in shopping centres and retail warehouses.The average sales area per shop increased slightly to 1,018 sq m increased.ALDI SD recorded a signif-icant increase in turnover of 8.7%.As a result,the space performance has once again increased signifi-cantly,reaching 9,400 sq m per sq m of sales area.ALDI SD has set the tone with its cut prices,in particular for fruit and vegetables.ALDI SD launched its new organic private label NUR NUR NATUR”at specialist retailer level with great success last year and the number of products,most of which are Naturland-certified,is to be expanded even further.And,after drinking milk and fresh turkey meat have already been converted to the higher husbandry types 3 and 4,fresh beef is now to follow.ALDI SD has launched a pilot project with pick-up machinesALDI SD is now also trialling pick-up and gaining experience with Click&Collect.In July of this year,a pilot project was launched with collection machines in a container at the Mlheim an der Ruhr and Dsseldorf locations.Customers can place orders via an app and collect the goods from the vending machine one to five days later.Access is provided by QR code,but the goods can only be collected during selected time slots.Fresh and frozen goods can also be ordered as well since the container is refrigerated.Use of flyers is being scrutinised by a number of retailers.REWE was a pioneer in this area and has continued to follow this path consistently since last year.ALDI SD is now planning to test the elim-ination of flyers in a region in northern Hesse.In addition to aspects such as cost reduction,digital forms of customer contact are becoming increasingly important.Many retail companies are investing large sums in digital customer communication and their own apps for this reason.According to ALDI SD,all shops will be equipped with e-price tags by the end of this year.Netto is benefiting from positive development of the discountDiscounter Netto also achieved a similarly high turnover increase to ALDI SD last year at 8.6%.The number of branches increased by 50 to 4,349.This means that Netto still has the largest store network among the discounters.The store network is subject to further modernisation.Old stores being gradually replaced by new ones,either in the same location or in better ones,and existing stores being modernised and expanded.The average sales area per shop increased only marginally to 814 sq m but space productivity has increased by 7.2%to 5,340 per sq m sales area see figure 09.Netto continues to be well behind the market leaders ALDI and Lidl in terms of space performance(turnover per sq m sales area).Netto keeps on increasing efficiency in order to reduce costs.In this context,the roll-out of electric price tags was decided and automated picking in the distribution centres is being accelerated.EDEKA and REWE are also testing automated solutions.Use of hydrogen lorries is also being tested,and from the beginning of 2024 Netto will be supply-ing some of its shops from the Henstedt-Ulzburg branch.Netto Marken-Discount has been working with Naturland since last summer and since July of this year has also been offering products with the Biokreis seal.Netto states that it has up to 400 organic products on offer.Marktkauf:Successful takeover of former real storesEDEKA Groups large-scale subsidiary Marktkauf achieved the highest increase in turnover last year,with growth of almost 20%.The number of Markt-kauf stores increased by 5 to 85.The takeover/reopening of the former real stores likely will be the main factor here.Space productivity has also increased by nearly 14%to 4,650 per sq m sales area,but still occupies one of the lower places in the ranking of other full-range retailers(supermar-kets,superstores).The number of e-centres(supermarkets/superstores)has increased as well.They were able to record significant turnover growth of 7.3%last year.Floor space productivity,on the other hand,rose only slightly by 3.5%.This means that the majority of turnover growth resulted from the increase in sales area and locations.In contrast,the Edeka/E-aktiv/E-Neukauf stores performed weaker with turnover growth of only 4.1%and an increase in sales area productivity(turnover per sq m sales area)of only 3.2%.EDEKA SUBSIDIARY MARKTKAUF WAS ABLE TO INCREASE TURNOVER BY ABOUT 20%IN 2023.3637ECONOMY AND RETAILEDEKA opens hybrid store and becomes new partner of PaybackEDEKA is also testing the first hybrid stores in order to implement extended opening hours and shorter working hours in the food retail sector.The first hybrid store was opened in a holiday region in northern Germany.Customers can use their bank card to access the store and make their purchases even after official closing time and on Sundays.Payment is made cashless before leaving the store via three self-checkout tills.The turno-ver model is not only an attractive operator model for holiday regions with high seasonally fluctuat-ing customer numbers,but also for economically more difficult locations in rural areas and opens up new perspectives for the organisation of open-ing hours.The hybrid store turnover model can complement the Smart Box,an exclusively auton-omous mini-store already used by EDEKA Nord.In its advertising,EDEKA emphasises regional products and locally grown fresh fruit and veg-etables in order to sharpen its profile and set itself apart from the discount stores.There are plans to relaunch the private labels.EDEKA(with the exception of the EDEKA Hessenring region)will also become a new Payback partner in 2025 following the withdrawal of REWE.Payback is to be integrated into EDEKAs own customer card.EDEKA hopes that this will give a boost to its own app and,above all,provide even more individual-ised information about its customers.Last but not least,turnover increases,which are also gained by customers who migrate to EDEKA because their previous supermarket no longer participates in the Payback programme.In light of the expected higher turnover,EDEKA is demanding concessions from the manufacturers in terms of conditions,which will strengthen EDEKAs market position.Payback,on the market since 2000,is the largest and best-known programme with 31 million users,in accordance with a survey by the Ipsos Institute,followed by the Deutschland-Card and Lidl Plus App.EDEKA and Swiss Migros recently started coopera ting on procurement from Asia.EDEKA has founded the subsidiary Everest Asiahub Limit-ed in Hong Kong to this end.There are hopes that this merger will lead to significant improvements in purchasing conditions.REWE continues to invest in ITCompared to EDEKA,REWEs full-range stores developed less dynamically from information pro-vided by TradeDimensions.The 35 REWE centres,whose number did not change compared to the previous year,lost turnover in 2023.This figure dropped by-1.7%and space productivity also fell by-2.0%to 4,320 per sq m of sales area.REWE(incl.Kaufpark)supermarkets and superstores,on the other hand,achieved slight turnover growth of 3.9%,with the number of stores reduced marginally and the average sales area per shop also increasing marginally to 1,548 sq m.Floor space productivity(turnover per sq m sales area)increased only slightly by 3.6%.REWE continues to invest in IT.It has opened Pick&Go test stores in Hamburg and Dsseldorf.In addition to traditional payment at the check-out,customers can choose between three other payment options:checkout-free using Pick&Go via app,scanning and payment at the self-checkout terminal or via computer vision support without scanning at the self-checkout terminal.There are also some plans to install self-service checkouts in every other REWE store.The functions of the self-service checkouts have expanded consider-ably in the meantime.They can select the right type of fruit and vegetables or even recognise theft.New AI technology also permits age checks at payment.Biometric payment methods are not yet available in Germany but are already being experimented with in the USA in particular.REWE digital is also testing a digital shopping compan-ion.Tablets attached to the shopping trolley offer an efficient product search,navigation through the store and personalised product suggestions.The move away from flyers a year ago remains in place and has proved successful.REWE is trying out some innovative packag-ing-free stations for dry goods such as rice,pasta and cereals with its cooperation partner and start-up MIWA.The packaging-free stations also close two reusable cycles at the same time,per-mitting implementation of sustainability aspects can also be implemented.REWE is also expanding its retail media activities in marketing.REWE has already installed digital pillars in about 3,000 REWE stores on which advertising can be placed.Now PENNY stores are also to be equipped with pillars.REWE wants to take advantage of the opportu-nities currently arising on the investment market and has increased its investment budget for the purchase of property.In Berlin,for example,a store is being demolished and replaced by a green building with the high efficiency standard for new buildings of 40 EE.Environmentally friendly build-ing materials with a high proportion of wood are also used.The store is going to be equipped with a photovoltaic system and a green roof.The plot is optimally utilised with the market on the 1st floor and parking on the ground floor,including parking areas for bicycles and cargo bikes and charging points for electric cars,just like it is done in many densely populated locations in large cities.Million users make Payback the market leader in Germany313839ECONOMY AND RETAILPENNY grows and optimises store networkPENNY,REWEs discounter,further optimised its store network in 2023 and reduced the number of stores by 12,while at the same time significant-ly increasing its turnover by 8.6%.PENNY also achieved a significant jump in turnover in terms of space productivity to 6,580 per sq m of sales area.PENNY thus was able to match the turnover growth of the top discounters last year.The market hall concept is being rolled out further,but it is proving difficult to successfully implement this concept in PENNYs small spaces.PENNY continues to pursue a special approach to store design.Selected stores are designed in a particularly original way and with a strong con-nection to the location.One example is the PENNY Underground,which was designed in the style of an underground station and is located in Berlin-Wed-ding.The e-commerce business was scaled back again and the partnership with the Bringoo delivery service was recently terminated.Kaufland completes integration of real stores successfully completedKaufland completed the takeover and integration into its own store network of the more than 100 real stores it acquired last year.Last year,Kaufland operated 771 Kaufland stores( 4 stores as compared to the previous year)with an average sales area of around 4,600 sq m.Partly due to disputes with brand manufacturers last year(the situation has since eased),its turnover only increased by 3.2%.The space performance also rose only slightly by 2.1%to 6,280 per sq m of sales area.Kaufland is planning to expand its regional prod-uct ranges in order to take turnover away from the supermarkets in order to boost turnover.The veggie own-brand range was expanded by another 20 vegan items in order to appeal even better to this growing customer group.The meat counter only sells Level 3 products.Advertising activities for the Kaufland Card were increased.Customers can benefit from additional discounts,exclusive coupons,competitions,and other advantages in Kaufland shops and on the Kaufland.de online platform with this card.Customers needs will be placed more at the centre of advertising cam-paigns.Kaufland is continuing to push ahead with the use of artificial intelligence(AI).This is used,for exam-ple,for turnover forecasts or to evaluate data from customer loyalty programmes.Lidl defends top position in the Space performanceLast year,Lidl expanded its store network by 12 to 3,260 stores.In future,Lidl plans to expand again,particularly in the metropolitan regions.Existing locations are also to be replaced by sustainable new store buildings,with Lidl implementing both rental and owner-occupied properties.Based on press reports,Galeria is currently negotiating a co-op-eration with Lidl in the food sector.Galeria wants to increase footfall in the stores by locating Lidl discounters there.Lidl may thus further expand its presence at numerous central locations.ALDI SD has already opened several stores in Galeria branch-es in the last few years.Lidl significantly increased its turnover by 11.1%last year,achieving the highest turnover growth of all the sales divisions analysed.The number of stores and the sales area were increased only slight-ly.Lidl thus achieved significant increases in space performance to 10,100 per sq m sales area,thus not only maintaining but also extending its leading position in terms of space performance.Lidl is also trying out a new store concept at several locations with a different customer flow and cross aisles at the back previously a taboo for the leading discounters.Energy consumption can be significantly reduced,the items are placed closer together,the walking distances for customers are shortened and the goods are easier to organise by placing the refrigerated shelves opposite each other.The standard range is presented lengthways and promotional goods in the cross aisles.Most of the aisles are wider,giving customers and employees more space.The non-food business of the discounters continues to be under pressure.This is because the non-food discounters,above all Action,but also Woolworth,are continuously expanding their store network and diverting turnover from the food discounters to the non-food discounters.Lidl is installing a charging infrastructure at the first locations and also plans to use electric lorries at ini-tially selected locations from 2025.Lidl and Kaufland are also going to intensify their cooperation in meat and sausage products in order to secure the supply of goods.Lidl will source some of its sausage and meat products from its sister company Kauflands own meat plants.Investments further focus on expanding the companys own production facilities.Schwarz-Gruppe has further expanded its production division with the acquisition of the Bonback baked goods production facility.Globus faces some massive challenges due to takeover of real-hypermarketsGlobus was able to increase its turnover by 12.7%last year.The number of stores increased by 3 to65 Globus stores.While the average sales area per property increased slightly to 10,340 sq m,Globusstill operates by far the largest hypermarkets in Ger-many in terms of floor space.Floor space productivity increased by 8.8%to 6,550 per sq m of sales area but is still below the 2020 figure of 6,620 per sq m of sales area.There are some speculations on the market regarding Globus having overexerted itself with the takeover of the 16 former real hypermarkets.Many properties acquired from real have been remodelled at great expense over the past two years.Globus has alsobuilt some new stores,for example in Eschborn near Frankfurt.Several former real stores are said to benot yet in the profit zone and the prospects for a number of stores are also not seen as positive.There are also rumours on the market that Globus wouldlike to divest itself of some hypermarkets.This situ-ation is exacerbated by Globus probably being only allowed to transfer part of its profits from its Russian business to Germany due to the war in Ukraine.Beyond this,Globus sold and leased back eight stores last year with long-term contracts in order to usethe proceeds to finance the acquisition of company shares previously owned by the Martin family(Mbel Martin).KAUFLAND IS CONTINUING TO PUSH AHEAD WITH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.THIS IS USED,FOR EXAMPLE,FOR TURNOVER FORECASTS OR TO EVALUATE DATA FROM CUSTOMER LOYALTY PROGRAMMES.4041ECONOMY AND RETAILGlobus will be setting up charging parks at about 50 market hall locations by the end of the year together with EnBW and Tesla.More than 12 charging points are generally going to be avail-able at each location from the start of the charging parks.The new Globus logo,which will be relaunched in 2022,will not be rolled out any further for the time being.NORMA with heterogeneous developmentNORMA continues to maintain a very heterogene-ous store network,with very modern,new stores,but also some old properties in need of renova-tion.Norma wants to open up new market areas through rental and owner-occupied properties,but old small-scale city centre locations are also to be replaced by large-scale,modern new buildings with sufficient parking spaces in highly frequented traffic areas.With 1,344 shops,NORMA is one of the small,na-tionwide discounters.Turnover increased by around 4.6%last year,lagging behind the significant turno-ver growth of other discount competitors.Floor space productivity rose only slightly by 2.8%to 4,410 per sq m of sales area,bringing up the rear among the discounters analysed.This is also due to the fact that the non-food range,an important earnings driver for NORMA in the past,is no longer achieving the turnover of previous years.A partnership was concluded with the project developer Charge Construct Discounter regarding the planning and installation of fast-charging stations at the stores,which are located through-out Germany.NORMA wants to increase its social media activities and plans to address customers via Instagram or Facebook in marketing.Norma is also trialling deliveries by electric lorry.The final end of real/my realThe 63 former real hypermarkets acquired by the Tischendorf family office and trading under the name of my real had to contend with a sharp turno-ver reduction and had to file for insolvency at the end of last year.45 stores were closed for good,18 locations were taken over by REWE,Kaufland,and EDEKA and integrated into their large-scale network at the end of March 2024.Bartels-Langness Group shows the highest growth among the top food retailersIn 2023,EDEKA Group once again ranked firstamong the top 5 food retail companies withturnover of 76.6 billion.Turnover increased by 6.3%,which was higher than in the previous year.The German number 2,Schwarz-Gruppe,record-ed significantly higher turnover growth of 8.2%,which was on a par with ALDI,the number 4 in the ranking see figure 10.Discounters also recorded an increase in customer demand and above-average turnover growth due to price increases as a result of high inflation in 2023.REWE Group remains number 3 and was able to achieve turnover growth of 7.3%.However,REWE has also accumulated a high level of net debtsince 2018 in accordance with the latest annual report and is faced with high interest payments.The acquisition of Lekkerland and the impact ofthe COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism division contributed to this.Number 5 among the top 5 food retail companies,Bartels-Langness Group(including famila hypermarkets and Markant supermarkets),achieved the highest turnover growth lastyear,at just under 10%.REWE pushes convenience businessREWE wants to further expand its convenience business,which is managed by its subsidiary Lek-kerland,and is endeavouring to further expand its supply to petrol stations.Shell,Aral,and Esso have already been supplied to date.Negotiations are underway with Jet,which is still supplied by EDEKA.Lekkerland is also testing the new REWE express shop concept at petrol stations in cooperation with petrol station operator Eg Group.This is aimed at customers with little time.The range comprises mostly food for direct consumption.Like other food retailers,in accordance with Schwarz-Gruppe,REWE is considering verticalising and acquiring food manufacturers.The focus here is on subjects such as supply and availability of goods.REWE has already been active in production for some time with the Groups own businesses Glocken-Bckerei and Metzgerei Wilhelm Branden-burg.Last December,REWE further secured a 50%stake in the beverage logistics company Trinks.tegut expanding with its Teo vending machine concept tegut maintains a strong presence in Munich following the takeover of the 19 insolvent Basic organic markets in addition to the Frankfurt region.The stores have been and are still being converted to tegut.The plan here is offering an even more extensive organic range than in the other regions,although the tegut brand is not yet known in Munich.It remains to be seen whether the current restruc-turing programme as a result of turnover reduction at the Swiss parent company Migros will also affect teguts business in Germany,as tegut is still not a profit generator.Tegut continues to expand with its Teo vending machine concept,currently comprising around 40 locations in Hesse,Bavaria,and Baden-Wrttem-berg.The approximately 50 sq m outdoor stores,whose doors can be opened with the Teo app or Source:bulwiengesa from information provided by TradeDimensions,data partly revised 2021Turnover in bnChange compared to previous yearEDEKA Group76.76.3%Schwarz-Gruppe55.98.2%REWE Group47.57.3%ALDI34.78.2rtels-Langness Group6.79.9 Top 5 in the food retail sector 2023 4243ECONOMY AND RETAILNumber of storesTurnover in millionturnover development compared to 2021Space perfor-mance(gross)*in/sq mSales area in sq mdm2,10811,30013.9%8,3571,338,580ROSSMANN2,2909,30010.1%6,5601,407,100Mller 5783,4096.0%4,417768,826Budnikowsky1865707.3%5,76297,918debit and credit cards,offer 950 everyday items.A cooperation agreement was concluded with Deutsche Bahn and an unoccupied 24-hour shop was set up at Mannheim station.An indoor Teo was opened in an existing property in a retirement home in Munich.The store can be entered by giro card,credit card,or app.The technology is provided by Migros subsidiary Smart Retail Solutions,which also intends to market the technology as a fran-chise concept.Automated smart shops are allowed to open even on Sundays in Hesse and BavariaFollowing some disagreements in Hesse and Bavaria regarding the opening of automated points of sale for food,in particular Teo-Markets,both federal states have now applied some improvements.The Hessian state parliament passed an amendment to the Hessian Shop Opening Act(Hessisches Laden-ffnungsgesetz;HLG)this July.Small,automated turnover outlets can now also open on Sundays.Smart stores or small digital supermarkets without staff and a sales area of no more than 150 sq m may be opened continuously in future,including on Sundays,in Bavaria.dm and ROSSMANN with record turnover growthsThe top 4 drugstores were able to significantly increase their turnover again in 2022 to around 24.6 billion.At a turnover growth of 10.6%,the results were even higher than in the record year of 2022.dm and ROSSMANN achieved turno-ver growths of 13.9%and 10.1%respectively,putting them in the category of 10%and more see figure 11.Budnikowsky also achieved high turnover growth of 7.3%in 2023 and thus signifi-cantly higher turnover growth than in the previous year.Mller was also able to increase its turnover more significantly compared to the previous year but is significantly behind the two market leaders dm and ROSSMANN in terms of turnover growth with growth of 6%in 2023.ROSSMANN invests in its store networkROSSMANN intends to invest more in future,expand its store network and modernise its existing shops.Based on a press release from ROSSMANN 230 million are to be invested in Germany,in-cluding 50 million in 75 new shops and another 80 million in the modernisation of existing shops.Meanwhile,ROSSMANN is in the process of grad-ually rolling out its revised shop design and saving costs by converting to LED lighting technology.The number of drugstores increased by 29 properties.The average store size of drugstores is 614 sqm and has hardly changed,but ROSSMANN also operates some shops with a sales area in excess of 1,000 sqm.The space performance could also be increased in 2023 to 9,300 per sq m of sales area.The main growth drivers are decorative cosmetics,facial and body care products,hair care,organic food,and ranges of detergents,cleaning agents,and cleaning products,as well as ROSSMANNs private labels.Drugstores have also been benefiting for some time now from the trend towards specialised shops.Investments were also made in the expansion of logistics and a new distribution centre was put into operation in Burgwedel at the companys head-quarters.Following the launch,the ROSSMANN app has been available for online shopping since the beginning of 2024.5,000 exclusive products are also available online to complement the store range.The ordered goods are delivered directly to your home or to the nearest ROSSMANN shop.ROSSMANN is initially trialling in-store pick-up stations in 10 shops due to the increasing demand for Click&Collect orders.The pick-up stations are located centrally in the store in combination with the photo orders.The customer will receive a corresponding collection code by email after ordering via the online shop that they can use to collect their parcel contact-free from the previ-ously selected pick-up station in the shop.The Click&Collect service strengthens the link between online and offline shopping,reduces the workload on employees and increases shopping convenience for customers.If the test ends with successful results,the pick-up stations will soon be rolled out in other stores.ROSSMANN is further implementing some aspects of sustainability.Amongst other things,at least 90%of ROSSMANN brand packaging is to be made recyclable by 2025,the use of recycled plastic as well as the use of recyclates of all materials in the product packaging of ROSSMANN brands is to be increased to 45%and electricity consumption is to be further reduced.Route management and region-al warehouse logistics are also being optimised in order to keep the journey of goods from the ware-house to the shops as short as possible.dm Drogeriemarkt further expands market leadership In accordance with a dm press release,the new shop design will continue to be rolled out and im-plemented in around 350 dm drugstores in Germany in the financial year of 2023/2024 as part of the modernisation.All dm shops are to be converted to the new shop design by the end of 2029.There are also some plans to open more than 40 new stores.dm not only was able to significantly increase its turnover last year,but also its space performance to around 8,430 per sq m sales area,with 14 new stores added compared to the previous year,bring-Source:bulwiengesa from information provided by TradeDimensions*excluding online turnover from information provided by TradeDimensions or bulwiengesas own estimates 11 Sales area productivity and sales area development of drugstores 20233 Business development 2023 and outlook 2024,see also https:/unternehmen.rossmann.de/presse/pressemeldung/rossmann-geschaeftsentwicklung-2023-und-ausblick-2024.html4445ECONOMY AND RETAILing the number of dm drugstores to 2,108.In light of the high inflation,prices were also at the fore-front in 2023,from which dm was able to benefit and also achieve higher receipts.dm renewed its partnership with the Payback loyalty programme this spring.dm has invested in and significantly expanded all turnover channels bricks-and-mortar and online while consistently pursuing its omnichannel strat-egy.Pick-up stations had been installed in 1,143 dm stores and express pick-up had been introduced by the end of September 2023.dm plans to equip all stores with pick-up stations where structurally possible.The pick-up stations are located in the entrance area of the shops.Express delivery by environmentally friendly cargo bike or e-vehicle has now been set up in eight metropolitan areas.Further investments were made in resource-saving and intelligent air conditioning technology and self-service checkouts.Around 25%of purchases in dm stores are now processed at the self-service checkouts.Good utilisation by customers further contributes to the rapid further expansion of this payment function.Scan&Go is also being piloted by some dm stores.In addition,the number of digital orders is also increasing,with express collections accounting for almost a third of these in the last year.dm also acts as a pioneer in the use of artificial intelligence(AI).A central cloud platform is planned in order to establish digital delivery note documents in all areas.Furthermore,dm utilises ChatGPT(dm Generative Pretrained Transformer)on a larger scale.dm is additionally setting new trends in its prod-uct range and is offering a packaging-free system in selected dm stores,with the option of filling a selection of more than ten popular dm organic products yourself.Brand founders Jessie and Sebas-tian Wlke have teamed up with dm to establish the NoPlanetB brand,which addresses the topic of upcycling and develops resource-saving beauty products from unused by-products,including those from food production.A range of twelve beauty products is sold exclusively at dm.dm is testing the purchase of holiday days,amongst other things,to increase employee satisfaction.Employees may thus convert their Christmas bonus into holiday days.Investments in additional services are also made.dm customers will be able to withdraw up to 200 in cash free of charge when paying with a debit or credit card(Visa)as is already the case at many supermarkets.Mller benefits from the breadth and depth of range Mller has expanded its store network by 5 to 578 stores as compared to 2022.Further openings are planned for this year,including in Lingen and Ibben-bren.Mllers turnover has risen to 3,409 million and the space performance to around 4,420 per sq m of sales area.Mller continues to capitalise on its strength in the breadth and depth of its product range and is considered the market leader in toys and stationery,product ranges that achieve higher margins than the drugstore range.Based on press reports,Mller was able to improve its earnings,partly because personnel costs were reduced.In contrast to dm and ROSSMANN,Mller has not changed its shop design in the last few years.This may make it more difficult to appeal to younger target groups and families.There also are some plans to expand the online business and link it more closely with the bricks-and-mortar business.Mller has reorganised its multimedia business to respond to changing customer demand,which is shifting from sound and film carriers to electronic accessories,prepaid games,and consoles.The aim is to achieve more turnover in a smaller space,which has been achieved.The companys multimedia pri-vate labels have taken centre stage and contributed to turnover growth.Sustainability aspects are also implemented at Mller.Mller offers selected own-brand products from the Aveo brand in reusable packaging and relies on the Sea Me reusable system for its deposit system.In addition to Mller,Budni and individual REWE,EDEKA and Globus stores also stock Sea-Me products.Budnikowsky with improved turnover growthBudnikowskys store network was expanded by 2 to 186 shops.The space performance was around 5,820 per sq m and increased compared to the previous year in 2023.Expansion plans under the EDEKA umbrella to turn the Budni drugstores into a format for independent retailers did not work out and are being reversed.The Minden-Hannover region closes the remaining Budni stores and exits the drugstore business.The three Budni stores of EDEKAs regional company in Berlin and Potsdam were closed as well.Expansion in Berlin is now once again solely in the hands of the former shareholder Whlke,which operates 10 stores in Berlin.Only EDEKA Sdwest still operates a stationary drugstore business with six Budni stores.However,further in-vestments are to be made in the budni-beautybox shop-in-shop concept,which is to be implemented in e-centres or Marktkauf stores.Budnikowsky is still finding it difficult to compete with dm,Ross-mann and Mller outside its home territory.Budnikowsky is setting new trends in its product range and is cooperating with Biogena,an Austrian manufacturer,in the micronutrients segment and has launched three new product lines.Furthermore,the natural food producer Schneekoppe has recently started selling its products exclusively at Budni-kowsky.Budni is now working with the parcel box service provider Myflexbox,following withdrawal of the Swedish start-up Instabox from the German market.They also accept returns and private par-cels.Various Budni shops in the Hamburg area are already equipped with the Myflexbox systems,with more to follow.million turnover achieved by 578 Mller stores 3,4094746ECONOMY AND RETAILQuick Commerce business model on the retreatQuick commerce,which focussed on short-term purchases and consumers need for convenience,boomed in the big cities during the COVID-19 pan-demic.However,none of the providers have man-aged to operate profitably or cover their costs.At the same time,new players were quickly added to Quick Commerce and the range was rapidly expand-ed.This was also because there were a large num-ber of investors who invested in this business model and the interest rate environment was favourable.However,this has changed abruptly.Last year,various quick commerce providers left the German market or,like Gorilla,were taken over by others,in this case Getir.Turkish quick-commerce provider Getir now has also withdrawn from Germany due to financial problems.One of the few quick-commerce providers still active is Flink,in which REWE holds about 10%stake.As rumoured on the market,Flink is not making any profit either and is loss-making.Knuspr is also still active in Germany.It belongs to Czech Rohlik Group and has taken over the Bring-meister delivery service.The main reasons for the failure of quick commerce providers are:Critical mass of necessary orders was not reached,rents for storage space in the central locations are high,but the fixed costs,i.e.,personnel costs,are also too high to achieve profitability.Consumers in Germany are very price-sensitive.In addition,purchasing conditions and compar-atively high marketing costs reduced profits.The introduction of delivery charges was also una-ble to significantly relieve the cost structure.There also were some changes in consumer behaviour as a result of the war in Ukraine and high inflation.As a result,consumers have once again increasingly shopped for low-priced products that are rarely available from quick-commerce providers.MARKET SHAKE-UP FOR FOOD RETAIL DELIVERY SERVICESDIGRESSIONLAST YEAR,VARIOUS QUICK COMMERCE PROVIDERS LEFT THE GERMAN MARKET OR WERE TAKEN OVER BY OTHERS.4849ECONOMY AND RETAILDelivery services at a glance selectionDutch Picnic,with EDEKA Group holding shares as a strategic partner,delivers food on fixed routes in 110 cities in accordance with the milkman prin-ciple.Picnic is supplied with goods by EDEKA in Germany.It offers the typical product range of an EDEKA supermarket.Deliveries are made using en-vironmentally friendly electric vehicles,with routes optimised using artificial intelligence(AI)so that customers can be served without duplication,saving costs and time.Flinka quick commerce provider in which REWE holds a stake.The delivery network,which previous-ly comprised 43 cities,was significantly downsized last year in order to become profitable.The entire range of a supermarket is on offer.The minimum order value is 10.A delivery fee is charged.Knuspr which belongs to the Czech Rohlik Group,is only active in selected regions,such as Munich,the Rhine-Main region,and the greater Berlin area.It stocks up to 19,000 items.Delivery takes place within 3 hours of the order being placed.Delivery is free,but a minimum order value is required.Bring-meister was taken over by Knuspr some time ago.Flaschenpost has emerged from the former bev-erage delivery service and is part of Oetker Group.Flaschenpost delivers within 2 hours in more than 190 cities.The delivery charges vary depending on the order value,but delivery is free of charge from a minimum order value.REWE delivery service which reaches over 90%of German households and delivers groceries on the agreed date if ordered the day before.25,000 items are available in its range.In addition,there are also providers such as the Finnish delivery service Wolt or Bringoo,which focus purely on the delivery of goods.Wolt,for example,also works with Flink and purchases goods from it.The discounters are not yet active on the market with their own delivery services.However,ALDI SD has recently started trialling Click&Collect with two pick-up stations in Dsseldorf and Mlheim.Niche providers are also entering the market,such as the food rescuer Too Good To Go,which is expanding its range to include a delivery service and offers the opportunity to save leftover food from restaurants,bakeries,and supermarkets from the rubbish bin in many German cities.A parcel can be ordered via an app and then collected from the partner shop.The goods do not come from local shops but are provided directly by the brand manufacturers.These are goods whose packaging has,for example,print-ing or cosmetic defects or whose best-before date is short,but some goods also come from overpro-duction or are seasonal goods.The German e-food market continues to develop.It is already becoming evident that Quick Commerce will be difficult to establish successfully in Germany due to cost pressure and very price-sensitive shop-pers.The number of providers has thinned out con-siderably.The situation is very different and positive for delivery services that come from the traditional food retail sector,such as REWE or Picnic,and offer a full range of products.Picnic and REWE are setting a fast pace of expansionExpansion is continuing at an even faster pace among retailers that focus more on weekly shop-ping by contrast.Picnic,in which EDEKA holds a stake,is extremely expansive and is continuously opening up new regions and new locations.Picnic achieved a turnover of almost 375 million last year.Turnover in Germany are even set to rise to 700 million,thus almost doubling,this year.Smaller hubs are supplied via automated fulfilment centres and customers are served from there.EDEKA relies on Picnic for e-commerce,with only a few isolated delivery activities of its own.REWE has been the largest and most expansive provider of delivery services for years.However,there is no verifiable data on turnover and earnings for REWEs delivery service.On the one hand,REWE benefits from its purchasing power and,on the oth-er hand,REWE has also invested heavily in logistics and delivery.If REWE succeeds in achieving com-prehensive omnichannel integration,it could gain a strategic advantage over other retailers.REWE also benefits from its pick-up services.A pick-up service is now integrated in around 1,800 REWE stores.5051ECONOMY AND RETAILOnline retail with slump in turnoverOnline retail is experiencing a real loss in turnover for the second time in a row.Following online retail reported a nominal turnover loss of 2.5%in 2022 as a result of the high turnover dynamics during the two pandemic years and the multi-crisis,it ended 2023 with a nominal increase in turnover of 1.0%at 85.4 billion in annual turnover(net).In light of an inflation rate of almost 6%in 2023,there will ultimately be a significant real turnover reduction.However,the growth path is ultimately intact.It is currently experiencing a consolidation after the strong growth rates from the COVID-19 years.The trend shows that product groups relating to living and home are characterised by turnover reduction and product groups for personal furnishings are characterised by turnover growth.The trend that could already be observed in 2022 of online providers with bricks-and-mortar DNA keeping their shares stable compared to pure Internet providers(online DNA)is consolidating.This may be due to the fact that bricks-and-mortar retailers have turned their attention back to their bricks-and-mortar shops and are merely retaining their Click&Collect service as a supplement,but not pushing it any further.The recovery trend in non-food retail turnover came to a standstill in 2023.At the end of the year,including turnover generated in distance selling,there was a slight decrease of 1.1%compared to 2022.The multimedia/photo/optics(-7.6%com-pared to the previous year),DIY/garden(-3.4%in accordance with the industry association)and furniture/house and home textiles(-2.8%)segments in particular suffered higher turnover reductions.The home textiles segment even had a stabilising effect with its 3%increase in turnover in the latter product group,while the furniture segment,which dominates turnover,had to cope with a 5%turno-ver reduction.Consumers were reluctant to invest in their own four walls.The clothing and textiles ranges were unable to carry the momentum from the previous year,when turnover rose by 15.3%in nominal terms,into the new year.In the end,how-ever,there was an increase of 2.7%compared to ECONOMY AND RETAILthe previous year,meaning that the pre-corona level has been reached again.Based on calculations by the German Textile,Footwear,and Leather Goods Retail Association(Handelsverband Textil Schuhe Leder-waren;BTE),turnover in the footwear and leather goods sector increased by about 4%.Turnover of watches and jewellery also increased again,albeit by a comparatively low 0.2%.The reluctance to buy in the second half of the year reduced turnover growth here,after the industry had started 2023 with good growth rates.Al in all,fashion consumption once again stabilised turnover development in the non-food retail sector in Germany,while the sectors with higherf-value goods in particular were left behind.Calculations by bulwiengesa AG based on data from HDE and industry associations show that turnover in the non-food segment totalled around 311.2 billion in 2023.NON-FOOD RETAIL IN GERMANY1.4 Calculations by bulwiengesa based on data from HDE and industry associations.HDE Online Monitor 2023,p.6.12 Shares of assortment-related turnover in the non-food segment 2023 Figures in%Clothing/textiles(excluding shoes)Shoes/leather goods Watches/Jewellery Electrical/consumer electronics Multimedia/photography/optics Books/stationery Toys/Sports/Camping DIY/garden centres Car supplies/pet supplies Furniture/household and home textiles Household goods/other consumer goods OtherSource:HDE,bulwiengesa calculations2052156816174435253Another trend identified in the previous year is intensifying:Marketplace trading is expanding.While all marketplaces still accounted for 50%of online retail turnover in 2022,they will account for about 54%in 2023,with a growing trend.Amazon dominates the action here.Amazons on-line share,which comprises marketplace trading(72%of Amazons total turnover in Germany)and proprietary trading(28%),now amounts to 60%.An increase of 8.5%compared to the previous year.Other marketplaces,which include providers such as eBay,Zalando,About You,Otto and Kau-fland.de,account for a market share of 11%of total online turnover in Germany3.Temu has been available in Germany since April 2023.Since then,the platform has achieved strong growth and is one of the top on
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Promoting gender equality in public social housing Promoting gender equality in public social housingPromoting gender equality in public social housing European Investment Bank,2024.All rights reserved.All questions on rights and licensing should be addressed to publicationseib.org.European Investment Bank98-100,boulevard Konrad AdenauerL-2950 LuxembourgPhoto credits:ShutterstockAuthorisation to use these photos must be requested from the copyright holder.For further information on the EIBs activities,please consult our website,www.eib.org.You can also contact our Info Desk,infoeib.org.Get our e-newsletter at www.eib.org/sign-up.Published by the European Investment Bank.DisclaimerAny views expressed herein,including interpretation(s)of regulations,reflect the views of the author(s),which do not necessarily reflect the position of the EIB,the Commission or other EU institutions and bodies.Views expressed herein are current at the date of publication and may differ from views set out in other documents,including similar research papers,published by the EIB,by the Commission or by other EU institutions and bodies.No representation or warranty,express or implied,is or will be made and no liability or responsibility is or will be accepted by the EIB,by the Commission or by other EU institutions and bodies in respect of the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein and any such liability is expressly disclaimed.Nothing in this report constitutes investment,legal,or tax advice,nor shall be relied upon as such advice.Specific professional advice should always be sought separately before taking any action based on this report.Reproduction,publication,and reprint are subject to prior written authorisation from the EIB.Printed on FSC Paper.pdf:QH-05-24-033-EN-N ISBN 978-92-861-5734-9 doi:10.2867/35041 Contents Contents.1 Introduction.1 1 About this report.2 2 Background.3 2.1 Policy framework on gender equality.3 2.2 EU policy framework on public social housing.3 2.3 EIB policy framework.3 2.4 AUMSA and the Valencia framework.4 2.5 How can public social housing improve gender equality?.4 2.5.1 Gender equality and social housing as a human right.4 2.5.2 Introducing gender mainstreaming into housing policies.5 2.6 Current barriers to gender mainstreaming in housing.5 2.7 Current trends in gender mainstreaming in housing.6 2.8 Why a gender lens matters for housing infrastructure investment.8 2.8.1 Causes of gender inequality and their impact on the housing market.8 2.8.2 Fine-tuning current housing market processes.10 2.8.3 What the figures tell us.10 3 Measures for improving gender equality in social housing.15 3.1 Measure 1:Equal access to infrastructure,services and amenities.15 3.1.1 How can gender-mainstreamed social housing policies improve womens access to services and infrastructure?.15 3.1.2 Examples of best practices in infrastructure around equal housing access.17 3.2 Measure 2:Equal career opportunities.17 3.2.1 How can gender-mainstreamed social housing policies improve womens career development and employment progress?.17 3.2.2 Examples of best practices related to equal career opportunities and public social housing.19 3.3 Measure 3:Equal leadership.20 3.3.1 How can gender-mainstreamed social housing policies help increase the number of female entrepreneurs and leaders?.20 3.3.2 Examples of best practices related to equal leadership and public social housing.21 4 Gender equality improvements based on Valencias social housing strategy.22 4.1 Self-assessment and monitoring checklists.22 4.1.1 About the checklists.22 4.1.2 Implementation of the checklists.23 5 Key conclusions.26 Bibliography.27 Annex 1.Strategy for mainstreaming gender in AUMSAs housing plan.30 A.1.1 Gender mainstreaming in design parameters.30 A.1.2 Parameters of the neighbourhood,city and streets.30 A.1.3 Parameters of residential buildings.30 Public A.1.4 Housing parameters.31 A.1.5 Gender mainstreaming in housing allocation parameters.32 A.1.6 Gender mainstreaming in employability parameters.32 Annex 2.Gender mainstreaming in the design features of the Moreras_21 building.33 A.2.1 Improvements in AUMSAs results related to gender equality.33 A.2.2.Moreras_21 building designs.33 Acknowledgements This report is based on a comprehensive study conducted by the European Investment Bank(EIB)on a project by Valencia,Spain,to make its social housing more gender inclusive,and to identify best practices from other EU cities that have sought to combat housing inequality.The report was written by Eva lvarez and Carlos Gmez(Universitat Politcnica de Valncia).Overall coordination was carried out by Patricia Fernndez,Patricia Llopis and Carmen Niethammer(European Investment Bank).The authors would like to thank representatives of Actuaciones Urbanas de Valencia(AUMSA),the municipal housing company of the city of Valencia:Patricia Mateo,Enrique Martnez and Carlos Baragao.Introduction|1 Introduction Equal access to adequate housing and a supportive community environment are key in ensuring equal opportunities for everyone.A lack of equal access is a barrier to people striving to overcome inequality.This report showcases an ambitious project by Valencia,Spain,to make its social housing more gender inclusive,as well as best practices from other EU cities that have sought to combat housing inequality.Cities like Vienna,Paris,Brussels and Barcelona,are leading the way in inclusive public social housing policy that prioritises good design and acknowledges gender mainstreaming as a measure of(e)quality in architecture.Understanding local housing policies in the European Union is crucial.Housing policy is unharmonised,with each country or region determining how it integrates its own gender considerations into the built environment.Housing policies are implemented differently by national government agencies,housing providers and civil society organisations for residents.Local policy knowledge is needed to effectively address issues around gender and integrate gender-mainstreaming principles,which ensure that such issues are considered systematically.One barrier to creating effective gender housing policy is the underrepresentation of women in science,technology,engineering and mathematics(STEM)professions and architecture.In 2021,women made up only 32.8%of employees in high-tech,knowledge-intensive services and manufacturing in the European Union.1 This limits womens authority to shape housing objectives and measures and prevents their inclusion as professionals and decision-makers in fields that influence the housing sector,such as transport,communication and infrastructure development.To overcome this barrier,women professionals in these fields should be proactively included in influential processes like housing tendering.This is essential to change the status quo and achieve efficient gender mainstreaming in housing,with a diverse range of perspectives and expertise.Another barrier is gender-washing(also known as pinkwashing),where companies make hollow or exaggerated claims about supporting gender equality and pursue these objectives only superficially.This occurs when companies fail to use disaggregated data by gender,age group and socioeconomic status,and/or specific methodology for gender analysis and inequality remediation.These shortcomings must be identified,measured and addressed to effectively gender mainstream and create meaningful change.Beyond equality and social justice,gender mainstreaming also lends an alternative economic perspective.A gender lens lets developers explore new market opportunities and assess existing markets more accurately.This report also highlights the broad importance of inclusive care and the care economy,which calls for investments in services and facilities like those for early childcare and long-term elderly care.Public social housing is one such investment that should apply gender mainstreaming,especially because women outnumber men in older age groups.Bringing a gender perspective into public social housing is thus a matter of equality.A gender focus also highlights the connection between climate change,health and well-being.According to the United Nations Environment Programme,around 80%of people displaced by climate change are women.2 A study conducted in Barcelona in 20163 also showed that women received 70%of social service subsidies to combat energy poverty,highlighting its disproportionate,gendered impact.From this perspective,making housing thermally efficient and reducing energy costs can benefit women and men alike and promote equality.Recognising this intersectionality is essential for developing housing solutions that sustainably address different groups needs.Sound housing policy frameworks can impactfully promote equality and enshrine housing as a fundamental human right.Gender mainstreaming in architecture and urban planning,particularly in public and social housing policies,is crucial to achieving this over time.This involves exposing and analysing unequal power relations in housing and urban spaces,addressing the care work needed across all ages and life circumstances,understanding the role of the housing sector in dealing with climate change,and recognising the sectors contribution to personal autonomy.1 Which EU regions employ more women in high-tech?-Eurostat(europa.eu).2 Climate change exacerbates violence against women and girls|OHCHR.3 Women in energy poverty|European Economic and Social Committee(europa.eu).2|Promoting gender equality in public social housing 1 About this report Incorporating a gender perspective into new public housing shows a commitment by government and industry to righting the inequality caused by using gender and biological sex to presume behaviours,expectations and abilities.It is a commitment to weakening the influence of culturally enforced gender norms,which are also reflected in how we design and perceive built environments.It also aligns with the European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan,which recognises gender equality,equal opportunities,work-life balance and access to basic services as four of the 20 foundational pillars of social rights.In late 2021,the municipal housing company of Valencia,Spain(AUMSA,Actuaciones Urbanas de Valencia)requested a review of its social housing plan,including gender-related criteria,from the EIB advisory services:EIB Advisory,funded by the European Investment Advisory Hub(a joint initiative of the European Commission and the EIB).The investment project entailed the construction of 323 social,affordable rental housing units 233 of which would apply gender criteria and 63 of which would be in nearly zero-energy buildings and the refurbishment of four existing social,affordable housing units in Valencia.By that time,AUMSA had already acknowledged the significance of energy efficiency,and had incorporated Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology(BREEAM)certification into its housing strategy.This inherently worked in favour of a gender approach,as women are more affected by energy poverty.The EIB also proposed that AUMSA apply gender mainstreaming to address environmental concerns while promoting inclusion and equality.To that end,Universitat Politcnica de Valncia(UPV)was selected to help AUMSA set social and architectural objectives to improve its housing policy framework.This technical assistance sought to define parameters and indicators to effectively incorporate a gender perspective into AUMSAs 2022 social housing strategy,and to monitor the success of this work through design and implementation.AUMSAs 2022 strategy also aimed to increase equality by bringing a gender perspective to procurement and housing allocation,with units going to those most in need.This report is based on the experience gathered in developing that strategy.The recommendations presented here draw from best practices for equality in gender-sensitive housing development,tendering processes for architectural and construction companies,and housing allocation.The gender-mainstreaming principles and lessons learned from developing the strategy can be used by other social housing providers in Spain and elsewhere to increase the positive impact on gender equality of related public investments.This report is primarily addressed to:policymakers,who determine housing development policies to prevent inequality and create equal opportunities;architects and urban planners,who shape housing,buildings and neighbourhoods;supervisors overseeing the development of housing projects,buildings and districts;procurement professionals,who engage experts to design and construct homes,buildings and neighbourhoods;decision-makers,who set criteria for contracting construction companies;housing companies,which allocate housing units and need criteria for reducing inequality,especially for families with dependent children or elderly adults.The report does not provide static solutions,but rather a methodology for addressing recurring challenges that may take different forms in different contexts.Background|3 2 Background 2.1 Policy framework on gender equality The EU policy on gender equality(one of the 20 pillars of the EU Social Rights Action Plan)considers housing from a gender perspective to ensure equal access to housing,address climate change and the effect of energy poverty on women,and promote autonomy for all individuals.This approach recognises diverse housing needs,safety concerns,affordability and accessibility.As part of its Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025,the European Union delivers an annual report on gender equality.The 2023 report set goals for closing economic gaps and achieving a gender-equal economy.There is also a broad international strategic framework beyond the European Union focusing on gender,with initiatives like the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,which promotes the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),including SDG 5 on gender equality,and the New Urban Agenda,adopted at the UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development in 2016.2.2 EU policy framework on public social housing The European Union has no direct legislative competence in national housing policy,nor is there any direct EU funding for housing.However,there are many EU regulations4 that can influence Member States housing policies and/or systems(MaxChristopher et al.,2020).The right to housing assistance is also mentioned in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights(2000/C 364/01)and the European Pillar of Social Rights.The European Union has largely employed a“soft power”approach to policymaking on affordable housing and housing rights,with non-binding instruments like administrative measures,recommendations,general principles and guidelines for national and local policymakers.It funds these housing affordability policies through the European Social Fund and the European Regional Development Fund(Dovydas et al.,2020).The Partnership on Housing of the Urban Agenda for the European Union(now closed)was established at the end of 2015.Its objective was“to have affordable housing of good quality,”with a focus on“affordable public housing,state aid rules and general housing policy.”Over a three-year period starting in December 2015,the partnership analysed the housing situation in the European Union.It found that over 220 million households and 82 million people were overburdened by housing costs,and even risked eviction.It also concluded that EU cities,urban areas,regions and countries needed a stable framework of conditions to enable their residents to access affordable housing(Szolgayov&Kauer,2018).The resulting Housing Partnership Action Plan(December 2018)proposed 12 actions to improve regulation at all levels,enhance knowledge and governance,and better fund affordable housing at the EU level.2.3 EIB policy framework Gender equality is a founding value of the European Union and a key objective of the UN SDGs.The EIB is committed to gender equality,in alignment with these values.In its operations,the EIB Group seeks to ensure that gender inequalities are neither overlooked nor reinforced,and that all people can equally access and use the assets,services,benefits and opportunities generated by its work.To that end,the EIB Group has adopted a Strategy on Gender Equality and Womens Economic Empowerment and a Gender Action Plan.The Bank is embedding gender equality and womens economic empowerment in its business model and its lending,blending and advisory in the European Union and beyond.As part of this commitment to supporting womens empowerment,the EIB invests in key projects worldwide.It has adopted the 2X Challenge criteria5 and helped create 2X Global,an organisation that promotes gender equality in emerging economies by connecting investors and intermediaries.In 2022,the EIB Group financed 63 4 For example,the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU,last amended by Directive 2018/844/EU;and anti-discrimination regulations like Council Directive 2000/43/EC.5 Launched at the G7 Summit 2018 as a commitment by Development Financial Institutions to collectively mobilise$3 billion in private sector investments in developing country markets over three years.4|Promoting gender equality in public social housing projects around the world that significantly contributed to gender equality and womens economic empowerment,providing 5.2 billion in investment.2.4 AUMSA and the Valencia framework AUMSA is the public limited company for urban development in Valencia,Spain that manages municipal projects(infrastructure works,landscaping,urban plans,housing construction,public buildings,ornamental fountains,management and monitoring of large projects,and archaeology).It also manages land and develops housing projects and car parks.In its 2018-2021 social housing strategy,AUMSA moved to integrate sustainability and gender considerations into its housing projects,which encompassed around 300 new subsidised dwellings in the city.The strategic decision was aligned with Spains legal framework around improving gender equality,in particular Organic Law 3/2007 of 22 March for the Effective Equality of Women and Men.This and other laws and regulations6 brought a surge in the regional promotion of gender mainstreaming.Through work funded by the EIB,AUMSAs 2018-2021 social housing strategy was reviewed to further emphasise the objective of integrating a gender perspective into its housing portfolio.Its 2022 strategy contains specific criteria,recommendations and indicators for gender mainstreaming at various levels:city,neighbourhood,building,and even individual housing units(see Annex 1).It also prioritises criteria for the equitable allocation of housing units,and for the makeup of technical teams and companies bidding on construction and maintenance contracts,all with the aim of promoting gender equality.The strategy seeks to provide high-quality housing,promote social inclusion and enhance the overall quality of life of Valencias residents.2.5 How can public social housing improve gender equality?2.5.1 Gender equality and social housing as a human right The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,adopted by the UN General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948,asserts that“everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of oneself and of ones family,including food,clothing,housing,and medical care and necessary social services,”among other things.It also asserts that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms in the declaration,“without distinction of any kind,such as race,colour,sex,language,etc.”Gender mainstreaming in social housing deals with both of these guarantees.However,these rights are not always granted.Housing conditions depend on cost and location.8.3%of EU residents were overburdened by housing costs in 2021,while 4.3ced severe housing deprivation in 2020.7 Disaggregating the data by sex and gender,in 2022 22.7%of European women were at risk of poverty after paying their housing costs,compared to 20.4%of men.Risk of poverty also relates to the ability to generate income by pursuing full-time or part-time employment.According to available data,employment is influenced by various factors,including parenthood and gender,creating marked income disparities between women and men.In 2021,86%of men with children worked full time,while only 48%of women with children did.Available data highlight significant disparities between men and women in the European Union concerning employment and income,with a gender employment gap of 10.7%in favour of men in 2022.8 That same year,womens tertiary education attainment rate in the European Union was 11.1%higher than mens.Adequate provision of public social housing is crucial for alleviating the financial burden of housing costs and enabling people to generate sufficient income.6 For example,Law 2/2017 of 3 February on the social function of housing in Valencia,the 2018 special plan on urban quality guidelines for the city of Valencia,and the Legislative decree 1/2021 of 18 June of the council approving the consolidated text of the law on spatial planning,town planning and landscape.7 European Union,Sustainable Development in the European Union.Monitoring Report on Progress towards the SDGs in an EU Context(Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2023),45,https:/doi.org/10.2785/403194.8 Eurostat Sustainable development in the European Union Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context 2023 edition-Products Flagship publications-Eurostat(europa.eu).Background|5 As stated in the 2017 UN New Urban Agenda,which addresses the link between cities,rural areas,housing,development and the environment,the ability to access employment is closely tied to the facilities available in buildings and the services offered in neighbourhoods,as these can either facilitate or hinder caregiving responsibilities.Community facilities like schools,day-care centres,libraries and transport services can be vital in making child and elderly caregiving compatible with employment.2.5.2 Introducing gender mainstreaming into housing policies Equality and housing are best enshrined as fundamental rights through housing policy frameworks that guarantee and protect them as such.And when it comes to upholding these rights and progressing on others past experience9 shows just how instrumental social housing policies with a gender perspective can be.Sustainably promoting these rights will involve holistically incorporating a gender perspective into architecture and urban planning,in public and social housing policy in particular.This calls for good analysis of phenomena like the following:Unequal power relations resulting from gender roles are often perpetuated and exacerbated via the construction of living spaces,including social housing.The gender perspective is closely related to the notion of care in a general sense.The Eurostat study Reconciliation of work and family life(2019)shows that:(a)more women than men have childcare responsibilities among EU inhabitants with responsibility for childcare,52.2%are women and 47.7%are men;(b)incapacitated relatives are mainly cared for by women 63%,vs.37%by men;and(c)women reduce working time or interrupt work more than men due to care responsibilities for ill,elderly and/or disabled relatives 5.9%of women vs.2.5%of men.The built environment can increase climate change risk or mitigate climate change effects.Analysis of this impact should apply a gender perspective,as individuals are often affected differently based on specific circumstances,including gender.For example,climate change exacerbates the already disproportionate adverse effects of energy poverty on womens health,well-being and economic opportunities.A study conducted in Barcelona in 2016 found that 70%of social service subsidies to combat energy poverty were granted to women,and that the risk of energy poverty was higher in single-parent families,80%of which were headed by women.10 The COVID-19 pandemic shed light on the connection between environment and public health11 from ensuring indoor air quality in buildings,to knowing the impact of poor housing on mental well-being,to understanding how energy poverty can adversely affect health.12 In summary,gender mainstreaming public social housing(urban and rural)can protect the rights of women(and men).This can be achieved by ensuring that the design,location,accessibility and affordability of such housing fosters residents economic autonomy(access to work and education,mobility opportunities and care facilities for dependents);autonomy in decision-making(even distribution of services,subjective sense of security inside and outside the home,and public spaces easy to navigate by design);and physical autonomy(green areas,air quality,accessibility,safety,sense of security,cleanliness and maintenance,and local services).All these features make communities more resilient to climate change and help alleviate socioeconomic inequalities.2.6 Current barriers to gender mainstreaming in housing Gender mainstreaming in housing recognises that gender-based disparities can only be avoided by actively considering the diverse circumstances of different people and their related housing needs.It means systematically integrating gender perspectives throughout housing policy development and implementation,9 City of Vienna:Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban Development.10 Women in energy poverty|EESC(europa.eu).11 Environmental health and strengthening resilience to pandemics.12 “Fitxes de La Guia-Entorn Urb i Salut-Diputaci de Barcelona,”accessed 11 June 2022,Fitxes de la guia-Entorno Urbano y Salud-Diputaci de Barcelona(diba.cat)Fitxes de la guia-Entorno Urbano y Salud-Diputaci de Barcelona(diba.cat).6|Promoting gender equality in public social housing to promote fairness,equal opportunities and inclusive access outcomes.With this approach,policymakers,urban planners,developers,construction companies and promoters can create more equitable and gender-responsive policies and measures that help guarantee affordable housing for women and men,regardless of circumstances like age,socioeconomic status or caregiving duties.Across the European Union,national governments,local housing providers and civil society organisations all manage housing differently,including when it comes to identifying barriers.Nevertheless,there are some common critical barriers in respect of gender mainstreaming:Underrepresentation of women in the workforce and among decision-makers in STEM and architecture professions(Sansonetti&Davern,2021),limiting their ability to influence essential infrastructure services like housing,transport and access to renewable energy.Insufficient disaggregated housing data,including by sex,gender and age,13 from institutions like Eurostat and national statistical agencies.Without comprehensive data,it is difficult to design specific policies for reducing gender inequalities.Lack of specific methodologies and criteria for analysing disaggregated data and laying out processes to create homes,buildings and neighbourhoods that promote gender inclusion and equal opportunities(Damyanovic et al.,2013).Lack of regular,well planned citizens participatory processes14 in local urban design projects aimed at neighbourhood transformation.Gender-washing,where gender is considered a superficial choice,and not a fundamental issue.In Vienna,for example,the city council manual Gender mainstreaming made easy lists the following shortcomings:o Gender-specific language and inclusive graphics are not consistently used.o Gender aspects are only tagged and are not embedded in design processes.o Gender is described in a general sense but is not translated into concrete goals or measures.o Data are shown separately for women and men but there is no gender-specific analysis or explanation.o The implementation of designs and results does not match equality goals,as conclusions are not drawn from a gender analysis.o While gender advisors are involved,they lack relevant competences.o Equality has not been integrated into steering instruments(for example,in forms like sustainable equality policies,quality management or budgeting).2.7 Current trends in gender mainstreaming in housing Housing is an obvious prerequisite for progress by women(and men)of all circumstances.Furthermore,gender mainstreaming trends in EU housing are likely closely related to gender equality trends worldwide.The 2016 study Trends in Gender Equality and Womens Advancement by the International Monetary Fund(IMF)suggests that the world is making progress in gender equality and womens development:While inequalities remain,women are closing the gap in education and some health dimensions including some unique to women,like maternal mortality.They are also making progress reducing economic and political gaps,although these remain wide.In recent years,increasingly well-structured gender equality indices have proliferated.Although they vary widely,these indices can still be used to compare countries at given a point in time,while those with consistent structuring allow for time-series analyses.The IMF findings cited above can be connected to trends in gender mainstreaming in EU national housing policies.Some of these are:1.Though still not equally balanced,the increasing inclusion of women in political,technical and economic decision-making positions related to housing.This is positively affecting the progression of gender mainstreaming in housing and urban policies.2.Better integration of gender perspectives into national and regional legislation,specifically on housing and the surrounding environment.Examples at the EU level are the Partnership on Housing of the Urban Agenda for the European Union and the Housing Partnership Action Plan to promote policies for affordable housing for all in the European Union.An example at the national level is the Spanish National State Plan for Access to Housing 2022-2025,with a special programme to help victims of gender-based violence,people who have 13 Gender marker implementation in UNIDO(unwomen.org).14 OECD,OECD Guidelines for Citizen Participation Processes.Background|7 been evicted,homeless people and other particularly vulnerable people.Another example at the regional level is the consolidated text of the Law on spatial planning,urban planning and landscape in Valencia,in which Article 1 incorporates gender mainstreaming as a fundamental objective;Article 13 refers to social cohesion,gender perspective and urbanism;and Annex XII,Section 8 states the criteria and rules for gender-responsive planning.3.Widespread adoption of indices and reports that enable gender considerations to be incorporated into national and local policies,including those on social housing.Relevant examples are Trends in Gender Equality and Womens Advancement(IMF,2016),the annual Global Gender Gap Report(World Economic Forum,2022)and Women and Transport(Department for Citizens Rights and Constitutional Affairs of the European Parliament,2021).4.Broad dissemination of guidelines and publications on effectively integrating a gender perspective into housing,buildings and neighbourhoods,addressing diverse circumstances and emphasising the importance of prioritising individual and collective caregiving.Such publications include the Manual for Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban development(City of Vienna,2013),Women and Housing:Towards inclusive Cities(UN-Habitat,2014)and the Guidelines for Implementation of the Right to Adequate Housing(UN,2020).5.Examining the housing market through a gender lens.This has highlighted the growing population of older women living independently and the challenges faced by younger generations,including single-parent families with mothers as sole caregivers,often in precarious situations.It also underscores the need for holistic solutions to gender-based violence,which predominantly occurs within domestic and neighbourhood settings.Data from 2022 Household composition statistics by Eurostat show:(a)that 39.8%of women aged 65 or over in the European Union live alone,compared to 20.0%of men in the same age category,and that four out of ten women(40.1%)but six out of ten men(61.7%)live as a couple,probably because women outlive men on average;(b)that for people aged 18 to 24,82.4%of men vs.76.4%of women live in other types of households(for example,with their parents/family or as flatmates);and(c)that among these young people,9.9%of women,but only 4.8%of men,live as a couple.6.Requiring the use of gender experts in the administrative specifications for public tenders around architectural,urban design and planning projects.For example,the city of Vienna includes this in all architectural design procurement processes,through the terms of reference and by proposing expert juries(Damyanovic et al.,2013).And in Barcelona,the Metropolitan Institute of Land Development and Property Management(IMPSOL)asks to see gender mainstreaming in housing designs.15 7.The growing demand,in administrative specifications of tenders for construction companies or services related to housing or neighbourhoods,for equal and diverse work teams that include gender experts both in the field of housing and more generally and gender-balanced staff and boards of directors.8.Increasing integration of professionals with gender expertise in housing by supervisory teams employed by government and public institutions.9.Pilot projects and new buildings that integrate a gender perspective,showing political entities and the general public the advantages of such solutions for reducing inequality.For example,in the Vienna model,the city introduced gender mainstreaming into housing and urban places in 1991,with Frauen-Werk-Stadt being the first housing block to incorporate a gender perspective in its construction(lvarez Isidro&Gmez Alfonso,2014).In Barcelona,IMPSOL promoted public procurement practices with a gender perspective that transformed a number of housing developments,including 85 homes in the town of Cornell,and 135 units in the town of Gav.A further example are the GVA Valencian Government pilot housing competitions that incorporate a gender approach.16 15 Crnica Global,“AMB Impulsa La Vivienda Protegida de Calidad y Con Perspectiva de Gnero,”Crnica Global,2023,https:/ Nuria Matarredona and Olimpia Ferreiro,Proyecto Piloto.Innovacin y Sostenibilidad En Vivienda,ed.Vicepresidncia Segona i Conselleria dHabitatge i Arquitectura Bioclimtica(Valencia:LA IMPRENTA CG,2022).8|Promoting gender equality in public social housing 2.8 Why a gender lens matters for housing infrastructure investment Incorporating a gender perspective into housing policies is crucial to promote gender equality,and gender mainstreaming in the housing sector responds to a global demand for this equality.But it also lends a new understanding of economic issues,by enabling a deeper analysis of the market situation and shedding light on new market opportunities.The built environment,local services,mobility networks and green infrastructure can help or hinder people in daily life,especially the most vulnerable individuals.To reduce systemic hindrances caused by gender stereotyping,a gender perspective must be effectively incorporated into the systems that shape daily life in this case,public social housing.The cities of Vienna,Paris,Brussels,Barcelona and Berlin are policy leaders for inclusive public social housing and well-designed dwellings,buildings and surroundings with a gender approach.Vienna stands out as an example of best practice,at the forefront of progressive policy and with a legacy of nearly a century of promoting public housing.Since the 1990s,a specialised team on the Vienna city council has shaped policies,protocols and mechanisms that incorporate a gender perspective into all aspects of housing and public space procurement and tenders.As a result,Vienna has successfully created high-quality housing and urban environments that cater to the needs of all individuals.France is committed to renovating and expanding its social housing inventory to meet its environmental and social inclusion objectives while proactively incorporating a gender perspective.One example is the project Plus by the architectural firm Lacaton&Vassal,which promotes bigger living spaces,better energy efficiency and more common areas in housing projects.In Belgium,there is a focus on community land trusts.This model facilitates access to quality housing for immigrant families without conventional bank financing.The lEspoir housing project in Brussels is an example of this approach,an intermediary organisation that works with the parties to secure affordable housing in difficult cases and offers management support in complex administrative situations.In Spain,Barcelona takes the lead in advocating for policies that prioritise affordable public housing with a gender perspective,as well as promoting cooperatives with usage agreements.In Madrid,the municipal housing company(EMVS,Empresa Municipal de la Vivienda y Suelo)allocates social housing by prioritizing households based on disability,dependents and other social circumstances.The city council of Castell promotes equality in the employment of managers and professionals through their public tendering processes.Meanwhile,Valencia has adopted inclusive policies and incorporated a gender mainstreaming approach in the promotion of public social housing through AUMSA,the citys municipal housing company.Finally,the Cooperative Spreefeld in Berlin is an inspiring example of a housing cooperative that embodies the principles of community,sustainability and social inclusion,as it targets families and beneficiaries of asylum or international protection.The residential population is multigenerational and multicultural.Apartments are barrier-free,with communal spaces for residents(like laundry rooms and fitness rooms)and external common spaces accessible to the public,such as community gardens,guest rooms,rooftop terraces,and a music and youth room.Running the common spaces together creates a sense of belonging and strengthens relationships among the inhabitants.This cooperative prioritises energy-efficient,environmentally friendly construction practices,including the use of renewable energy,rainwater harvesting and green building materials.The cooperative ensures affordable housing options to alleviate the pressing problem of gentrification in urban areas.It is also a hub for cultural and social activities,hosting various events,workshops and gatherings that encourage interaction,collaboration and creativity among residents and the wider community.2.8.1 Causes of gender inequality and their impact on the housing market Greater equality generates new opportunities in the housing sector.According to the European Institute for Gender Equality(EIGE),there may be considerable economic benefits from gender policies regarding care services,women as a skilled workforce and sustainable mobility,among others.Causes of gender inequality include:1.Unpaid care work Unpaid care work is a key determining factor in the gender pay gap in EU countries and is directly linked to housing.The gap between the earnings of women and men is greater among couples with children than couples Background|9 and single people without children,mainly owing to womens higher rate of involvement in unpaid care and mens higher rate of participation in the labour market.The lowest gender gap in net monthly earnings is observed among people in the younger age groups who dont have children,and thus have fewer caring responsibilities.17 Unpaid care work can prevent caregivers from entering the paid workforce and is not currently included in gross domestic product(GDP).18 However,even without adding it to the calculation,the European Institute for Gender Equality estimates that implementing economic and societal gender equality measures could increase GDP per capita by up to 10%in EU Member States.Gender equality could markedly improve the current GDP index through the labour market and education systems,which would boost competitiveness in EU countries.19 According to data from 2015,improving gender equality would have increased EU GDP per capita by between 6.1%and 9.6%(or between 1.95 trillion and 3.15 trillion)by 2050.The increase would already have been apparent in 2030,when GDP per capita would have risen by up to 2%.This would mainly occur due to womens higher rates of employment and entry into more productive STEM jobs.2.Ageing population The EU population is ageing because of the declining birth rate.This is affecting universal healthcare conditions in Europe,which has a high proportion of elderly women.The old-age dependency ratio the number of people aged 65 and over per 100 people of working age(15 to 64)rose 5 percentage points in a decade,reaching 30.5%in 2018.By 2025,it is expected to reach 50%.In addition,one in four people in the European Union has a long-term disability more often women(27%)than men(22%)and around 5%of families have one or more children with disabilities.EU institutions and Member States are under pressure to find sustainable and affordable models to meet the ever-increasing demand for long-term care.Many such services for the elderly are home-based,so housing policies must account for this.The gender pay gap and the ageing population form a complex situation,compounded by the effect of both factors on related aspects like childcare.20 3.Mobility Mobility issues are directly related to housing policy.Home location,job opportunities and care facilities are inter-related,framing the concept of mobility of care.21 Access to housing,be it private or public,is mediated by supply and residents spending or debt capacity.Supply determines the price of a housing unit,and spending capacity depends on a persons ability to generate income,usually through paid work.The most affordable private or public housing is usually located far from centres of employment,particularly for low-skilled jobs.In these circumstances,the length of the commute impacts whether or not someone can take a job,especially if they must also care for others at home.According to a study commissioned by the European Parliaments Policy Department for Citizens Rights and Constitutional Affairs(Sansonetti&Davern,2021),although women use public transport more than men,there is a shortage of safe and affordable public transport to meet womens needs.The study calls for the incorporation of gender mainstreaming into transport planning to ensure equal access for women and define best practice.4.Skilled workforce Increasing womens presence in the skilled workforce and facilitating their access to STEM education,and thus to skilled jobs,is crucial for gender equality.The gender pay gap is closely tied to opportunities for engaging in economic activities,according to research by the European Institute for Gender Equality.22 This is closely linked to peoples ability to afford external assistance in caring for children and the elderly.17 EIGE“Gender Inequalities in Care and Consequences for the Labour Market“.18 Some authors argue that if unpaid care work was calculated as a share of GDP,this rate could double.Mara ngeles Durn,La riqueza invisible del cuidado(Valencia:Universitat de Valncia,2018).19 EIGE“Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU“.20 EIGE Gender Inequalities in Care and Consequences for the Labour MarketGender Inequalities in Care and Consequences for the Labour Market.21 Ins Snches de Madariaga and Elena Zucchini,“Movilidad Del Cuidado En Madrid:Nuevos Criterios Para Las Polticas de Transporte,”Ciudad y Territorio.Estudios Territoriales.Urbanismo y Gnero LII,no.203(2020),https:/doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2020.203.08.22 EIGE Gender Inequalities in Care and Consequences for the Labour MarketGender Inequalities in Care and Consequences for the Labour Market.10|Promoting gender equality in public social housing The link between the location of an individuals home,their workplace and nearby caregiving services is significant.Paradoxically,a caregivers domestic situation cannot improve without an improvement in their economic situation,and their economic situation cannot improve without addressing their domestic care responsibilities.Gender mainstreaming in public housing policies must address this paradox and facilitate autonomy for all individuals,recognising their inherent interdependence.This involves implementing policies that focus on gender mainstreaming to improve the design and construction of housing and neighbourhoods,as well as social policies that support caregiving and local services.2.8.2 Fine-tuning current housing market processes Adopting gender mainstreaming in the housing market not only introduces innovative approaches,but also provides valuable insight for decision-makers to navigate the market.Applying a gender lens in assessing current market processes to refine investment prospects can increase the benefits of housing infrastructure investments.This report shows decision-makers that a gender approach can:Produce more precise and comprehensive assessments of specific segments in the housing market,like options for the elderly or single-person households.These segments are facing a demand for suitable housing,but lack sufficient solutions to meet their needs.Mitigate financial risks by providing a comprehensive understanding of the persistent gender inequalities in the housing sector.A gender-aware perspective helps policymakers and investors recognise and minimise potential financial risks by considering critical factors like affordability,accessibility and safety,which could otherwise expose their investments.Increase the value of the assets by integrating concepts like sustainable design,accessibility,affordability and safety measures.This strategic approach creates housing assets that appeal to a broader spectrum of potential tenants,increasing desirability and preserving value long-term.Ensure alignment with SDGs,particularly SDG 5(Gender Equality)and SDG 11(Sustainable Cities and Communities)to highlight the importance of gender mainstreaming for sustainable housing and cities.Investment strategies that are aligned with these goals can attract socially responsible investors,access public financing opportunities and strengthen their market position.Increase the participation of residents,developers,local authorities,community groups and environmental and social organisations with housing projects that prioritise gender equality through transparent and inclusive decision-making processes,allowing investors to cultivate trust and foster meaningful partnerships.2.8.3 What the figures tell us The following graphs visually underpin some of the findings highlighted in this report.The main topics analysed are(a)the ageing EU population and increasing share of women among older ages,(b)the employment rate by gender and age group and(c)the risk of poverty due to housing costs by gender.The EU population is ageing,and women increasingly outnumber men above age 50(Figure 1).Background|11 Figure 1.EU population by sex and age group,EU 2008-2023 Note:2023 provisional/estimated.Source:Eurostat 2024.Women are often caregivers of children,affecting their rate of employment.By contrast,the employment rate of men with children is not as affected by the presence or absence of external childcare(Figures 2 and 3).In the European Union,women caring for children under the age of 6 do much more part-time work than men in the same caregiving situation(Figure 4).Figure 2.Employment rate by sex of adults caring for children under six,EU 2022(%of people aged 25 to 54)Source:Eurostat 2024.54321012345 55910141519202425293034353940444549505455596064656970747579808485 AgeMenWomenSolid:2023Outline:20080 0Pp0lgiumBulgariaCzechiaDenmarkGermanyEstoniaIrelandGreeceSpainFranceCroatiaItalyCyprusLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgHungaryMaltaNetherlandsAustriaPolandPortugalRomaniaSloveniaSlovakiaFinlandSwedenMenWomen 12|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Figure 3.Employment rate by sex of adults with or without children,EU 2022(%of people aged 18 to 64)Source:Eurostat 2024.Figure 4.Part-time employment rate by sex of adults with children,EU 2022(%of people aged 18 to 74)Source:Eurostat 2024.Housing costs are a significant burden for 30%of the EU population,putting them at risk of poverty(Figure 5).But women often bear a heavier burden than men,with a difference of around 2-3%(Figure 6).This disparity persists even when the housing cost burden exceeds 25%of disposable household income,with women experiencing a burden of around 2.5%more than men(Figure 7).These statistics clearly show the structural inequality that exists in housing,emphasising the urgent need to address housing costs for both genders.However,it is crucial to focus on the plight of women with dependent children,as they face additional challenges in accessing better-paid employment opportunities.0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.90.100.No children1 child2 children3 children or moreMenWomen010203040506070BelgiumBulgariaCzechiaDenmarkGermanyEstoniaIrelandGreeceSpainFranceCroatiaItalyCyprusLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgHungaryMaltaNetherlandsAustriaPolandPortugalRomaniaSloveniaSlovakiaFinlandSwedenMenWomen Background|13 Figure 5.Housing cost overburden rate by sex,EU 2020-2022 Source:Eurostat 2024.Figure 6.Percentage of population by sex at risk of poverty after deducting housing costs,EU 2013-2019 Source:Eurostat.0.2.4.6.8.10.202020212022WomenMen2013201420152016201720182019Men30.831.131.130.830.129.529.4Women33.834.234.033.832.932.832.50510152025303540%population in EU countries at risk of poverty after deducting housing costs,by age and sex MenWomen 14|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Figure 7.Percentage of population by sex with housing cost burden over 25%of disposable household income,EU 2013-2019 Source:Eurostat.2013201420152016201720182019Men27.828.327.926.125.124.324.1Women30.030.730.228.427.426.826.30.5.10.15.20.25.30.35.%population in EU countries whose housing cost burden is over 25%of disposable household income,by sexMenWomen Measures for improving gender equality in social housing|15 3 Measures for improving gender equality in social housing This section discusses selected measures for increasing gender equality related to public social housing,with a concise overview of design criteria,specific actions to increase attention to gender equality,and examples for reference.Three measures were chosen:1.Access to infrastructure,services and amenities:how gender-mainstreamed policies in public social housing can improve womens access to these services and infrastructure.2.Employment,labour and working conditions:how such policies can improve womens career development and employment progression.3.Expanded market activities:how such policies can promote womens entrepreneurship and leadership.3.1 Measure 1:Equal access to infrastructure,services and amenities 3.1.1 How can gender-mainstreamed social housing policies improve womens access to services and infrastructure?Over 90%of women in the European Union are regular caregivers,performing a wide range of care-related tasks,according to the study Gender inequalities in care and consequences for the labour market by the European Institute for Gender Equality.According to the study,housework is the most unequally shared care-related task in the European Union,carried out by 93%of women and only 53%of men.Career breaks due to care duties often constrain women to part-time,irregular,temporary and low-paid jobs,as these offer greater flexibility.Among part-time employees,29%of women say care duties are their main reason for not working full time,compared with 6%of men citing the same reason.The gender gap in overall earning is higher due to womens lower employment rates and their working fewer hours than men(EIGE,2019).At the EU level,almost two-thirds(63%)of the overall gender pay gap is determined by the gender gap in working hours(accounting for 32%of the gap in overall earnings)and the gender gap in employment(accounting for 30%)(Eurostat,2020).Families net monthly earnings are strongly affected by how care responsibilities are shared.The gap between the earnings of women and men is greater among couples with children than among couples and single people without children.A report by the European Parliament in published in 2021,Gender equality:Economic value of care from the perspective of the applicable EU funds,offers some recommendations related to housing and infrastructure:The European Union should develop a clear policy framework that designates funding and support for the care economy,prioritising social infrastructure investments in Europes economic and budgetary policies.Eurostat should collect disaggregated data on care,including the provision of different types of care,and profiles of formal and informal carers and paid and unpaid care workers in relation to gender,age,nationality,disability and ethnicity in different care settings.Funding for the care economy should account for at least 30%of the expenditure under the EU Recovery Plan for Europe to create equal standing with the 37%already allocated to green transformation investments and 30%to digital transition investments.16|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Another issue is the procedure through which public social housing is allocated.More women of all ages are in situations of vulnerability23 compared with men,yet men have greater access to housing.It is therefore crucial to review the effectiveness and fairness of allocation procedures.Women outnumber men at older ages in the European Union.Although this gap has narrowed in recent years as more men live longer,in 2019,the European Union had an average of 1.33 women aged 65 or older for every man of the same age.24 In light of this,public housing policies must be adapted to the needs of older women,including the provision of spaces for social and cultural activities.Public social housing projects should address the following design criteria about the scales of dwellings,buildings and neighbourhoods,to promote equality among inhabitants in complex urban environments:a)Dwelling design should eliminate hierarchies and stereotypes among residents and promote the equal value of caring tasks and services.Society has evolved and broken with the monopoly of the traditional nuclear family,and housing designs must accommodate new patterns single-parent families,independent elderly people,young people leaving home late or sharing flats,etc.Versatile home designs should provide for changing needs,in a simple and adaptable way:For example,a room that serves as a home office should be convertible into a playroom for children.In addition,spaces should be designed to allow several people to use them simultaneously.For example,if one person is taking a shower,others should be able brush their teeth,while kitchens should provide ample space for several people to share tasks.Furthermore,the dwelling should have a sufficiently large private outdoor area,like a balcony or terrace.b)Building design should incorporate inviting common spaces,which can facilitate meaningful interactions between residents with diverse life circumstances,including different ages,health conditions and routines.Accessibility must be taken into account generally.c)Building design should offer a range of dwelling sizes and types to account for evolving life circumstances over time.If residents agree,flexibility allowing for modifications in dwelling sizes within the units could be incorporated,thereby avoiding the need to disrupt the established community environment when individuals age or experience life changes like divorce,disability or growth of the family group,or as new work objectives emerge.d)The semi-private and semi-public“intermediate”spaces that connect the housing-building-common services complex with the surrounding environment and the rest of the neighbourhood should be considered in the design.Studying all the transition and connection spaces is essential to understand the spatial continuum,which impacts the subjective sense of security.e)A gender-sensitive neighbourhood and city design should incorporate:o connected mobility networks(pedestrian,cycling and public transport);o public spaces and services for care and teleworking that lend help when needed;o green infrastructure that provides shade and a cool living environment;o accessibility,without mobility barriers;o sufficient network capacity to enable teleworking when feasible,allowing for better work-life balance.f)Public social housing incorporating a gender perspective should also define allocation criteria that improve peoples access to housing based on their individual circumstances;for example,if they are victims of gender violence(including gender-based violence towards LGBTIQ people),vulnerable single mothers with children,or elderly women living alone.In summary,data show that the circumstances of men and women are different.Public social housing is essential infrastructure that addresses a fundamental need and right.However,in addition to providing adequate living space,housing should be connected to other types of infrastructure,including public spaces for leisure and sports,essential public services like schools and healthcare facilities,pedestrian and cycling pathways,adequate public transport services,and accessible utilities like electricity,water,gas and internet access.In essence,23 The European Commission is in the process of conducting a survey of EU countries to gather data on gender-based and other forms of interpersonal violence.To ensure comparable,EU-wide data,the European Institute for Gender Equality and the EU Fundamental Rights Agency are collecting data in EU countries where the national statistical authorities are unable to collect it themselves.The survey results will be released in 2024 and the data will help provide key indicators for laws and policies at the EU and Member State levels.24 Eurostat:Ageing Europe-statistics on population developments 2020.Measures for improving gender equality in social housing|17 housing should be an integral component of a larger interconnected network of infrastructure and infrastructure services.3.1.2 Examples of best practices in infrastructure around equal housing access Austria:Wohnfonds Wien is a Vienna-based non-profit organisation that buys land at favourable prices in anticipation of future land needs,and sells it on to the non-profit or restricted-profit development companies that win its design and contracting competitions.In these competitions,multidisciplinary teams led by architects submit proposals to be evaluated by an expert jury selected by Wohnfonds Wien.25 France,Plus research by Lacaton&Vassal:Buildings by the architectural firm Lacaton&Vassal,particularly the residential buildings,are designed based on a research-informed transition from private to public spaces,incorporating semi-private and semi-public areas.The architects design public spaces that will be in use most of the time,creating a sense of security.Belgium,Community Land Trust:Faced with a housing crisis in the Brussels metropolitan area,a group of housing rights activists came together to find ways to increase housing availability.The initiative built the lEspoir building in the neighbourhood of Molenbeek with the support of the association Coordination et Initiatives pour Rfugis et trangers,which helps refugees and migrants with or without residence permits.In 2009,the association supported 14 families who designed,promoted and developed the project,and ultimately became owners of the housing units.Spain,EMVS(the municipal housing company of Madrid):The core objective of EMVS is to safeguard the right to housing.It implements social rental initiatives that cater to various needs,including specialised support for women in vulnerable situations.EMVS also collaborates with NGOs by providing housing and emergency accommodation to address severe social exclusion.It also performs regulated housing allocation,with certain numbers of units reserved for different vulnerable community groups.Spain,AUMSA(the municipal housing company of Valencia):AUMSA developed its 2022 housing strategy to mainstream gender in the public housing sector(see Annex 1).The strategy includes criteria,recommendations and indicators for incorporating a gender perspective in the urban context,neighbourhoods,buildings and housing units.Checklists and indicators for gender mainstreaming are used in the public tendering process and monitoring phase.Priorities are also set out in the criteria for the allocation of housing units,and in the composition of technical teams and construction companies that bid on the construction and maintenance contracts.3.2 Measure 2:Equal career opportunities 3.2.1 How can gender-mainstreamed social housing policies improve womens career development and employment progress?In 2022,11.1%of men and 8.0%of women aged 18 to 24 in the European Union had not completed secondary education and were not in further education or training,according to the Eurostat study Sustainable development in the European Union Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context 2023 edition.The share of the population aged 25 to 34 who completed tertiary education increased steadily between 2002 and 2022.Womens tertiary education attainment rate rose to 47.6%in 2022 from 25.3%in 2002,while the increase for men was to 36.5%from 21.0%.This caused the gender gap(in favour of women)to surge from 4.3%to 11.1tween 2002 and 2022.The 2021 European Institute for Gender Equality study Gender inequalities in care and consequences for the labour market provides some important statistics relating to equal career opportunities:In the European Union in 2021,care responsibilities prevented 7.7 million women aged 20 to 64 from entering the labour market,compared to 450 000 men.The contribution of unpaid care work carried out mostly by women remains largely invisible.Among women who are employed,60%reported experiencing employment changes because of childcare responsibilities,compared with 17%of employed men.18%of employed women reduced their working hours,compared to 3%of men.25 For more information,see:https:/www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/pdf/studie-gendermainstreaming.pdf.18|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Furthermore,according to a 2020 European Institute for Gender Equality study,Gender equality and long-term care at home,more women than men assume informal long-term care responsibilities at least several days a week,and in some cases every day.Overall,women represent 62%of those providing informal long-term care to older people or people with disabilities in the European Union.Women of pre-retirement age(50 to 64)are most likely to provide long-term care.In 2016,21%of women and 11%of men of pre-retirement age in the European Union were providing informal long-term care every day or several days a week(compared to 13%of women and 9%of men aged 25 to 49).The unequal distribution of informal care between women and men greatly affects womens opportunities in the labour market,especially in pre-retirement age,leading to gender inequalities in pay and pension and increased risks of poverty and ill health.The Council of the European Union recently approved new rules that came into force in December 2022(Directive(EU)2022/2381,to be transposed into national law by the EU Member States)to improve gender balance on the corporate boards of listed companies throughout the European Union.Europe has many highly qualified women,and 60%of its university graduates are female.And yet women are underrepresented in high-level positions,including on corporate boards,with very slow progress in this area.Only a third of members of non-executive corporate boards are women,and even fewer on executive boards.The new directive sets a target for EU companies listed on an EU stock exchange to accelerate the shift toward a better gender balance,to have women in the roles of at least 40%of non-executive directors and 33%of all directors.These companies must ensure that board appointment procedures are clear and transparent,and that applicants are assessed objectively based on their individual merits,irrespective of gender.According to the European Institute for Gender Equality statistics,in October 2022:The share of women on the boards of the largest listed companies registered in the Member States reached a new high of 32.2%meaning that men still make up two out of every three board members.Governments can take a variety of actions to tackle gender imbalances,including legislative gender quotas with sanctions for non-compliance,and a wide range of soft measures designed to encourage companies to self-regulate.The impact of binding gender quotas is clear:In October 2022,women accounted for 38.2%of the board members of the largest listed companies in the eight Member States with binding quotas,compared to 31.4%in the Member States using soft measures,and just 17.6%in those that had taken no action at all.Despite progress among non-executives,women still account for only one-fifth(21.1%)of senior executive positions.Legislative quotas typically only apply to the top-level board or to non-executive seats,leaving the executive positions little affected by legislation.Women are also underrepresented in senior architecture positions.Only three of the worlds 100 largest architecture firms are led by women,and only two of these large firms have management teams made up of more than 50%women,according to an article published in 2017 in Dezeen,a London-based online magazine on architecture,interior and design.Gender mainstreaming in public social housing can therefore improve womens employability by:1.Designing housing units,buildings and neighbourhoods to facilitate the combination of care and work,allowing women and men to work while caring for children or the elderly.2.Providing spaces that help the care economy develop in well-designed public social housing,which can create new job opportunities.3.Developing more public social housing,which can generate employment for women architects,builders,engineers,lawyers and many other related professions.Public social housing management should address the following criteria to have an impact on the conditions affecting housing design:a)Incorporate gender experts in political,administrative and design decision-making,in clearly gender-balanced teams at all decision-making levels.b)Establish criteria for housing design that encourage the incorporation of a gender perspective in a committed and structured way in the project as a whole,and in management processes.Measures for improving gender equality in social housing|19 c)Define recruitment and tendering processes that admit professional profiles with less conventional trajectories,such as young professionals,women returning to their professional careers and part-time workers.d)Include experts in gender,sustainability,universal accessibility and the circular economy on evaluation committees assessing public tender processes.e)Define tendering processes for construction companies and professional services that prioritise and promote companies with gender-diverse boards of directors,preferably at levels and in competencies where women are less well represented.f)Use non-discriminatory and inclusive language and images in public documents,avoiding persistent clichs on how women or men are considered or imagined.Infrastructure services should enable people to be in paid employment at any level of decision-making while also providing care for others.This approach should produce more inclusive environments,which are necessary for promoting the incorporation of women often the primary caregivers into paid work and increasing mens uptake of care responsibilities.This inclusive approach should be embedded into project design and implementation.3.2.2 Examples of best practices related to equal career opportunities and public social housing Austria,Aspern Seestadt Wien:This urban project focuses on inclusion and equality.The city is one of proximity,where basic services are close to home,with safe pedestrian routes,public spaces that are accessible and sustainable,and clear promotion of cooperative-type public social housing.Car sharing and bicycle mobility are encouraged.The gender-focused design of this urban environment supports combining care and paid work.26 France,IDHEAL(Institut des Hautes tudes pour lAction dans le Logement):In 2021,IDHEAL published a report analysing the condition of 1 720 apartments in the Paris metropolitan area,20 years after their construction.According to the report,while including public spaces near residential areas has gained attention in recent years,addressing gender equality in the private sphere is equally important.The report highlights factors like the quality of shared areas,equitable access to facilities,privacy,and security within homes,all of which are instrumental in promoting gender equality and equal opportunities.Spain:IMPSOL,Barcelonas Metropolitan Institute of Land Development and Property Management,believes that the tendering process for public social housing should be made more likely to recruit a good balance of qualified professionals.Its project tendering process is anonymous,and has a selection stage and an award stage.This policy has directly affected the incorporation of young women architects and non-conventional professional profiles.The evaluation criteria include gender-mainstreaming aspects in housing and the surrounding urban area.The second evaluation phase is remunerated.The selection is made by a jury of experts,with two members appointed by the Architects Association of Catalonia.No financial bids are accepted and the proposals are assessed on quality alone.Spain,Castell de la Plana:In 2019,the city council of Castell de la Plana in the Valencia region redefined the evaluation criteria in tenders of housing projects to incite bidding companies to have women professionals on their boards of directors.In the same year,Castell developed an Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategy,incorporating a gender approach.The strategy included a checklist to guide verification and follow-up of gender recommendations,and self-assessment.The evaluation criteria and strategy aim to mainstream women as professionals at all levels of administration and to incorporate a gender approach in the design of housing projects.The lessons learned have been applied to AUMSAs housing plan in Valencia.26 For more information,see:https:/www.wien.gv.at/stadtentwicklung/projekte/aspern-seestadt/pdf/studie-gendermainstreaming.pdf.20|Promoting gender equality in public social housing 3.3 Measure 3:Equal leadership 3.3.1 How can gender-mainstreamed social housing policies help increase the number of female entrepreneurs and leaders?Three-quarters of the some 18 million healthcare and social workers in the euro area are women,and a similar share of women work in education,according to Christine Lagarde,President of the European Central Bank.On average,just under half of all doctors across countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)are women.However,data from some countries show that the share of female doctors tends to be greater in general medicine than in more specialised occupations like surgery.Women also tend to be underrepresented in the positions with the highest earnings.27 Women are underrepresented in other STEM positions as well.Only 29%of PhD graduates in engineering,manufacturing and construction across the European Union are women;only 25%of self-employed professionals in science,engineering,or information and communication technologies are women and only 10%of patent applications come from women.28 In addition,various reports and statistics are available regarding womens entrepreneurship.In 2019,the EIB issued the report Support for female entrepreneurs:Survey evidence for why it makes sense,which stated that:o In EU countries,of all employed people,an average of just 2.16%of self-employed people with employees were women.29 o Only 15.5%of European entrepreneurs were women.30 o Female-led firms had higher rates of female workers.In 2021,the European Parliament published the report Womens entrepreneurship and self-employment,including aspects of gendered Corporate Social Responsibility,which quotes the 2020 Report on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe.According to these publications:To understand the main challenges that women face when deciding to go into business“it is believed that women entrepreneurs find it more difficult to access financial resources;that they go into business out of necessity;that women entrepreneurs also receive fewer organisational resources;that they suffer more from difficulties related to life domain and are excluded from business networks.”o“Research suggests that both extrinsic characteristics(for example,financial resources,human capital,environment)and intrinsic characteristics(for example,motherhood,self-concept,risk attitude)make entrepreneurship more challenging for women.However,it should be noted that most of these constraints are likely to be reversed through external actions,such as the case of public policies.”o In December 2022,the European Economic and Social Committee published the position paper Gender lens investing as a way to improve gender equality in the European Union.It underlines that creating a fertile ground for female entrepreneurship through financial and legislative instruments,such as gender budgeting,could create an inclusive financial ecosystem in the European Union,and that team diversity with a specific focus on women should be a criterion for receiving public funding.To promote equal leadership opportunities,public social housing should meet the following design criteria:a)Ample space to accommodate a wide range of domestic and professional activities.b)A quality internet network to publicise and manage initiatives,projects and businesses linked to the neighbourhood,and enable teleworking.c)A reliable and resilient electricity infrastructure.d)Effective acoustic insulation.e)Efficient thermal insulation that prevents excessive energy consumption.27 OECD,“Women Make up Most of the Health Sector Workers but They Are Under-Represented in High-Skilled JobsWomen Make up Most of the Health Sector Workers but They Are Under-Represented in High-Skilled Jobs.”28 European Union External Action,“Lets Hear It for Women in Science.”29 See data on:https:/stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54671.30 Startups&Places,“Report on Women Entrepreneurs in EuropeReport on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe 2020.”Measures for improving gender equality in social housing|21 f)Good indoor air quality.g)Mechanisms for security against intrusion and theft.There is no possibility of leadership or entrepreneurship for women(or men)without basic infrastructure,basic services nearby,basic facilities and comfort in homes and workplaces,subjective and real security in public and semi-public spaces,and good networks to supply resources like electricity,water and internet.3.3.2 Examples of best practices related to equal leadership and public social housing France,Association QUALITEL:Created in 1974,this association brings together 175 partners,including professional organisations,consumer associations and French public authorities.In a report published in 2021,QUALITEL looks at 1 000 dwellings representative of the French housing market and proposes areas for improvement to support womens leadership.Spain,cooperative Lacol:This cooperative of architects,established in 2009 in Barcelona,specialises in building housing cooperatives with the participation of the future tenants,bringing their specific needs to light.This interaction has resulted in buildings with spaces and facilities that promote teleworking,for example.22|Promoting gender equality in public social housing 4 Gender equality improvements based on Valencias social housing strategy In 2022,AUMSA comprehensively reviewed its housing strategy,reinforcing its commitment to integrating a gender perspective in social housing brought to bear in around 300 new housing units.The strategy introduced:a)specific criteria,recommendations and indicators for incorporating a gender perspective at multiple levels,including in the master plan for the area,the neighbourhood,the building and the individual housing units;b)priorities for allocating housing units based on gender issues;c)considerations for the composition of technical teams and the selection of construction companies;d)guidelines for the ongoing maintenance of buildings with the goal of promoting gender equality.AUMSAs 2022 strategy offers a methodological process with specific targets and checklists across four key areas of activity:architectural and urban design;organising and supervising architectural competitions;tendering work to construction companies;allocating housing units.The checklists are to be used by those involved in the design,preparation,assessment and supervision of tender documents.4.1 Self-assessment and monitoring checklists 4.1.1 About the checklists The checklists in AUMSAs 2022 strategy are meant to be used for assessing architectural design parameters,tendering architectural firms and construction companies,and allocating housing units.Each checklist consists of a series of guiding questions that reveal how well a gender perspective is incorporated at different phases of project development,and can be used for self-assessment.A Spanish version of the checklist was developed for the purpose of the advisory service to AUMSA,that is available here.In addition,an English version of the checklist has been produced,being available here.Housing companies and promoters can use the completed checklists to monitor the degree of gender mainstreaming,evaluate the situation and arrive at policy improvements.The proposed checklists are a tool for broad-based use that can be amended according to project-specific circumstances.The associated guiding questions and recommendations are drawn from examples of good practice and past experience of gender mainstreaming.Four types of checklist have been created,for the following tasks:1.Assessment of architectural designs:Lists of questions on design parameters of an apartment,building and/or neighbourhood,intended for supervisory technical teams and project development teams.2.Tendering of architectural firms:Lists of questions on architectural or planning design competitions,intended for municipalities and housing companies running competitive tenders and for bidders.3.Tendering of construction companies:Lists of questions on construction works,intended for municipalities and housing companies running competitive tenders and for bidders.4.Criteria for the allocation of housing units:Lists of questions for defining criteria in the housing allocation phase.Gender equality improvements based on Valencias social housing strategy|23 The associated guiding questions are grouped into four categories for identifying priority areas for action:a)Questions on unequal power relations,to bring to light any unequal treatment of people in a housing context.b)Questions on physical and emotional realities,to reveal how a space cares for all occupants(or doesnt).c)Questions about paid and unpaid work,on whether this dimension is sufficiently embedded in a housing context.d)Questions on the contribution of the environment to residents health and well-being.4.1.2 Implementation of the checklists The checklists are easy to use,and provide measurable outcomes.The questions,values,quantities and scales are standardised and assigned numerical values to clearly indicate the level of suitability for the action being evaluated,using an Excel spreadsheet.The checklists were designed as a methodological approach rather than a fixed tool.If specific questions are not practical or applicable,they can be modified.However,there are some guidelines to remember when using the checklists.At least 80%of the questions must be answered.It is important that mandatory questions are not left unanswered.These are the most relevant questions for the assessment,and are marked with an asterisk(*).Questions are answered with a score from 1 to 5,with 1 indicating worst standard or least satisfaction,and 5 indicating best standard or most satisfaction.The score is indicated by placing an“X”in the relevant box.The results are summarised as indicator tables(by housing unit,building and neighbourhood),which are automatically aggregated once answers are provided for all questions in a section.31 The results fall in a range of 1 to 10,which allows each section to be evaluated according to the specified scale.o If less than 80%of the questions are answered,the final assessment is INCOMPLETE.o If 80%or more of the questions are answered,the automatic evaluation is as follows:below 5 is UNSATISFACTORY;5 to below 6.50 is NEUTRAL;6.50 to below 8.50 is SATISFACTORY;8.50 to 10 is EXCELLENT.This methodological approach is designed to help professionals avoid arbitrary decisions.It is based on the premise of assuming good intentions throughout the process,and refrains from adopting a punitive approach when questions are answered incorrectly.Any disparities in the evaluation content facilitate observation,giving users a deeper understanding of the ongoing activities.31 A secure,automatic Excel file was provided by the Universitat Politcnica de Valncia to AUMSA to facilitate the assessment for all users for each of the checklists and indicator table.24|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Figure 8.Sample checklist assessing dwelling scale from AUMSAs 2022 housing strategy Gender equality improvements based on Valencias social housing strategy|25 Figure 9.Table of indicators assessing gender mainstreaming in housing design 26|Promoting gender equality in public social housing 5 Key conclusions Gender mainstreaming transforms the approach to housing from a generic solution(simply providing housing)to one that considers the diverse needs and contexts of different people(housing that offers tailorable solutions for residents).Based on the methodological approach presented in this report,we conclude that:1.It is crucial to conduct gender analysis and avoid gender-washing to identify inequalities,propose strong remediation actions throughout project cycles,and allocate sufficient financial resources.2.Public social housing has a role in diminishing the gender pay gap,a major cause of which is the difficulty in reconciling caregiving responsibilities with obligations in the workplace.Having care facilities near the home can facilitate daily tasks and support economic autonomy.Addressing the causes of the gender pay gap is necessary to avoid poverty,the loss of skilled professionals,and the bias and imbalance caused by a lack of professional women in decision-making positions.Connecting housing developments to mobility infrastructures is essential for facilitating womens access to paid work,as is providing housing solutions that enable women(and men)to perform part of their professional work from home.3.The perspectives and needs of women can be appropriately addressed by promoting womens leadership and ensuring that women have equal opportunities to participate in housing-related decision-making processes.Women must be involved in the design and implementation of housing policies and empowered to take on leadership roles within housing companies and community initiatives.This can be supported through public tendering processes for architectural firms or construction companies that encourage the inclusion of women on their boards and in their workforce.4.Fostering collaboration to integrate diverse perspectives can yield more comprehensive and effective housing solutions.Community members,housing providers,policymakers,NGOs and other interested parties should be encouraged to participate in the planning,implementation and evaluation of housing developments to achieve gender mainstreaming in public social housing.5.A gender approach has the potential to unlock new investment opportunities and increase returns on investment.Applying a gender lens reveals the need for childcare facilities,long-term care for the elderly at home,co-working spaces for teleworking,spaces to start small economic initiatives,etc.All these activities may be feasible only where considered in housing design.The relevant dimensions of housing policy should be reconsidered.6.Equality and decent housing are fundamental human rights that are interconnected.Gender mainstreaming is key in exposing and understanding this relationship.The aim of integrating a gender perspective in housing projects and policies is to create equitable and inclusive housing opportunities for all individuals.Bibliography|27 Public Bibliography lvarez Isidro,E.,&Gmez Alfonso,C.(2014).Franziska Ullmann:Uncommon spaces in Vienna.Retrieved from Academia:https:/www.academia.edu/103142823/FRANZISKA_ULLMANN_UNCOMMON_SPACES_IN_VIENNA ngeles Durn,M.(2018).La riqueza invisible del cuidado.Valencia:Universitat de Valencia.Servei de Publicacions.Caturianas,D.,Lewandowski,P.,Sokoowski,J.,Kowalik,Z.,&Barceviius,E.(2020).Policies to Ensure Access to Affordable Housing.Directorate-General for Internal Policies,Policy Department for Economic,Scientific and Quality of Life Policies.European Union.Retrieved from https:/www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/652729/IPOL_STU(2020)652729_EN.pdf Comissi Tcnica dHabitatge i Urbanisme.(2018,June 26).Criteris generals per a un habitatge i un urbanisme saludables.Retrieved from Agncia de Salut Pblica de Catalunya(ASPCAT):https:/salutpublica.gencat.cat/web/.content/minisite/aspcat/sobre_lagencia/pinsap/pinsap_al_territori/08_Transversals/CT-habitatge_urbanisme_-document-definitiu-26-juny.pdf Community of Valencia.(2022).Guidelines for gender perspective mainstreaming in urban planning actions.Retrieved from Ctedra urbanisme i gnere:https:/urbangenere.upv.es/files/GUIA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO EN ACTUACIONES URBANAS_Ingles.pdf Crnica Global.(2023,February 23).AMB impulsa la vivienda protegida de calidad y con perspectiva de gnero.Retrieved from https:/ Damyanovic,D.,Reinwald,F.,&Weikmann,A.(2013).Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban Development.University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,Vienna.Vienna:Urban Development Vienna.Retrieved from https:/www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/download/pdf/4170529.pdf DIgnazio,C.,&Klein,L.(2020).Data Feminism.The MIT Press.Druot,F.,Lacaton,A.,&Vassal,J.-P.(2007).Plus.:Large scale housing development.An exceptional case.Gustavo Gili.EIB Economics Department.(2022).Support for female entrepreneurs:Survey evidence for why it makes sense.European Investment Bank.doi:10.2867/854252 European Economic and Social Committee.(2022,November 24).#EnergyPoverty Women more likely to be affected than men.Retrieved from https:/www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/news/energypoverty-women-more-likely-be-affected-men European Institute for Gender Equality.(2016).Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the European Union.doi:https:/doi.org/10.2839/96823 European Institute for Gender Equality.(2020).Gender inequalities in care and consequences for the labour market.Publications Office of the European Union.doi:https:/doi.org/10.2839/074 European Institute for Gender Equality.(n.d.).Gender statistics database.Largest listed companies:CEOs,executives and non-executives.Retrieved from EIGE:https:/eige.europa.eu/gender-statistics/dgs/indicator/wmidm_bus_bus_wmid_comp_compex/datatable European Investment Bank.(2023).The EIB Group Gender Strategy(infographics).Retrieved from https:/www.eib.org/en/infographics/gender-strategy European Parliament.(2024,March 7).Women in the European Parliament(infographics).Retrieved from European Parliament:28|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Public https:/www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20190226STO28804/women-in-the-european-parliament-infographics European Union.(2023).Sustainable development in the European Union-Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context:2023 edition.Publications Office of the European Union.doi:https:/doi.org/10.2785/403194 European Union External Action.(2022,Februrary 11).Lets hear it for women in science!Retrieved from European Union External Action:https:/www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/lets-hear-it-women-science_en Eurostat.(2023).Key figures on the EU in the world 2023 edition.Publications Office of the European Union.doi:10.2785/515035 Fitxes de La Gua.(n.d.).Entorno Urbano y Salud-Disputaci Barcelona.Retrieved June 11,2022,from https:/www.diba.cat/es/web/entorn-urba-i-salut/fitxes-de-la-guia#Habitatges Gua de Calidad del Aire Interior.(n.d.).Retrieved from Fenercom:https:/ Krapp,M.-C.,Vach,M.,Egner,B.,Schulze,K.,&Thomas,S.(2020).Housing Policies in the European Union.Technische Universitt Darmstadt.Retrieved from https:/ Mari,F.(2023,May 23).Imagine a Renters Utopia.It Might Look Like Vienna.The New York Times Magazine.Retrieved from https:/ Matarredona,N.,&Ferreiro,O.(2022).Proyecto Piloto.Innovacin y sostenibilidad en la vivienda.(V.S.Bioclimtica,Ed.)Valencia.Retrieved from https:/habitatge.gva.es/documents/20051105/0/PLAPILOT_PDF_WEB_v02_reducido (5).pdf Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.(2022).OECD Guidelines for Citizen Participation Processes.OECD Public Governance Reviews.doi:https:/doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1787/f765caf6-en Snchez de Madariaga,I.,&Zucchini,E.(2020).“Movilidad del cuidado”en Madrid:nuevos criterios para las polticas de transporte.Ciudad y Territorio-Estudios territoriales,LII(203),89-102.doi:https:/doi.org/10.37230/CyTET.2020.203.08 Sansonetti,S.,&Davern,E.(2021).Women and transport.European Union.Retrieved from https:/www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/701004/IPOL_STU(2021)701004_EN.pdf Siemens.(2023).Aspern Smart City Research.Retrieved from Siemens Xcelerator Marketplace:https:/ Startups&Places.(2020).Report on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe.Retrieved from https:/ Housing Partnership ACTION PLAN.Urban Agenda for the EU.Retrieved from https:/ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/final_action_plan_euua_housing_partnership_december_2018_1.pdf UN Women.(2023).Gender market implementation in UNIDO.Retrieved from https:/gendercoordinationandmainstreaming.unwomen.org/gender-marker-implementation-unido United Nations.(1948).Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Retrieved from https:/www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Women in Science,Technology,Engineering,and Mathematics(STEM)(Quick Take).(2022,August 23).Catalyst.Retrieved from https:/www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-science-technology-engineering-and-mathematics-stem/Women make up most of the health sector workers but they are under-represented in high-skilled jobs.(2017,March).Retrieved from OECD:https:/www.oecd.org/gender/data/women-make-up-most-of-the-Bibliography|29 Public health-sector-workers-but-they-are-under-represented-in-high-skilled-jobs.htm#:text=Women make up most of,represented in high-skilled jobs Zenger,J.,&Folkman,J.(2020,December 30).Research:Women Are Better Leaders During a Crisis.Harvard Business Review.Retrieved from https:/hbr.org/2020/12/research-women-are-better-leaders-during-a-crisis 30|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Public Annex 1.Strategy for mainstreaming gender in AUMSAs housing plan A.1.1 Gender mainstreaming in design parameters These design parameters address all scales of action:the neighbourhood and the city,the immediate surroundings of the building and the streets,the building itself,and the unit.While developers and design participants can certainly have a decisive impact on apartments and buildings,gender mainstreaming must be implemented at all these levels to achieve results effectively.Most of AUMSAs new residential buildings are in the area of Camino de las Moreras,next to Nazaret.According to the Special Plan of Urban Quality Guidelines 2018 prepared by the Valencia city council,in functional area 10(corresponding to Nazaret-Camino de las Moreras),most of the plans indicators meet the objectives in AUMSAs 2022 strategy,and some even exceed them.The area has a good range of facilities,as well as sufficient public transport connections with the rest of the city(except for the cycle lane network).The areas weak point below the minimum objective is that housing will remain insufficient,even after the growth provided for in the plan.This is one example of an imbalance in the gender mainstreaming of a large-scale project.Many of the design parameters that can embed a gender perspective at the various levels from the neighbourhood to the unit are incorporated in the criteria evaluated by the BREEAM method/certification.These parameters affect materials,public transport and alternative transport,the home office,intermediate spaces in buildings and units,the conditions associated with energy savings that translate into multi-use spaces in the home,and use flexibility over time.Successful design of these variables allows not just gender mainstreaming,but also BREEAM certification at the same time.A.1.2 Parameters of the neighbourhood,city and streets Neighbourhoods and the adjoining city must be easily accessible to residents.Men more often enjoy a simple commute:to work and back.Women more often travel more complex and varied routes,perhaps with multiple trips a day on public transport and on foot:shuttling children to and from school,getting groceries,taking care of older family members,making trips to doctors,etc.Key parameters A transport network that provides access to services and places beyond the neighbourhood,with appropriate proximity.For example,bus stops should be no more than 300 metres apart.A comprehensive network of cycle lanes and personal mobility vehicles,like electric scooters.A network of streets that meets standards of safety,lighting,comfort and greenery,pleasant for pedestrians and with reasonable distances.The maximum journey time is normally set at ten minutes for people with no mobility difficulties.Full accessibility for people with disabilities.Good diversity,mix and distribution of facilities and services.Shops and resources to encourage public life in neighbourhood.Public spaces and vegetation.A.1.3 Parameters of residential buildings Residential buildings should expressly accommodate some of the daily tasks of residents,especially those related to caregiving.They should include functional spaces to meet specific and diverse needs,and comfortable common spaces.Outdoor spaces should contain areas encouraging children to play and elderly residents to socialise,and should link the building to the street and neighbourhood.Properly sheltered and shaded,they will also offer comfortable conditions that align with climate and energy needs.Annex 1.Strategy for mainstreaming gender in AUMSAs housing plan|31 Public Key parameters Diversity of residents.Buildings should not be intended for just one category of resident.Two or more categories permit interpersonal support between residents for different life needs.As a corollary,universal accessibility for people at different stages of life.Apartments for families with children should be close to ground level(below floor 5)so that play areas can be easily monitored.Access areas(courtyards,entrance halls,stairwells)must be safe.There should be no blind corners,so that users particularly women have a clear view of the staircase,lift and walkway to their front doors.Parking spaces and storage areas for bicycles,scooters,prams,etc.,preferably separate from the apartments.A communal space for laundry may also be appropriate.Workspace in the building,like a shared home office,could be highly beneficial.This could be small separate office spaces in one part of the complex,or a collaborative workspace like a co-working space.This is a way of directly improving the work and training access and conditions of residents especially women,who are more often responsible for household tasks in the immediate surroundings of the home.Outdoor green spaces linked to the building,where children can play and residents can gather.Internal community spaces,with good lighting and ventilation,for a variety of collective uses.An accessible roof for collective activities.A.1.4 Housing parameters Apartment design should de-hierarchise rooms and make them adaptable over time.Rooms should have similar dimensions and be suitable for multiple uses to meet residents changing life needs.Reducing energy consumption is key,but the energy needed for environmental space conditioning of buildings remains substantial,even in well-designed complexes.To find alternative means of optimising energy use,therefore,more research is needed into how buildings are used,and occupant expectations of comfort in building environments.A potential relatively low-energy,high-comfort design option is the use of transition spaces like entrance foyers,circulation zones,lobbies,stairways and atria.Apartment layout should allow domestic and care tasks to be shared.Apartments should be on a single level to make them accessible to everyone,without hierarchisation or isolation of spaces.Key parameters Single-storey apartment design(no two-or three-storey apartments).De-hierarchisation of spaces.For example,bathrooms should be located in the centre so that all other rooms can have windows.Rooms similar in size and geometry,with similar access to the exterior.It is recommended to use a modular scheme that allows modules to be added if different numbers of rooms are needed for different dwellings.Connecting passageways between rooms wide enough to provide continuity(at least 1.6 metres wide and with a standard floor-to-ceiling height),and that can be opened up if the user needs to adjust the apartment layout.Significantly smaller rooms(if any)placed only as extensions to other rooms,with a direct passageway(for example,a sliding door).An open kitchen,or one that can be opened or closed,for example with a sliding door.It should be separate from the other common space(like the living room)to give users multiple room options,but should not isolate the person cooking from the dining space.No en suite bathrooms for specific bedrooms,so that all bathrooms can be used by all occupants.Bathrooms should be equivalent,and not classified as main or secondary.Separation between toilets and bathing facilities to permit use by multiple occupants simultaneously.Wardrobes placed outside of bedrooms to increase flexibility of room usage.Where possible,include transition spaces,such as entrance foyers,circulation zones,lobbies,stairways and atria.These can both improve a buildings climatic conditions and have uses complementary to the strict interiors(childrens play,pets,green areas,etc.).32|Promoting gender equality in public social housing Public A.1.5 Gender mainstreaming in housing allocation parameters AUMSAs housing is allocated strictly in order of a list of applicants who meet the requirements in the Register of Applicants for Housing.Women survivors of gender-based violence who meet the requirements are given priority,with immediate allocation.While this process is already somewhat gender sensitive,priority should also be given to singl
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