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Compact Cities Electrified:IndonesiaEXECUTIVE SUMMARY2New research from the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy and the University of California,Davis,finds that Indonesia could feasibly reduce public-sector expenditures on urban transport at the city,provincial,and national levels by a cumulative$IDR 7,000 trillion through 2050.This can be achieved by using a combination of strategies to support vehicle electrification,compact city planning,and modal shift toward walking,cycling,and public transit.Furthermore,only the combination of these strategies,not any strategy alone,will be sufficient to approach the countrys commitments to reduce carbon emissions in urban passenger transport.This study investigates four possible scenarios for urban passenger transport in Indonesia:Business as Usual:Indonesias current trends in city planning and vehicle sales,including policies such as Presidential Regulation No.55 of 2019 to accelerate growth in the EV industry.Electrification(Only):The fastest feasible replacement of internal-combustion vehicles with electric ones.Mode Shift(Only):The fastest feasible transformation of city planning priorities in favor of com-pact land use and public transport,walking,and bicycling.Electrification Mode Shift:The combination of the previous two scenarios.The estimated requirements to achieve each scenario and the cumulative public-sector expenditure entailed are shown in Figure A.Percent of newlight-dutyvehicles that areelectricCumulativelane-km ofroadwaybuilt 20152050Cumulativetrack-km ofmetro rail built20152050Cumulativelane-km ofbus rapid transitbuilt20152050Cumulativelane-km of protected bikeway built20152050Cumulative public sector expenditure on urban passengertransport 201520502015 Baseline0 50 Business as Usual2030,00010070090062,000 trillion IDR2050 Electrification(Only)10030,00010070090062,000 trillion IDR2050 Mode Shift(Only)20,0009009,200660,00055,000 trillion IDR2050 Electrification Mode Shift100,0009009,200660,00055,000 trillion IDRIn addition to cost savings,the Electrification Mode Shift scenario would reduce electricity consumption by 72 billion kWh per year by 2050 compared to Electrification(Only).Qualitatively,this scenario would improve road safety,promote economic inclusion of marginalized groups,and reduce air pollution.The research also measures greenhouse gas emissions from urban passenger transportation in each scenario.The results add to a growing body of evidence and show that achieving Indonesias Paris Agreement commitments will require both electric vehicles and a change in travel patterns.It is insufficient for Electrification or Mode Shift to occur at the fastest possible rate independent of each otherit is only by maximizing both of these complementary strategies that Indonesia can reduce emissions fast enough to even approach a level consistent with holding global warming below 1.5C(represented by the blue area in Figure B).To achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario,Indonesia must ensure that the future Figure A.Infrastructure requirements and direct public costs by scenario3of transportation and land-use policies will prioritize the movement of people rather than vehicles.Such restructuring will entail continued incentives and mandates for vehicle electrification,construction of compact mixed-use cities,and reallocation of street space and transportation funding from private motorized vehicles to walking,cycling,and public transport.In all scenarios,cars will still form an important part of the urban transport system,but the Electrification Mode Shift scenario will offer Indonesians a wide range of travel options,while using clean,efficient vehicles.This scenario envisions a commitment to Indonesias already healthy and diverse modes of transportation,with an increased investment in buses and bicycles.With less money spent building roads,governments will have more resources to devote to other uses or to lower taxes.And with less money spent on fuel,Indonesians will have the freedom to invest more in other areas of their life.By protecting our planet from the worst threats of climate change,we will make it possible for the country to prosper long into the future.Figure B.Greenhouse gas emissions by scenarioCumulative Lifecycle GHG(Mt CO2-EQ)CUMULATIVE URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONSASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE4,0002,0001,0003,00020202025203020352040204520500Threshold for warming below 1.5CMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftElectrification(Only)Business as UsualBAUSum:3,600 Mt CO2 2EQShift(Only)Sum:2,700 Mt CO2EQEV(Only)Sum:2,7000 Mt CO2EQThreshold of warming below 1.5CEV SHIFTSum:2,300 Mt CO2EQ4ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLEAD AUTHORS:Lewis Fulton University of California,Davis Director,Sustainable Transportation Energy Pathways D.Taylor Reich Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Data Science ManagerDeliani Siregar Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Urban Planning and Inclusivity ManagerMizandaru Wicaksono Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Senior Transportation AssociateSUPPORTING AUTHORS:Manuel Blanco Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Transport Data InternFarhana Sharmin University of California,Davis Graduate Research AssistantGonggomtua Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Sitanggang Southeast Asia DirectorPUBLISHED OCTOBER 2024COVER PHOTO:People waiting for an electric Metrotrans bus at Senayan Station,part of the Transjakarta BRT system.SOURCE:Joko SL via Shutterstock 5CONTENTSCOMPACT CITIES ELECTRIFIED:INDONESIA 1.BACKGROUND 2.FOUR SCENARIOS 3.METHODOLOGY 3.1.STRUCTURING THE MODEL 3.2.DEFINING SCENARIOS 3.2.1.SCENARIOS FOR ELECTRIFICATION RATES 3.2.2.SCENARIOS FOR MODE SHIFT RATES 4.SCENARIO COMPATIBILITY WITH INDONESIAS CLIMATE COMMITMENTS 4.1.INDONESIAS CLIMATE TARGETS 4.2.SCENARIO IMPACTS ON TRANSPORT EMISSIONS 4.3.MODAL SHIFT REDUCES DEPENDENCE ON GRID DECARBONIZATION 5.SCENARIO IMPACTS ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION 6.DIRECT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EXPENSES IN EACH SCENARIO 7.MEASURABLE GOALS FOR URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION 7.1.GOALS FOR ELECTRIFICATION 7.2.GOALS FOR LAND USE 7.3.GOALS FOR TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE APPENDIX:METHODOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION6BACKGROUNDThis study is the culmination of a decade of collaboration in transport modeling between ITDP and the University of California,Davis.1 Ten years of effort have produced a detailed method for high-level modeling of urban and suburban passenger transportation,but this study of Indonesia and parallel studies of other countries mark the first time the model has been used to publish analytical results for a single country.Like its predecessor,The Compact City ScenarioElectrified,the current publication compares the economic and environmental implications of four scenarios for the future of urban passenger transportation:1)the current trajectory;2)intensive electrification;3)intensive mode shift;and 4)the combination of the latter two.But while the previous report focused on the global need to pursue these strategies,this study describes the specifics for Indonesia.In addition to quantifying the emissions that each scenario would entail,we have also estimated the quantities and costsor savingsof infrastructure that would result from the different scenarios for the future of Indonesia.These results provide a“road map”for how those scenarios might be realized.1 ITDP&UC Davis(2021),The Compact City ScenarioElectrified;ITDP&UC Davis(2017),Three Revolutions in Urban Transportation;ITDP&UC Davis(2015),A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario;ITDP&UC Davis(2014),A Global High Shift Scenario:Impacts and Potential for More Public Transport,Walking and Cycling with Lower Car Use.7FOUR SCENARIOSLike the global study and parallel reports for other countries,this research investigates four scenarios for urban passenger transport in Indonesia through 2050.These scenarios are diagrammed in Figure A.We start by understanding these scenarios qualitatively,including a summary of the impacts that they might have outside the scope of our modeling analysisfactors such as public health and economic inclusion.In Section 3(page X),we define these scenarios quantitatively for modeling.Figure A.Diagram of scenariosFASTRATE OF ELECTRIFICATIONSLOWELECTRIFICATION ONLYBUSINESSAS USUALMODE SHIFTAND ELECTRIFICATIONMODE SHIFT ONLYSLOWFASTRATE OF MODE SHIFT8BUSINESS AS USUALAssumptions:Indonesia continues its current trajectory.Private motorized travel increases rapidly,becoming responsible for 36%of urban passenger travel,from 20%today.Electrification continues but remains relatively slow.Qualitative impacts:Increase in traffic fatalities2High direct public and private costs3Reduced access to opportunities for low-income or other vulnerable groups without cars,leading to increased wealth inequality4Increase in local air pollution,causing many premature deaths and increased healthcare costs5Increase in urban highways,dividing neighborhoods and subsidizing environmentally unfriendly sprawl6Increase in carbon emissions,leading to climate catastrophe7 2 Unsurprisingly,steady population growth has historically translated to a corresponding increase in road fatalities,particularly among pedestrians.See:National Safety Council(2021),Car Crash Deaths and Rates;Governors Highway Safety Association(2022),Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State:2022 Preliminary Data.3 For example,highway infrastructure spending per mile has risen dramatically:.Accounting for inflation,$8 million per mile in the 1960s became$30 million per mile by the 1990s.See:American Economic Association(2023),Infrastructure Costs.4 National Equity Atlas,Indicator:Car Access.5 Despite great gains in air quality in the US,as of 2022,approximately 85 million people nationwide lived in counties with pollution levels above National Ambient Air Quality Standards.Increased natural events such as wildfires,partially due to climate change,will further erode air quality.See Union of Con-cerned Scientists(2014),Vehicles,Air Pollution,and Human Health;United States Environmental Protection Agency(2023),Air Quality National Summary,19802022.6 LeRoy,G.JSTOR(2004),Subsidizing sSprawl:Economic development policies that deprive the poor of transit,jobs.7 Moseman,A.MIT Climate Portal(2022),Are eElectric vehicles definitely better for the climate than gas-powered cars?Are Electric Vehicles Definitely Better for the Climate than Gas-Powered Cars?The answer is yes,though the extent to which improvement is meaningful is based on electricity source and manufacturing emissions.The BAU scenario will encourage car-oriented development with a limited increase of clean energy.9ELECTRIFICATION(ONLY)Assumptions:Electrification proceeds much more rapidly than is currently planned.Qualitative impacts:Sharp reduction in carbon emissions8Sharp reduction in local air and noise pollution9Increase in traffic fatalitiesHigh direct public and private costsReduced access to opportunities for low-income or other vulnerable groups without carsIncrease in urban highways,dividing neighborhoods and subsidizing environmentally unfriendly sprawlConsumption of limited supply of critical minerals,raising concerns related to extractive industries,conservation,national security,and supply chainKey policies:Supply-and demand-side EV incentivesAmbitious fuel economy and tailpipe GHG emission standardsBattery reuse and recyclingEquitable placement of standardized public charging points for EVs(including two-wheelers)Electric grid expansion and decarbonization8 With high electrification,the emissions from transport will be reduced sharply.See:Andrew Moseman,MIT Climate Portal(2022).,Are Electric Vehicles Definitely Better for the Climate than Gas-Powered Cars?9 Tsoi et al.,(2023),The co-benefits of electric mobility in reducing traffic noise and chemical air pollution:Insights from a transit-oriented cityThe Co-Be-nefits of Electric Mobility in Reducing Traffic Noise and Chemical Air Pollution:Insights from a Transit-Oriented City.10MODE SHIFT(ONLY)Assumptions:Compact city planning is combined with reallocation of both funding and street space to walking,bicycling,and public transport.In this case,Indonesia slows the construction of new urban roadways,focusing instead on providing denser housing,mixed land use,and better bus/bicycle infrastructure on existing roadways.Car usage remains about constant as a share of overall passenger travel,but two-wheeler traffic falls rapidly,replaced with bicycling and public transport.Qualitative impacts:Reduction in traffic fatalities10Increased access to opportunities,especially for low-income people and other groups suffering from spatial segregation,people with disabilities,and the elderly or young11Increase in walking and cycling,which improves physical and mental health,reducing healthcare costs12High local air and noise pollution from internal-combustion(ICE)vehicles relative to Electrification(Only)Key policies:Reallocation of transport budgets to walking,cycling,and public transport,especially BRTStreet redesigns that shift space from travel lanes and parking to BRT lanes,physically protected bicycle lanes,and footpathsPromotion of bicycles,especially shared electric bicycles 10 Dangerous by Design(2022).11 See:National Library of Medicine(2023),Does the compact city paradigm help reduce poverty?Does the Compact City Paradigm Help Reduce Poverty?Note,this is most effective in mitigating poverty in combination with housing affordability measures;also see Urban Institute(not dated),Causes and consequences:Separate and unequal neighborhoodsCauses and Consequences:Separate and Uunequal Neighborhoods.12 Matthew Raifman et al.(2021),Mortality implications of increased active mobility for a proposed regional transportation emission cap-and-invest pro-gramMortality Implications of Increased Active Mobility for a Proposed Regional Transportation Emission Cap-and-Invest Program.11ELECTRIFICATION SHIFTAssumptions:Compact cities and mode shift,combined with rapid electrification:Electrification and Mode Shift together.Qualitative impacts:Reduction in traffic fatalities13Increased access to opportunities for allIncrease in walking and cycling,which improve physical and mental health,reducing healthcare costsExtensive reduction in local air and noise pollutionMassive reduction in carbon emissions consistent with the terms of the Paris AgreementKey policies:All policies listed for Electrification(Only)and for Mode Shift(Only),except for expansion of urban highwaysCreation of low-emission areas to incentivize both mode shift and vehicle electrificationAchieving the Electrification or Mode Shift scenarios would require profound but feasible changes in Indonesias national policychanges that are possible underIndonesia the countrys current political and economic structure.They would involve restructuring how transportation budgets are allocated,how street space is used,and how taxes and subsidies are applied to vehicles and fuelbut they are incremental changes that can be reached in the current system and would not require a“revolution”in any economic,social,or political sense.13 Dangerous by Design(2022).12METHODOLOGYThis study uses the same methods as the 2021 Compact City ScenarioElectrified and the other 2023/2024 country-level studies published by ITDP and UC Davis.In each of these studies,we define four scenarios and estimate their impacts using the same modeling methods.This section will first describe the structure of these modeling methods and then outline our process for defining the scenarios that are taken as modeling input.For a more detailed description of the methodology,including a complete set of data,please review the accompanying methodological appendix.3.1.Structuring the ModelOur study is limited to urban passenger transportation and does not include intercity travel,rural travel,or freight transport of any kind.We define“urban”based on the United Nations definition,including all urban or suburban areas of 300,000 people or more.14 This definition encompasses about 80%of the Indonesian population.Other research shows that both eElectrification and mMode sShift will be necessary to decarbonize rural/intercity15 and freight16 transport,and this focus in our scope allows us to model urban and suburban travel with more precision.The model is calibrated to industry-standard data from the International Energy Agencys Mobility Model17 except where more detailed Indonesia-specific data is available.This calibration determines the estimation of conditions in the base year,the projection of the Business as Usual scenario,andfactor considerations such as emissions factors,fuel emission intensities,and costs.This general modeling approach was reviewed as part of the 2021 publication,and a list of reviewers can be found there.18 Our method provides a high-level comparison of different scenarios rather than a detailed bottom-up analysis.This results in a perspective thats relevant to the urban passenger transport sector broadly rather than focusing exclusively on a handful of particular policies.3.2.Defining ScenariosAfter setting the scope and calibrating the model,the next step is to quantitatively define the four scenarios for urban passenger transportation in Indonesia that were described on page Xabove.Beginning from a base year of 201519 and looking to future time points in 2030 and 2050,we describe possible futures.These scenarios are not intended to precisely define the only options for the future of the sector;rather,they are meant to give an idea of general trajectories that are possible for urban passenger transport.For electrification,our forecasting is expressed in terms of the percentage of new vehicles that are electric.The Business as Usual and Mode Shift scenarios share the same lower electrification rates;the Electrification and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios share the same higher electrification rates.There may be fewer new cars sold per year in the Mode Shift scenario,but the same percentage of those cars are electric.Similarly,modal splits and travel activities(defined in terms of person-kilometers traveled by different modes)are identical in the Business as Usual and Electrification scenarios,with higher levels of car use;these are also identical in the Mode Shift and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios,with lower levels of car use.After defining these scenarios,we will estimate their implications.For each scenario,based on the size of vehicle fleets and the amount of activity per vehicle,we estimate life cycle20 greenhouse gas emissions(Section 4),energy consumption(Section 5),and total quantities and costs of infrastructure,vehicles,fuel,and operation(Section 6).3.2.1.Scenarios for Electrification RatesThe Business as Usual and Mode Shift scenarios follow the same projections for the percentage of new vehicles that are electric,broken down by year and vehicle typethe sales shares of vehicles.In these scenarios,our projections are meant to align with the countrys current trajectory,and are derived from the IEA Mobility Model.The Electrification and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios follow sales share projections that reflect a much more ambitious future for vehicle electrification in Indonesia.These projections are somewhat less extreme than the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources targets,which aim to have 20%of automobile sales electric by 2025 and exclusively electric vehicles on the road by 2050.This target is more ambitious than any other published target inany of the countries studied in this report series,and,lacking a clear road map,it does not seem achievable for Indonesia.Our projections align with the somewhat more realistic,but still ambitious,Glasgow Declaration to phase out the production,rather than the use,of new fossil-fuel cars by 2040.2114 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(2018),World Urbanization Prospects.15 International Transport Forum:OECD(2023),ITF Transport Outlook 2023.16 Lynn H Kaack,Lynn H.Environmental Research Letters(2018),Decarbonizing intraregional freight systems with a focus on modal shiftDecarbonizing Intraregional Freight Systems with a Focus on Modal Shift.17 The Mobility Model is only available under a closed license,and the full dataset cannot be shared.However,all relevant variables for the US are inclu-ded in the Mmethodological Aappendix and may be reviewed there.18 ITDP&UC Davis(2021),The Compact City ScenarioElectrified.19 Selected for data availability and compatibility between sibling studies,and to avoid distortions due to COVID-19.20 Including emissions not only from the production and consumption of fuel or electricity but also from the manufacture and disposal of vehicles and the construction and maintenance of infrastructure.21 https:/unfccc.int/news/zero-emission-vehicle-pledges-made-at-cop26133.2.2.Scenarios for Mode Shift RatesThe Business as Usual and Electrification scenarios include modal splits and travel activity projections based on the industry-standard International Energy Agencys(IEA)Mobility Model,which includes base-year estimates and future projections of travel breakdowns by mode.They can be seen in Figure E and Figure F,below.The Mode Shift and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios follow our own two-step calculations,in two steps.First,we project possible future urban densities in Indonesia under a maximum-feasible policy to promote compact,mixed-use cities.Second,we identify the maximum feasible replacement of car and motorcycle travel and substitution with walking,bicycling,public transportation,telecommuting,or shorter trips,including a factor to show how mode shift can be more easily achieved in compact communities.For more detail on this modeling process,see the methodological appendix.The first step of the calculation draws on data from the European Commissions Global Human Settlement Layer,22 identifying the current trends in urban density and then also projecting a compact cities scenario in which various policies come together to achieve the following effect:In the Mode Shift scenarios,cities in Indonesia immediately stop sprawling,consuming no new undeveloped urban land.Rather,population growth is concentrated in areas that currently have less than 4,000 people per km2 to bring them to a population above that level.This threshold is arbitrary,but it reflects a general point at which it becomes feasible to serve urban areas with public transportation.The modeling approach is meant to generally represent a densification that could be achieved through“missing middle”housing23 and zoning reform to permit by-right multifamily construction(without parking minimums)on all urban land.Unlike in many other countries,much of Indonesias urban population mostly already lives at this relatively compact level,and the existing trend is toward further densification(see Figure C).However,a shift toward furthergreater compactness is still necessary:iIn the Business Aas Usual trajectory,by 2050 we expect that about 27 million urban Indonesians will live at densities below 4,000 people per km2.To meet the Mode Shift scenarios,by 2050 that number must fall by 2050 to about 16 million(from about 22 million today).This can be accomplished through relatively modest infill development,rather than drastic changes to neighborhoods.22 ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/23 Missing Middle Housing is“a range of house-scale buildings with multiple unitscompatible in scale and form with detached single-family homeslocated in a walkable neighborhood.”Figure B.Electrification rates by vehicle type,year,and scenarioPercentages of New Vehicle Sales that Are Electric (Rather than InternalCombustion)Business as Usual and Mode Shift(Only)Electrification(Only)and Electrification Mode Shift201520302050201520302050LDVs(Cars and light trucks)0%5 %0 0%2-Wheelers/motorcycles(not including e-bikes)0%5 %0%0%buses0%5 %0%0In the second step,after estimating future densities,we used those projected urban densities to identify the maximum feasible reductions in car and motorcycle travel as a function of those densities.In more compact communities,it will be easier to replace car travel with travel by other modes,most significantly bus and bicycle.We estimate that an 18 percent reduction in car/motorcycle travel relative to 2030 Business As Usual and a 51 percent reduction relative to 2050 BAU are achievable.The specific redistribution of this travel to other modes was based on the distribution of density:iIn denser neighborhoods,it is easier to shift to walking and metro,while in less dense ones,bicycles and buses will be more feasible(though of course all neighborhoods will have a mix of all modes).More detail can be found in the methodological appendix.The results of this calculation are a modal shift relative to Business as Usual,shown in Figure E and Figure F,below.Figure C.Urban density groupingsURBAN POPULATION DENSITY GROUPINGS BY YEAR AND SCENARIO40,000,00020,000,00002000 2030 High Shift2015 2030 BAU/HIGH EV500-1000 ppl/km21000-2000 ppl/km22000-4000 ppl/km24000-8000 ppl/km260,000,00080,000,0002050 High Shift2050 BAU/HIGH EV8000-16000 ppl/km2 1600ppl/km215Figure F.Mode splits by percent of travel30.0020.0010.0020152030 Business As Usual&Electrification(Only)2030 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Mode Shift 2050 Business As Usual&Electrification(Only)CarBusRailMODAL SPLITS BY SCENARIO AND YEAR40.002050 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Mode Shift2-Wheeler3-WheelerBicycle/e-bikeWalkingAVERAGE PERSON-KM TRAVELED PER PERSON PER DAYFigure E.Travel activityModal Splits by Scenario and Year(by person-km traveled,rather than by trip;independent of overall travel activity,which grows over time)2015 Base Year2030 Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)2030 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Shift2050 Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)2050 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification ShiftCar206%Bus3548)E%Rail0%0%1%0%3%3-Wheeler0%0%0%0%1%2-Wheeler41D63%Bicycle/e-bike1%1%4%1%Walking2%2%3%2%5SCENARIO COMPATIBILITY WITH INDONESIAS CLIMATE COMMITMENTSIndonesias commitments to greenhouse gas reductions are ambitious.Our modeling shows that the countrys decarbonization goals in the urban passenger transport sector cannot be met with Electrification or with Mode Shift alone,but they will require both strategies in concert.4.1.Indonesias Climate TargetsIndonesia has made commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help prevent catastrophic climate change in this century.Specifically,all 196 Paris Agreement signatories agreed to“limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5C.”Furthermore,Indonesias General Planning of National Energy,released in 2017,targets a 58%reduction in emissions by 2050 relative to the authors projections of business-as-usual.However,government policies have not yet set a road map or national plan for decarbonization of the transport sector.Finally,Indonesias Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has committed to a target of net-zero emissions by 2060.24 Although this date is outside the scope of our study,it is clear that to achieveing this goal will require coordinated efforts to reduce emissions well before that point.4.2.Scenario Impacts on Transport EmissionsAlthough the Electrification and the Mode Shift scenarios each would cause considerabley reducetions in greenhouse gas emissions,only the combined Electrification Mode Shift scenario even comes close to keeping cumulative urban passenger transport emissions within a level potentially compatible with limiting climate change to 1.5C in this century,as shown by the area under the blue threshold curve25 in Figure G,above.26 However,even this most extensive scenario still falls short.Not only is Electrification Mode Shift the only scenario that approaches holding global warming within Paris Agreement goals,itis the only scenario that approaches Indonesias goal of achieving net zeroNet Zero by 2050.24 https:/www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/speaking-at-cop26-energy-minister-gives-indonesias-commitment-to-net-zero-emission25 Carbon budgets are allocated by the ratio of the USs cumulative emissions in the Business as Usual scenario to worldwide emissions in the Business as Usual scenario.For more detail,see the mMethodological Aappendix.26 Note:Our analysis shows that the Electrification Mode Shift scenario will exceed the 1.5C threshold by nearly 1Gt,a shortfall that will need compen-sation from decarbonization of other sectors of the American economy.Figure G Greenhouse gas emissions by scenarioCumulative Lifecycle GHG(Mt CO2-EQ)CUMULATIVE URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONSASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE4,0002,0001,0003,00020202025203020352040204520500Threshold for warming below 1.5CMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftElectrification(Only)Business as UsualBAUSum:3,600 Mt CO2EQShift(Only)Sum:2,700 Mt CO2EQEV(Only)Sum:2,7000 Mt CO2EQThreshold of warming below 1.5CEV SHIFTSum:2,300 Mt CO2EQ17With a decarbonized grid,electric vehicles will cause very low emissions through their operation.However,the use of cars,electric or not,will still lead to substantial emissions from the paving and maintenance of roads and from the production of steel,batteries,and other industrial processes involved in vehicle manufacture and disposal.Under the Electrification scenarios,as can be seenshown in Figure H,more than half of emissions are from these sources,which are much more challenging to decarbonize.Indeed,electrification actually increases manufacturing emissions by about 15 percent relative to Business as Usual because of the emissions intensity of battery manufacture and of heavier vehicles.27 For Indonesia to reach Nnet zZero by 2060,all emissions must be minimized,which can only be accomplished by combining Electrification with Mode Shift.Electrification alone also requires exponential growth in the use of scarce critical minerals for batteries.The environmental,environmental justice,and national security challenges entailed by that would be significantly mitigated by combining Electrification with Mode Shift and reducing overall dependence on passenger vehicles while electrifying.284.3.Modal shift Reduces Dependence on Grid DecarbonizationModal shift provides a hedge against obstacles that may arise in decarbonizing the electrical grid.By combining mode shift and electrification,Indonesia may still achieve substantial decarbonization even if the shift to electric vehicles and/or renewable electricity generation is slower than optimistically projected.Electrification alone can substantially reduce transport emissions,but electric vehicles are only as clean as the grid that powers them.Indonesias electricity grid currently has an emissions intensity of roughly 270 g CO2eq per kWh.The results displayed in the previous section have assumed a highly ambitious level of grid decarbonization in line with the International Energy Agencys(IEAs)Sustainable Development Scenario.Following this assumption,the grid emissions intensity falls to about 50 g CO2/kWh by 2050.27 This 8 percent figure is conservative,based on the assumption of rapid decarbonization of the manufacturing sector by 2050.EightyToday 80 percent is a reasonable estimatetoday:See Andrew Moseman&and Sergey Paltsev,MIT Climate Portal(2022),Are electric vehicles definitely better for the climate than gas-powered cars?Are Electric Vehicles Definitely Better for the Climate than Gas-Powered Cars?28 Center on Global Energy Policy(2023),Q&A:Critical minerals demand growth in the net-zero scenarioQ&A:Critical Minerals Demand Growth in the Net-Zero Scenario.Figure H.Annual greenhouse gas emissions by scenario and source150100500MILLIONS OF TONNES OF CO2-EQ GHG PER YEARBusiness as UsualElectrification(Only)Mode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftFuel/ElectricityInfrastructureVehicle ManufactureANNUAL URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN 2050ASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE20018Current policies(as per IEAs State Policies Scenario)are only projected to reach a grid intensity of about 230 g CO2eq/kWh by 2050,compared to 270 today.This is still an optimistic forecast,but our Electrification scenario loses some of its effectiveness in reducing cumulative emissions while Mode Shift loses less,shown in Fig.ure G,above.In this case,none of the scenarios are under the blue area signifying compatibility with the 1.5C threshold,but Electrification Mode Shift comes the closest.The more conservative grid decarbonization projections also shed light on Indonesias prospects Figure I.Emissions under assumption of more moderate grid decarbonizationFigure J.Annual emissions as of 2050,by scenarioCumulative Lifecycle GHG(Mt CO2-EQ)CUMULATIVE URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONSASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE4,0002,0001,0003,00020202025203020352040204520500Threshold for warming below 1.5CMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftElectrification(Only)Business as UsualBAUSum:3,700 Mt CO2EQShift(Only)Sum:2,800 Mt CO2EQEV(Only)Sum:3,000 Mt CO2EQThreshold of warming below 1.5CEV SHIFTSum:2,400 Mt CO2EQ150200100500MILLIONS OF TONNES OF CO2-EG GHG PER YEARFuel/ElectricityInfrastructureVehicle ManufactureANNUAL URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AS OF 2050Business as Usual (moderate grid decarbonization)Business as Usual(maximum grid decarbonization)Electrification(moderate grid decarbonization)Electrification (maximum grid decarbonization)Mode Shift(moderate grid decarbonization)Mode Shift(maximum grid decarbonization)Electrification Electrification 19for reaching its goal of Nnet Zzero by 2060,as seen in Fig.ure H.If grid decarbonization proceeds in line with current stated policies,it will be very difficult if not impossible for Indonesia to achieve that goal without both Electrification and Mode Shift,and even in the combined scenario,an extensive carbon recapture effort,beyond the possibilities of known technology,will be necessary.20SCENARIO IMPACTS ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONMode Shift not only provides a degree of redundancy with Electrification,it also reduces the burden of rapid grid decarbonization by dramatically reducing the increased electricity demand that vehicle electrification will cause.Furthermore,Mode Shift increases resiliency at all levels by providing redundancy in transportation options.The Electrification(Only)scenario represents a major reduction in total energy consumption relative to Business as Usual,because electric vehicles are much more efficient per mile than internal-combustion vehicles.However,that reduction in total energy consumption comes with a great increase in the use of electricity in particular,seenas shown in Figure K.In the Electrification scenario,urban passenger transport in Indonesia will consume about 161 billion kWh of electricity annually by 2050.Electrification Mode Shift reduces this consumption by about 45 percent(72 billion kWh),or the equivalent of the annual power generation of almost 14,000 wind turbines.That might mean a reduction in the costs of building infrastructure for renewable power generation or freeing up electricity for other urgent needs in the face of the climate crisis.Figure K.Annual energy consumption4005003002001000BILLION KILOWATT-HOURS2015 Business as Usual2030 Business as Usual2030 Electrification(Only)2030 Mode Shift(Only)2030 Electrification ShiftEnergy from liquid fuelsEnergy from electricity2050 Business As Usual2050 Mode Shift(Only)2050 Electrification Shift2050 Electrification(Only)ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE,SCENARIO,AND YEAR21Figure L.Cumulative direct costs of urban passenger transportDIRECT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EXPENSES IN EACH SCENARIO The Mode Shift and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios offer efficiencies that could save about$38 trillion IDR for the Indonesian economy overall,including savings to the public and private sectors.The structure of a transportation system has many impacts on a nations economy,dboth direct and indirect.Our model tabulates only the direct impacts:the expenses of manufacturing,maintaining,fueling,and operating vehicles and the expenses of building and maintaining infrastructure.These are shown in Figure L.These expenses can be divided into those borne ultimately by the public sector and those borne ultimately bythat fall to individuals.29 Mode Shift would lead to enormous economic savings for the Indonesian economya cumulative savings of about$38,000 trillion IDR.Of this,about$7,000 trillion IDR in savings would accrue to national,state,and local governments,tabulated in Figure N in Section 7,below.Our calculations only include the direct costs of urban passenger transport and not indirect costs such as healthcare expenses related to vehicle collisions or sedentary lifestyles;costs related to air,noise,or water pollution;costs of farmland or natural areas lost to suburban sprawl;or,conversely,the economic benefits derived from job creation.30 All of these indirect costs are likely to mean that the true economic benefit of Electrification Mode Shift would be many times higher than what we have calculated.29 For the sake of conservatism,in these calculations we have assumed that the government will bear the entire cost of public transport operationsthat is,fares will be free.We do expect that public transport subsidies will increase in the Mode Shift scenarios,though possibly not to this extreme.30 Investments in public transit create nearly twice as many jobs per dollar as investments in new road-building.See:Transportation for America(2021),Road and public transit maintenance create more jobs than building new highwaysRoad and Public Transit Maintenance Create More Jobs than Building New Highways.150,000100,00050,0000BILLIONS OF 2023 IDRBusiness as UsualMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftCumulative Private CostCumulative Public CostCUMULATIVE DIRECT PUBLIC PRIVATE COSTS OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT 2015-2050,BY SCENARIOElectrification (Only)22MEASURABLE GOALS FOR URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORTATIONIt is possible for Indonesia to achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario.This scenario offers enormous savings to the public sector as well as private individuals and enterprises,while also reducing emissions from urban passenger transportation to the level most closely consistent with the countrys climate commitments.It will not require any additional funding beyond the resources that Indonesia already expends foron urban passenger transportationrather,Electrification Mode Shift will only require a change in policies and a reallocation of resources.There are three elements that must come together to achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario:first,increased vehicle efficiency,primarily through electrification;second,land-use reform to make trips shorter by promoting compact mixed-use cities;third,facilitating Mode Shift,primarily by providing alternative infrastructure but also by pricing car travel according to its true cost.In this section we provide evidence-based goals for each of these three elements based on the quantitative analysis in this study.In this section,we provide evidence-based goals for each of these three elements based on the studys quantitative analysis.If achieved,these goals would bring the benefits of the Electrification Mode Shift scenario.These goals could be accomplished in many ways,and in Appendix A,we provide basic policy agendas at the national,provincial,and city levels that could help Indonesia reach them.In Appendix B,we provide a narrative description of what the cities of Indonesia could look like in 2050.7.1.Goals for ElectrificationTo achieve the countrys climate commitments,electrification must proceed much more rapidly than it is on its current course.As discussed in Section 3.2.1,new sales of different vehicle types must be electrified at the rates shown in bold in Figure M,below.Most importantly,20 percent of all new light-duty vehicle sales(cars and light trucks)must be electric by 2030,and 100 percent by or before 2050.Percentages of New Vehicles that Are Electric(Rather than internal-Combustion)Business as Usual and Mode Shift(Only)Electrification(Only)and Electrification Mode Shift201520302050201520302050LDVs(Cars and light trucks)0%5 %0 0%2-Wheelers/motorcycles(not including e-bijes)0%5 %0%0%Buses0%5%0%0%7.2.Goals for Land UseMore compact,mixed-use urban form will have a two-fold benefit tofor the cities of Indonesia.First,when people live closer to their places of work or leisure,trips will be shorter,and so even ICE cars will emit less and cost motorists less.Second,when trips are shorter,they are easier to take by bicycle or public transport,facilitating Mode Shift.Achieving the Electrification Mode Shift scenario and meeting the countrys climate commitments will require Indonesia to maintain policies that enable compact urban development,while promoting mixed-use and transport-oriented development.As discussed in Section 3.2.2 above,Indonesian cities must reduce the number of people living at urban densities below 4,000/km2 to fewer than 16 million.7.3.Goals for Transportation InfrastructureThis analysis provides the clearest agenda for the third of the three components necessary to achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario:the specific transportation infrastructure investments that will be needed to achieve such levels of Mode Shift and the estimated savings that are possible by pursuing such a strategy.Figure N,below,indicates the extent of infrastructure and vehicle investment that Indonesia must make to reach the Electrification Mode Shift scenario.As shown in Figure N,the Mode Figure M.Sales of electric vehicles by year and scenario23Shift element of the scenario will mean that national,provincial,and city governments will save about$7,000 trillion IDR by 2050.The expense of building and operating transit will be more than balanced by the reduced need to build and maintain highways.Total New Infrastructure and Vehicles Required 20152030Road,two-way kmBRT,two-way kmRailway,two-way kmPhysically protected bicycle lanes,two-way kmBuses(total urban buses and minibuses)Train carsTotal cost to governm ents(billion IDR)Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)79,0002000400540,00030018,000,000Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Shift49,0002,500200110,000610,0001,00018,000,000Total New Infrastructure and Vehicles Required 20152050Road,two-way kmBRT,two-way kmRailway,two-way kmPhysically protected bicycle lanes,two-way kmBuses(total urban buses and minibuses)Train carsTotal cost to governm ents(billion IDR)Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)330,000700100900 1,500,00090062,000,000Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Shift90,0009,200900660,0001,800,0005,80055,000,000This analysis provides a road map for transportation infrastructure investments in cities across Indonesia.It makes a few points clear:Although there is still room for some expansion of roadways in Indonesia,road building must decrease by half in the short term and two-thirds by 2050.The financial savings through reduced road construction will be dramatic.Indonesia requires much more rapid transport than it currently has,and,because of the limits of cost and construction time,90%of that will have to be BRT rather than metro or other types of rail.Rail must be used in the highest-demand areas of the countrys large cities,but all cities around the country should start building BRT on all major roads.Protected bicycle lane networks are the most cost-efficient way of providing urban transportation.They should be safe for everyone,including children and the elderly.By 2050,everyone in a city in Indonesia should live no more than a block or two from a protected bicycle lane.This scale of transformation,while massive,is not unprecedented.Paris decreased car travel by almost 50 percent in 30 years by investing in other modes and traffic control strategies.Jakarta has already built a mass transit system with more than a million riders a day in less than 15 years.Theres no reason why Jakarta cant build further on this work,and no reason why other Indonesian cities cant do the same.Just as addressing the climate crisis will require both eElectrification and mMode sShift,so it will also require effort from both the national and the city governments,working together,to transform urban transport in Indonesia.Figure N.Detailed description of infrastructure and investment requirements by scenarioAPPENDIX:METHODOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATIONBecause of its length,the methodological documentation has not been included in this layout of the report.It is available at Indonesia Drafting:Methodological Appendix.25Taylor Reich itdpLew Fulton uc davisSEPTEMBER 2024Institute for Transportation&Development Policy
2024-12-29
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Heritage Conservation in Chinese Cities:Good practices and experiences in the context of South-South CooperationOctober 2024Copyright United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation,World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO,and Human Settlements 2024ALL rights reservedUnited Nations Office for South-South Cooperation304 East 45th Street,FF 11th FloorNew York,NY,10017,USAWorld Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCOWHITRAP Secretariat,No.1239 Siping Road,3F Wen Yuan BuildingShanghai,200092,P.R.ChinaHuman Settlements MagazineNo.9 Sanlihe Road,Haidian DistrictBeijing,100037,P.R.ChinaDisclaimer:The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations,including UNDP,UNOSSC and WHITRAP,or United Nations ember States.The designations employed and the presentation of materials on maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations,UNDP,UNOSSC or WHITRAP concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.0408Table of Contents?6Professor Zhang Jie,the head of HRC,Communicating with Local Government Leaders inGansu:The Nine-Coloured Deer Shadow Puppet Book2212Fujian:The Five-in-One Model for the Protection of Arcade Blocks18 Gansu:Leyi Action forVoluntary Service and Introduction?it?eriences and PracticesBei?in?nte?ratin?i?ital?erita?e into?i?her?d?cation32 Jiangsu:Huaian Grand?analHundred Mile Gallery27 Hubei:4 5 N Mining and Metall?r?nd?strial?erita?eYouth CultureIntroduction4448687238?6Walking in Suzhou,Studying and Spreading Beauty Walking into the time-honoredbrand Deyue TowerZhejiang:West Lake Ambassadors Zhejiang:A NationalArchaeolo?ical Acade?at An?i Ancient?it?Conclusions and Key TakeawaysZhejiang:Looking for the Light of Civilization in?ian?h?Shanghai:Stories of Shanghai ArchitectureJiangsu:Walking Gusu World Heritage Study TourJiangsu:Yellow Sea Wetland Heritage64?6IntroductionThe United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation(UNOSSC),hosted by UNDP since 1974,was established by the UN General Assembly with a mandate to advocate and coordinate South-South and triangular cooperation on a global and UN system-wide basis.UNOSSC receives policy directives and guidance from the General Assembly and through its subsidiary body,the High-level Committee on South-South Cooperation.UNOSSC established a full-fledged global project with support from the Government of China to facilitate South-South and triangular cooperation at the city level.The project is entitled South-South and Triangular Cooperation among Maritime Continental Silk Road Cities for Sustainable Development(also commonly known as the Cities Project).The Cities Project builds networks to bring together cities,institutions and experts,and facilitates South-South and triangular cooperation and knowledge exchanges among cities.Thematic focuses include sustainable tourism,heritage preservation,cross-border e-commerce,digital innovation,youth entrepreneurship,disaster risk reduction,public health,environmentalprotection and climate action,agriculture value chain,gender equality and public service.Heritage supports environmental quality,livelihoods,economic growth,social cohesion,equality,andinclusiveness.It lies at the centre of sustainable humandevelopment.In 2021,the Cities Project launched theSouth-South Cities Cluster on Sustainable Tourism,Heritage Protection&Creative Economy.This is anonline Community of Practice for sharing knowledge andexperience,promoting horizontal cooperation amongdeveloping cities in the global south,and connecting localpractitioners with UN specialized agencies and institutions.In partnership with UNESCO in 2023,the Cities Projectreleased the report Experiences and Practices on InclusiveSustainable Tourism in Cities and Localities in the Contextof South-South and Triangular Cooperation,highlightingmultiple cases of heritage protection,particularly fromMexico and China.In this context,together with the World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for Asia and the Pacific Region(WHITRAP)under the auspices of UNESCO and Human Settlements(a journal co-sponsored by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China and UN-Habitat),the Cities Project is now presenting the report Heritage Conservation in Chinese Cities:Good Practices and Experiences in the Context of South-South Cooperation.This report presents 12 Chinese local examples of creative heritage education and conservation,introduces replicable solutions and innovative approaches that can be easily applied in other contexts,and fosters potential partnerships among developing countries to promote sustainable heritage protection and conservation.SELECTION CRITERIA Examples of experiences in heritage conservation in the context of South-South cooperation should meet the following criteria:Embracing science and technology:Innovatively use modern or traditional science and technology to advance heritage education concepts,methods,and approaches,so that heritage values can be better explored,understood,and shared.Inspiring creativity:Harness the power of creativity to explore new concepts and methods in line with local conditions and expand or strengthen the multi-dimensional interaction between people and heritage.Empowering development:Unlock the multi-dimensional potential of local innovative development and empower the sustainable economic,social,and cultural development of heritage sites.Social inclusion:Support innovations that promote interaction and integration among communities and groups as well as inclusive social development.Transboundary cooperation:Through the innovation of multilateral cooperation mechanisms and models,actively explore synergistic transboundary cooperation and development approaches that are trans-regional and multi-disciplinary,involving multiple stakeholders.The report details three components of the cities practices and experiences:volunteerism,multi-stakeholder engagement,and youth.Volunteerism fosters civilization,drives social progress,and improves social harmony.Six cases in this report mobilize volunteers to implement their projects.A typical example is 4 5 N:Mining and Metallurgy Industrial Heritage Protection Volunteer Service Model,in which volunteers from schools and the public are mobilized and organized to disseminate and explain the universal value of mining and metallurgy industrial heritage,ultimately,learning,creating,and contributing to their community.Multi-stakeholder participation in heritage conservation requires partners to collaborate in an inclusive decision-making environment for a shared future.Eight cases in this report engage with multiple stakeholders to leverage resources,including administration,management,expertise,financing,and operation.For example,in Stories of Shanghai Architecture,“an alliance of over 60 organizations including building owners,construction enterprises,cultural,business and tourism-related enterprises,scientific research institutions,cultural institutions and museums,social organizations,and new media platforms has been established,to jointly promote the projects innovative development.”The project successfully evokes public emotional resonances via cultural means,encouraging participation in preserving and inheriting urban heritage.In a video message to launch the 2023 Progress Report on Youth,Mr.Antonio Guterres,Secretary-General of the United Nations,said he continues to be inspired by young peoples ideas and energy.“You give me hope that we can put the world back on track towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.”1This report presents ten cases that engage youth participation in historical learning,sharing conservation knowledge,and replicating heritage values at home and abroad.One case is A Four-in-One Digital Memory Talent Training Initiative of“Platform-Research-Teaching-Practice”.In this project,students from Renmin University select a specific cultural heritage site under the cultural framework of“Beijing Memory”,gather cultural 1.Guterres launches latest report on youth participation at the UN|UN Newsheritage resources,and build websites.This approach has encouraged and supported students to incubate innovative cultural heritage initiatives and apply what they have learned in preservation,development,and transmission in a broader context.For South-South and triangular cooperation,as for all developing countries,fostering individual and collective self-reliance is crucial.This is done by enhancing creative capacity through knowledge sharing and exchanging experiences to identify and analyse development issues and formulate solutions by utilizing local resources to address challenges.South-South cooperation is not a substitute for,but rather a complement to,North-South cooperation.2 As a whole,developing countries share many things in common,including heritage conservation.The parallel experience of heritage conservation in one developing country is meaningful to others because of their similar historical backgrounds.The successful development solutions or lessons learned in one developing country are practical references for the others.This report aims to inspire cities of the Global South to find ideas and solutions for sustainable heritage conservation through city-to-city cooperation.The practices in this report find value in engaging multiple stakeholders to identify and mobilize local resources,including volunteer labour power and financial resources and materials.Heritage conservation can only be sustainable by engaging youth and local volunteer groups,who bring creativity and vitality to heritage protection.2.About South-South and Triangular Cooperation UNOSSC(unsouthsouth.org)10!Ejhjubm!Nfnpsz!Dmbtt1.CONTEXT AND CHALLENGES In 2013,Renmin University of China s School of Information Resource Management launched the innovative“Four-in-One Digital Memory Talent Training Initiative”.This initiative integrates platform development,research,teaching and practice to address challenges in preserving and transmitting cultural heritage across generations.Challenges such as cultural loss due to globalization,lack of interest among younger generations and a lack of talented individuals capable of effectively preserving and transmitting cultural heritage are being tackled by this initiative.The Beijing Memory Digital Platform was built to reproduce,protect and disseminate Beijings historical and cultural heritage using digital technology tools.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The Four-in-One Initiative uniquely combines platform construction,research,teaching and practical application.It offers students a comprehensive,interdisciplinary education in City Experiences and PracticesBeijing,ChinaIntegrating Digital Heritage into Higher Education:A Four-in-One Digital Memory Talent Training Initiative Platform-Research-Teaching-Practice11?Digital MemoryClass2.!Gjfme!Tuvez!jo!Hbprjbo!Wjmmbhf!3.cultural heritage preservation and promotion.The initiative team is comprised of experts from different schools and disciplines at Renmin University of China,including Information Resource Management,History,Computer Science and Technology,Art,Journalism and Communications.Students from different colleges and majors attend classes,participate in projects and master skills in cultural heritage digital protection,representation and dissemination.The Four-in-One Initiative offers a course titled the Theory and Methods of Digital Memory Construction to teach relevant knowledge and techniques.It provides funding and training for students to develop their own cultural heritage digitization initiatives and showcase their findings at international conferences.Through these efforts,the initiative is promoting the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage and contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),including SDG 4(Quality Education),SDG 9(Industry,Innovation and Infrastructure),and SDG 11(Sustainable Cities and Communities).The Four-in-One Initiative is participatory and involves various partners,including experts,s t udent s,cul t ur al her it age institutions and the public.Experts f r om di f f er ent schools and disciplines lead initiatives,give lectures,guide students and further develop the knowledge base of their respective fields.Students attend classes,participate in or host initiatives and master the skills of digital protection,representation and dissemination of cultural heritage.The Cultural Heritage Bureau,archival institutions,cultural heritage institutions and digital development companies have all participated in developing the Beijing Memory Digital Platform.While engaging in and disseminating Beijing culture,the public contributes digital resources to the Beijing Memory interactive website.!Sftfbsdi!Ufbn!Nffujoh!12Nbjo!Qbhf!pg!Cfjkjoh!Nfnpsz!Ejhjubm!Qmbugpsn!4.13 5.RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED The Four-in-One Initiative has achieved several significant outcomes,including building a high-standard digital heritage platform,producing multi-dimensional digital cultural heritage products,developing a series of high-quality courses and fostering digital cultural heritage talent.The Four-in-One Initiative creates a new educational format that enables students to learn about Beijings cultural heritage resources and actively explore the preservation,development and transmission methods of Beijings historical and cultural heritage.Students master the methods,theories and tools of digital memory and research on cultural heritage topics while conducting in-depth field work on cultural heritage sites.Using the Beijing Memory Digital Platform,they can select a specific aspect of cultural heritage under the Beijing Memory cultural framework,collect cultural heritage resources and build websites.The initiative has effectively encouraged and supported students to incubate innovative cultural heritage projects and apply what they have learned in the Four-in-One Initiative to preserve,develop and transmit cultural heritage in a broader context.REPLICABILITY The Four-in-One Initia tiv e p r o v i d e s a n e x a m p l e o f a systematic digital cultural heritage curriculum development scheme that can be transferred and replicated in other countries,especially those facing similar challenges in preserving and promoting their cultural heritage.The initiative has created several courses that can be exemplary in promoting the development of digital cultural heritage education,including Theory and Methods of Digital Memory Construction,Introduction to Digital Humanities,Digital Cultural Heritage,and Digital Organization of Resources.By sharing this experience and knowledge,other countries can learn from the Four-in-One Initiative s success and develop their own digital cultural heritage initiatives.14?-2-Fujian Province,ChinaFive in one:The Protection and Activation Pathof Cultural Relics and Arcade Blocks in Minnan TownJoint Team of Urban and Rural Cultural Heritage Research Center ofEast China University of Science and Technology1.Tvswfzjoh!boe!nbqqjoh!pg!bodjfou!cvjmejohFujian Province,ChinaCONTEXT AND CHALLENGES Guanqiao,an ancient town in southern Fujian,boasts a long history and rich cultural heritage.In 2012,Qianjin Street and Lixin Street in Guanqiao Town were designated as immovable cultural relics.3The total length of Guanqiao Qianjin Street and Lixin Street is about 1000 meters,with over 240 preserved cultural relics and arcaded buildings.It is one of the few existing ancient street areas in the Quanzhou area that has maintained its buildings,a large number of which are rich in Minnan built environment characteristics and overseas Chinese history.The protection and revitalization of cultural relics The Five-in-One Model:The Protection of?ultural Relics and Arcade?loc?s in?uan?iao To?n3.The term“cultural relic”is primarily used in China and refers to tangible and intangible cultural heritage.Immovable cultural relics refer to significant cultural and historic sites that are fixed in place and cannot be moved.15 2.Tvswfzjoh!boe!Nbqqjoh!pg!Bodjfou!Cvjmejoh!Tjuft!and arcaded city blocks4 in Minnan urban areas in Guanqiao face three significant challenges.First,some cultural relics and buildings have been demolished.Residents who were impacted were dissatisfied and appealed to the Cultural Relics Department.The demolition work was immediately stopped and is now in a state of stagnation.Second,the three southern towns represented administratively by Guanqiao Town are the most active areas in the Nanan county economy.Lixin Qianjin Street is the core historical area of Guanqiao Town,with huge economic pressure on its land and urgent demand for urban development.This requires good planning and addressing areas of potential conflict before they arise.Third,there are many problems in the Lixin Qianjin District,such as dangerous buildings,fire hazards,dirty and disorderly environments as well as lack of facilities,all of which urgently need to be improved.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The Urban and Rural Cultural Heritage Research Centre(HRC)at the East China University of Science and Technology is committed to protecting historical and cultural heritage in southern Fujian and maintaining the systematic value of urban cultural relic arcade blocks.Its purpose is to better realize the integrity of heritage protection and uses the“Five-in-One Protection and Revitalization Path”as a way to implement sustainable development in heritage protection.The model is replicable and can be adopted for the preservation of arcade blocks in other towns in the future.The Five-in-One model is comprised of the following.One core spatial concept HRC collaborates with local government departments,historical and cultural research professionals,chorography editing teams and local elites and experts.Through multiple rounds of planning,experimentation and practice,this project has gradually established the priorities of the historical and cultural community,including overall protection,defining ancient roads and towns,and fostering co-prosperity between streets and towns or districts.This aims to emphasize not only the comprehensive protection of buildings and historical elements but also of streetscapes.The systematic protection of traditional street and alley patterns is approached from the perspectives of interface and space,with particular emphasis on proposing zoning protection and revitalization measures for the Hengjie area,Lixin area and Qianjin area,which represent the cultural expression of various periods.This forms a comprehensive protection and revitalization framework comprising core nodes,historical corridors and evolving areas.One value list HRC integrates various technical resources and constructs a joint research platform across the?6Professor Zhang Jie,the head of HRC,Communicating with Local Government Leaders inGuanqiao Town4.Streets and blocks ofbuildings with continuouscovered walkways thatprovide shelter fromthe elements are typicalof Minnan vernaculararchitecture and are referredto in the rest of the casestudy as“arcade blocks”.16Dvssfou!Tubuvt!pg!Qspufdujpo!boe!Bdujwbujpo!4.five major disciplines of Architecture,Sociology,Management,History,and Economics,to provide cross-integrated value analysis.Architecture:Focuses on artistic value and historical development through research on the architectural style,structural characteristics,spatial layout and other aspects of arcade blocks.Sociology:Investigates and observes relevant social groups,analysing their understanding,attitudes and behaviour towards cultural relics and arcade blocks,and explores the value of crowds and social organizations in social life.Management:Analyses management mechanisms,policy measures and resource allocation through research on the organization,planning,implementation and evaluation of protection and revitalization work.It summarizes the value of policies and management resources.History:Studies the biographies and historical and cultural evolution of arcade blocks to restore their historical background and cultural meaning,providing an historical basis and cultural context for value analysis.Economics:Analyses economic value and development potential by researching relevant economic data,market demand,tourism resources and other aspects and proposes corresponding economic evaluation and benefit analysis.By establishing an analytic system,the unique value of old arcade streets can be further explored,laying a solid foundation for the subsequent protection and activation mechanisms and plans.One governance mechanism HRC proposes establishing a mechanism for protecting arcade blocks that includes institutional governance,technical support and public participation.Recommendations include establishing a Block Protection Management Committee and improving the review,supervision and approval system for block construction projects based on the creation of historical building information systems.By utilizing line-of-sight analysis technology and visual corridor simulation tools,the research team has been able to establish a reasonable scientific height requirement based on a dynamic comparison of multiple views to meet the needs of construction management.Involving stakeholders is critical to be able to Qspgfttps!iboh!Kjf-!uif!ifbe!pg!ISD-!Dpnnvojdbujoh!xjui!Mpdbm!Hpwfsonfou!Mfbefst!jo!Hvborjbp!Upxo!?6Professor Zhang Jie,the head of HRC,Communicating with Local Government Leaders inGuanqiao TownSurveying and Mapping of Ancient Building Sites3.17 continuously deepen the impact assessment of protection for cultural relics in various projects and promote the improvement of coordinated plans for their safety and design.Public participation should be encouraged to gather feedback from community residents,local governments,construction units,overseas Chinese and community planners.This helps to dynamically address the conflicts between urban development and heritage protection.In the implementation of this project,the effective operation of this mechanism has resulted in the orderly development of the eminent domain for the development of the Lixin and Qianjin blocks.Livelihood projects,such as the reconstruction of municipal roads in Hengjie and the reconstruction and expansion of Guanqiao Central Primary School,have also entered the construction stage,providing a sustainable path to address the contradiction between urban renewal and the protection of cultural relics.One action plan HRC provides the relevant authorities and citizens of arcade blocks with systematic protection and revitalization guidelines,including renovation of buildings along the street,guidance on the repair of key buildings,and micro-updates on the quality of the community living environment.The project conducted an evaluation of the preservation of over 240 building facades,divided into four categories:cultural relics,traditional buildings,general buildings,and newly built buildings.It proposed corresponding protection and renovation measures,explored various methods for protecting historical landscapes,and provided suggestions for revitalization and utilization based on actual development needs.It also sorted out 124 components for facade renovation of buildings along the street,providing a reference for updating proposed protection and repair plans for 38 key buildings.These components range from daily maintenance and protective reinforcement to component repair and replacement.A micro update design scheme for the quality of the community living environment was proposed for eight primary nodes and multiple secondary nodes.With the help of research on current problems and residents needs,functional optimization analysis was carried out,and key remediation intentions were elaborated and evaluated in terms of effectiveness.In addition to HRC s official WeChat public account,these activities have also been covered by official media such as the Quanzhou Daily,the Human Settlement Magazine and Urban Planning Magazine,which have produced positive social impacts.One set of feedback mechanisms HRC has established a systematic feedback mechanism encompassing five aspectsinformation,evaluation,communication,supervision,and experience summaryto ensure the smooth progress and continuous improvement of protection and revitalization efforts.Information feedback:Involves establishing a mechanism for the collection,organization and transmission of information.The participation of relevant departments,experts,community residents and other parties ensures timely access to information on the protection and revitalization of cultural heritage arcade blocks,including issues,needs and opinions.Evaluation feedback:Refers to the regular assessments and physical evaluation of the protection and revitalization of cultural relics in arcade blocks,including evaluating effectiveness,identifying problems and suggesting improvement measures,as well as conducting public satisfaction surveys,in order to obtain relevant feedback.Communication feedback:Refers to establishing communication channels with relevant stakeholders,Communication feedback:community residents,etc.by holding symposiums,community meetings and other forums to listen to the opinions and suggestions of all parties,resolve issues in a timely manner and improve work.Supervisory feedback:Refers to the establishment of an oversight mechanism to ensure the compliance and effectiveness of relevant work through the supervision of relevant departments and community residents.Experience summary feedback:Refers to timely summarizing and sharing of successful experiences and lessons learned from the protection and revitalization of cultural relics in arcade blocks,providing a reference for similar work.18By establishing and operating these feedback mechanisms,the project will continuously improve the protection and revitalization of cultural heritage arcade blocks,enhancing work efficiency and quality.R E S U L T S A N D L E S S O N S LEARNED Achievements and Experiences:From the perspective of integrity,the project believes that the conservation and revitalization of cultural relic arcade blocks requires the cohesion of multiple elements,the hierarchy of the historical space to be viewed systematically and for there to be dialogue on the coordination of multiple subjects.Protecting and updating old neighbourhoods from a holistic perspective is an important foundation for urban renewal and is also an inexhaustible driving force for supporting the sustainable development of the towns in which they are located.Innovation and Service:HRC has made many innovative contributions in protecting and activating cultural relics and arcade blocks in Minnan urban areas including adopting the Five-in-One Protection and Revitalization Path organized around the concepts of core space,value,governance,action,and feedback.In terms of the core spatial concept,the project emphasizes understanding the cultural Bfsjbm!wjfx!pg!bsdbefe!cvjmejoht!5.19 background of ancient roads,streets,and towns and how they flourish together,establishing comprehensive protection from street to district and forming a comprehensive protection and revitalization framework composed of core nodes,historical corridors and evolving areas.In terms of value research,the project focuses on exploring the characteristics of the legacy of the Republic of China and the integration of China and the West.It incorporates perspectives from the five major disciplines of Architecture,Sociology,Management,History and Economics to construct a comprehensive value system.In terms of neighbourhood governance,the project takes protection as its bottom line.The goal is to establish a governance mechanism for arcade neighbourhoods that combines institutional governance,technical support and public participation,and to promote the formation of a flexible coordination model capable of functioning in static or dynamic contexts.It relies on a systematic protection and revitalization guidance system for the renovation of street buildings,guidance on the repair of key structures and micro-updates to enhance the community living environment.This approach results in a practical guidance document that supports moving from knowledge to action.In terms of system feedback,the project supports the creation and management of structured and dynamic implementation mechanisms.It establishes feedback mechanisms and implementation paths,including information collection,cultural relic evaluation,communication channels,supervision mechanisms and experience summaries,and optimizes the implementation strategy and management assurance system.Public participation and sustainability:In order to further enhance the sustainability of heritage protection and revitalization,HRC proposed the establishment of a new council for cultural relic arcade blocks.The council will include eight senior members who have gained the trust of the masses and are willing to contribute to heritage preservation.Additionally,capable individuals and representatives of large households will be democratically elected by the household head assembly or village representative assembly to sit on the council.At the same time,multiple measures have been taken to attract more young people and local entrepreneurs to join the council.These efforts aim to foster the formation o f autonomous inst i tut i ons char ac t er i zed b y diverse member ship,strong vitality and significant bargaining power.Throughout the entire cycle of neighbourhood construction projects,it is crucial to strengthen the consultative role and sense of belonging in the new council.This can be achieved by emphasizing the active participation of stakeholders through various mechanisms such as symposiums,accompanying surveys,discussions,post-meeting feedback,on-sit e inspect ions and compliance with established conditions.Moreover,the council should fully exercise the administrative,financial and oversight power entrusted by the majority of residents while remaining accountable to the Villagers Committee,Residents Committee,and the community at large.REREP PLICLICABABILITILITYYThe Five-in-One Protection and Activation Path for cultural relics and arcade blocks in Minnan towns is an open technical system characterized by strong practical operations and synchronous implementation.This system is not only easily achievable and promising for widespread promotion and application,but is also highly versatile.The Five-in-One model can not only be used for the protection and activation of arcade streets in Xiamen,Zhangzhou,and Quanzhou but also in other towns along the southeast coast and in Taiwan as well as for cities and towns in Southeast Asia with rich arcade architecture,balancing heritage protection and rapid urban development and transformation.201.?-3-Gansu Province,ChinaLeyi Action:Voluntary Service for Sustainable Tourism of Silk RoadHeritage and Youth Culture CultivationGansu Province,China?eyi Action:?oluntary?ervice and the?ultivation of?outh?ulture for?ustaina?le Tourism along the?il?Road Uif!Mfzj!Bdujpo!ufbn!qbsujdjqbufe!jo!bo!joufsotijq!bu!uif!Cfjtijlv!Dbwf!Ufnqmf-!bttjtujoh!uif!dpotfswbups!xjui!sfdpsejoh!qbuspmt!jo!3133!21 CONTEXT AND CHALLENGES To enhance high-quality tourism publicity,it is essential to support heritage sites in carrying out educational activities for tourists,young people and surrounding communities.Currently,77%of Chinas cultural heritage sites are overwhelmed with tourists and lack educational services.The Leyi Action,launched in 2015 with the goal of promoting world heritage conservation and sustainable tourism on the Silk Road,has engaged volunteers from 12 universities to work with six World Heritage scenic spots,11 primary and secondary schools and surrounding communities,reaching nearly three million tourists.As well,it has created a world heritage sustainable tourism volunteer service model that integrates scenic spot services,community impact,youth education and in-depth research,providing a model for tourism development at world heritage sites.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The Leyi Action aims to change tourism services at traditional culture scenic spots,especially bolstering the value of world heritage landscapes as cherished legacies.The project explores concepts of surrounding community influence and linked community participation,providing a model for tourism and development efforts at World Heritage sites.It can especially inspire educational services and community service at other heritage sites.Through volunteering,the Leyi Action links World Heritage sites with visitors,schools,neighbouring communities and stakeholders,promoting education to foster a sense of connection towards world heritage among visitors,residents and youth.This demonstrates the effectiveness of a participatory model for world heritage education.Visitors and residents of the surrounding communities also become an ongoing collaborative force in further promoting and conserving world heritage through community participation,visitor donations and membership support.The Leyi Action is particularly innovative and 22Uif!Mfzj!Bdujpo!ufbn!wpmvouffsfe!bu!Tjohjoh!Tboe!boe!Ofx!Nppo!Qppm!jo!3132!petitive in cultural heritage education,championing the concept of“Transfer,Share and Protect”.This is accomplished through innovative ideas,forms and methods,including the introduction of new forms of digital collections and virtual reality experiences to enhance the educational and experiential functions of cultural heritage tourism sites.With a focus on sustainable tourism volunteering at heritage sites,the project promotes the Transfer,Share and Protect concept to broaden and deepen tourism services and heritage education.It advocates for heritage education with multi-subject participation,adopting an interactive and immersive approach.The project also introduces new practices,such as digital collections and virtual reality,to increase the educational and experiential functions of cultural heritage tourism sites.RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED To date,the Leyi Action has provided 5,500 hours of volunteer service to 2.61 million tourists,transforming them from tourists into active participants in sharing and protecting heritage.Twelve sustainable tourism service tools were recognized and promoted for use in other heritage sites.The average annual income of more than 2,000 local residents was raised by 10,000 yuan.Thirty-nine events for surrounding communities and 118 heritage education activities for young students that benefitted six surrounding communities and 15 schools have also taken place under the action.At present,the volunteer 23 Uif!Mfzj!Bdujpo!ufbn!jo!gspou!pg!uif!ojof.tupsjfe!Nphbp!Dbwf!jo!3129!Uif!Mfzj!Bdujpo!ufbn!wpmvouffsfe!bu!uif!svjot!pg!uif!Tvpzboh!Djuz-!dbssjfe!pvu!Hsffo!Evoivboh!bdujwjujft!up!mfbso!bcpvu!xjoe!boe!tboe!dpouspm!boe!up!qspufdu!uif!ifsjubhf!jo!3132!3.4.team of the Leyi Action is mainly composed of college students.Its sustainability and professionalism still need to be improved.As well,the Leyi Action s current activities are still concentrated in the western region and need to connect with partners in other regions to promote pilot projects nationwide and globally,fostering cooperation to build a cloud-based archive of heritage education materials.This will help realize a broader and more effective vision of heritage education for young people.REPLICABILITY The Leyi Action has developed a two-way working model that provides customized education programmes for representative world heritage scenic spots through community engagement.This model shifts from traditional guided tour services to training on-site residents of heritage sites to engage as stakeholders.This model especially fits the value and concept of world heritage landscapes.The project explores the concepts of surrounding community influence and linked community participation to provide a demonstration programme for tourism and development efforts at World Heritage sites.It especially can inspire educational and community services in other heritage sites.In order to ensure replicability,the Leyi Action is currently promoting standardized educational tools in three major categories:traditional villages,Great Wall sites,and grottoes and carvings.On-the-ground implementation links World Heritage scenic spots with tourists,primary and secondary schools,neighbouring communities and stakeholders.It also collects feedback from stakeholders to continuously update the heritage education program.24?-4-Gansu Province,ChinaArt of Dunhuang Through the Fingertips A Paper and Shadow Art Book of the Classical Murals of the Nine-Colored Deer1.Gansu Province,ChinaDunhuang at your Fingerti?s:The?ine-?oloured Deer?hado?Pu?et?oo?Qfsgpsnjoh!uif!Ojof.Dpmpvsfe!Effs!tibepx!25 C O N T E X T A N D CHALLENGES The Nine-Coloured Deer is a renowned painting in the Mogao Grottoes.Unlike many of the Buddhist murals which depict esoteric Buddhist philosophy or the solemnity of the Buddhist Pure Land,the story depicted in the Nine-Coloured Deer emphasizes t h e v e r y s i m p l e v a l u e s o f rewarding good and punishing evil.The story resembles a folk legend,making it more relatable for young people.This project aims to paint stories with a fairytale-like quality,presenting them in a lively and engaging manner to attract young people s interest in hands-on experiences.Af ter a period of experimentation and exploration,the project decided to focus on shadow play,a traditional Chinese performing art,believing it can address the problems and challenges mentioned above.To ensure high-quality artistry,a famous Chinese illustrator who won first place at the 2022 International Golden Pinwheel Young Illustrators competition was invited to design the characters and animal images from the story in the form of shadow puppets which young people then use to act out the story.The shadow puppets are a successful attempt to make the Dunhuang murals move.Young people can immerse themselves in the story by taking on roles,allowing them to understand the multiple values of this famous painting in an enjoyable and engaging way.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The workshop design for Dunhuang at your Fingertips:The Nine-Coloured Deer Shadow Puppet Book included the following:1.Reflecting on spiritual,moral,culturaland artistic valuesThe concept and design of the characters in Dunhuang at your Fingertips:The Nine-Coloured Deer Shadow Puppet Book are based on a comprehensive exploration of the spiritual,moral,cultural and artistic values embodied in the story of the ancient Nine-Coloured Deer mural.The project invited an internationally renowned award-winning childrens illustrator to design characters in the form of shadow puppets based on the Nine-Coloured Deer mural.Special paper was used in place of traditional shadow puppet materials,reducing production time and difficulty making it easy for eight to twelve-/Qfsgpsnjoh!uif!Ojof.Dpmpvsfe!Effs!tibepx!2.26year-olds to participate in the creation process.2.T h e c r o s s-d o m a i n integration of intangible cultural heritage transmission techniquesSpecially invited intangible cultural heritage shadow puppet performers serve as course consultants.They teach and demonstrate the technical characteristics and cultural relevance of shadow puppet production and performance.They also guide young people who participate to gain experience and skills in stage performance.3.Innovative design ideasInspired by the ancient scriptures unearthed in the Library Cave of Dunhuang,the illustrator designed Dunhuang at your Fingertips:The Nine-Coloured Deer Shadow Puppet Book.The workshop that uses this material aims to revive ancient stories and traditional memories and convey them to young people.This approach helps children learn gratitude,confidence and kindness,finding dignity and self-confidence through history,culture and classic stories.The Dunhuang at your Fingertips:The Nine-Coloured Deer Shadow Puppet Book workshop aims to serve the public.As a public cultural research institution,the primary purpose of the Dunhuang Academys social education programming is to promote the public interest in historical culture.?ocial educa t i on programming includes the following?4.Collaborating with museums and art galleriesTo promote?unhuang art culture,the project works with important domestic art galleries and museums to hold social education forums and public education courses.Through the in-depth exploration of?unhuangs cultural and artistic value,the museums public education curriculum has been transformed,and many initiatives of benefit to the public have been carried out,promoting social and cultural self-confidence.3.Qjduvsft!boe!tupof!svccjoht!pg!uif!tupsz!pg!uif!Ojof.dpmpvsfe!Effs27 5.Using international exhibitions of Dunhuang culture and artThrough a series of domestic and foreign?unhuang art exhibitions and education activities,the cultural,artistic and spiritual value of the?orld?eritage site is being shared with more participating museums and with the public,primarily targeting teenage students.6.Museum-school cooperation and community collaborationsThe project aims to fulfill the museums role as a public cultural research institution,linking the museum curriculum to school campuses for promotion,strengthen the understanding of?unhuang art in schools,enrich off-campus learning experiences,and transform the museum into a true?second classroom?for students.7.Collaborating with research institutesAs a?orld?eritage site,the Mogao?rottoes attract an increasing number of tourists each year.At present,there are numerous research institutions in China and representatives often express interest in?unhuang cultural-themed experience courses for teenagers after participating in research visits to?unhuang.The museum collaborates with various local research institutions to offer a variety of professional education courses to meet the needs of?unhuang research groups.R E S U L T S A N D L E S S O N S LEARNED The projects main shortcoming is that since the start of?,due to the impact of C?V?-?,there have not been enough events,making it difficult to collect sufficient data for effective evaluation.?owever,audience feedback indicates that this project is highly attractive to primary school students because of the opportunity to participate in every aspect of the experience,from design to production to performance,fostering a strong sense of inclusion.The popularity of the?unhuang?rottoes and the widespread recognition of the story of the?ine-Coloured?eer in China make the project easy to promote.?y integrating it with the traditional28performing art of shadow play,this project not only maintains cultural relevance but also captivates and engages young people.In addition,the project has low implementation costs,safe materials,is easy to transport,is easily adaptable to different locations and easy to replicate.REPLICABILITY This project can be reused,i s e a s i l y o p e r a b l e a n d transferable and can be disseminated repeatedly in the form of courseware and material packages for full replication.With the development of standard courseware and material packages in later stages of this project,course replication will only require that the teachers it is shared with can access performance space.Tfuujoh!vq!uif!tubhf!gps!uif!qfsgpsnbodf!pg!uif!Ojof.dpmpvsfe!Effs4.5.Qjduvsft!boe!tupof!svccjoht!pg!uif!tupsz!pg!uif!Ojof.dpmpvsfe!Effs29?6-5-Hubei Province,China4 5 N:Mining and Metallurgy Industrial Heritage Protection VolunteerService ModelHubei Province,China?:Mining and Metallurgy Industrial Heritage Protection?olunteer?ervice ModelCONTEXT AND CHALLENGES Huangshi s mining and metallurgical industrial heritage mainly consists of the Tonglshan ancient copper mine site(named in the second batch of National Key Cultural Relic Protection Units),the Hanyeping coal and iron plant mine site(the sixth batch),the Huaxin cement plant site(the seventh batch)and the Daye iron ore east open pit site(the sixth batch).5 These mining and metallurgical sites involve mineral mining,smelting,manufacturing and processing.They have a long,rich history characterized by complete preservation.They represent the peak of mining 1.Vojwfstjuz!tuvefou!wpmvouffst5.Designation of nationalkey cultural relic protection units is overseen by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and are selected based on their significant historic,artistic and cultural value.Batches have been announced periodically since 1961 and there are currently 8 batches.30technology and metallurgical industrial production from the ancient Chinese bronze period and the beginning of the modern industrialization period.There are three main challenges to the development of Huangshi mining and metallurgical industrial heritage education.First,due to the region s economic development and social productivity levels,the development and revitalisation of Huangshi s industrial heritage remains at a primary stage,making it insufficiently attractive for the public to want to participate in its protection.Second,the relevant government departments have not fostered a strong atmosphere for the protection and utilization of Huangshi s industrial heritage.Third,there is a shortage of teachers who can effectively educate people about this heritage.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The Yanguichao Tourism Volunteer Service Team from Hubei Normal University and the Huangshi Cultural Heritage Protection Centre(commonly referred to as the joint team)are committed to educating the public about mining and metallurgical industrial heritage.They are also committed to disseminating and explaining the universal value of this heritage and,ultimately,fostering learning and creating a shared vision for a better life.The joint team includes government agencies,experts,university students,volunteers and other members of the public with knowledge of tourism,culture and industrial heritage protection.After nearly ten years of exploration and practice,the joint team has formed a sustainable development strategy for promoting the protection and legacy of Huangshis mining and metallurgical industrial heritage.Their strategy utilizes industrial heritage education and has built the new“4 5 N Volunteer Service Model”.This model supports Huangshi s mining and metallurgical industrial heritage in several ways:it tells the Chinese mining and metallurgical industrial story,it explains the value of this industrial heritage and it promotes Chinese mining and metallurgical industrial culture.“4”-In the process of collaborating with various partners,the joint team has integrated multiple resources and created a new four-way cooperation framework that includes the government,enterprises,schools,and social volunteer service teams.?n addition to this,they have established the following?.A new cooperation mechanism?the?uangshiCultural?eritage?rotection Centre?.?everal enterprises?mining and metallurgicalindustrial heritage sites?that support a mining and metallurgical industrial heritage education platform?.?niversities to recruit and train volunteers forindustrial heritage education?.?ther social volunteer service teams to help2.Wpmvouffs!tfswjdf!usbjojoh31 with in-depth cooperation and industrial heritage education happening within the new mechanismThis cooperation mechanism addresses the challenges presented by the lack of clarity in the direction of industrial heritage education,single-sourced funding and volunteers and the fact that only a small group of people is knowledgeable about mining and metallurgical industrial heritage.“5”-The joint team identified the small group that is knowledgeable about Huangshis industrial heritage as having the most potential for volunteer service.Therefore,the joint team implemented the following 5“in”activities:in the campus,in the community,in the countryside,in the scenic spots,and in the volunteer service stations.Additionally,the joint team has organized various scientific popularization efforts and annual service activities covering industrial heritage protection and safety knowledge for scenic spots,service stations and commercial areas of 3A and above.6The Heritage Protection Centre provides teaching materials for classrooms and publishes popular science books related to Huangshi s mining and metallurgical heritage.Both primary and secondary schools now use the Centre s teaching materials and the popular science books have been well received by the public.Relevant universities in China and abroad have been invited to collaborate on designs focusing on Huangshis industrial heritage and publicize them on the official website for Asia-Pacific Heritage.On 5.18 International Museum Day,experts and scholars are invited to the Centre to hold various mining and metallurgical industrial culture lectures and other public participation activities.The public response to these events has been outstanding.“N”-This project has accomplished so much in the past ten years.More than 100 service activities have been carried out.More than 40,000 people have been served.More than 600 people have participated in the mining and metallurgical industrial heritage education volunteer services.Over 1,000 copies of the various promotional and popular science manuals have been distributed.The project has received over 1,500 letters from volunteers and 3,000 visitor evaluation forms.In addition to the joint teams official microblog,the project also boasts an official QQ account,an official WeChat public account and an official TikTok account.These activities have been reported by Huangshi Radio and Television,Huangshi Daily,Hubei Daily,J,S,Peoples Daily Overseas Edition,UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Centre and other official media outlets.Altogether,the media has covered the project more than one hundred times with a positive social impact.3.Wpmvouffs!tfswjdf!usbjojoh6.In China,these types ofareas are classified intodifferent levels based ontheir quality and facilities.The 3A rating is a mid-levelclassification,indicating good quality.32R E S U L T S A N D L E S S O N S LEARNED?n the past ten years of operation,the project team found that it could not rely solely on single-party resources.?t needed to innovate and integrate the resources of all parties to provide high-?uality heritage education services to the public.?t needs to respond to the interests of all parties to achieve a win-win situation for everyone involved.Therefore,it was imperative to gain public understanding and the support of relevant government departments and enterprises.?nly by using this collaborative approach can the project help develop volunteerism and society as a whole.Innovation and ServiceThe joint team created an initiative to innovate mining and metallurgical industrial heritage education using the approach of volunteer service and heritage education.Volunteer service allowed the public to engage in mining and metallurgy industrial heritage education.This enabled them to first learn,then teach o thers,changing passive learning intoan enjoyable and active experience.Volunteers promote the spirit of the mining and metallurgical industry and anchor the concept of volunteer service into the heart and actions of all the participants.The core of this volunteer service is to popularize the knowledge of this heritage and explain the value of mining and metallurgical industrial sites.The innovative?Volunteer?ervice Model is used to share knowledge about?uangshi?s mining and metallurgical industrial heritage.?t establishes a new four-way cooperation framework that includes the government,enterprises,schools,and social volunteer groups.This ensures the optimal allocation of policies,funds and personnel,which guarantees the sustainability of these volunteer services.?ocial volunteer groups are integrated to carry out mining and metallurgical industrial heritage education on school campuses,in the community,in the countryside,at scenic spots and at volunteer service stations.This has expanded the groups that have been educated about mining and metallurgy industrial heritage and has helped the public to understand this heritage through direct experience.The education and volunteer services also enabled the public to spontaneously promote?uangshi?s mining and metallurgy industrial heritage themselves.Public Participation and SustainabilityThe joint team has used volunteerism to ensure the sustainability of mining and metallurgical heritage education,combining the spirit of volunteerism with the spirit of heritage education.The joint team hasalso used volunteerism to educate the public about mining and metallurgical heritage.Members of the public have then used their4.Wpmvouffs!tfswjdf!usbjojoh33 mining and metallurgical industrial heritage volunteer services.REPLICABILITY The?ubei?uangshi?Volunteer?ervice Model enabling mining and metallurgy industrial her i t age education i s highly operational,straightforward and highly replicable.?t can be used by cities in central China that have a mining and metallurgical industrial heritage.?t can also be used by other cities in China and Asia-?acific that have a rich cultural heritage,active grassroots volunteerism and high government-led participation.?n the early?st century,these countries and cities are already addressing the challenges of cultural heritage re-education and the corresponding social volunteerism re?uired.This model is precisely what is needed to promote both things.5.Wpmvouffs!tfswjdf!usbjojohtime,skills,resources and goodwill to work together to contribute to the community,the country and the world.To this end,volunteers continue to promote the culture of the mining and metallurgical industry.The public continues to experience a deep sense of pride and happiness that comes from knowing and appreciating their culture and history.The combined effort of the public and the joint team continues to bring in sufficient funding for these services.This funding comes from government project funding,corporate activity funding?from mining and metallurgical industrial heritage sites?,school club activity funding and social donations.?ther projects also help with funding,such as study tours for primary and secondary schools and selling cultural and creative products.All of this works together to ensure the sustainability of the341.Jiangsu Province,ChinaHuai?an?rand?anal Hundred Miles?allery Qmboojoh!nbq!pg!uif!Rjohkjboh!tfdujpo!pg!uif!Hsboe!Dbobm!Obujpobm!Dvmuvsbm!Qbsl35 CONTEXT AND CHALLENGESIn June 2014,the Grand Canal,one of the greatest achievements of the Chinese people,was inscribed on the World Heritage List.Even after thousands of years of development and evolution,it continues to play a crucial role in the economic and daily lives of people along its route.The cultural heritage of the Grand Canal in Huaian is diverse,extensive and of exceptional value.Huaian has two world heritage areas(Qingkou Junction and the site of the Governors Canal Office),one river section(Huaiyan Canal Huaian section,including the Inner Canal,the former course of the Inner Canal,the ancient Yellow River,the Middle Canal and the Zhangfu River),five heritage sites(Qingkou Junction,Shuangjin Locks,Qingjiang Locks,Hongze Lake Dike and the site of the Governors Canal Office),a heritage area of 3,979 hectares and a buffer area of 6,289 hectares.The Qingkou Junction is the only integrated heritage area in the Grand Canal World Heritage site and the site of the Governors Office of Canal Transport is the only existing national canal management institution.In terms of heritage quantity,scale,and value,Huaian is an iconic city along the Grand Canal.The National Cultural Park Research Branch of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt Construction Institute identified several issues in the Huaian section of the Grand Canal that needed attention.First,due to the uneven level of regional economic development,some of the Grand Canal cultural heritage sites have not been adequately protected and repaired and overall protection of the Grand Canal cultural heritage is insufficient.Second,the features of the Grand Canal cultural heritage are numerous and dispersed and the value of the underlying heritage,such as canal culture and hydraulic technology,have not been?-6 Jiangsu Province,ChinaHuaian Grand Canal Hundred Miles GalleryNational Cultural Park Research Branch of the Grand Canal CulturalBelt Construction Research Institute362.Dpnqbsjtpo!cfuxffo!cfgpsf!boe!bgufs!uif!usbotgpsnbujpo!pg!Ifyjb!Bodjfou!Upxo!sufficiently explored.Third,publicity and education about the Grand Canals cultural heritage are so inadequate that many citizens and tourists,especially young people,have limited knowledge about the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal.PROJECT AND STRATEGIESThe National Cultural Park Research Branch of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt Construction Institute is dedicated to the protection of the historical and cultural heritage in the Huaian section of the Grand Canal,to the dissemination and interpretation of the universal value of the Grand Canal World Cultural Heritage site and to quietly enriching the daily lives of citizens and visitors.Together with Huaian government agencies,the Research Institute proposed the creation of the Grand Canal Cultural Heritage Corridor-Huaian City Grand Canal Hundred Mile Gallery.After years of exploration and preparation,the project aims to preserve cultural heritage,conduct ecological restoration,develop green transportation and promote the integration of culture and tourism.This initiative leverages the site s cultural heritage to tell the story of the Grand Canal in Huai an and disseminate understanding about its value.Historical and cultural heritage surveyof the Huaian section of the Grand Canal The heritage survey forms the foundation of heritage education.The Research Institute collaborated with Huaian government agencies,experts,scholars,volunteers and citizens to survey the historical and cultural heritage of the Huaian section of the Grand Canal.The comprehensive survey covered over 100 heritage sites along the entire Grand Canal,documenting all related heritage types and their environmental 37 contexts to ensure complete registration.The evaluation identified 93 heritage items in total,including 35 water conservancy projects and related cultural heritage items,eight settlement heritage items,21 material culture heritage items of other canals,27 intangible cultural heritage items and two ecological and landscape protection areas in the Huaian section of the Grand Canal.Historical and cultural heritage value researchThe concentration on the value of tangible and intangible heritage is central to heritage education.Based on the heritage survey and census,the project systematically organized the historical evolution of the Huaian Section of the Grand Canal and benchmarked the evaluation standar ds of this world cultural heritage based on the characteristics of Huaian.It also encapsulated the value of the Huaian Section of the Grand Canal,such as its role as the centre of waterway transportation related to the lifeblood of the country,as a masterpiece of hydraulic engineering reflecting the wisdom of ancient Chinese people and as an important window on the Huaiyang Cultural Highlands.Descriptions of the value of various aspects of this heritage has become important content for developing heritage education on the Huaian Section of the Grand Canal.At the same time,the National Cultural Park Research Branch of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt Construction Research Institute,together with other research institutes,has set up the Huaian Grand Canal Protection and High-Quality Development Decision-Making Consultation and Research Base to conduct in-depth research on related topics,to organize the compilation of the History of Huaian City and River Changes and promote research into the Huaian Construction of Canal Capital and other related topics.Fostering overall heritage protection Protection and utilization form the core of the heritage education strategy.Based on the cultural value of the Huaian section of the Grand Canal,the historical and cultural heritage strategy promotes overall protection by means of route linking,space shaping and heritage revitalization.In terms of route linking,various 383.Xpslt!pg!uif!Hsboe!Dbobm!Dvmuvsf!jo!Tdippmt!Ibseiboe!Dbmmjhsbqiz!Dpnqfujujpomethods are being used to ease traffic congestion along the Grand Canal,improve the road system at important nodes,add bridges across the river,build waterfront slow-moving greenways and create cultural routes linking land and water so that integrated transportation will become part of the cultural heritage along the Grand Canal.Space shaping makes use of the rich water and land spaces,such as islands,swings,weirs,bays and beaches,along the Grand Canal to shape overlooks and view corridors.By leveraging historical and cultural heritage,the project will excavate historical stories and collective memories,shape iconic cultural spaces and guide the transformation of cultural heritage from static displays to public,open and active multi-use spaces.In terms of heritage revitalization,the strategy will promote the construction of the Grand Canal National Cultural Park,incorporate world cultural heritage,cultural heritage units,historical buildings and industrial heritage int o the protection system and promote their revitalization and utilization in a systemic manner.Enriching heritage education To promote the protection and legacy of the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal,the National Cultural Park Research Branch of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt Construction Research Institute,together with the relevant government departments,has initiated a number of activities.These include domestic and international cultural exchanges and cooperation,the Grand Canal Culture on Campus,the Grand Canal Theme Forum,the Grand Canal Literature Forum and the Grand Canal Photography Forum.In order to better communicate the legacy and culture of the Grand Canal in schools,the relevant departments of Huaian City organized a Grand Canal Culture on Campus and the Canal Capital-Hundred Mile Gallery themed essay writing activity.Each school in Huaian City organized educational activities about the Canal,showcasing the magnificent beauty of the Grand Canals Hundred Mile Gallery,and mobilized students to participate in the themed essay writing activity.The series of activities on the Grand Canal culture in school nourished a deep and three-dimensional understanding of Grand Canal culture amongst students.39 R E S U L T S A N D L E S S O N S LEARNEDGiven the numerous and dispersed aspects of the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal in Huaian and the unsatisfactory nature of some of the heritage protection,the project has worked with governmental organizations,experts,scholars and volunteers to develop innovative approaches to heritage research,overall protection and education.This was done to be able to present the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal of Huaian comprehensively to tourists and the public,carry out educational activities,popularize knowledge about the world cultural heritage of the Grand Canal and illustrate the value of the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal.By creating the Huaian Grand Canal Hundred Mile Gallery,the project has uncovered more aspects of this heritage,developed a more accurate understanding of the value of the sites,implemented more scientific overall protection and provided education and a rich legacy to citizens and tourists so that more people can recognize and understand the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal.REPLICABILITY The Huaian Grand Canal Hundred Mile Gallery has received strong support from Huaian municipal government agencies,which have issued relevant policy documents to continuously promote the development of the project and guarantee its sustainability.This work on heritage overall protection,education and legacy development is highly operational,relatively easy to implement and highly replicable.It is applicable to linearly distributed heritage sites,such as cultural routes and heritage corridors,and helps with holistic conservation and education.4.Ojhiu!wjfx!pg!uif!ijtupsjdbm!bsfb!pg!Evujbo!Ufnqmf40?Yellow Sea Wetland Painting and Nature Note Collection event,World WetlandDayPctfswjoh!Njhsbupsz!Cjset-!b!qpqvmbs!tdjfodf!bdujwjuz!pg!qsjnbsz!tdippm!tuvefout!?-7 Jiangsu Province,ChinaSpreading the Value of the Yellow Sea Wetland Heritage:Challengesand Solution1.Jiangsu Province,China?ello?ea?etland Heritage:?hallenges and?olution CONTEXT AND CHALLENGES The recognition of the world natural heritage status of the Yellow Sea Wetland is of major significance.There are 17 migratory bird species in this area that are on the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species.This project focuses on the need to instil ecological awareness in younger generations,and foster a genuine sense of pride towards the worlds natural heritage while encouraging collective efforts to protect this invaluable asset.As the most vulnerable and ecologically diverse migratory bird habitat among the worlds nine major migratory areas,the Phase I Yellow and Bohai Sea Migratory Bird Habitat has special significance in terms of conservation.Serving as a crucial stopover site,wintering ground,and breeding location for numerous migratory bird species,Yancheng boasts immense ecological value as a habitat and understanding of the importance of this site should be widely disseminated.41 2.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The?ellow?ea?etland?nternational?chool?project focuses on the need to attract more youth groups to participate in ecological conservation and biodiversity protection.The approach incorporates elements of science,interest,exploration and sustainability.Regular educational and ecological activities for young people,such as lectures,activities,museum visits and trips to world natural heritage sites work well and it has become clear th at young people are eager to experience the appeal of the worlds natural heritage by walking on muddy beaches,admiring a particularly beautiful bay and gaining a better understanding of the uni?ueness of sites like the?ellow?ea?etland.They find it particularly meaningful to observe endangered birds like the spoon-billed snipe and small green-foot snipe during their visits and familiarize themselves with tidal crabs,marbled fish,mud snails and sand silkworms.Through experiencing the ecological cycle of the wetland and exploring the origin of life,the stories of thousands of migratory birds come into focus.?oung people have the chance to explore what kind of power the birds?small bodies possess that enables them to traverse the vast ocean,cross numerous countries and arrive at their habitat in the?ellow and?ohai?eas.Zfmmpx!Tfb!Xfumboe!Qbjoujoh!boe!Obuvsf!Opuf!Dpmmfdujpo!fwfou-!Xpsme!Xfumboe!Ebz!42?Observing Migratory Birds,a popular science activity of primary school students3.Xjmemjgf!Ebz!bdujwjuz!po!dbnqvt-!xjui!xjef!qbsujdjqbujpo!The project guides students to develop ecological awareness,physical fitness and an understanding of sustainable development and lif e cycle philosophy.By protecting the ecological habitat,the lives within wetlands are protected and the ecological value of the heritage site can be recognized.R E S U L T S A N D L E S S O N S LEARNED In the process of exploring effective education,the project has organized various events.On World Wetland Day,the project held the Yellow Sea Wetland Painting and Nature Note Collection event,which saw the participation of over 2000 students.This event reflected the integration of research,curriculum,extensive participation and exhibition.The project held a Wildlife Day activity on school campuses with over 1000 people attending lectures and creating posters.The positive feedback from middle school students was especially notable.Additionally,a World Earth Day event was organized with the participation of over 800 elementary school students who shared stories about wetlands from their unique perspectives.The World Book Day Encounters Birds Protection Week event also garnered significant interest.College students formed a book editing team to create over 340 outstanding works,which were then exhibited.Students from the Qingnian Road and Songjiang 43?Observing Migratory Birds,a popular science activity of primary school studentsWildlife Day activity on campus,with wide participationWjtjujoh!Zfmmpx!Tfb!Xfumboe!Nvtfvn!gps!tuvez!boe!sftfbsdi!bdujwjujft!po!xfumboet!4.Road Primary Schools visited the exhibition centre and the Yellow Sea Wetland Museum for studying,bird observation and research activities on wetlands.Through this process,over 5000 students learned about the wetlands and developed a sense of responsibility for their protection.The project can support teachers to design sustainable courses,create diverse activities and demonstrate to students how to conduct scientific research.The project aims to enrich the content of activities,develop dynamic courses and explore other opportunities for learning.It includes research,curriculum development and student interaction on theoretical and practical levels.The project is not only searching for answers but also for continuous improvement on the educational path of disseminating the value of local heritage.The project is also working with counterparts in South Korea and North Korea,which are located in the same oceanic and Yellow Bohai Sea regions.The project aims to conduct comprehensive research on various global environmental issues,including climate change,coastal wetland protection,international migratory bird conservation,heritage preservation and sustainable tourism.It plans to accomplish this through a combination of online and offline approaches.At present,an expert advisory panel consisting of prominent specialists from both the domestic and international spheres has been established,thus strengthening connections with intellectual resources and enhancing the project s own research capabilities.By hosting 44major international forums such as the 2023 World Coastal Forum,the objective is to attract more regions and countries to participate in coastal conservation efforts,promote the sharing of successful Conservation Education and Public Awareness(CEPA)cases and foster multi-party cooperation.Currently,close communication and exchange of educational ideas with regions and countries such as Africa,the United Kingdom and Australia has been established.Noteworthy experts from institutions such as Kyongbuk University in South Korea,the University of Cambridge in the UK and the University of Queensland in Australia have collaborated with the project on foundational research.There has also been close collaboration with organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund to conduct research and various forms of activities.When it comes to engaging the younger generation in local communities,achieving greater participation has always been a key consideration.Through collaboration with educational authorities,community organizations,and local schools,popular science courses have been incorporated into the school curriculum.Partnerships with universities,middle schools and primary schools have been established and curriculum bases(centres)in these institutions,as well as practice bases in museums and parks,have also been set up.As a result,popular science education for young people has been effectively implemented.Moreover,the Wetland College of Yancheng Normal University recruits and trains volunteer teams and lecturers,contributing to the cultivation of talents essential for wetland conservation.This experience can serve as a valuable reference for other cities and regions.There has been close communication with other World Heritage sites in the application process for Phase II World Heritage Status,including Fyqmpsjoh!uif!xfumboe5.45 cooperation with other natural and cultural heritage sites,such as?uzhou?ardens and the China?rand Canal,to learn from each other and share experiences.?ike the migratory journey of birds,the project spans oceans and regions,steadily accumulating and evolving.?t has also undergone transformation,renewal and growth.The concept of sustainable development has become a fundamental principle of the?ellow?ea?etland?nternational?chool project.There is a strong commitment to spreading the heritage value of the?ellow?ea?etland,aiming to push the boundaries of education related to this uni?ue ecosystem.The project works together with partners to value the worlds natural heritage and expand wetland education.REPLICABILITYThe project not only shows how to engage the public on a large scale but also how to obtain practical results,generate good evaluations and further stimulate students awareness of wetland resources so t ha t t hey can participate in wetland conservation actions.This series of activities has developed a unique method that can be used as a reference for other cities and regions to strengthen South-South cooperation and exchanges.46?5by Peoples Daily Overseas Edition,Suzhou Daily,Suzhou Broadcasting System,andother media and won the 2022 Global Award for World Heritage EducationInnovative Case and the 2022 Suzhou Best Voluntary Service Project.REPLICABILITYThe project has innovated a multi-party cooperation mechanism,coordinatedsectors such as education,tourism,culture,and sports,integrated heritage sites,inheritors,experts,schools,parents,media,and other parties,solved the problemsconcerning the resources,teachers,and methods faced by the current worldheritage education targeted at young people,formed a rigorous educationconsortium highlighting researching and studying by walking,and built an overallmodel that involves expert guidance,multi-party participation,professionalimplementation,anddiversifieddissemination.Ithasalsoactivatedthemarketization of world heritage protection,given a fresh impetus to thedevelopment of cultural and creative products on intangible cultural heritage andthe promotion of world heritage tourist routes,and provided a path and model forthe sustainable development of many world heritage protection units.Therefore,it should be popularized and serve as an example.Xbmljoh!jo!Tvipv;!Xpsme!ifsjubhf!Sftfbsdi!jo!Hvtv!Bodjfou!Djuz-!Qbo!Hbuf!1.Jiangsu Province,China?al?ing?usu:?earn and?hare?eauty?orld Heritage?tudy Tour 47?5by Peoples Daily Overseas Edition,Suzhou Daily,Suzhou Broadcasting System,andother media and won the 2022 Global Award for World Heritage EducationInnovative Case and the 2022 Suzhou Best Voluntary Service Project.REPLICABILITYThe project has innovated a multi-party cooperation mechanism,coordinatedsectors such as education,tourism,culture,and sports,integrated heritage sites,inheritors,experts,schools,parents,media,and other parties,solved the problemsconcerning the resources,teachers,and methods faced by the current worldheritage education targeted at young people,formed a rigorous educationconsortium highlighting researching and studying by walking,and built an overallmodel that involves expert guidance,multi-party participation,professionalimplementation,anddiversifieddissemination.Ithasalsoactivatedthemarketization of world heritage protection,given a fresh impetus to thedevelopment of cultural and creative products on intangible cultural heritage andthe promotion of world heritage tourist routes,and provided a path and model forthe sustainable development of many world heritage protection units.Therefore,it should be popularized and serve as an example.CONTEXT AND CHALLENGES Suzhou is rich in world heritage resources,but the wave of urban modernization is putting pressure on the traditional methods of heritage protection,(limited tourism capacity),economic development(cultural added value)and educational development(quality education,scientific and technological impact,etc.).To address this issue,Suzhou selected heritage education as a way to promote the organic renewal of the ancient city and explore a new path for comprehensive and sustainable development.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The Childrens Palace of Gusu District,Suzhou,making full use of its own off-campus education bases(centres),created the Walking Gusu(Ancient Suzhou)-“Learn and Share Beauty”world heritage study tour.This initiative innovatively explores a new model that combines world heritage and academic research.They have also organically integrated practice,learning,research and aesthetic education,and encouraged students to go off campus to engage with the wider society,experience built heritage first-hand and participate in its protection and legacy.This has fostered a strong societal focus on protecting the ancient city,forming a virtuous cycle.RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED Given the development needs of young people and how they learn,the project has launched themed courses,a series of lectures and study tours,created nine world heritage-themed study routes,published two childrens books on the theme of world heritage protection,carried out nearly 100 academic research activities and held about 40 special lectures,blending historical,cultural,aesthetic and international knowledge education with the research activities.The project,which attracts over 10,000 young people annually,has been featured in the Peoples Daily?-8 Jiangsu Province,ChinaWalking in Gusu,Learning Inheritance and AestheticsWorld Heritage-Themed Academic Research Tour48?6Walking in Suzhou,Studying and Spreading Beauty Walking into the time-honoredbrand Deyue TowerXbmljoh!up!uif!Pvzvbo!Hbsefo!Xpsme!Ifsjubhf!tjuf2.49?6Walking in Suzhou,Studying and Spreading Beauty Walking into the time-honoredbrand Deyue Tower3.Xbmljoh!joup!uif!ujnf.ipopvsfe!csboe!Efzvf!Upxfs!sftubvsbouOverseas Edition,Suzhou Daily,Suzhou Broadcasting System and other media winning the 2022 Global Award for World Heritage Education Innovative Case and the 2022 Suzhou Best Voluntary Service Project.REPLICABILITY The project has created an innovative multi-party cooperation mechanism,coordinating sectors such as education,tourism,culture and sports,integrated heritage sites,experts,schools,parents,media and other parties,addressing issues with resources,teachers and methods encountered in current world heritage education targeted at young people.It has formed an education consortium that highlights researching and studying through walking and has created an overall model that involves expert guidance,multi-party participation,professional implementation and diversified dissemination.It has also activated the marketization of world heritage protection,given a fresh impetus to the development of the cultural and creative products of intangible cultural heritage and the promotion of world heritage tourist routes,as well as provided a model for the sustainable development of world heritage protection units.Therefore,it should be popularized and serve as an example.50Shanghai,China?tories of?hanghai Architecture Protection of?r?an Architectural Heritage51?-9 Shanghai,ChinaStories of Shanghai ArchitectureShanghai Municipal Administration of Culture and TourismCONTEXT AND CHALLENGES The highly distinctive Shanghai culture reflects the skilful transformation of an intense collision of multiple cultures into a driving force for urban development.Shanghai culture is strongly inclusive,as reflected in Shanghai s architecture,which manifests in the coexistence of multiple architectural styles and buildings from various time periods.After nearly 30 years of experimentation,Shanghai has now developed methods of architectural heritage protection that are well suited to the characteristics and current conditions of local historical buildings.However,alongside deepening its conservation activities,the city also faces the pressing issues of raising awareness of architectural heritage protection amongst the residents of traditional neighbourhoods and encouraging their participation in the maintenance of these areas vitality.Compared with modern urban areas,traditional neighbourhoods unavoidably face additional housing challenges,including aging buildings,functional and structural deterioration over time and infrastructure mismatches.Thus,their residents generally find themselves with a choice:actively complaining about their poor living conditions,thereby calling the preservation and protection of old neighbourhoods into question or relocating to new urban areas.In the latter scenario,even if old neighbourhoods are adequately preserved,the unique local folk culture and collective memory embodied within them tend to be diluted or potentially even disappear with the dispersal of their original residents.In order to respond to these challenges while adhering to the maxim restoring the old as old,Shanghai needs to find ways to improve the residential functioning of its historicHvbohgvmjo!bsdibfpmphjdbm!tjuf!jo!Tpohkjboh!Ejtusjdu1.52neighbourhoods.It also must reinforce the emotional connections between local people and their historical and cultural heritage,enhancing the public understanding of the significance of old architecture and increasing the willingness of local people to participate in renewing its vitality.It is important to note that this cannot be achieved through regulations for the protection of old architecture or urban planning programmes alone.PROJECT AND STRATEGIES The Shanghai Municipal Government,therefore,leveraging culture in order to address the continuation of the historical lineage of old neighbourhoods,created the“Stories of Shanghai Architecture”project.Prior to the project s official launch,the Shanghai Municipal Government designated 44 historical landscape preservation areas and made commitments to protect 64 roads.The measures for protection preserved the roads original width and scale,strictly controlling the height,volume and style of adjacent buildings,as well as the spacing of development plots along their routes.This initiative sparked enthusiasm amongst local writers,who,after consulting a wealth of historical materials,revived the memories and stories of these neighbourhoods through a mixture of reality and fiction.Residents and visitors have subsequently followed these guides during visits to these streets,adding layers of new personal memories to the old stories.As Shanghai-based writer Chen Danyan wrote in The Streets Never Broadened,published in 2008:“In this way,the city s memory and history become a tangible part of city life,rather than disappearing without a trace.”The Shanghai Master Plan 2017-2035,launched in May 2017,articulates Shanghai s vision for a city with historic buildings,walkable streets and friendly communities.With great respect for the citys history,the Master Plan has captured the interest of and resonates with many locals.Numerous books and online articles on Shanghai s historic buildings and monuments have been published since the Master Plan s release.In 2018,the Shanghai Municipal Government officially launched the Stories of Shanghai Architecture project.Led by the Shanghai Municipal Administration of Culture and Tourism,this has recently been upgraded B!ijtupsjd!cvjmejoh!lopxo!gps!jut!jousjdbuf!dbswfe!efdpsbujpot2.53 from a pilot project into a more comprehensive undertaking.1.Enhancing public knowledge of localarchitectural history by opening buildings and introducing scannable codes Since 2018,the Stories of Shanghai Architecture project s coverage has gradually expanded from 6 downtown urban areas to the whole of the city.For example,increasing numbers of historical buildings,including buildings at all levels of heritage protection,buildings of historical excellence,preserved buildings and modern landmark buildings,are being freely opened to the public.In addition,QR codes set up for these buildings offer bilingual introductions,videos and VR interactivity designed to enhance visitors understanding of their history.By early 2022,the number of buildings opened to the public had increased from 100 to nearly 1,056,while the number of QR codes in use had increased from approximately 400 to 2,957.2.Expanding project coverage throughsocial participation and widespread interaction The Stories of Shanghai Architecture project has driven increased participation on the part of citizens and enterprises via five public activities:1)Public comments:Through cooperation withthe Meituan e-commerce platform,citizens can make online suggestions,an activity in which nearly 10,000 people have participated,for which cumulative topic reads have reached 88.6 million.2)Public storytelling:Initiated through cooperationwith the Dragonfly FM online audio platform,for this activity,participants aged 4-80 were invited to tell stories about old Shanghai buildings,gradually establishing a database of architectural tales.3)Citizen submission of photos through the WeChat platform:In cooperation with Tencent,this has permitted the exploration of architecture-related stories and is gradually establishing an image database.The page for this activity has had nearly 700,000 views and over 10,000 participants.4)Public tours,converting buildings into popular online subject matter and photo spots:Established in cooperation with e-commerce and social media platform Xiaohongshu,these tours have attracted over 43.47 million views and over 2,000 participants.5)Public innovations:In cooperation with local physical bookstore Dayin Book Co.,Ltd.,54a culture and creative products design competition was held,from which the best ten products were selected.Attracting 321 organizations and/or individuals as participants,this activity received over 1,000 entries.3.Creating cooperation in cultureand tourism through transformative innovation As part of the Shanghai Tourism Festival of 2021,a Stories of Shanghai Architecture-themed tour within the city and a 24-hour live broadcast were jointly planned and executed by over 20 local audio-visual platforms and news and Hjgu!cpy!pg!ijtupsjdbm!cvjmejoht3.social media outlets.For 24 hours from dawn to dark,the broadcast followed in the footsteps of a tour around the city,introducing over 150 of Shanghai s outstanding buildings to audiences and online listeners.It also included interviews with several famous architects from China and abroad who shared unique insights into the Stories of Shanghai Architecture project.These included Benjamin Wood,the American designer of Xintiandi,a pedestrianized bar,restaurant and boutique zone in the heart of the city which opened in 2003;Kengo Kuma,Japanese designer of the Shipyard 1862 Renovation,which repurposed an old shipyard built in 1972 55 on the southern shore of the Huangpu River in Shanghai s Pudong financial district,into a mixed-use complex including shops,a theatre and an exhibition space;and Yichun Liu,the Shanghai-based designer of Long Museum West Bund,an art museum located on the bank of Huangpu River in Shanghai,whose site was originally a coal wharf.During the festival,tour buses also temporarily served as dedicated shuttles.Equipped with professional guides,they travelled along the Huangpu River,passing classic Shanghai landmarks.The Stories of Shanghai Architecture project is becoming an important item of cultural intellectual property.The city is,therefore,attempting to leverage this creative value in two main ways.The first is through hosting the annual Stories of Shanghai Architecture cultural and creative market,at which almost 1,000 related cultural and creative products have been launched over the past two years.Second,a series of classic buildings have been selected for pilot“Building Package”projects promoting the sales of unique gifts and souvenirs themed with those buildings.For Wukang Mansion,for example,a range of products,including pocketbooks,ice cream,coffee,biscuits and aromatherapy oils,have been developed,together with a themed post office.4.Promoting a service system throughintegration and systematic management of resourcesIn order to integrate resources,the Shanghai Municipal Government has developed a service system for the project.This includes,for example,a one-stop platform in the form of a WeChat mini program,offering public access to all relevant information.In addition,an alliance of over 60 organizationsincluding building owners,construction enterprises,cultural,business,tourism-related enterprises,scientific research institutions,cultural institutions,museums,social organizations and new media platformshas been established in order to jointly promote the project s innovative development.The city has also released an official project logo,unified service standards for the building opening process,QR codes,etc.Moving forward,municipal-level management measures for the project will be introduced and a voluntary story-telling team of experts,citizens and guides from the cultural heritage,architecture,tourism and media fields will be assembled.R E S U L T S A N D L E S S O N S LEARNED Achievements and experiences of the project include:1.Raising citizens awareness andforming connections with the city through extensive participation The Stories of Shanghai Architecture project has facilitated widespread public engagement,contributing to local residents profound appreciation and respect for architectural heritage.Reading and sharing their own personal stories,they find a deeper emotional connection with their home neighbourhoods and historical buildings as they walk along familiar roads telling their stories.Through this,citizens are gradually becoming the guardians and storytellers of their local architecture rather than mere visitors and readers,helping to revitalize and replenish historical neighbourhoods.The trust established through this participation represents an effective resource for urban governance.562.Enhancing Shanghais visibilitythrough bolstering creative intellectual property and promoting cultural tourism In conjunction with the development of the tourism and creative industries,the Stories of Shanghai Architecture project is gradually creating new IP with spillover effects that contribute to the city s economic development.The Shanghai Municipal Government has used this IP to establish unique tourism routes and develop cultural and creative products.Although the COVID-19 pandemic drastically impacted tourism,routes based on local historical architecture became supplementary resources with benefits for local society.Meanwhile,the official Stories of Shanghai Architecture logo offers a visual symbol for Shanghai that is reflective of the citys unique status.Establishing a novel cultural brand provides a critical new and improved way to tell the city s story,broadening the possibilities for Shanghais global visibility.Shanghais historical buildings should be read and appreciated in the context of their overall neighbourhoods,in the context of citizens daily lives and,moving forward,within the framework of the citys development.In this sense,to promote and publicize Shanghais architecture is to enhance the city s visibility,globally promoting its origins,spirit,and character.Innovation and Service SDG 11.4 refers to cultural and natural heritage.While this goal highlights the importance of heritage protection,it can be interpreted in a way that reduces heritage to being a passive victim in need of protection from rapid urbanization rather than recognizing its potential as a catalyst of social development.From this perspective,Shanghai has made innovative localized efforts to protect historic buildings and other heritage,Qvepoh!Bsu!Nvtfvn4.57 emphasizing the placement of heritage squarely within the context of the peoples living space.In addition,it has successfully aroused local residents interest in heritage protection and development via cultural methods.Public Participation and Sustainability The Stories of Shanghai Architecture project is designed to inspire extensive public participation and urban architectural heritage protection through cultural means.Via online and offline activities,local writers,artists,professional scholars,citizens and enterprises have all,to varying degrees,participated in the collection,compilation,composition and dissemination of architectural-historical materials.Professional groups have adopted varied methods,including literature research,field research and oral history,for documenting local buildings physical design and historical background.Non-professionals memories of architecture have been incorporated into historical materials,enriching emotional links with the past,while many resident volunteers have shared personal architecture-related stories with visitors.REPLICABILITY The project aims to evoke public emotional resonance via cultural means,encouraging participation in preserving and inheriting urban heritage.This represents a universal concept applicable in most cities worldwide.All cities facing the challenges of renovating old neighbourhoods and losing original populations can adopt similar approaches to establish broad public trust and guide public participation in heritage preservation.This project also provides practical and feasible strategies for guiding public participation.Regardless of which means are adoptedfor example,written composition,comments,innovation,tours or online participation through social mediathe project is highly reproducible and applicable in other cities.581.Bfsjbm!wjfx!pg!Bokj!Bodjfou!Djuz!Obujpobm!Bsdibfpmphjdbm!Tjuf!Qbsl59 Zhejiang Province,ChinaA?ational Archaeological Academy at An?i Ancient?ity?ational Archaeological?ite Par?5?-10 Zhejiang Province,ChinaConstruction of National Archaeological University Based on AnjiAncient City National Archaeological Site ParkCONTEXT AND CHALLENGESAnji Ancient City National Archaeological Site Park is located in Anji County,Huzhou City,Zhejiang Province.It is based on the Anji Ancient City Site and theWhere?Zhejiang Province,ChinaWho?Anji County Walled City Heritage Protection Center(Anji Walled City HeritageMuseum)What?Construction of National Archaeological University Based on Anji Ancient CityNational Archaeological Site ParkWhen?Since December 2021,ongoing60CONTEXT AND CHALLENGESThe Anji Ancient City National Archaeological Site Park is located in Anji County,Huzhou City,Zhejiang Province.It covers the Anji Ancient City Site and the Longshan Yue Noble Tomb Group,which are both important heritage sites under state protection.The main historical and cultural focal points of the site include the tomb of the King of Yue from the late Spring and Autumn Period and the site of Yue s early capital.PROJECT AND STRATEGIESAnji Ancient City?ite?ark has pioneered a government-led model that encourages social participation and archaeological guidance.?t has creatively proposed the establishment of an archaeological academy,aiming to build the site park into a centre of learning where people can explore archaeology,appreciate art and handicrafts and enjoy other heritage experiences.?o far,activities have included exhibitions in the site museum,research-based learning courses in the site park and the overall planning and design of the park.?xhibitions focus on the introduction and explanation of archaeological ideas and methods rather than just displaying archaeological finds.The research-based learning courses are centred on archaeology and draw on museum,art,science,agriculture and local education.?acilities for the academy have also been included in the planning of the park,helping to implement a combination of archaeological,daily,local and lifelong education.?ased on the principles of activation and utilization,Anji County has integrated 2.Bokj!Bodjfou!Djuz!Ifsjubhf!Nvtfvnprotection and utilization of the large archaeological sites and the construction of an archaeological academy into the development of the Ancient City National Archaeological Site Park.The park combines cultural tourism and archaeological education with professional research courses and research service facilities inside and outside the park.61 R E S U L T S A N D L E S S O N S LEARNEDResearch-based learning courses include archaeological knowledge,archaeological methods,animal and plant archaeology,archaeology and art,technological archaeology,Yue culture archaeology and agricultural archaeology.In terms of supporting facilities,the site park is planned and constructed according to the standards of running a school.In addition to the museum,there are indoor and outdoor 62Uif!fyijcjujpo!pg!Obujpobm!Bsdibfpmphjdbm!Vojwfstjuz!Cbtfe!po!Bokj!Bodjfou!Djuz!Obujpobm!Bsdibfpmphjdbm!Tjuf!Qbsl3.auxiliary teaching areas such as libraries and lecture theatres.At the same time,food and accommodation areas such as TianSangHanZao(a self-catering area)and Jiumu Songfeng(a short camping site)are available,allowing visitors to have an immersive experience learning about archaeology and Anxi heritage.Since its opening in December 2021,more than 80,000 people have participated in research-based learning courses.Multi-pronged approach to realise the value of the siteVarious technological means are used in the museum to maximize the sites value,which are also helpful for participants to better understand and learn about the ancient city site.For archaeological theory and methods,exhibition items include an animation of archaeological scientific principles,stratigraphy and typology,a documentary of the investigation and excavation of the ancient city site,an immersive experience of the excavation process and construction of Bamu Dun(one of the two large Yue noble tombs),and an animated explanation and interaction with artifacts studies such as materials,methods,shape and decorative patterns.The content and form of the multimedia exhibitions are linked to the needs of the archaeological academy and can be used for independent learning and collective teaching.Utilizing internet technology and social media can help spread the value of heritage in a more sophisticated and personalized way.Win-win cooperation and innovative construction The Anji Ancient City National Archaeological 63 Zpvoh!Tdipmbst!Rvbsufst4.Site Park has pioneered this government-led education model for social participation and archaeological guidance in China,providing new ideas and approaches for the protection and utilization of heritage sites and education.Critical parts of this model also include expert-led and social investment components.Government-led refers to a foundation which helps ensure that heritage utilization and education activities are carried out systematically.The Ancient City Archaeological Site Park,including all the facilities,belongs to the government,which has also developed a comprehensive management system for the park.Expert-led ensures success.The Anji Ancient City National Archaeological Site Park has established a 17-member professional committee composed of experts from top academic institutes such as Peking University,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Fudan University and Zhejiang University to guide the implementation of major park decisions and ensure that the development of the park advances under professional academic guidance.Social investment is a key part of the model which helps realise the advantages and experience in funding,technology and management to efficiently promote the activation and utilization of cultural relic resources.The operating enterprise has invested a total of 480 million yuan in the site park.It has supported the construction o
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JOURNEYINGAN ANTHOLOGY OF COMING TO AMERICAPresented by RE/MAX,LLC&Freddie MacSTATE OF ASIA AMERICA AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ASIAN REAL ESTATE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICATMPRESENTED BYTABLE OF CONTENTSA JOURNEY TO AREAA POLICY WINSEditorJordan FanManaging EditorVanessa ShieldsArt DirectorJazz MirandaDesignersArmel ZamoraAngela HoltonContributorsJaya Dey,Freddie MacSijie(Jessie)Hickly,Freddie MacSTATE OF ASIA AMERICA20242504Foreword06The Land Of Dreams14A Case For Disaggregated Data24Filipino20Chinese28Vietnamese34Native Hawaiians&Pacific Islanders30Korean36AANHPI Representation,In Detail32Japanese38Tale Of Three Cities40Higher-Income Households44Middle-Income Households48Lower-Income Households52AREAA Three-Point Plan54Sources16Asian IndiansUCLA SURVEYWorked with UCLA Asian American Studies Center to identify barriers to AAPI homeownership.2007NO OTHERSeparated AAPIs from Othercategory on Census housing reports.2016PREFERRED LANGUAGE DATA FIELDLanguage field on URLA form to assessneeds for language support2017MORTGAGE TRANSLATIONSWorked with GSEs and agencies toaggregate mortgage terms to four different Asian languages.2019ELIMINATING 1%RULEStudent loans more fairly calculated for DTI.2021ALTERNATIVE CREDITInclusion of Vantagescore 4.0 andFICO 10T in mortgage underwriting.2022AAPI HOMEBUYER SURVEYConducted a national survey to assess the effect of Anti-Asian sentiment on housing.2022RENTERS CREDITSupported creation of renters creditprograms at Fannie Maeand Freddie Mac.2021CENSUSPARTNERSHIPPartnered with the U.S.Census Bureauto increase AAPI engagement indecennial census.2020SPRING 20244For over 20 years,AREAA has advanced understanding and opportunities for Asian American and Pacific Islander(AAPI)communities through insightful research and collaborative partnerships.This years report is a prime example of the powerful insights that can emerge from data sharing and joint efforts between mission-driven organizations.At Freddie Mac,our mission to make home possible relies on collaborative partnerships like the one we share with AREAA.By working together on initiatives such as the State of Asia America Report,we expand our collective understanding of the housing needs and trends impacting diverse AAPI populations.This collaborative research approach strengthens our ability to contribute solutions that promote sustainable and equitable housing outcomes.The findings in this years report offer timely takeaways for industry partners seeking to better support AAPI families and individuals through informed outreach,programs and policies.Key trends highlighted through our collaborative data analysis,such as disaggregated demographic insights and barriers faced in the homebuying process,will help further equitable and inclusive solutions.On behalf of Freddie Mac,I commend AREAA for their dedicated partnership and look forward to our continued collaborative efforts to advance shared goals of sustainable and equitable housing opportunities.Together,through collaborative research like this report,we move closer to realizing our mission of making home possible.In an ever-changing world and industry,real estate agents who have earned the trust of their clients and even of potential clients who know them only by reputation or affiliation have a critical competitive advantage.How do they earn that trust?By delivering value to homebuyers and sellers,by understanding the dynamics of their local markets,and by seeking out knowledge,skills and resources that raise their level of service.Thats why RE/MAX is honored to continue its ongoing support of the Asian Real Estate Association of America,and specifically the 2024 State of Asia America Report.Understanding the crucial AAPI insights highlighted in the report based on timely economic,demographic and real estate data gives real estate professionals a better opportunity to establish lasting relationships with their clients.Those relationships,in turn,can lead to repeat business,personal referrals,and a higher level of success.Dive into this invaluable tool and apply the insights to build deeper community,shape your business,and advance the industry.The report can give you a clear competitive edge and help establish or strengthen your reputation as a professional who stands above the crowd.As you serve the AAPI community and guide families and individuals through one of lifes biggest experiences,know this:AREAA and RE/MAX are very much aligned in supporting your efforts to build sustainable homeownership opportunities for all.Together,we can continue to open doors and change lives.For years,AREAA and the State of Asia America Report have been crucial for sharing both the data and the story of the AANHPI community.This years report focuses on the journey of coming to America,a journey that can take many different shapes.The AANHPI community brings together individuals from an incredibly diverse set of countries and cultures,and each experience is unique.When I started my tenure as AREAA President this year,I shared how my parents first came to America on student visas.Things were not always easy for them,and for the first few years of my life,they had to live separately from each other and me as they both sought a foothold in this country.They worked hard and sacrificed to provide me with a good life and a place to call home.Now,discriminatory laws are being passed and introduced around the country that make the American Dream impossible for people like my parents.AREAA has fought and will continue to fight for AANHPI homeownership.Educational and advocational pieces like this report allow us to share crucial information with our members and partners about barriers that affect our community.Continuing from previous years,AREAA has worked with partners like Freddie Mac to include detailed,disaggregated data on AANHPI subgroups.Not only does this arm real estate practitioners with the knowledge they need to serve our community,but it serves to dispel outdated myths surrounding AANHPIs.The idea of the model minority and perpetual foreignness do not hold up to thorough scrutiny.AANHPIs are Americans.Some of us are successful and some of us are struggling.Some of us are new arrivals,while some have been here for generations.This report is a story about stories;a collection of journeys;an anthology.Abby LeeJamie TianEVP Marketing,Communications&Events,RE/MAX,LLC2024 AREAA National PresidentDanny GardnerSenior Vice President,Single-Family Mission and Community EngagementFreddie MacFOREWORDSPRING 20246One of the core aspects of the American Dream is owning a home.A place where you can feel safe,raise a family,build a life,and host awesome cookouts.Its been the subject of years of policy,references in media,and is one of the most ubiquitous signs of wealth and success in this country.But for many,this has become increasingly out of reach.Housing affordability and the share of first-time homebuyers are both near historic lows.With these factors in mind,where is the Asian American,Native Hawaiian,and Pacific Islander(AANHPI)community in its journey to attain the American Dream?BEYOND AVERAGEIn last years State of Asia America Report,we discussed the idea of beyond average;understanding the AANHPI community at a deeper level than just broad strokes.This still holds true today.Figure 1(on the left)shows that there are significant differences between how different subgroups view their attainment of the American Dream.Japanese Americans,while not having the highest homeownership rate out of these groups,are the most likely to say they have achieved the American Dream at 39%.AANHPIs over 65 are also quite positive,with 38%saying they have achieved the American Dream.In fact,as a whole,AANHPIs are more optimistic than the average American adult,and are 4%less likely to say the American Dream is out of reach for them.There has been continual and robust growth for this community(Figure 2),but it is once again important to note that this varies significantly between groups.Figure 3 shows that the Chinese community grew by 3.6%while the Native Hawaiian population decreased by 6.4%.HAPPY IN NUMBERSPart of the optimism within this community is reflected in the number of positive metrics.AANHPIs achieve greater levels of educational attainment,earn more,and have lower poverty and divorce rates than the White community.Given that the success in these factors has happened as the population has rapidly expanded,this demonstrates a wealth of opportunity within this community.Despite this,homeownership has not caught up,and still lags for the AANHPI community.27232923312530352928272431372538496346424930484150453038342381827253927292626MOST ASIAN AMERICANS SAY THEY HAVE ACHIEVED THE AMERICAN DREAM OR ARE ON THEIR WAY TO DOING SO(FIGURE 1)The American Dream is out of reach for themAll Asian adultsChineseFilipinoIndianJapaneseKoreanVietnameseOtherAges 18-2930-4950-6465 All U.S.adultsTheyre on their way to achieving the American DreamThey have achieved the American DreamTHE LAND OF DREAMS1960197019801990200020102019-6.0%Asian IndianChineseFilipinoVietnameseKoreanJapaneseHawaiian-4.0%-2.0%2.04.0% 3.1% 3.6% 0.3% 1.0% 2.8%3.2%-6.4%5,000,000491,000825,0002,540,0004,979,0008,226,00011,284,00014,099,00010,000,00015,000,000IMMIGRANT POPULATION FROM ASIA IN THE UNITED STATES,1960-2019(FIGURE 2)POPULATION CHANGE BETWEEN 2021 AND 2022(FIGURE 3)AANHPI HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE57.23.2/rom 2021 to 2022,population growth was observed in 5 of the 6 AANHPI subgroups,with Asian Indian,Chinese,and Korean populations outpacing the overall AANHPI population growth.Overall AANHPI Population Growth 2.6 122022Note:The six largest ethnic groups and the group“Other”include those who identify with one Asian ethnicity only,Responses for those who identify with two or more Asian ethnicities not shown,“Some college”includes those with an associate degree and those who attended college but did not obtain a degree.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer not shown.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022 Jan 27,2023,and survey of U.S adults conducted Dec 5-11,2022.“Diverse Cultures and Shared Experiences Shape Asian American Identities”Source:Freddie Mac calculations using 1-year American Community Survey of 2022 and 2021 estimates www.ipums.org.Only the top 6 AANHPI sub-groups and Hawaiian sub-group based on Census population are plotted.Taiwanese are excluded from Chinese calculationSource:1.2020 Census population counts for detailed ethnicity2.NAR calculations of ACS dataSources:pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2023/05/08/asian-americans-and-life-in-america/Source:Data from U.S Census Bureau 2010 and 2019 American Community(ACS),and Campbell J.Gibson and Kay Jung.“Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born population of the United States:1850-2000”(Working paper n0.81,U.S.Census Bureau,Washington DC,February 2006)SPRING 20248TOP 20 STATES FOR AAPI POPULATIONWHERE AANHPIS LIVE AND WHERE THEY ARE GOING.1.California-7,320,6022.New York-2,062,7153.Texas-2,022,2194.Washington-1,068,3705.New Jersey-1,064,5446.Hawaii-1,010,6267.Illinois-901,0588.Florida-896,3839.Virginia-770,48610.Pennsylvania-612,56711.Georgia-610,25712.Massachusetts-594,74013.Maryland-509,69814.North Carolina-456,65515.Michigan-428,70316.Nevada-409,83917.Arizona-400,02418.Ohio-392,34319.Minnesota-368,85520.Oregon-318,6372022 TO 2023 AANHPI NET MIGRATION BY STATETOP 4 STATES WITH POSITIVE NET MIGRATION-WESTTOP 5 STATES WITH POSITIVE NET MIGRATION-SOUTHTOP 2 STATES WITH POSITIVE NET MIGRATION-MIDWESTSTATE WITH POSITIVE NET MIGRATION-EASTWashington43.6KNevada15.4KColorado9.3KArizona4.0KMaryland11.9KTexas7.3KVirginia3.3KLouisiana2.9KNorth Carolina2.6KIllinois4.5KIowa3.4KNew Jersey31.2KIn 2022-2023,the Northeast continued to experience the largest out-migration,while the West saw the highest in-migration.California continues to be the largest hub for AANHPIs,although the low affordability seems to be driving movement to other,more affordable states in the West.Quality of life and work opportunities continue to be prime motivators for where people choose to live.Despite significant outbound moves in the East region,New Jersey received the second highest positive net migration in the country.Sources:APIA Vote(column on left)https:/apiavote.org/policy-and-research/aapi-demographics-by-state/.Note:INCLUDES MULTI-RACIAL POPULATION Migration map,take from Freddie Mac Source:Migration data calculated using Current Population Survey Data for 2023 one-year estimate www.ipums.org.Note:Figures includes missing data for some states since it is limited to only Asian American and Pacific Islanders population.SPRING 20241 0REDLININGDISCRIMINATORY LENDINGEXCLUSIONARY BILLSRedlining was one the many historic tools that were used to keep racial and ethnic minorities in segregated neighborhoods.That history is still seen and felt today.Racial land covenants can still be found in many neighborhoods,and while not enforced,are a grim reminder of the long history of barriers that AANHPIs have faced.Furthermore,studies by Brookings Institute revealed that the level of neighborhood segregation of AANHPIs is extremely comparable to the Hispanic community,with a segregation index score of 46.This statistic means that 46%of the AANHPI population would need to relocate to be distributed across neighborhoods equally with the White community.There are meaningful results of this separation.Segregation results in separate access to public parks,schools,and other resources.There are also concerns around appraisal bias;with multiple studies(including one done by Brookings)finding that minority neighborhoods are at higher risk of undervaluation.This results in less overall wealth accrual for these neighborhoods and communities.AANHPIs have the highest income on average out of all racial groups,as well as the highest average credit score.Despite that,the Urban Institute found higher denial rates for Asian applicants than their White counterparts at all income and DTI levels.In 2022,Asians had the largest increase in the share of closed-end home purchase loans for first lien,one-to four-family,site-built,owner-occupied properties.The denial rate continued to be 9.2%compared to 5.8%for the non-Hispanic White applicants.One of the immediate factors that comes to mind is the high cost of living in MSAs that Asians are located.However,once again,Urban Institute analysis found that this racial disparity in denial rates persisted across all major metropolitan areas.As the AANHPI population continues to grow and comprise a larger share of the housing market,more scrutiny will be necessary to analyze which factors are causing this community to be denied loans at higher rates.Discriminatory and exclusionary policies are no stranger to the AANHPI community;Japanese Internment,strict migration quotas,and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 come to mind.Recently,due to heightened geopolitical tensions with China,bills have been introduced in State and Local governments across the country with the explicit or implicit purpose of limiting property ownership for Chinese immigrants.This creates several issues.First,while some bills have used semantics to claim otherwise,a law that prohibits property ownership based on where a foreigner is domiciled is ultimately discrimination based on national origin.This is a violation of Fair Housing law;this issue is further exacerbated in instances where a real estate professional could face felony charges for working with someone from a country of concern.Furthermore,Washington D.CLas VegasNew YorkSan DiegoSeattleLos AngelesSan DiegoSan Jose0 0P%ASIAN AMERICAN%OF METROPOLITAN AREAS AND NEIGHBORHOODS OF AVERAGE ASIAN AMERICANS RESIDENTS(2015-2019)(FIGURE 1)ASIAN MORTGAGE APPLICANTS ACROSS THE INCOME SPECTRUM EXPERIENCE HIGHER DENIAL RATES(FIGURE 2)Asian American%of metro areaWhiteAsianAsian American%of white-resident neighborhood$0-$50K$50K-$75K$75K-$100K$100K-$150K$150K 11.3%6.5%9.2%5.4%7.7%4.7%6.9%5.0%7.4.3ta from the COVID pandemic has made it abundantly clear that anti-Chinese rhetoric is never constrained to valid critiques of the Chinese Communist Party.Anti-Chinese rhetoric correlates strongly with a spike in anti-Asian rhetoric and hate crimes for the entire community.Finally,there are socioeconomic factors to consider.Many American industries use foreign laborers,contract with foreign companies,and participate in the global economy to bring prosperity home to their state.These bills would strongly disincentivize foreign investment,hurting the very communities that these bills are designed to protect.DISCRIMINATORY LAND BILLS 2023(STATES)(FIGURE 3)86420ENDURING BARRIERSFigure 1:https:/www.brookings.edu/articles/neighborhood-segregation-persists-for-black-latino-or-hispanic-and-asian-americans/Figure 2:https:/www.urban.org/urban-wire/asian-americans-face-systemic-higher-mortgage-denial-rates-despite-having-stronger-credit-profilesFigure 3:https:/www.quorum.us/spreadsheet/external/KscrjHCRzvqUdRtMcgpX/Number of bills introducedSPRING 20241 2Although it already seems a distant memory,it was less than four years ago when hate crimes against AANHPIs saw a massive spike across the country.Following that,AREAA deployed a national survey with TDW Co to determine the degree to which anti-Asian sentiment was influencing migration patterns.One of the key results was that over a third of AANHPI prospective homebuyers excluded certain areas from their search due to concerns over discrimination.The results from the TDW Co survey were a mixed bag.For prospective homebuyers across all subgroups,safety and security ranked as the top factors.However,a majority of all subgroups stated that“moving to get away from racial prejudice and discrimination”was either a major or minor factor.Indian Americans were twice as likely to say this was a major factor rather than not a factor,and a third of Filipino and Vietnamese Americans also considered this a major factor.The data indicates that anti-Asian hate,while not the primary factor for most homebuyers,remains a very strong motivating factor in their decision-making process.All Asian adultsMajor FactorAsian IndianChineseFilipinoKoreanVietnameseMinor FactorNot A FactorNeighbors made life difficult for them or their familyAt least oneThey have been prevented from moving into a neighborhood by a landlord or realtor1212101071312151015422644263513131012111412171118ChineseFilipinoIndianJapaneseKoreanVietnameseOtherForeign bornU.S bornABOUT 1 IN 10 ASIAN ADULTS SAY THEY HAVE EXPERIENCED AT LEAST ONE FORM OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOODPROSPECTS:DRIVERS FOR MOVING,“PREJUDICE/DISCRIMINATION”(RATING)%of Asian adults who say each of the following has happened because of their race or ethnicityPew Research has found“About one-in-ten Asian adults(12%)say neighbors have made life difficult for them or their family because of their race or ethnicity.And 4%say they have been prevented from moving into a neighborhood by a landlord or realtor for the same reason.”PROSPECTS:INFLUENCE BY ANTI-ASIAN SENTIMENTSWhen disaggregated,safety and security remain the top reason for home purchase,especially among Filipinos.Wanting to get away from racial discrimination ranked on average 36%but was at 52%for Koreans.Numbers that are significantly above the average are indicated with a green arrow.76%TotalAsian IndianChineseFilipinoKoreanVietnamese69witpeattfqYgcxUYSaQSRWHTRCQEQSHW7AF(576(72R1455(3#15%Personal safety or security concernsWanting to be closer to familyWaiting to move to larger homeWanting to move to an area with grater demographic diversityWanting to move to an area where there are more Asians like myselfWanting to get away from racial prejudice and discriminationWanting to live in a different climateWanting to move to a smaller homeWanting to move to an area with better schoolsWaiting to move to an area with lower cost of livingRECENT BUYERS:EXPERIENCES WHEN SHOPPING FOR NEW HOMEPROSPECTIVE BUYERS:INFLUENCE BY ANTI-ASIAN SENTIMENTS673e5PP5%9V%Eliminated Communities From Consideration Due To Anti-Asian SentimentsFelt Unfair Treatment During Home Shopping Due To Asian BackgroundEliminated Communities From Consideration Due To Anti-Asian SentimentsFelt Unfair Treatment During Home Shopping Due To Asian BackgroundAnticipate Eliminating Communities From Consideration Due To Anti-Asian SentimentsYesYesNoNoHas not yet started43%6%95(125G3C%Asian Indian prospects cited“racial prejudice and discrimination”the most among all segments(43%),while many Chinese and Korean prospects said it was not a factor at all(47%and 43%,respectively)To get away from racial prejudice and discriminationNote:“At least one”refers to Asian adults who say they have experienced at least one incident in which neighbors made life difficult for them or their family or they were prevented from moving into a neighborhood by a landlord or realtor because of their race or ethnicity.Ethnic origin groups include those who self-identify with one Asian ethnicity only.“1.5 generation”refers to those who immigrated to the U.S when younger than 18.Income levels refer to family income in 2021.Share of respondents who didnt offer an answer or gave other answer shown but not labeled.Source:Survey of Asian American adults conducted July 5,2022 Jan 27,2023.“Discrimination Experiences Shape the Lives of Most Asian Americans”DISCRIMINATIONS EFFECT AND THE EFFECT OF HATE CRIMES ON AANHPI MIGRATIONSources:pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2023/05/08/asian-americans-and-life-in-america/Sources:AREAA Home Buyers StudySources:AREAA Home Buyers StudySources:AREAA Home Buyers StudySPRING 20241 4A CASE FOR DISAGGREGATED DATARace and EthnicityOriginationsAverage Loan AmountAverage Property ValueAverage Loan CostsAverage Interest RateNon-Hispanic White2,355,666$295,757$359,529$5,2563.23%Black297,947$263,066$281,125$6,5753.33PI232,121$435,056$555,681$5,8743.11%Hispanic White370,136$270,902$300,718$7,0553.33%Joint157,388$377,604$448,986$6,4343.19%Other28,670$278,355$311,531$6,2833.22%Missing572,062$343,229$415,818$6,0923.19%Home purchase mortgage characteristics by race,ethnicity,and AAPI subgroupsAAPI SubgroupsOriginationsAverage Loan AmountAverage Property ValueAverage Loan CostsAverage Interest RateAsian(No subgroup)59,993$414,843$534,543$6,0573.15%Asian Indian55,550$498,767$622,793$5,2742.98%Chinese32,047$522,271$740,583$5,5773.13%Filipino21,267$381,878$430,620$7,1893.6%Japanese4,700$409,402$529,166$6,2873.11%Korean13,767$441,411$581,531$5,7433.09%Vietnamese14,809$349,342$446,243$5,4173.14%Other Asian21,543$352,846$427,684$5,8223.14%NHPI(No subgroup)3,545$323,907$363,856$7,1873.26%Native Hawaiian1,104$366,305$408,060$8,2053.21%Guamanian722$322,513$345,008$7,4913.17%Samoan631$352,262$376,136$8,0723.25%Other Pacific Islander2,443$306,671$351,503$6,7613.27%Last year,AREAA discussed the importance of looking beyond average.This year,we are continuing that effort and including detailed disaggregated data on AANHPI subgroups.As can be seen in the first figure in the bottom left,AANHPI average loan costs and interest rate are both quite favorable.It would be easy for a policymaker or media member to see that statistic and write off the community as not in need of assistance.However,a closer look at the data paints a different picture.Filipinos,despite being the third largest subgroup and holding good socioeconomic status,have the highest interest rates on their loans at 3.6%.NHPIs have higher costs and rates across the board,with Samoans having the highest average loan costs at$8,072.Failure to examine or produce data from a disaggregated standpoint obscures different AANHPI needs for healthcare,language access,credit,down payment assistance,and other barriers.In the coming pages,notice the significant differences in homeownership rate,regional distribution,and population size as we examine AANHPI subgroups in depth.Source:https:/www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/challenging-model-minority-myth-asian-american-pacific-islanders-mortgage-market/SPRING 20241 6ASIAN INDIANSAccording to Freddie Mac calculations from the 2022 ACS,Indians are the largest AANHPI subgroup in the United States.This community has a large presence in the tech,financial,and healthcare industries.4.77M$175K62.6%Population Size1Median Income2Homeownership Rate2EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF INDIAN POPULATION IN THE U.S.,2019AllU.S bornForeign bornNaNAll AsiansAll AmericansAs the Migration Policy Institute(MPI)notes,Indians are the second highest source of foreign students enrolled in U.S.higher education,and the top source for H1-B visas for high-skilled labor.As a result,the Indian American population is highly educated and overrepresented in jobs that require these degrees.The Indian immigrant community is a much newer community than most other immigrant groups.“In 2021,48%of Indian immigrants were U.S.citizens compared to 54%of all immigrants,and 44%of Indian immigrants had come since 2010,compared to 28%of all foreign-born Americans.”The relative recency of this group to the United States means that there has been limited wealth accrual from generation to generation.This can be seen in the generational data below:the homeownership rate among Millennial and Gen Z Indians is lower than other subgroups,but the homeownership rate for more experienced generations is impressively high.LENGTH OF TIME IN THE U.S FOR INDIAN IMMIGRANTS2000-2019HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE BY GENERATION1High School or lessSome collegeBachelors degreePostgrad degree102C4A%92C0$9) D 00201020152019100 %FINANCIAL CONFIDENCEVery ConfidentSomewhat ConfidentNot ConfidentAbility to Pay an Unexpected Medial ExpenseWill Have Enough Savings for RetirementGen ZMillenialsGen XSenior323831264330In fact,this communitys median homeownership rate of 62.6%is substantially lower than the highest AANHPI subgroup,Vietnamese,and over 10%lower than the homeownership for White Americans.0-10 yearsMore than 10 years5M4M3M2M1M2000201020152019Sources:1.2020 Census population counts for detailed ethnicity2.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/As of 2022,Gen Z is age of 19-24 years,Millennials are 25-41 years old.Gen X is 42-60 years old.Senior is above 60 year.Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/Sources:1.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022IN DEPTHINDIAN POPULATION IN THE US2000-2019VOTING ISSUES TO PRIORITIZEHigh PriorityHealth CareHousingModerate PriorityLow PriorityUnsurprisingly,due to the Indian communitys large presence in high-skilled jobs,this subgroup has the highest median income amongst all AANHPI subgroups.As AREAA has explored in past reports,this does not directly correlate with a higher homeownership rate.811866303(%of foreign-born population who have lived in the U.S.)Sources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSPRING 20241 8TOP 10 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE ASIAN INDIANS2No.of Credit Visible Population-371.5K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-3.91.New York-Newark-Jersey City,NY-NJ-PAU.S.IMMIGRANT POPULATION BY METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA,2018-2022In the 2015-19 period,as per the latest U.S.Census Bureau data,California had the largest share of Indian immigrants,accounting for 20%of the total,followed by Texas at 11 percent and New Jersey at 10%.New York and Illinois together accommodated 13%of the Indian immigrant population.Among the top counties for Indian immigrants were Santa Clara and Alameda in California,Middlesex in New Jersey,Cook in Illinois,and Los Angeles,collectively housing 17%of Indian immigrants.For Median Incomed Family2.Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington,TXNo.of Credit Visible Population-160.1K|Single Family Affordability*-1.1|Year to Save(3%down)-3.03.San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-147.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-6.14.Chicago-Naperville-Elgin,IL-IN-WINo.of Credit Visible Population-128.4K|Single Family Affordability*-1.3|Year to Save(3%down)-2.25.San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-118.7K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-8.26.Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-97.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4|Year to Save(3%down)-6.47.Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue,WANo.of Credit Visible Population-91.7K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.78.Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta,GANo.of Credit Visible Population-89.7K|Single Family Affordability*-1.0|Year to Save(3%down)-3.49.Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land,TXNo.of Credit Visible Population-89.0K|Single Family Affordability*-0.3|Year to Save(3%down)-6.110.Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington,PA-NJ-DE-MDNo.of Credit Visible Population-77.0K|Single Family Affordability*-0.9|Year to Save(3%down)-2.2*SF Affordability-Single family affordability and year to save numbers are representative of median income families.A city is considered affordable to its median income family if affordable ratio is greater than or equal to 1.Source:Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023Sources:https:/www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states Credit visible population is based on Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023.Credit visible population represents U.S.consumers in the credit bureau data.The data consists of U.S.residents who have a record with the bureau,either due to credit inquiries,taking on debt,or being associated with debt collection.Credit visible population numbers are rounded to the nearest thousand.The calculation for the maximum house price is based on FFIEC/HUD median family income data for August 2023.It operates under the assumption that the front-end debt-to-income ratio would be limited to 31%,assuming they were obtaining a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage with a 3%down payment(mortgage rate as of August 2023 is 7.07%).Affordability Ratio is obtained by dividing maximum house price by median home value based on Freddie Mac Home Value Explorer data for August 2023.A city is considered affordable to its median-income family if affordable ratio is greater than or equal to 1.Year to Save calculation is based on FFIEC/HUD median family income data and Freddie Mac Home Value Explorer data for August 2023 and is calculated by dividing 3%down payment by annual savings.According to Bureau of Economic Analysis,average personal savings rate is 4.4%of net income in 2023.FREDDIE MAC CREDIT VISIBLE DEFINITIONKASHYAP TRIVEDI,GREATER CHICAGO CHAPTERKashyap Trivedi is a real estate attorney and board member for AREAA Greater Chicago.He was born in Ahmedabad,Gujarat,India and immigrated to Chicago with his parents as a child.Kashyap and his family initially moved in with his uncle,their sponsor,until they were able to afford their own apartment.Through sacrifices and hard work,his parents were able to achieve the American Dream while also witnessing the Indian community in Chicago grow exponentially.Kashyap recalls being a child and people making hateful comments towards his mother,who wears a dot on her head as a proud Hindu woman.As the Indian population has grown,so too has the access to Indian culture in Chicago.Kashyap now gets to watch his daughters participate in annual Indian classical dance performances in Chicagos Chinatown.SPRING 20242 0CHINESEIN DEPTHChinese Americans are the second largest AANHPI group in isolation,and by some counts are the largest when accounting for mixed-race individuals who also identify as Chinese.This subgroup has a long history of cultural significance in the United States,with more than 50 large Chinatowns spread across the United States.5.2M$125K66.2%Population Size1Median Income2Homeownership Rate2VOTING ISSUES TO PRIORITIZEHigh PriorityHealth CareHousingModerate PriorityLow PriorityThe Migration Policy Institute reports,“57%of Chinese immigrants ages 5 and over reported limited English proficiency in 2021,compared to 46%of the total foreign-born population.”Due to this,there is a high demand for translated housing documents as well as real estate practitioners who can offer in-language services.As shown in the figure below,Chinese Americans are not as confident as Indian Americans in terms of their retirement savings or ability to pay unexpected medical expenses.FINANCIAL CONFIDENCEVery ConfidentSomewhat ConfidentNot ConfidentAbility to Pay an Unexpected Medial ExpenseWill Have Enough Savings for RetirementThis community has an above average median household income.The Chinese American homeownership rate is above both the AANHPI homeownership rate of 63.2%and the U.S.national average of 65.7%.EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF CHINESE POPULATION IN THE U.S.,2019AllU.S bornForeign bornNaNAll AsiansAll AmericansEducation is a top priority for many within the Chinese community;China sends the most students to the United States for higher education out of any country.Educational attainment is very high amongst both foreign and U.S.born Chinese Americans.As noted previously,Chinese American immigrants are more likely to have limited English proficiency than other immigrant groups but have nonetheless found success within the American education system.When compared to other subgroups,Chinese homeownership is strong amongst Millennials and Gen X.While there is a significant influx of high-skilled workers,Chinese immigrants also commonly work in the service industry as well.HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE BY GENERATION1High School or lessSome collegeBachelors degreePostgrad degree190$9) Vr%Gen ZMillenialsGen XSenior752055536828324124364029()C4$)%LENGTH OF TIME IN THE U.S FOR CHINESE IMMIGRANTS2000-20192000201020152019100 %(%of foreign-born population who have lived in the U.S.)0-10 yearsMore than 10 yearsCHINESE POPULATION IN THE US2000-20195M4M3M2M1M2000201020152019Sources:Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022As of 2022,Gen Z is age of 19-24 years,Millennials are 25-41 years old.Gen X is 42-60 years old.Senior is above 60 year.Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-chinese-in-the-u-s/Sources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:https:/fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RHORUSQ156NSources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/Sources:1.2020 Census population counts for detailed ethnicity2.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022SPRING 20242 2TOP 10 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE CHINESE2No.of Credit Visible Population-483.3K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-3.91.New York-Newark-Jersey City,NY-NJ-PAU.S.IMMIGRANT POPULATION BY METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA,2018-2022Around half of Chinese immigrants primarily reside in California(32%)and New York(19%).From 2017 to 2021,the leading counties for Chinese immigrants were Los Angeles and Santa Clara in California,Queens and Kings in New York,collectively representing 26%of the total Chinese immigrant population in the United States.2.Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-380.9K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4|Year to Save(3%down)-6.43.San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-293.9K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-6.14.San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-146.9K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-8.25.Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue,WANo.of Credit Visible Population-112.0K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.76.Boston-Cambridge-Newton,MA-NHNo.of Credit Visible Population-99.1K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.37.Chicago-Naperville-Elgin,IL-IN-WINo.of Credit Visible Population-77.1K|Single Family Affordability*-1.3|Year to Save(3%down)-2.28.Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land,TXNo.of Credit Visible Population-71.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.3|Year to Save(3%down)-6.19.Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington,PA-NJ-DE-MDNo.of Credit Visible Population-58.1K|Single Family Affordability*-0.9|Year to Save(3%down)-2.210.Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington,TXNo.of Credit Visible Population-56.4K|Single Family Affordability*-1.1|Year to Save(3%down)-3.0*SF Affordability-Single family affordability and year to save numbers are representative of median income families.A city is considered affordable to its median income family if affordable ratio is greater than or equal to 1.Sources:2.Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023For Median Incomed FamilyJUSTIN WONG,GREATER EAST BAY CHAPTERAREAA National Secretary Justin Wong was born and raised in Californias Bay Area and is a commercial real estate practitioner.Justin is a fifth generation Chinese American whose ancestors came to America in the 1890s.Justins ancestors were merchants and could not own property until 1943 when the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed.His great grandparents rented an apartment in San Francisco before finally being able to buy a house in the 1950s on Leavenworth and Pacific in the Richmond District.After his father was born,Justins grandparents moved to Oakland and bought their first home in 1953.Sources:https:/www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinese-immigrants-united-statesSource:https:/history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/chinese-immigrationSPRING 20242 4FILIPINOIN DEPTHThe United States has a long social,economic,and militaristic history with the Philippines.There have been many notable waves of Filipino immigration to the United States.4.44M$121K65%Population Size1Median Income2Homeownership Rate2VOTING ISSUES TO PRIORITIZEHigh PriorityHealth CareHousingModerate PriorityLow PriorityEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF FILIPINO POPULATION IN THE U.S.,2019AllU.S bornForeign bornNaNAll AsiansAll AmericansThe Filipino American community completes higher education at a greater rate than the AANHPI average as well as the national average.Generally,there is not a significant difference in educational attainment or wealth between US and foreign-born Filipinos,suggesting that there is not a significant disparity between different immigration waves.Filipino identity is complicated.From a statistical standpoint,this community is closer in terms of wealth and homeownership to Asian Americans,rather than Native Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders.HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE BY GENERATION1High School or lessSome collegeBachelors degreePostgrad degree30851A%90$9) Hpv%Typically,these have been driven by employment opportunities,notably:enlistment,healthcare,and teaching opportunities.The Philippines history as a territory of the United States is unique among Asian countries;many new immigrants come to the United States with a high degree of familiarity with American culture and language.FINANCIAL CONFIDENCEVery ConfidentSomewhat ConfidentNot ConfidentAbility to Pay an Unexpected Medial ExpenseWill Have Enough Savings for Retirement7984191232Gen ZMillenialsGen XSenior173647222355The homeownership rate of foreign-born Filipinos is 67.1%,two percent higher than the Filipino median of 65.0%.Unlike the previous two subgroups,MPI notes,“Filipino immigrants are more likely to be proficient in English than the overall foreign-born population,even if they are slightly less likely to speak the language at home.”Additionally,the Philippines are located geographically in Southeast Asia.However,48%of Filipinos identify as Pacific Islander.These distinctions are further blurred when considering the fact that Filipinos are the second highest largest ethnic demographic in Hawaii,with many having ancestry in Hawaii that predates its American statehood.The Philippines were also once a Spanish colony.The language,cuisine,and customs of many Filipinos are heavily influenced by Hispanic heritage,and many identify with this label as well.The mixing of cultures,ethnic groups,and the vast spectrum of self-identification have all contributed to this blurring of classifications.The AANHPI community boasts a wealth of diversity,and this is showcased strongly by the Filipino community.LENGTH OF TIME IN THE U.S FOR FILIPINO IMMIGRANTS2000-20192000201020152019100 %0-10 yearsMore than 10 yearsFILIPINO POPULATION IN THE US2000-20195M4M3M2M1M2000201020152019Sources:1.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022(%of foreign-born population who have lived in the U.S.)As of 2022,Gen Z is age of 19-24 years,Millennials are 25-41 years old.Gen X is 42-60 years old.Senior is above 60 year.Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-filipinos-in-the-u-s/Sources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSource:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/Source:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/Sources:1.2020 Census population counts for detailed ethnicity2.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022SPRING 20242 6TOP 10 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE FILIPINOS2No.of Credit Visible Population-118.4K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4|Year to Save(3%down)-6.41.Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CAU.S.IMMIGRANT POPULATION BY METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA,2018-2022During the 2017-21 period,California hosted a significant concentration of Filipino immigrants,comprising 42%,with Hawaii at a distant 6%.Texas,Illinois,Nevada,and New York collectively accommodated about 19%of the Filipino population.The primary counties for Filipino immigrants were Los Angeles and San Diego in California,Honolulu in Hawaii,and Clark in Nevada,totaling 25%of Filipino immigrants in the United States.2.Urban Honolulu,HINo.of Credit Visible Population-73.5K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-6.83.San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-72.3K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-6.14.New York-Newark-Jersey City,NY-NJ-PANo.of Credit Visible Population-64.0K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-3.95.San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-48.1K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-7.16.Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise,NVNo.of Credit Visible Population-37.7K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.07.Chicago-Naperville-Elgin,IL-IN-WINo.of Credit Visible Population-35.4K|Single Family Affordability*-1.3|Year to Save(3%down)-2.28.Riverside-San Bernadino-Ontario,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-32.0K|Single Family Affordability*-0.7|Year to Save(3%down)-5.49.Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue,WANo.of Credit Visible Population-31.1K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.710.San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-25.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-8.2Sources:2.Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023For Median Incomed FamilyIMELDA LEANO,NORTH LA CHAPTERImelda Leano is a mortgage originator and the current North LA Chapter President.Imelda was born in Laoag City,Ilocos Region in Northern Luzon,Philippines.At the age of four,she started her journey to the United States with her family.From the Philippines,Imeldas family settled in Wahiawa,Hawaii before ultimately moving to Southern Californias Colorado Desert region.At the time,Imeldas family was able to purchase a California home for$25,000.She currently resides in Indio,California where she helps buyers find their way to their dream home.*SF Affordability-Single family affordability and year to save numbers are representative of median income families.A city is considered affordable to its median income family if affordable ratio is greater than or equal to 1.Sources:https:/www.migrationpolicy.org/article/filipino-immigrants-united-states Filipino SPRING 20242 8VIETNAMESEIN DEPTHHOMEOWNERSHIP RATE BY GENERATION12.29M$93K70%Population Size1Median Income2Homeownership Rate2ELIGIBLE VOTER POPULATION BY ASIAN ORIGIN GROUP AND STATE,IN THOUSANDS,2021California41%787liforniaCaliforniaFilipinoChineseVietnameseHawaiiNew YorkTexasVIETNAMESE POPULATION IN THE US2000-20192.5M2M1.5M1M500K2000201020152019Another factor that AREAA has identified that contributes to Vietnamese homeownership is multigenerational living.Pew Research found that adults living in multigenerational houses were less likely to be in poverty,with a majority of respondents saying that they had plenty of space and found multigenerational living to be a positive experience.Multigenerational living became less prevalent in higher income groups.MPI reports,“In 2022,about 64 percent of Vietnamese ages 5 and over reported speaking English less than very well,()compared to 46 percent of all immigrants.”The Vietnamese community is the only AANHPI subgroup that has Texas as its second highest share of eligible voters.The combination of high median income,a greater presence in affordable MSAs,and multigenerational living has contributed to significant homeownership success.TOP 5 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE VIETNAMESE2No.of Credit Visible Population-205.4K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4 Year to Save(3%down)-6.41.Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CA2.Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land,TXNo.of Credit Visible Population-86.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.3 Year to Save(3%down)-6.13.San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-81.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-8.24.Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington,TXNo.of Credit Visible Population-60.0K|Single Family Affordability*-1.1|Year to Save(3%down)-3.05.San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-48.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-6.121cyq%Gen ZMillenialsGen XSeniorSources:1.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 20222.Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023For Median Incomed FamilyVietnamese Americans have the highest homeownership rate out of all AANHPI subgroups.The Urban Institute has notably outlined a few factors,“Vietnamese people have had the highest share(88%)of US citizens and the largest share of people(65%)who have lived in the United States for more than 20 years among the AAPI subgroups studied.”These factors create a sense of permanence for this community,causing them to establish households at a higher rate.Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/Sources:Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022Sources:Pew Research Center analysis of 2021 American Community Survey(IPUMS).Sources:1.2020 Census population counts for detailed ethnicity2.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022LISA NGUYEN,GREATER DENVER CHAPTERAREAA leader and top producing agent Lisa Nguyen was born and raised in Colorado.Her father,after fighting as an American-ally in the Vietnam war,was forced to flee Vietnam on boat to save her mother and older sisters.When arriving in the United States they had$20 in their pockets.Their American lives began in housing projects,then a trailer before eventually getting into their first home when Lisa was born.Eventually they would be able to afford their first rental,using the equity to pay for higher education and entrepreneurship.For Lisas family,investing in real estate has been their path to achieving the American Dream.1,075170Share of Eligible Voters1,065425500185Note:Eligible voters are U.S.citizens ages 18 and older.Origin groups shown are among the largest in the U.S.and include those who identify with one Asian origin only,alone or combination with a non-Asian race or ethnicity.Estimates are rounded to the nearer 5,000.States shown are the two states with the highest number and share of eligible voters in each Asian origin group in 2021.Percentages are calculated from unrounded numbers.SPRING 20243 0HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE BY GENERATION1KOREANIN DEPTHFrom 2021 to 2022,the Korean population was one of the fastest growing AANHPI subgroups.Despite this impressive change,Koreans have a very large homeownership gap with White Americans;18.6%overall.1.99M$113K54.5%Population Size1Median Income2Homeownership Rate2VOTING ISSUES TO PRIORITIZEHigh PriorityHealth CareHousingModerate PriorityLow PriorityKOREAN POPULATION IN THE US2000-20192000201020152019This is most significant at the low-and middle-income levels where a homeownership gap of 19.1%and 20.5n be found between these two groups.Korean homeownership is highest in the South at 62%,with impressive amounts of representation in MSAs like Washington-Arlington-Alexandria,DC-VA-MD-WV and Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin.FINANCIAL CONFIDENCEVery ConfidentSomewhat ConfidentNot ConfidentAbility to Pay an Unexpected Medial ExpenseWill Have Enough Savings for Retirement727823175233246193645Pew Research shows that 66%of Koreans are naturalized citizens as opposed 52%of all immigrants.Korean Americans,both U.S.and foreign born have higher rates of educational attainment than Asians overall,but slightly higher rates of poverty.They are less likely to live in multigenerational households.TOP 5 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE KOREANS2No.of Credit Visible Population-165.7K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4|Year to Save(3%down)-6.41.Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CA2.New York-Newark-Jersey City,NY-NJ-PANo.of Credit Visible Population-104.5K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-3.93.Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue,WANo.of Credit Visible Population-31.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.74.Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta,GANo.of Credit Visible Population-31.0K|Single Family Affordability*-1.0|Year to Save(3%down)-3.45.Chicago-Naperville-Elgin,IL-IN-WINo.of Credit Visible Population-28.7K|Single Family Affordability*-1.3|Year to Save(3%down)-2.29Ae%Gen ZMillenialsGen XSenior61%Sources:1.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022Sources:1.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 20222.Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023For Median Incomed Family2.5M2M1.5M1M500K*SF Affordability-Single family affordability and year to save numbers are representative of median income families.A city is considered affordable to its median income family if affordable ratio is greater than or equal to 1.Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-koreans-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/Sources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:1.2020 Census population counts for detailed ethnicity2.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022PRISCA LEE,NORTHERN NEW JERSEY CHAPTERFormer AREAA theEDGE Chair and current Chapter Development Committee Vice-Chair Prisca Lee moved around a lot throughout her childhood and spent the longest time in Northern New Jersey.When her Korean parents moved to the United States,their version of the American Dream was not the traditional path.Her father is a pastor and prioritized helping others over income,so homeownership was not something Prisca experienced growing up.After being in Northern New Jersey for 35 years,Priscas father is now a medical missionary in the Dominican Republic.Prisca developed her leadership skills and is now a successful VP in the title industry.Through her career path,Prisca is the first in her family to be a homeowner.SPRING 20243 2JAPANESEIN DEPTHJapanese Americans stand out for several reasons.Notably,this community has the highest homeownership rate out of all AANHPI subgroups in the West at 75%.One potential reason for this is the long history and establishment of strong neighborhoods for this community throughout the West.1.59M$124K66.9%Population Size1Median Income2Homeownership Rate2VOTING ISSUES TO PRIORITIZEHigh PriorityHealth CareHousingModerate PriorityLow PriorityJAPANESE POPULATION IN THE US2000-20192000201020152019This statistic becomes even more significant when compared to Japanese homeownership rates in the three other census regions:53%in the Midwest,41%in the Northeast,and 53%in the South.While this significant shift in homeownership rates across regions is worthy of further investigation,it is safe to say that the settings in which buyers are seeking homes are just as important as their consumer profiles.FINANCIAL CONFIDENCEAbility to Pay an Unexpected Medial ExpenseWill Have Enough Savings for Retirement741156356304026233539Another unique factor driving Japanese homeownership in the American West is the strong prevalence of this community in Hawaii.Dating as far back as 1885,Japanese migrant workers moved to Hawaii to fill labor jobs on sugar cane plantations.Close relations continued between Hawaii and Japan,leading not only to a generation of migrant workers,but eventually generations of their descendants.The integration of Japanese culture into Hawaiis history can be found in the cuisine,language,and culture of the Islands.TOP 5 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE JAPANESE2No.of Credit Visible Population-111.9K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-6.81.Urban Honolulu,HI2.Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-94.9K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4|Year to Save(3%down)-6.43.New York-Newark-Jersey City,NY-NJ-PANo.of Credit Visible Population-34.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-3.94.San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-29.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.6|Year to Save(3%down)-6.15.Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue,WANo.of Credit Visible Population-24.0K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.7Very ConfidentSomewhat ConfidentNot Confident*SF Affordability-Single family affordability and year to save numbers are representative of median income families.A city is considered affordable to its median income family if affordable ratio is greater than or equal to 1.HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE BY GENERATION122Y%Gen ZMillenialsGen XSenior83%Sources:1.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 20222.Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023For Median Incomed Family2.5M2M1.5M1M500KSources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-japanese-in-the-u-s/Sources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:https:/apiavote.org/wp-content/uploads/Jan-30-APIAV-AAJA-APD-Slide-deck-2.pdfSources:1.2020 Census population counts for detailed ethnicity2.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022LORI GOTO,AUSTIN CHAPTERAREAA Chapter Development Committee Chair Lori Goto is a top producing agent serving the Austin,Texas market where shes resided for 25 years.Lori was born and raised in Honolulu,Hawaii.When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941,nearly 158,000 persons of Japanese ancestry(more than 35%of the population)were living in Hawaii.That population included Loris great grandparents and grandparents.Following the attack,Japanese living in Hawaii were under heightened scrutiny,forced into internment camps and pressured to speak only English.Sources:https:/ 20243 4NATIVE HAWAIIANS&PACIFIC ISLANDERSThe largest NHPI groups are Native Hawaiian,Samoan,Chamorro(Chamorros are mostly from Guam,but also from the Northern Marianas and Saipan),Tongan,Fijian,and Marshallese.Many groups under the umbrella of NHPI have a homeownership rate below 50%.Despite this,NHPIs are often left out of initiatives directed at assisting Black and Latino Americans,despite a comparable level of homeownership and wealth.NHPIs face the highest rate of appraisal bias and suffered at an outsized rate during the Covid-19 pandemic.Community barriers such as these are prime examples of the necessity for disaggregated data reporting on the AANHPI community.Population2Homeownership RateMedian Income3Native Hawaiian1680,44257.6%$66,607Samoan256,99734%$66,479Chamorro143,94746%$74,434Tongan78,87144%$73,103Fijian54,00646%$85,635Marshallese52,6246%$50,128NHPI POPULATION,2020TOP 5 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE NATIVE HAWAIIANS2No.of Credit Visible Population-22.8K|Single Family Affordability*-0.5|Year to Save(3%down)-6.81.Urban Honolulu,HI2.Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina,HINo.of Credit Visible Population-5.0K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4|Year to Save(3%down)-9.03.Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CANo.of Credit Visible Population-3.6K|Single Family Affordability*-0.4|Year to Save(3%down)-6.44.Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise,NVNo.of Credit Visible Population-2.9K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.05.Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue,WANo.of Credit Visible Population-2.9K|Single Family Affordability*-0.8|Year to Save(3%down)-4.73i%Gen ZMillenialsGen XSeniorSIX LARGEST NHPI GROUPSPolynesia,Micronesia,and Melanesia are three regions in the Pacific.While there is a significant amount of exchange between these regions,there are still distinct differences.Polynesians have the highest immigrant population in the United States.Many subgroups under the Polynesian umbrella like Samoans and Tongans have a long history of cultural and religious exchange with the United States.Micronesia,named after its small islands,has a vast amount of diversity in its languages and in the political power within the region.Micronesian people speak a wide variety of languages.Melanesia,in addition to its unique biodiversity,has a culture tied strongly to the preservation of tradition and familial pride.69%HOMEOWNERSHIP RATE BY GENERATION(FOR NATIVE HAWAIIANS)1Sources:1.Freddie Mac calculations using American Community Survey 2022Sources:https:/www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-nhpi-population.htmlSources:2 https:/www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-nhpi-population.html3 https:/ Mac calculations using American Community Survey 20222.Freddie Mac calculations at the CBSA-level using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023For Median Incomed FamilyIN DEPTHNative Hawaiian(NH)and Pacific Islander(PI)homeownership rates are lower on average than those of Asian Americans.There are multiple factors that may drive this.First,Native Hawaiians live in very low affordability MSAs.While this trend is common for many AANHPI subgroups,the absence of MSAs like Chicago-Naperville-Elgin and Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington is noteworthy for this group.Furthermore,the median family income of$83,000 for Native Hawaiians is above the national average,but not to an extent that it compensates for the high cost of living in NH communities.AloneAlone or in any CombinationPolynesian401,659988,519Micronesian197,723298,892Melanesian37,21757,112ZANDRA ULLOA,SAN DIEGO CHAPTERTop producer Zandra Ulloa serves as board member for AREAA San Diego.Zandra was born in Hagatna,Guam,and moved to San Diego in the early 90s.Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders are the most likely racial demographic to live in a multigenerational household.Zandra shared that,”Pacific Islanders have a very strong culture of being one.As we grow,the torch is handed off by our elders who raise us,and the responsibility of becoming a caretaker as we age is strongly expected and welcomed!”SPRING 20243 6AANHPI REPRESENTATION,IN DETAILSOUTHEAST ASIAN POPULATION SIZESOUTH ASIAN POPULATION SIZECambodian:364,006Hmong:335,919Thai:326,758Laotian:254,151Indonesian:153,115Burmese:276,322Malaysian:43,580Mien:22,557Singaporean:13,462Malay:3,761Tai Dam:2,834Lahu:2,339Bruneian:227Timorese:163Pakistani:687,942Bangladeshi:273,050Nepalese:219,503Sri Lankan:85,758Bhutanese:46,146Mizo:914Maldivian:733Sindhi:661CENTRAL ASIAN POPULATION SIZEAfghan:190,389Uzbek:53,374Kazakh:19,080Kyrgyz:8,785Tahik:8,245Turkmen:3,270Pashtun:1,175EAST ASIANPOPULATION SIZETaiwanese:333,289Mongolian:40,182Kalmyk:951Buryat:855Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-in-the-u-s/Sources:Freddie Mac calculations using 1-year American Community Survey of 2022 estimates www.ipums.org.Only the top 6 AAPI sub-groups and Hawaiian sub-group based on Census population are plotted.Taiwanese are excludedfrom Chinese calculation.There are 74 AANHPI origin groups represented in the AANHPI population.Although the larger groups have paved the way for disaggregated data,the following groups are in need of more reporting and data.Hmong is the largest Asian origin population in the following states:Minnesota 26%Wisconsin 26%The Nepalese population was the fastest growing Asian group among those with populations of 50,000 or more in 2010.The Nepalese alone population increased 295.5%from 51,907 in 2010 to 205,297 in 2020,and the Nepalese alone or in any combination population grew 269.0%from 59,490 to 219,503 over the decade.The Taiwanese subgroup is sometimes included within Chinese,however when seperated the Chinese subgroup remains the highest Asian origin population in the United States.The Taiwanese population observes both a high homeownership rate(71%)and high household income($130K).LOR VANG,GREATER MILWAUKEE CHAPTERAREAAs first Hmong American chapter founder Lor Vang is originally from Milwaukee,Wisconsin.Similar to many children of Asian parents,Lor was expected to pursue a medical career.After choosing to be an engineer,working in corporate America and being laid off in 2008,Lor realized he wanted control of his own income.Lor began investing in real estate and found his true calling.Real estate has been a way for Lor to help others on their path to financial independence.Although Hmong Americans are the largest Asian origin group in Wisconsin,they have a 52%national homeownership rate and do not benefit from the in language support that larger AANHPI subgroups receive.MANISHA MUNIKAR,GREATER BIRMINGHAM CHAPTERAREAA Greater Birmingham Chapters Manisha Munikar was born and raised in Kathmandu,Nepal.Prior to becoming a real estate agent,Manisha learned how daunting the home buying process can be,especially for immigrants that speak English as their second language.Her family went through their transaction without buyers representation and no one that could explain the financial and legal terms included in the contract.As a real estate agent,Manisha is helping first-time first-generation buyers like herself.ANDREW PETERS,ATLANTA METRO CHAPTERPast Chapter President Andrew Peters was born in Taiwan and has spent most of his life in Atlanta.Upon arriving in the United States,Andrew lived with his parents in student housing at Chapel Hill,North Carolina.His parents were able to purchase their first home when they relocated to Atlanta.While his family has been in Atlanta for 35 years,Andrew has gone on to be a team lead and top producer.Sources:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/asian-americans-hmong-in-the-u-s/SPRING 20243 8TALEOF THREE CITIES10 0(.8%AllLow-IncomeMiddle-IncomeHigh-IncomeWhite-BlackWhite-LatinoWhite-AANHPI22.0%9.9&.6!.0.2.9.6.2%9.9%8.3%6.2%Contrary to the conventional wisdom that homeownership gaps shrink with rising income,AANHPI communities show the widest gap within the middle-income range.Despite shared immigration experiences in the Asian American community,there are different realities when it comes to household income and accessing homeownership.In the last section we went through the importance of disaggregated data and why each subgroup has their own specific challenges.While the overall Asian American homeownership rate is strong,there are major economic disparities that exist.For example,last year we shared the White-AANHPI homeownership gap is the highest among the middle-income group.A Tale of Three Cities is a deep dive into these realities.Throughout the following pages,relevant films and characters have been included.These characters represent experiences AANHPI face in America today.According to NBC News and a study by the University of Southern Califiornia,Asian American representation in Hollywood increased significantly over the last 15 years.The percentage of Asian characters with speaking roles leaped from around 3%to nearly 16%.Through this study we learned that even with Asian characters gaining in numbers,Asian scholars and entertainment industry experts have spent years calling attention to how they are actually being portrayed.The Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus(CAPAC)has been advocating for more AANHPI representation in the film industry.When the Golden Globes placed Minari in the foreign language film category in 2020,CAPAC shared on Twitter,“when we dont recognize Asian American films as American,we arent recognizing Asian Americans as American.Its time to stop treating AAPIs as others,as the perpetual foreigner.We are here and growing faster than any other ethnic group.And these are our stories.”Including Asian main character films and TV series helps tell the complex and diverse journey-ing stories of AANHPIs.HOMEOWNERSHIP GAP BY RACE AND ETHNICITYSource:Homeownership rate calculated using 1-year American Community Survey of 2022 estimates www.ipums.org.Low-income levels refers to family income 140%AMI.Homeownership rate calculated as number of homes that are owner-occupied divided by total number of occupied households.AANHPI refers to Asian Americans,Native Hawaiian,and Pacific Islanders.Image Source:all rights belong to their respective ownersImage stills from Crazy Rich Asians,Easter Sunday,For Here or To Go,The Namesake,and Beef.Source:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/Sources:https:/ the AAANHPI segment is Americas fastest growing major racial and ethnic population,income inquality is also the greatest.Many Asian immigrants have higher levels of education than native-born Americans and settle in at the top of the income distribution.At the same time,the Asian immigrant population includes many with lower levels of education and income.That brings us to consider,what about the middle-income Asians?According to Freddie Macs data below,the widest homeownership gap exists in the middle-income range.SPRING 20244 0HIGHER-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSEDUCATIONWEALTH OF KNOWLEDGEHOUSEHOLD WEALTHHigh income in this report refers to families that make over 140%of the Area Median Income(AMI).In this bracket,the AANHPI community has a 6.2%homeownership disparity with the White community.While this is relatively low compared to disparities,it is still important to consider the factors that contribute to this gap despite their financial well-being.Education is not simply the skillset acquired via learning;for many AANHPIs,it is a core part of the American dream,a status symbol,and a chance for their family to join the educated aristocracy of Americas upper class.This is reflected in the data.As Figure 1.shows,“More than half of Asians ages 25 and older(54%)have a bachelors degree or more education,compared with 33%of the U.S.population in the same age range.”CRAZY RICH ASIANS,2018Crazy Rich Asians is a 2018 American romantic comedy-drama film by John M.Chu and based on the 2013 novel of the same title by Kevin Kwan.The film follows a Chinese-American professor,Rachel,who travels to Singapore with her boyfriend Nick Young.Growing up,Nick attended the Anglo-Chinese School in Singapore and later pursued a degree at the University of Oxford in England.After graduating,Nick obtained a professorship teaching History at New York University where he met and started a romantic relationship with Rachel.More than half of Asians ages 25 and older(54%)have a bachelors degree or more education,compared with 33%of the U.S.population in the same age range.Similar shares of U.S.-born(55%)and foreign-born Asians(54%)have earned a college degree.Both figures are substantially higher than the share of all U.S.-born people and all U.S.immigrants with a college degree(32ch).Asians 25 years and older with bachelors degree or higherU.S born AsiansForeign-born AsiansU.S born and U.S immigrants with college dregreeU.S.population in the same age range.WhiteBlackHispanicAsian0600,0001,200,000779,100287,900285,400354,000755,1001,060,800378,600923,300UPPER-INCOME ASIAN HOUSEHOLDS HIT THE MILLION-DOLLAR MARK IN WEALTH IN 2021 DURING PANDEMIC(Figure 2)Upper-Income householdsWealth in Dec 2019Wealth in Dec 2021The wealth of upper-income Asian and White households hovered around the million-dollar mark in 2021 Asian households had$1.1 million and White households had$923,300 at the median.These two groups were also about as wealthy as each other in 2019.Higher education pays off.Figure 3 shows the median net worth of households broken down by educational attainment.Obtaining a high school diploma has the greatest proportional increase in projected wealth from$8,460 to$55,030,a 550%increase.However,in nominal terms,the largest change was from Bachelors degree holders at$266,600 to graduate or professional degree holders at$555,900,a change of$289,300.In 2021,upper-income Asian households surpassed$1 million in wealth.Income is an insufficient measurement of financial status;those with high debt from student loans,outstanding car payments,and no property could have high income,but low wealth.Well-educated AANHPI immigrants in high-earning jobs may have a high median income but will not benefit from generational familial wealth.Homeownership continues to be a reliable way for families to unlock generational wealth via an appreciating asset.Highest Level of Educational Attainment in HouseholdMedian Net Worth in 2021No High School diploma$8,460High School graduate$55,030Some college,no degree$90,810Associate degree$139,00Bachelors degree$266,600Graduate or professional degree$555,900HOUSEHOLD NET WORTH VARIES BY EDUCATION(FIGURE 3)THE IVY TOWER Nothing says prestige like the Ivy League,a set of elite private American universities that are the dream school for many AANHPI students.In 2023,headlines were made when the Supreme Court struck down race-based admissions;one of the arguments presented during this case was that Harvards admission criteria unfairly discriminated against Asian Americans.Controversy aside,here are the statistics.According to the Harvard Crimson,in their 2021 freshman survey,23.6%of respondents identified as Asian,while only 0.6%identified as Pacific Islander.In 2017,the Harvard Crimson reported a median family income of$168,800 of undergraduate students,over three times higher than the national median at the time.While Asian Americans have a high rate of educational attainment,only 19%of NHPIs over 25 hold a college degree compared to the national average of 38%.For those within the AANHPI community who can afford it,higher education at Americas top universities will continue to be a priority.36%Roughly one-third of Asian households(36%)were in the upper tier alone,with a net worth of more than$667,500 in 2021.543UT2%Source:https:/www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2023/12/04/how-wealth-and-wealth-gaps-vary-by-income/Source:Crazy Rich Asians/Warner BrothersFigure 1SPRING 20244 2HIGHER-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSThe Migration Policy Institute reports,“In 2019,the median income of households headed by an immigrant from Asia was$88,000,compared to$64,000 and$66,000 for overall immigrant and U.S.-born households,respectively.”This trend continues today,with many immigrants from China and India coming to the U.S.to work in high paying sectors.However,as Pew Research found in 2023,wealth was much higher for U.S.born children of immigrants rather than immigrants.Additionally,wealth had a strong correlation with time spent in the U.S.HIGH PAYING OCCUPATIONSPart of the explanation for the higher median income of the AANHPI community can be explained by the job sectors in which this community is distributed.Asians make up 23.3%of computer and math related jobs.This is very significant as they are less than 7%of the workforce.As USAFacts reports“Asian Americans are also more represented in relatively high-paying architecture,engineering,and life and social science occupations.Theyre 36.4%of computer hardware engineers and 43.1%of medical scientists,where median weekly earnings are$2,277 and$1,544.respectively.”FOR HERE OR TO GO?2015An aspiring Indian tech entrepreneur in the Silicon Valley finds himself unexpectedly battling the bizarre American immigration system to keep his dream alive or prepare to return home forever.Writer-producer Rishi S.Bhilawadikars script focuses on legitimate points about the complexities and paradoxes of the visa application process,the resulting limbo in which many legitimately productive immigrants find themselves,and other frustrating and soul-searching issues facing ethnic communities.H-1B VISASEmployment opportunities are one of the top factors driving AANHPI net-in migration.A large share of these workers are distributed in high-paying jobs in tech,science,healthcare,and engineering related jobs.Countries like India and China are two of the biggest sources for foreign skilled labor.From 2010-2016,New York city had the largest number of H1-B recipients out of any city at 372,100.There are specific concerns for these communities.First,as some states entertain bans on the property rights of foreign nationals,it may become increasingly difficult for work visa recipients to find a safe and sustainable place to live in the United States.While there is a large amount of opportunity for new immigrant families,it is important to be aware of attacks that infringe on their property rights.The highest concentration of H-1B workers was in College Station,Texas with 32 H-1B approvals per 100 workers.NEW YORK CITY372,100SAN JOSE215,700SAN FRANCISCO165,000DALLAS150,200LARGEST NUMBER OF H-1B RECEPIENTS BY CITY,2010-2016ASIAN AMERICANS ARE OVERREPRESENTED IN TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS AS WELL AS PERSONAL CARE AND SERVICESComputer and math16.78.683.52.920.2Life,physical,and social scienceArchitecture and eng.Personal care and serviceHealthcare practitioners and technicalBusiness and financial opsHealthcase supportThe%point overrepresentation or underrepresentation of Asians by job type,2021StateNumber of Newly Naturalized CitizensTop Country of OriginCalifornia355,638Philippines:75,834;India:54,755;China:51,932New York142,189China:41,452;Bangladesh:20,368;India:14,298Texas117,185India:30,220;Vietnam:16,678;Philippines:10,549New Jersey63,996India:27,473;Philippines:7,832;South Korea:5,352Illinois52,143India:15,107;Phillippines:8,281;China:5,253TOP ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN BY STATE(2016-2020)Source:https:/www.migrationpolicy.org/article/immigrants-asia-united-states-2020#Age,_Education,_EmploymentSource:https:/ 20244 4MIDDLE-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSPew Research classifies the middle income range as between$48,500 to$145,500.Freddie Mac calculations consider middle income as anywhere between 80%and 140%AMI.As shown previously,the gap in homeownership rate between White homeownership and AANHPI homeownership is greatest at the middle-income bracket.Some of the previously mentioned barriers likely contribute to this fact;language access,limited generational wealth,and shorter credit histories.However,the silver lining to this issue is that,due to the vast amount of income and buying power within the AANHPI community,reducing the middle income homeownership gap would significantly raise homeownership for this community.SMALL BUSINESS OWNERSMany within the AANHPI community are small business owners.In fact,the Census Bureau shares this staggering statistic from the 2021 Annual Business Survey.“In 2020,there were 612,194 Asian-owned businesses employing about 5.2 million in the United States,the highest among all minority groups.”This is especially significant in the Accommodation and Food Services Sector,in which the 145,714 Asian-owned businesses make up nearly triple of the second highest minority group,Hispanic-owned at 50,231.Korean Americans had the highest rate of self-employment at 28%.AREAA has long advocated for expanded tax and financing solutions for small businesses,as easing barriers would help middle-income AANHPIs grow their wealth,and be more prepared to make significant home purchases.Asian612,194375,256140,91840,3928,822HispanicAmerican Indian and Alaska NativeNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific IslandersBlack or African American0700,000BEEF,2023Danny Cho,a contractor struggling to maintain clients,nearly drives his truck into Amy Laus SUV in the parking lot of home improvement store Forsters,where Amy is organizing the sale of her business to the chains owner,Jordan.Both are struggling with tensions in their personal and professional lives.Danny believes his brother Paul is irresponsible,and feels burdened to help his elderly parents,who moved back to Korea after being forced to sell their motel business.27.1%White-Asian IndianWhite-ChineseWhite-FilipinoWhite-VietnameseWhite-KoreanWhite-JapaneseWhite-Hawaiian10.5%3.8(.8.0%9.9&.6!.0.2.9.6.20 %9.9%AllLowMiddleHighActual GapWhite-BlackWhite-LatinoWhite-AANHPIWhite-AANHPI Scenario GapScenario Gap0.5 .5.6%8.2%3.0%Middle-Income White-AANHPI Gap:13.2%MIDDLE-INCOME(Figure 1)HOMEOWNERSHIP GAP BY RACE AND ETHNICITYScenario Analysis:If the homeownership gap at the middle-income level were the same as the overall homeownership gap for Asian Indians,Filipino,Korean,and Japanese.Itwill significantly lower the homeownership gap for the AANHPI communities.9.9%8.3%6.2%As Figure 1 to the left shows,there are significant disparities at the middle-income level between AANHPIs and White Americans,and this is very pronounced for the Indian and Korean community.In this case analysis,it is shown in Figure 2 that if the gap for these groups was closer to the average gap for AANHPIs,it would have a significant impact on the middle-income group and the entire community.Source Homeownership rate calculated using 1-year American Community Survey of 2022 estimates www.ipums.org.Low-income levels refers to family income 140%AMI.Homeownership rate calculated as number of homes that are owner-occupied divided by total number of occupied households.AANHPI refers to Asian Americans,Native Hawaiian,and Pacific Islanders.Source Homeownership rate calculated using 1-year American Community Survey of 2022 estimates www.ipums.org.Low-income levels refers to family income 140%AMI.Homeownership rate calculated as number of homes that are owner-occupied divided by total number of occupied households.Taiwanese are excluded from Chinese calculation.AANHPI refers to Asian Americans,Native Hawaiian,and Pacific Islanders.Shrinks Middle-Income homeownership gap by 5.8%and overall homeownership gap by 1.7%for AANHPI communitiesSource:https:/www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/01/who-owns-americas-businesses.html#:text=In 2020, there were 612,194,Food Services sector in 2020.Source:2021 Annual Business Survey.Source:https:/www.highlandernews.org/86839/beef-is-another-example-of-why-not-everything-needs-to-be-a-miniseries/NUMBER OF MINORITY-OWNED U.S.EMLOYED FIRMS:20208.0%6.1%8.2%7.4%SPRING 20244 6MIDDLE-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSAs this report has repeatedly stressed,it is important to measure data from a thorough and disaggregated point of view,rather than taking a single general point out of context.Although AANHPI income is higher on average,26%of Asian renters are cost-burdened by rent as opposed to 20%of White homeowners.This issue is even more severe for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders.The majority of AANHPIs,including those who live in poverty,are located in high-cost areas.EASTER SUNDAY,2022Easter Sunday is a 2022 American comedy film starring Jo Koy as a struggling actor,comedian,and single father who attends a gathering of his loud and dysfunctional Filipino American family on Easter Sunday.Throughout the film,we meet his multi-generational family that share a home,including his sister,his cousin and his mother.MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS Multigenerational living has seen a dramatic rise in the United States.As the figure to the left shows,this arrangement has doubled in frequency since 1971.When polled,most individuals living in a multigenerational household cite high housing costs as their reason for living in this arrangement,and also report that it is a positive experience.The top reasons for living in a multigenerational household are caring for elderly parents,saving on costs,and being near family.AANHPIs live in multigenerational households at a rate of 27%,which is comparable to the overall rate for the total immigrant population,28%.This is higher than the U.S.national average of 19%.Three AANHPI subgroups that have particularly high rates of multigenerational living are the Vietnamese,Native Hawaiian,and Filipino community.The Vietnamese community,while not being one of the highest earning subgroups,have the highest homeownership rate of all AANHPI subgroups.010203040506070201050197119811991200120112021U.S.POPULATION IN MULTIGENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS QUADRUPLED SINCE 1971Number and%of people who live in multigenerational households in U.S.Number living in multigenerational households,in millionsMultigenerational living rateWEIGHT ON OUR SHOULDERSTHE TOP 5 MSAS FOR CREDIT VISIBLE AANHPIS ARE:New York-Newark-Jersey City,NY-NJ-PALos Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CASan Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley,CASan Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara,CADallas-Fort Worth-Arlington,TXOf these five MSAs,Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington is the only location that has median affordability.It takes 3.9 years for a median incomed family in NYC to save for a 3%down payment and 6.4 years in Los Angeles.The majority of AANHPI are concentrated in NYC and large metros in California.Los Angeles metro area ties with NYC with the most number of credit visible AANHPI population.Whereas it takes 3.9 years for a median incomed family in NYC to save for a 3%downpayment,it takes 6.4 years in Los Angeles.Source:https:/www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/03/24/financial-issues-top-the-list-of-reasons-u-s-adults-live-in-multigenerational-homes/Source:“Easter Sundays”enthusiastic cast with comedian Jo Koy.UNIVERSALSource:Freddie Mac calculation using anonymized credit bureau data as of September 2023.Credit visible population represents U.S.consumers in the credit bureau data.SF Affordability is obtained by dividing mortgage capacity by median home value based on Freddie Mac Home Value Explorer data for August 2023.The calculation for the maximum affordable price(i.e.,mortgage capacity)is based on FFIEC/HUD median family income data for August 2023.It operates under the assumption that the front-end debt-to-income ratio would be limited to 31%,assuming they were obtaining a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage with a 3%down payment(mortgage rate as of August 2023 is 7.07%).A city is considered affordable to its median-income family if affordable ratio is greater than or equal to 1.Year to Save calculation is based on FFIEC/HUD median family income data and Freddie Mac Home Value Explorer data for August 2023 and is calculated by dividing 3%down payment by annual savings.According to Bureau of Economic Analysis,average personal savings rate is 4.4%of net income in 2023.6.41.3YEARS TO SAVEMILLIONNumber of Credit Visible AANHPI Population(3%down for a Median Incomed Family)MSA:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim,CASPRING 20244 8LOWER-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS%of Asian immigrants ages 5 and older who speak _ at home%of Asian immigrants ages 5 and older who speak _ at homeROUGHLY HALF OF RECENTLY ARRIVED ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE U.S SPEAK ENGLISH PROFICIENTLY5347Hindi23!1310924ChineseDravidianEnglish onlyTagalogAll other5 years or less in the U.S.Proficient Less than proficient6040201616141024ChineseEnglish onlyHindiTagalogVietnameseAll otherMore than 10 years in the U.S.Proficient Less than proficient584220181413926HindiChineseDravidianEnglish onlyTagalogAll otherAll immigrantsProficient Less than proficientEnglish proficiency is very important for immigrant populations.It affects how easily they can access employment opportunities,government resources,medical records,and navigate day to day life.This applies to the AANHPI community;47%of recent Asian immigrants consider themselves not very proficient in English,compared to 42%of all immigrants and 47%of long-term Asian immigrants.Low-income immigrants tend to have lower English proficiency compared to all immigrants,as can be seen in the chart to the right.NHPIs have greater English proficiency than Asian Americans by approximately 20ross all Census regions.UPPER-INCOME ASIAN HOUSEHOLDS HIT THE MILLION-DOLLAR MARK IN WEALTH IN 2021 DURING PANDEMICWhiteBlackHispanicAsian050,000100,000$31,3001,4002,7007,90035,50040,80012,100$55,400Lower-Income householdsWealth in Dec 2019Wealth in Dec 2021Lower-income households accumulate much less wealth overtime than high-income households.Moreover,the growthof wealth among low-income households is very unequallydistributed between different subgroups.Asian householdsgained$5,300 in wealth from Dec.2019 to 2021.This wasslightly more than Hispanic households which gained$4,200,and significantly more than the$1,300 that Black households gained.All three minority groups were much lower than the$24,100gained in wealth by low-income White households duringthis two-year period.This creates a compounded issue,in which households in minority communities not only possess less wealth,but grow that wealth more slowly over time.Although the gains for Asian households have been higher than those of the Black and Hispanic community,the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander segment of our community has not realized that same growth.Across all minority groups,the increases in wealth have been a fraction of those seen in the White community.LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCYGREAT SCHISMSLow-income immigrants39&!(7%All immigrantsLess than wellWellVery wellEnglish onlySPOKEN ENGLISH ABILITY OF IMMIGRANTS AGES 5 AND OLDER IN THE UNITED STATES,BY INCOME,2019THE NAMESAKE,2006The story begins as Ashok and Ashima Ganguli,a young Bengali couple,leave Calcutta,India,and settle in Central Square in Cambridge,Massachusetts.Ashok is an engineering student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT).Ashima struggles through language and cultural barriers as well as her own fears as she delivers her first child alone.Had the delivery taken place in Calcutta,she would have had the baby at home,surrounded by family.The delivery is successful,but the new parents learn they cannot leave the hospital before giving their son a legal name.Note:Figures for all Asians include mixed-raced and mixed-group populations,regardless of Hispanic origin.Top five spoken languages shown.Those who are proficient in English include those who say they speak“only English”or speak the language“Very well”.Chinese includes languages such as Cantonese and Mandarin.Hindi includes languages such as Urdu and Bengali.Source:Pew Research Center analysis of 2021 American Community Survey(IPUMS).“In Their Own Words:Asian Immigrants Experiences Navigating Language Barriers in the United States.”Source:Source:https:/www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/mpi_low-income-immigrants-factsheet_final.pdfSource:Allstar Picture Library Ltd./Alamy Stock PhotoSource:https:/www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2022/12/19/in-their-own-words-asian-immigrants-experiences-navigating-language-barriers-in-the-united-states/Source:https:/www.nationalcapacd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NationalCAPACD_HousingCounselingReport_final_031221.pdf54%1 IN 437%A significant share of severely cost-burdened households are Limited English Proficient households.For perspective,54 percent of severely cost-burdened Asian households are Limited English Proficient compared to 9 percent of white households that are severely cost-burdened.One in four AAPIs pay more than half of their income toward housing costs compared to whites(16 percent),putting many on the edge of financial vulnerability.This segment of the population is considered severely cost-burdened.Low-to-moderate income AAPIs(37 percent)are far less likely to own a home compared to whites(53 percent)of the same income group.SPRING 20245 0LOWER-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSALTERNATIVE CREDITAs highlighted previously in this report,AANHPIs areoverrepresented in science,technology,engineering,andmathematics jobs.However,these jobs tend to be filledby highly educated higher income individuals.AANHPIsalso represent a large proportion of personal care andservice jobs.Pew Research found that 12%of restaurants serve Asian food,showing an outsized presence in the industry.Chinese food holds the lions share of these establishments,making up 39%of all Asian restaurants,followed by Japanese,Thai,Indian,and Vietnamese.The Migration Policy Institute notes,“Asian Americans make up 10.1%of employees in those roles and are 73.1%of manicurists and pedicurists specifically.The median weekly earnings for manicurists and pedicurists in 2022 was$677,36low the national average of$1,059.”Low-income households are feeling the effects of the housing crisis much harder than other groups.The New York Fed Reports,“low/moderate-income homeowning households were less likely to access lower mortgage rates and reduce their debt service burdens through refinances between 2020-2021,during the period of unusually low rates.Only 24%of mortgages in low-income areas were refinanced,compared to 42%of mortgages in high-income areas,resulting in fewer low-income borrowers benefitting from reduced rates and monthly costs.”Building credit can be incredibly difficult for this group,especially as they are more likely to be burdened with credit card debt,auto loans,and student loans.AREAA has advocated for years for alternative methods to build credit.One of the largest breakthroughs came recently,with the adoption of new credit models and renters credit programs.New programs allow on-time rental,utility,and phone payments to be used to build credit.YELLOW ROSE,2020Rose,an undocumented 17-year-old Filipina dreams of one day leaving her small Texas town to pursue her country music dreams.Her world is shattered when her mom suddenly gets picked up by Immigration and Customs Enforcement.Throughout the film we see her and her mom occupy service jobs for work.While her mom works in a motel,Rose finds various restaurant jobs including a dishwasher.Asian Americans are overrepresented in technical occupations as well as personal care and servicesComputer and math16.78.683.52.920.2Life,physical,and social scienceArchitecture and eng.Personal care and serviceHealthcare practitioners and technicalBusiness and financial opsHealthcase supportThe%point overrepresentation or underrepresentation of Asians by job type,2021$25,000.00AsianMean Annual IncomeMedian Annual IncomeNative Hawaiian or Pacific IslanderAll HUD-Assited Persons$20,000.00$15,000.00$10,000.00$5,000,000MEAN AND MEDIAN TOTAL ANNUAL INCOME FOR HUD-ASSISTED PERSONS WHO IDENTIFY AS ASIAN AMERICANS,NATIVE HAWAIIANS,OR PACIFIC ISLANDER,2022 HUD ADMINISTRATIVE DATASource:https:/www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-trending-053023.html12108642020172018LowModerateMiddleHigh20192020202120222023HOUSINGMortgage Originationsas%of total borrowersSource:Yellow Rose.Sony Pictures via APSPRING 20245 2POINT#3:AANHPI APPRAISAL EQUITYWHATS HAPPENING:Data suggests that real estate valuations are not equal between neighborhoods of different ethnic subgroups.In 2022,a study by Brookings Institution found that homes in black neighborhoods were valued over 20%lower than what they would have been in other neighborhoods.A Freddie Mac study found a higher likelihood for homes in Black and Latino communities were more likely to be undervalued.Most recently,analysis of FHFAs Uniform Appraisal Dataset Aggregate Statistics by Professors Junia Howell and Elizabeth Korver-Glenn found that White homes were appraised at three times the value of comparable homes owned by Native American,Southeast Asian,Alaskan Native,and Pacific Islander Americans.This report also found that appraised home value disparities between different ethnic groups increased over the last ten years,suggesting this is not a result of past inequities.These studies controlled for variables including socioeconomic status,crime rate,education,and neighborhood amenities.It is important to understand that within this data lies the stories of Americans like Tenisha Tate and Paul Austin,whose home was valued over$400,000 higher after they“whitewashed”their home.Disparities such as these lead to lower accrual of wealth through home equity in minority neighborhoods over time.This is especially significant as generational wealth transfers are important for funding education,and home purchases in future generations;bias in appraisals may strip this opportunity from certain minority groups.POINT#2:FINANCE SOLUTIONSWHATS HAPPENING:There are three critical trends that are at play.For these reasons,AANHPI homeowners at the middle-and low-income level are in need of solutions that will allow them to affordably live in multigenerational housing.However,crucial renovations such as retrofitting homes to allow multigenerational living,constructing ADUs,and manufactured houses can be very difficult to finance,especially for low-and middle-income borrowers.WHAT WE CAN DO:In DC,we will advocate for legislation that expands financing solutions and provides more affordable solutions for all homeowners.There is an affordability crisis,and while there is a national scramble to increase the limited supply,the fact remains that inventory will remain limited for the foreseeable future.Pew Research found that rates of multigenerational homeownership are increasing across the country,especially for the AANHPI community.Recent Freddie Mac data indicates AANHPIs at the middle-income level are lagging significantly in terms of homeownership.1.2.3.AREAA THREE-POINT POLICY PLANWHAT WE CAN DO:Representatives Judy Chu and Al Green have introduced HR 3697,the Preemption of Real Property Discrimination Act.This bill preempts any state law that prohibits or restricts the purchase of real property by an individual based on the individuals citizenship.While AREAA has been able to effectively mobilize at a state level to fight bills in Georgia,Florida,and Texas,the reality is that preemption is the most secure safeguard.Passing this act would incentivize lawmakers to pass national security measures that do not unfairly target individual citizens based on their national origin.POINT#1:ALIEN LAND LAWSWHATS HAPPENING:In over 30 states across the country,bills have been either introduced or passed that limit real property rights for Chinese nationals.While the bills vary in size and scope,one common point is that their intent is to protect national security against the Chinese Communist Party.There are some issues with this approach:Many of these bills vastly exceed the scope of national security.In Florida,SB 264 bars any persons domiciled in China who are not citizens or lawful permanent residents from owning any real property in Florida.SB 91 in Louisiana prohibits the leasing of immovable property to any Chinese citizen unless they are a green card holder.This targets individuals on work visas,student visas,and asylum seekers,all of whom are very unlikely to have any affiliation with any Chinese political party.Furthermore,other bills have vague wording that does not properly outline who is a“foreign agent”,and what constitutes as“critical infrastructure.”This creates significant room for governmental overreach.The perceived threat of Chinese buyers does not align with reality.According to analysis of data from the US Department of Agriculture,Chinese entities and individuals own less than 1%of all U.S.agricultural land held by foreign persons.These bills carry economic ramifications.For example,concerns were raised due to Georgia SB 420 about the impact it would have on global commerce,especially with regards to jobs and consumer prices for goods.The passage of harsh alien land laws could potentially signal to international companies that an area is not worthy of investment.Some of these bills discriminate based on the country in which someone is domiciled.This is hard to meaningfully distinguish from national origin,as people are likely to be domiciled in their country of origin.This opens the door to a host of potential Fair Housing Violation as Fair Housing Law bans discrimination in housing accommodations based on race,color,religion,sex,marital status,ancestry,national origin,familial status,and disability.WHAT WE CAN DO:The Interagency Task Force on Property Appraisal and Valuation Equity(PAVE)has taken many actions since its inception in 2021.This includes the proposal of rules to prevent bias in Automated Valuation Models(AVMs),creating a more coherent path for consumers to take action against biased appraisals,and breaking down barriers to entry into the appraisal field.These actions,while beneficial,are still recent and limited in scope.It is urgent that voters make it clear to their representatives that congress should consider any bills that would reduce bias within the appraisal industry.SPRING 20245 4Unstoppable Starts Here2024 RE/MAX,LLC.Each Office Independently Owned and Operated.24_221RESIDENTIAL|COMMERCIAL|LUXURYRE/MAX associates average more sales than other real estate agents.If you are looking to maximize your success and work alongside some of the best in the business,this is the right place for SOURCES1.“3.How Wealth and Wealth Gaps Vary by Income.”Pew Research Center Race&Ethnicity,4 Dec.2023,www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2023/12/04/how-wealth-and-wealth-gaps-vary-by-income/.2.“AAPI Voter Demographics by State.”APIAVote,apiavote.org/policy-and-research/aapi-demographics-by-state/.3.Batalova,Jeanne,and Caitlin Davis.“Filipino Immigrants in the United States.”Migrationpolicy.org,12 Mar.2018,www.migrationpolicy.org/article/filipino-immigrants-united-states.4.Batalova,Jeanne,and Mary Hanna.“Immigrants from Asia in the United States.”Migrationpolicy.org,9 Mar.2021,www.migrationpolicy.org/article/immigrants-asia-united-states-2020#Age.5.Batalova,Jeanne,and Ari Hoffman.“Indian Immigrants in the United States.”Migrationpolicy.org,7 Dec.2022,www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states.6.Batalova,Jeanne,and Raquel Rosenbloom.“Chinese Immigrants in the United States.”Migrationpolicy.org,12 Jan.2023,www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinese-immigrants-united-states.7.Bennett,Jesse,et al.“Are You in the American Middle Clas
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Performance Indicators(KPIs)are a comprehensive,globally recognized framework designed to help cities measure and track their progress in becoming smarter,more sustainable,and more people-centered,while aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Supported by 16 UN agencies,these KPIs provide cities with a standardized approach to collect data,evaluate performance,and drive people-centered digital transformation.As a global leader in innovation and sustainability,Dubai recognizes the importance of collaboration in advancing smart city development.The U4SSC KPIs provides us with valuable insights and benchmarks to continuously improve our urban infrastructure and services,ultimately creating a more connected and prosperous city for all.Okan GERAY,U4SSC Chair You cant manage what you dont measure The U4SSC KPIs can help.As the first and only international standard backed by 19 UN Agencies,these Key Performance Indicators provide cities with a consistent and standardized method to collect data and measure performance and progress.This framework is based on Recommendation ITU-T Y.4903,an international standard which defines KPIs for Smart Sustainable Cities,ensuring cities have a comprehensive and internationally recognized tool to drive sustainable urban development.Explore the KPI Methodology Explore ITU-T Y.4903 Why the U4SSC KPIs matter for cities?Emergency Response:Map real-time routes for ambulances to ensure swift access to the nearest hospital.Smart Water Management:Use smart water meters to monitor usage,reduce waste,and save money on water management.Use smart technologies to monitor and manage food supply chains,ensuring a steady flow of goods even during disruptions.Cities around the world face increasing challenges like climate change,resource scarcity,and urbanization pressures.The U4SSC KPIs empower city leaders to:Understand how their city is performing in key areas such as infrastructure,sustainability,and social well-being.Benchmark their progress against global standards.Identify areas for improvement to make informed policy decisions.Accelerate digital transformation and achieve sustainability goals,ensuring a better quality of life for their inhabitants.How do the KPIs work?The U4SSC KPIs cover three dimensions:Economy:including metrics on ICT infrastructure,employment,and innovation.Environment:measuring aspects like air quality,energy,and waste management.Society and Culture:focused on housing,health,safety,and education.Steps to participate The U4SSC KPI process is quite simple and can be completed in 10 easy steps.It starts with the invitation letter,through to the KPI data collection,verification,finalization of reports,ending with the U4SSC Awards completion.Cities big and small indisputably benefit from the U4SSC KPIs providing them with a framework for measuring and monitoring their progress towards their digital transformation.What will your city gain from participating?Unlock customized insights for your city.By joining the U4SSC KPIs,your city will receive:See your city like youve never seen it before Participating in the U4SSC KPI project offers a fresh perspective on how your city operates and where it can grow.One of the most powerful insights comes from the U4SSC Wheel Graph,a unique visualization that presents your citys performance across key areas in a clear and digestible format.Please see below the U4SSC Wheel Graph from the City of Valencia.Be recognized for your journey towards sustainable digital transformation Cities who participate in the U4SSC KPI project get recognized for their progress towards being a smart sustainable city and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.Figure 1:Mayors and senior representatives from the city of Kristiansund,Norway,city of Anyang,Republic of Korea,city of Kyebi,Ghana and city of Moscow,Russian Federation Pricing made simple Participating in the U4SSC KPIs program is more than just a certificationits an investment in the sustainable growth and digital transformation of your city.Our transparent pricing structure is designed to accommodate cities of all sizes,ensuring access to globally recognized tools and insights that drive real progress.*For on-site verification,the city needs to pay the verifiers travel expenses(flight ticket,accommodation and per diem).See why over 200 cities have adopted the U4SSC KPIs By participating in the U4SSC KPIs,we can benchmark our progress against a global standard,ensuring that our initiatives are effective and in line with the best practices worldwide.This collaboration drives sustainable development,fosters resilience,and promotes inclusivity,laying the foundation for a thriving city for generations to come.-Mayor of Valencia The U4SSC KPI framework has been crucial in Kyebis efforts to advance as a smart and sustainable city.The indicators have provided us with a clear path to blend digital transformation with our sustainability objectives,resulting in better public services and an improved quality of life for our community-Mayor of Kyebi Get started today!Ready to take the next step in transforming your city into a smart,sustainable urban leader?This letter will kickstart your citys journey towards gaining valuable insights,global recognition,and the tools needed to drive informed,data-driven decisions.Fill out the template below to get started.Subject:Participation in the U4SSC Key performance indicators(KPIs)project Dear ITU-U4SSC Secretariat,On behalf of City Name,I am writing to express our interest in participating in the U4SSC Key Performance Indicators project.We believe this initiative will help our city accelerate its journey towards becoming a smart,sustainable,and inclusive urban center.Please include a short paragraph on the citys vision of/current work on smart sustainable cities.We have carefully reviewed the U4SSC objectives and the collection methodology of the project.We are ready to collect 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