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20242024RIDERS RIDERS DIGESTDIGESTSINGAPORESINGAPOREEDITIONEDITIONA yearly publication from RLBs Research&Development department.Riders Digest is a compendium of cost information and related data specifically prepared for the Singapore construction industry.RIDERS DIGEST1717THTH EDITION EDITION20242024While Rider Levett Bucknall(“RLB”)has endeavoured to ensure the accuracy While Rider Levett Bucknall(“RLB”)has endeavoured to ensure the accuracy of the information and materials in this publication(the“Materials”),it does of the information and materials in this publication(the“Materials”),it does not warrant its accuracy,adequacy,completeness or reasonableness and not warrant its accuracy,adequacy,completeness or reasonableness and expressly disclaims liability for any errors in,or omissions from,the Materials.expressly disclaims liability for any errors in,or omissions from,the Materials.RLB shall not be liable for any damages,losses,expenses or costs whatsoever RLB shall not be liable for any damages,losses,expenses or costs whatsoever arising out of or in connection with the use or reliance on the Materials.arising out of or in connection with the use or reliance on the Materials.The Materials are provided for general information only and should not be The Materials are provided for general information only and should not be construed as costing,legal,tax,or any other professional advice.Professional construed as costing,legal,tax,or any other professional advice.Professional advice should be sought when utilising any information in this publication to advice should be sought when utilising any information in this publication to verify its applicability to their specific circumstances.verify its applicability to their specific circumstances.The Materials may not,in any medium,be reproduced,published,adapted,The Materials may not,in any medium,be reproduced,published,adapted,altered or otherwise used in whole or in part in any manner without the prior altered or otherwise used in whole or in part in any manner without the prior written consent of RLB.written consent of RLB.Cost information in this publication is indicative and for general guidance Cost information in this publication is indicative and for general guidance only.All prices and rates are as at First Quarter 2024 and expressed only.All prices and rates are as at First Quarter 2024 and expressed in Singapore Dollars unless otherwise stated.References to legislative in Singapore Dollars unless otherwise stated.References to legislative provisions and regulations are as at Second Quarter 2024.Changes after this provisions and regulations are as at Second Quarter 2024.Changes after this period will not be reflected.period will not be reflected.All figures are rounded and exclude GST.All figures are rounded and exclude GST.Copyright 2024 Rider Levett Bucknall MCI(P)027/04/2024Singapore OfficeRider Levett Bucknall911 Bukit Timah Road Level 3Singapore 589622T: 65 6339 1500F: 65 6339 1521E:Founders Memorial,SingaporeFounders Memorial,SingaporeINTRODUCTIONCONFIDENCE TODAY INSPIRES TOMORROWCONFIDENCE TODAY INSPIRES TOMORROWWith a network that covers the globe and a heritage With a network that covers the globe and a heritage spanning over two centuries,Rider Levett Bucknall is a spanning over two centuries,Rider Levett Bucknall is a leading independent organisation in quantity surveying leading independent organisation in quantity surveying and advisory services.and advisory services.Our achievements are renowned:from the early days of Our achievements are renowned:from the early days of pioneering quantity surveying,to landmark projects such pioneering quantity surveying,to landmark projects such as the Sydney Opera House,the HSBC Headquarters as the Sydney Opera House,the HSBC Headquarters Building in Hong Kong,the 2012 London Olympic Games Building in Hong Kong,the 2012 London Olympic Games and locally,the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort.and locally,the Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort.This success is based on our innovative thinking,global This success is based on our innovative thinking,global reach and flawless execution to push the boundaries,reach and flawless execution to push the boundaries,taking ambitious projects from an idea to reality.We taking ambitious projects from an idea to reality.We are committed to continuing this legacy through our are committed to continuing this legacy through our dedication to understanding client needs and providing dedication to understanding client needs and providing true value-add.true value-add.CREATING A BETTER TOMORROWCREATING A BETTER TOMORROWThe Rider Levett Bucknall vision is to be the global The Rider Levett Bucknall vision is to be the global leader in the market,through service excellence,a fresh leader in the market,through service excellence,a fresh perspective and independent advice.perspective and independent advice.Our focus is to create value for our customers,through Our focus is to create value for our customers,through the skills and passion of our people and to nurture strong the skills and passion of our people and to nurture strong long-term partnerships.long-term partnerships.We trust that the research data provided herein will We trust that the research data provided herein will assist and empower all our valued partners to bring your assist and empower all our valued partners to bring your projects and imagination to life.We look forward to projects and imagination to life.We look forward to working together with you to shape the future of the built working together with you to shape the future of the built environment and to create a better tomorrow.environment and to create a better tomorrow.Silas Loh and Colin KinSilas Loh and Colin Kin Managing Directors,Singapore Office Rider Levett BucknallRider Levett BucknallCREDITS:KKAA and NHBCREDITS:KKAA and NHBSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS&SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS&INFORMATION(CONTD)INFORMATION(CONTD)Bonus GFA Scheme6565Contractors Registration System(CRS)6767Price Quality Method(PQM)6969Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 20047474Integrated Digital Delivery(IDD)7676Mandatory Adoption of Specific Productive Technologies8080Construction Quality Assessment System(CONQUAS)8181Quality Mark(QM)8383Workplace Safety and Health(WSH)8484Work Injury Compensation Act(WICA)8686Man-Year Entitlement(MYE)8888Dependency Ratio Ceiling(DRC)8989Foreign Worker Levy(FWL)9090BuildSG Transformation Fund(BTF)9191Construction Industry Transformation Map(ITM)9595Government Land Sales(GLS)Programme9797CORENET X9999Consultancy Payment Schedule under CORENET X101101Accreditation Framework for Built Environment Professionals102102Collaborative Contracting103103RLB PROFESSIONAL SERVICESRLB PROFESSIONAL SERVICESQuantity Surveying and Cost Consultancy107107Project Management107107Advisory Services108108Research108108OFFICES AROUND THE WORLDOFFICES AROUND THE WORLDAsia111111Oceania113113Americas115115Europe116116Africa118118Middle East119119SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSTender Price Indices(TPI)3 3Public&Private Sector Contracts Awarded for Total Works4 4Average Prices of Basic Construction Materials5 5SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATATerminology9 9Building Construction Prices11 11Construction Elements1313External Works1515Sports Facilities1515Definitions For Building Services1616Building Services1717Office Fit-Out1919Workstations1919Office Refurbishment1919Hotel Guestroom Fit-Out and FF&E2020ESTIMATING DATAESTIMATING DATAReinforcement Ratios2323Average Construction Payment Drawdown2424Vertical Transport Services2525INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONBuilding Costs2929Specific Definitions For International Construction Costs3333Construction Market Activity Cycle3434Construction Market Activity for Major Asian Cities3535SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS&SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS&INFORMATIONINFORMATIONBuilding Control Act 19893939Licensing of Builders4040Building Control(Buildability and Productivity)Regulations 20114343Accessibility for the Built Environment5151Universal Design(UD)5252Environmental Sustainability5353Gross Floor Area(GFA)5959CONTENTSRider Levett Bucknall|Riders Digest 20181RochesSINGAPORE SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION COST TRENDSCOST TRENDSTender Price Indices(TPI)3Public&Private Sector Contracts Awarded for Total Works4Average Prices of Basic Construction Materials5NTP at New Tech Park,SingaporeNTP at New Tech Park,Singapore3 3|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|4 4SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSTENDER PRICE INDICES(TPI)TENDER PRICE INDICES(TPI)(YEAR 2010=100)(YEAR 2010=100)PUBLIC&PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRACTS PUBLIC&PRIVATE SECTOR CONTRACTS AWARDED FOR TOTAL WORKS AWARDED FOR TOTAL WORKS f:Average forecast construction demand for 2024 is S$32-S$38 billion.Note:BCAs published information as at 2 February 2024.Note 1:Variances between the RLB and the BCA TPI arise from differences in the index derivation methodology,the basket of items and weightages used for each index and the variety of building projects utilised.The index basket here excludes piling works and Mechanical&Electrical services.Note 2:With effect from the 1st Quarter of 2015,BCA has implemented the new TPI series with Base Year 2010=100.The TPI chart shown above has been amended accordingly to reflect the Base Year as Year 2010.Source:BCASource:BCA,RLBTPI TrendsTPI Trends200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023BCA90.2107.1119.9101.310099.799.8104.6106.8104.098.096.798.699.9102.8117.1130.7136.1RLB83.7106.2123.2100.2100103.1105.7110.5112.0110.2105.3101.5103.3103.3110.5121.6134.2142.0150.0150.0130.0130.0120.0120.0110.0110.0100.0100.090.090.080.080.080.080.0Contracts Awarded(Public and Privare Sectors)Contracts Awarded(Public and Privare Sectors)2009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024fRESIDENTIAL6,734 11,487 15,298 11,846 15,963 11,2907,770 6,479 6,250 9,019 8,5705,4399,2269,18913,01911,200COMMERCIAL1,650 3,237 4,210 2,990 3,728 3,8232,183 2,962 1,859 1,4581,845 1,6242,7591,6453,4216,200INDUSTRIAL2,040 4,790 6,221 6,418 5,490 6,6285,778 3,676 4,177 4,8087,506 4,7054,9884,4384,6214,100INSTITUTIONAL&OTHERS3,075 5,028 3,018 4,697 3,682 7,1135,828 4,312 3,166 5,7876,586 3,7843,3514,2955,4505,050CIVIL ENGINEERING WORK9,019 3,023 6,741 4,810 6,941 9,9035,474 8,974 9,346 9,4649,017 5,4949,61010,2207,2858,450TOTAL22,518 27,565 35,488 30,761 35,804 38,75727,034 26,404 24,799 30,53533,524 21,04529,93429,78633,79735,000In SGD/million40,00040,00035,00035,00030,00030,00025,00025,00020,00020,00015,00015,00010,00010,0005,0005,0000 0Click on the footer to return to this sections contents page.5 5|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|6 6YEARYEARORDINARY ORDINARY PORTLAND PORTLAND CEMENTCEMENT(S$PER (S$PER TONNE)TONNE)STEEL BARSSTEEL BARS1 1(S$PER(S$PERTONNE)TONNE)GRANITEGRANITE2 2(20MM(20MMAGGREGATE)AGGREGATE)(S$PER TONNE)(S$PER TONNE)READY-MIXED READY-MIXED CONCRETECONCRETE(GRADE 30)(GRADE 30)(S$PER M(S$PER M3 3)READY-MIXED READY-MIXED CONCRETECONCRETE3 3(GRADE 35/40)(GRADE 35/40)(S$PER M(S$PER M3 3)CONCRETING SANDCONCRETING SAND2 2(S$PER TONNE)(S$PER TONNE)200071.28458.5012.5071.32200170.04432.8112.6761.40-200266.88442.8812.6555.40-200371.13583.9312.2556.75-200476.76863.4012.5762.50-200585.20738.4416.2972.09-200688.02731.1316.5873.99-14.632007100.85873.1931.74138.13138.9345.772008122.211,400.6424.71-125.8536.972009103.23765.8019.68-104.7329.95201089.14833.4119.63-95.4428.19201193.78931.2621.58-108.9925.962012100.87887.1321.26-110.2324.102013100.23766.9020.61-106.8522.99201497.93653.9022.45-111.1523.25201592.97501.4019.71-99.4722.68201682.95500.5215.43-85.0118.30201775.91688.8316.07-81.4217.12201878.08786.4317.21-85.1518.59201982.68741.8718.49-93.8826.66202085.85725.4518.44-94.7824.94202191.751,046.5719.58-99.9123.592022115.141,135.0520.33-115.6223.832023115.58879.6218.98-116.7628.981-Market prices of Steel bars(without cut&bend):Jan 09-Dec 14:Based on fixed price supply contracts with contract period 6 months or less.Jan 15-Current:Based on fixed price supply contracts with contract period 1 year or less.Note:Prices of rebar other than 16-32mm dimensions may be subject to surcharge.2-Market prices exclude local delivery charges to concrete batching plants.Source:BCA 3-Market prices of Ready Mixed Concrete:Jan 99-Dec 06:Based on Grade 30.Jan 07-Dec 09:Based on contracts with non-fixed price,fixed price and market retail price for Grade 35 pump.Jan 10-Current:Based on contracts with non-fixed price,fixed price and market retail price for Grade 40 pump.SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION TRENDSAVERAGE PRICES OF BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSAVERAGE PRICES OF BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS7265-271 South Bridge Road,Singapore265-271 South Bridge Road,SingaporeCREDITS:DARREN SOH FOR 8MCREDITS:DARREN SOH FOR 8MSINGAPORE SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION COST DATACOST DATATerminology9Building Construction Prices11Construction Elements13External Works15Sports Facilities15Definitions For Building Services16Building Services17Office Fit-Out19Workstations19Office Refurbishment19Hotel Guestroom Fit-Out and FF&E209 9|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|1010Central Business District(CBD)Central Business District(CBD)The Central Business District is Singapores business and financial district and home to leading international businesses and financial institutions.It spans from Raffles Place along Shenton Way/Robinson Road/Cecil Street to Tanjong Pagar and Anson subzones,and also extends to Marina Bay,including Central and Bayfront subzones as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority(URA).Construction Floor AreaConstruction Floor Area(CFA)(CFA)CFA is the area of all building enclosed covered spaces measured to the outside face of the external walls including covered basement and above ground car park areas.Gross Floor AreaGross Floor Area(GFA)(GFA)GFA is the area of building enclosed covered spaces excluding carpark and driveway areas calculated for purposes of planning submissions(refer to Page 59:Gross Floor Area for more information).Net Lettable AreaNet Lettable Area(NLA)(NLA)NLA is the total tenancy area designated for rentable purposes,i.e.areas used by tenants where rents are charged.Building WorksBuilding WorksBuilding Works include substructure(piling,foundation,and basement),super-structure,architectural works,finishes and fittings,external works,site works,preliminaries,attendance and other builders work in connection with services.Building ServicesBuilding Services Building Services include Mechanical services-air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation,fire protection system,sanitary and plumbing;Electrical services electrical installations,vertical transportation,building management systems;and preliminaries.Exclusions:Special equipment chutes,incinerators,compactors,pneumatic refuse disposal system,facade maintenance equipment,engineered smoke control system,private telephone system;audio video,IT systems,etc.OfficeOfficeOffices within CBD refers to good quality office buildings for the upper range rental market and leading owner occupiers such as headquarter offices for financial institutions and major companies.Office outside CBD refers to medium quality office buildings built for middle range rental market.Hotel(including FF&E)Hotel(including FF&E)Hotels listed are based on five-star,four-star and three-star international hotel ratings.Costs include furniture,fitment and equipment(FF&E)but exclude hotel equipment and operating supplies.RetailRetailShopping malls with typical amenities and finishes at common spaces.Tenancy fit-outs are excluded in construction costs.CondominiumCondominiumThe quality of finishes required will affect the cost range.Range given is significantly affected by the height,configuration of the building and existing ground conditions.Costs exclude show flats,loose furniture,special light fittings,household electrical appliances,kitchen equipment and building owners special requirements.Landed ResidentialLanded ResidentialLanded housings are private low-rise/low density residential developments.The quality of finishes selected will affect the cost range.Costs exclude furniture,household electrical appliances,kitchen equipment and building owners special requirements.InstitutionalInstitutional Institutions include tertiary educational schools such as universities,polytechnics and other colleges that require a full range of educational facilities and amenities.IndustrialIndustrial Industrial developments reflect a simplified type of construction suitable for light industrial activities,logistics hubs and high-end manufacturing industries.Costs exclude fitting out of special operating equipment,automated storage and retrieval systems,cold rooms and associated equipment,processing plant and proprietary systems.HealthcareHealthcare Healthcare developments are institutional buildings with health and medical services,such as hospitals,nursing homes,medical centres and polyclinics and clinics.Costs exclude specialist medical equipment.Car Park Car Park Above Grade car parks are multi-storey car park with minimal external walling and exclude mechanical ventilation.Basement carparks are underground car park with diaphragm wall or contiguous bored piles walls with standard mechanical ventilation provisions.SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATATERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY11 11|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|1212All construction prices for Singapore stated here are indicative only as at First Quarter 2024.Items generally excluded from the order of costs are land costs,legal and professional fees,development charges,authority fees,finance costs,loose furniture,fittings,equipment and works of art(unless otherwise stated),tenancy works such as but not limited to sub-divisional partitions in office buildings and shop fit-out in retail spaces,site infrastructure work,diversion of existing services,resident site staff cost,models and prototypes,future cost escalation,show flats/sales office,Green Mark Cost Premiums and Goods&Services Tax.All prices stated below include a general allowance for foundation,car park and external works.Development TypeDevelopment TypeBuildingBuildingWorksWorksBuildingBuildingServicesServicesTotalTotalRange Of Cost Per Construction Floor Area(CFA)Range Of Cost Per Construction Floor Area(CFA)S$/S$/mm2 2S$/S$/mm2 2S$/S$/mm2 2OFFICE OFFICE Standard(outside CBD)2,060-3,500920-1,2102,980-4,710Standard(within CBD)2,100-3,530990-1,4003,090-4,930Prestige(within CBD)3,100-4,1401,120-1,7604,220-5,900HOTEL(HOTEL(including FF&Eincluding FF&E)Serviced Apartment3,070-4,0601,260-1,6304,330-5,690Three Star3,270-3,8001,160-1,5504,430-5,350Four Star4,010-4,8001,280-1,7005,290-6,500Five Star4,730-5,6201,580-2,1006,310-7,720RETAILRETAILMedium Quality2,240-3,0901,120-1,4403,360-4,530Good Quality3,040-3,4101,390-1,7604,430-5,170CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM Medium Quality2,650-2,910500-6603,150-3,570Good Quality3,050-3,740540-7803,590-4,520Luxury Quality3,940-5,300600-9104,540-6,210LANDED RESIDENTIALLANDED RESIDENTIALCluster Housing2,990-3,660440-5903,430-4,250Terrace House2,700-3,140590-7203,290-3,860Semi-detached House2,810-3,830630-8503,440-4,680Detached House4,010-6,800880-1,2104,890-8,010INSTITUTIONALINSTITUTIONALInstitution of Higher Learning3,070-3,7901,020-1,4504,090-5,240Medical Institution4,390-5,8701,270-2,0105,660-7,880INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIALLight Industrial Building1,270-1,630500-9701,770-2,600Logistics Warehouse1,340-1,710570-1,0401,910-2,750High Specifications Industrial Building1,720-2,1901,850-2,6803,570-4,870HEALTHCAREHEALTHCARENursing Home 2,470-3,360720-1,0503,190-4,410Medical Centre3,020-3,2701,130-1,5704.150-4,840Hospital3,840-4,1201,330-2,0405,170-6,160CAR PARKINGCAR PARKINGAbove Grade Car Park870-1,550120-200990-1,750Basement Car Park1,770-2,640310-4102,080-3,050SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATABUILDING CONSTRUCTION PRICESBUILDING CONSTRUCTION PRICES1313|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|1414The following rates are indicative only as at First Quarter 2024,unless otherwise stated and include an allowance for profit and overheads but exclude preliminaries.The rates are for budgetary purposes and are not valid for tendering or pricing of variations.ItemItemS$S$UnitUnitSUB-STRUCTURESUB-STRUCTUREReinforced concrete pad footing(Grade 35)590-660m3300mm Reinforced concrete slab on ground(Grade 35)130-160m2COLUMNS/WALLSCOLUMNS/WALLSReinforced concrete(600 x 600mm Grade 35)430-540mReinforced concrete(900 x 900mm Grade 35)850-1,070m250mm Reinforced concrete wall(Grade 35)270-290m2UPPER FLOORS(UPPER FLOORS(Excluding BeamsExcluding Beams)150mm Reinforced concrete suspended floor slab(Grade 35)140-150m2120mm Concrete slab on Bondek with structural steel supports and 2-hour fire spray(excluding structural steel beam)220-260m2STAIRCASESSTAIRCASES1050mm Wide reinforced concrete stairs with painted steel tube balustrade(average rise 3.70m)7,400-11,000flight2000mm Wide grand public stairs with glass and brass balustrade(4.00m rise)85,100-123,500flightROOFROOF120mm RC Slab(Grade 35)graded to fall and built-up roofing membrane200-240m2Structural steel,purlins and insulated metal deck roof480-570m2EXTERNAL WALLSEXTERNAL WALLSSingle glazed window unit(casement type)470-680m2Double glazed window unit(casement type)670-900m2Unitised double glazed curtain wall system940-1,240m2EXTERNAL DOORS(EXTERNAL DOORS(Excluding IronmongeryExcluding Ironmongery)Single leaf solid core timber door800-1,370no.Double leaf glazed glass door2,100-3,670no.Double leaf auto operating glass door5,380-8,060no.ItemItemS$S$UnitUnitINTERNAL WALLSINTERNAL WALLSStud plasterboard partition80-150m2100mm Precast non load bearing wall90-120m2150mm Precast load bearing wall320-360m212mm Laminated glass screen380-470m2INTERNAL DOORS(INTERNAL DOORS(Excluding IronmongeryExcluding Ironmongery)Single leaf solid core flush timber door750-1,150no.Single leaf half hour fire timber door900-1,680no.Single leaf one hour fire timber door1,280-1,920no.INTERIOR SCREENSINTERIOR SCREENSLaminated toilet partition710-1,290no.WALL FINISHESWALL FINISHESCement and sand plaster and emulsion paint30-50m2Cement render and vinyl fabric70-90m2Cement render and ceramic tile120-150m2Marble wall finish on rendered backing280-380m2Marble wall cladding380-490m2CEILING FINISHESCEILING FINISHESFibrous flush plasterboard ceiling painted40-50m2One way exposed grid with mineral fibre board acoustic ceiling30-40m2Aluminium louvre ceiling system100-170m2FLOOR FINISHESFLOOR FINISHESCarpet tile70-90m2Ceramic/homogeneous tile100-120m2Granite tile170-350m2Access floors100-220m2SPECIALIST SERVICESSPECIALIST SERVICESSANITARY AND PLUMBINGSANITARY AND PLUMBINGAverage cost per plumbing point including fixture,soil waste and vent1,520-1,980no.VERTICAL TRANSPORTATIONVERTICAL TRANSPORTATIONGlass sided escala tor(4m rise)157,500 262,500no.17 Passenger lift serving 17 floors 231,000 315,000no.Machine-room-less lift serving 2 floors82,400 105,000no.SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATACONSTRUCTION ELEMENTSCONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS1515|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|1616SPORTS FACILITIESSPORTS FACILITIESEXTERNAL WORKSEXTERNAL WORKSExternal WorksExternal WorksS$S$perperLANDSCAPINGLANDSCAPINGDense landscaping around buildings including shrubs,plants,topsoil etc.100 180m2Turfing only to large areas including topsoil,sowing and treating30 40m2Vertical Greening:Vine screen comprising stainless steel cables with plant climbers330 580m2CAR PARKS ON GROUNDCAR PARKS ON GROUNDBased on 35m2 overall area per car lot with premix paving including road lines,channels,drainage and kerbs4,800-5,900lotROADS(ROADS(Premix finish including kerbs,Premix finish including kerbs,channels and drainagechannels and drainage)Residential estate,6.80m wide excluding foot-paths and nature strips1,210-1,700mIndustrial estate 10.40m wide including minimal to extensive formation1,900-2,640mFacilityFacilityS$S$perperFOOTBALL FIELDFOOTBALL FIELDSize:100m x 65m 550,000 960,000fieldSWIMMING POOLSWIMMING POOLHalf-Olympic Size 550,000 750,000 poolOlympic Size1,200,000 1,500,000poolTENNIS COURTTENNIS COURTSize:37m x 18m 110,000 140,000courtBASKETBALL COURTBASKETBALL COURTSize:30m x 19m 70,000 120,000courtGOLF COURSEGOLF COURSE18 holes over 60 hectares1,000,000-1,250,000holeAir-Conditioning and Mechanical VentilationAir-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation(ACMV)(ACMV)ACMV works include chiller plant,cooling towers,chilled water and condenser water pumps and pipework,air-handling unit systems,fan coil systems,AC ductwork,diffusers,split type air-conditioning units and ductwork,MV fan system,MV ductwork,diffusers and accessories,AC electrical and automatic control works where appropriate.Sanitary&Plumbing Sanitary&Plumbing Sanitary&Plumbing works include water tanks and pumps,hot/cold water distribution piping,installation of water piping to sanitary wares and fittings,installation of waste piping to sanitary wares,aboveground and underground drainage piping system where appropriate.Fire Protection SystemFire Protection SystemFire Protection System includes sprinklers,external fire hydrants,hose reels,wet and dry risers,automatic fire alarms and fire extinguishers where appropriate.Electrical InstallationsElectrical InstallationsElectrical Installations include power transformers,sub-station,HV&LV switch gear,distribution/sub-main cables,final sub-circuits,cable support systems and containments,lightning protection system,earthing system,luminaires and lighting control system,standby generators,telecommunication system,public address system,intercom system,MATV/CATV system where appropriate.Vertical TransportationVertical Transportation Vertical Transportation includes lifts,escalators,travellators,dumbwaiters,etc.,where appropriate.Building Management Systems(BMS)Building Management Systems(BMS)BMS include Control and Monitoring Systems where appropriate.ExclusionsExclusionsSecurity Systems,IT systems,private telephone system,audio video system,car parking system,compactors,chutes;special equipment such as proprietary systems,medical gases,incinerators,pneumatic refuse disposal system,facade maintenance equipment,engineered smoke control systems,hardened structure requirements,supply of kitchen equipment,sanitary wares and fittings,Green Mark certification,WELL building standard and other sustainability related certification requirements,etc.Note:The order of costs for Building Services provided herein is indicative and based solely on Construction Floor Area(CFA)assumptions.Detailed requirements and specifications for Building Services need to be considered and provided in conceptual designs to derive cost estimates for specific project budgetary purposes.SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATADEFINITIONS FOR BUILDING SERVICESDEFINITIONS FOR BUILDING SERVICESCONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS(Continued from page 14)(Continued from page 14)1717|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|1818Development TypeDevelopment TypeACMVACMVSanitary&Sanitary&PlumbingPlumbingFire ProtectionFire Protection ElectricalElectricalVerticalVerticalTransportTransportBMSBMSRange of Cost per Construction Floor Area(CFA)Range of Cost per Construction Floor Area(CFA)S$/mS$/m2 2 S$/mS$/m2 2S$/mS$/m2 2S$/mS$/m2 2S$/mS$/m2 2S$/mS$/m2 2OFFICEOFFICEStandard(outside CBD)300-39070-11070-110360-440100-13020-30Standard(within CBD)330-46070-13080-140360-470120-17030-30Prestige(within CBD)390-53080-160100-150390-610130-26030-50HOTEL(HOTEL(including FF&Eincluding FF&E)Serviced Apartment380-460260-31090-140410-550100-14020-30Three Star330-450240-29090-140390-50090-14020-30Four Star370-470280-35090-150400-520120-17020-40Five Star440-560300-370140-190540-720130-22030-40RETAILRETAILMedium Quality350-450130-160100-130370-470150-20020-30Good Quality450-560160-180120-140470-600170-23020-50CONDOMINUMCONDOMINUMMedium Quality160-20090-12020-40180-23050-700-0Good Quality170-230100-14020-70200-25050-900-0Luxury Quality170-240120-15030-80220-28060-1400-20LANDED RESIDENTIALLANDED RESIDENTIALCluster Housing110-150150-20010-20170-2200-00-0Terrace House210-240150-2000-0230-2800-00-0Semi-detached House220-290150-2100-0260-3500-00-0Detached House290-410200-2800-0390-5200-00-0INSTITUTIONALINSTITUTIONALInstitution of Higher Learning320-450130-200120-150350-50080-10020-50Medical Institution380-590250-41090-150430-66090-14030-60INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL Light Industrial Building150-30060-14050-90160-27080-1400-30Logistics Warehouse150-30060-14050-100160-270150-2000-30High Specifications Industrial Building600-850250-410140-250630-870150-20080-100HEALTHCAREHEALTHCARENursing Home250-340170-23020-80280-3600-400-0Medical Centre360-490160-240110-140380-510110-15010-40Hospital420-590260-410100-160440-67080-15030-60CAR PARKINGCAR PARKINGAbove Grade Car Park30-4010-2020-3060-800-300-0Basement Car Park110-13040-4070-9090-1200-300-0SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATABUILDING SERVICESBUILDING SERVICES1919|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|2020OFFICE FIT-OUTOFFICE FIT-OUTThe following costs that include workstations are an indication of those currently achievable for good quality office accommodation.HOTEL GUESTROOM FIT-OUT AND FF&EHOTEL GUESTROOM FIT-OUT AND FF&EThe costs of furniture,fitments and equipment(FF&E)for a typical hotel guest room varies within its wide range and is largely dependent on the quality of FF&E specified for different hotel ratings.Fit-out costs include preliminaries,wall,floor and ceiling finishes.FF&E costs include fitments,sanitary wares and bathroom accessories,mirrors,curtains,blinds,decorative lighting and loose furniture.Hotel equipment and operating supplies are excluded.Type Of TenancyType Of TenancyOpen PlannedOpen PlannedS$/mS$/m2PartitionedPartitionedS$/mS$/m2 2General Offices580 1,2101,090 1,610Major Company Headquarters1,040 1,7301,270 2,420Financial Institution1,270 2,3002,070 3,220Type of RefurbishmentType of RefurbishmentS$/S$/mm2 2CBD offices typical floor920 1,960CBD offices core upgrade (excluding lift modernisation)700 1,730Type of HotelType of HotelS$/S$/Guest RoomGuest RoomThree-Star21,000 38,000Four-Star40,000 54,000Five-Star58,000 85,000Type of WorkstationType of WorkstationS$/StationS$/StationSecretarial1,200 1,800Technical Staff1,400 2,200Managerial2,900 4,300OFFICE REFURBISHMENTOFFICE REFURBISHMENTThe following refurbishment costs include demolition and removal of partitions and internal finishes,provide new floor,ceiling and wall finishes but exclude fitting-out.The lower end of the range indicates reuse and modification.WORKSTATIONSWORKSTATIONS3,500mm average length including screens generally 1,220mm high(managerial 1,620mm high),desks,storage cupboards,shelving etc.Supply of chairs is excluded.SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATASINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION COST DATAESTIMATING ESTIMATING DATADATAReinforcement Ratios23Average Construction Payment Drawdown24Vertical Transport Services25Pan Pacific Orchard Hotel,SingaporePan Pacific Orchard Hotel,Singapore2323|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|2424The following ratios give an indication of the average weight of high tensile rod reinforcement per cubic metre of concrete(Grade 40)for the listed elements.Differing structural systems,ground conditions,height of buildings,load calculations and sizes of individual elements and grid sizes will result in considerable variation to the stated ratios.For project specific ratios,a Civil&Structural Engineer should be consulted.The tabulation below is derived from the statistical average of a series of case histories,which will give an indication of the anticipated rate of expenditure when used for a specific project for preliminary budgetary purposes.Construction periods incorporate various extensions of time,including wet weather,industrial disputes,etc.All data is related to the date of submission of Contractors claims to the Client and not actual payment,which is generally one month later.No adjustment has been made for the retention monies for private sector projects.The payment of outstanding monies due to the contractor and sub-contractors after the date of practical completion usually takes place at irregular intervals with payments spread out over defects liability period until settlement of final account and issuance of maintenance certificate or equivalent.ElementElementAverage kg/mAverage kg/m3 3Pile caps115 180Bored Piles(compression)25 35Bored Piles(tension)100 150Raft Foundation150 220RC pad footings70 100Ground beams200 300BASEMENTBASEMENTRetaining Wall150 250RC Wall140 180Slab 100 150Edge Beams220 300ABOVE GROUNDABOVE GROUNDColumns250 380Beams220 350Slab 110 150Core Walls/Lift Walls160 280Household Shelter250 350Stairs130 160Contract Period%Contract Period%Contract Expenditure%Contract ExpenditureP.75102.70155.71209.652514.403019.803525.734032.064538.655045.405552.856060.156567.157073.687579.608084.798589.079092.299594.3210097.50ESTIMATING DATAESTIMATING DATAESTIMATING DATAESTIMATING DATAREINFORCEMENT RATIOSREINFORCEMENT RATIOSAVERAGE CONSTRUCTION PAYMENT DRAWDOWNAVERAGE CONSTRUCTION PAYMENT DRAWDOWN2525|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|2626ApplicationApplicationLift TypeLift TypeSpeedSpeed(m/sec)(m/sec)Base Cost Base Cost (S$)(S$)No.of No.of Floors Floors ServedServedS$/Floor Additional S$/Floor Additional Floors ServedFloors ServedS$/Floor S$/Floor By-passedBy-passedOffice&ResidentialOffice&ResidentialGearless 9 to 13 pax1.0089,000-137,00028,3006,100Gearless 9 to 13 pax1.65-1.75105,000-168,00088,3006,100Gearless up to 17 pax 1.65-1.75137,000-210,00088,3006,100Gearless up to 23 pax2.00-2.50189,000-315,000158,8007,200Gearless up to 23 pax3.00-3.50410,0002010,0007,800Gearless up to 23 pax4.00490,0002011,0008,200Gearless up to 23 pax5.00600,0002011,0008,200Gearless up to 23 pax6.00710,0003011,0008,200Gearless up to 23 pax7.00819,0003011,0008,200Gearless up to 23 pax8.00928,0004011,0008,200HospitalHospitalGearless 23 pax bed lift1.75215,00088,8006,600Geared up to 40 pax2.50536,0001015,4009,500Large Goods LiftLarge Goods LiftGeared up to 2,000kg1.00315,000216,10010,000Geared up to 5,000kg0.50473,000219,80012,200Service Lift(Dumb-Waiter)Service Lift(Dumb-Waiter)Bench Height Unit0.5044,00025,6003,200Large Unit0.2068,00026,6003,800EscalatorEscalatorRise 2.5 to 5.0m0.50143,000-270,0002N.A.N.A.TravelatorTravelatorDistance 1.3 to 5.0m0.5081,000-326,000N.A.N.A.N.A.Disabled Platform LiftDisabled Platform LiftTo 4.0m0.1579,0002N.A.N.A.Above 4.0m0.1595,0003N.A.N.A.ESTIMATING DATAESTIMATING DATAVERTICAL TRANSPORT SERVICESVERTICAL TRANSPORT SERVICESNote:Costs provided above are indicative and vary depending on the brand name and technical specifications.INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONBuilding Costs29Specific Definitions for International Construction Costs33Construction Market Activity Cycle34Construction Market Activity for Major Asian Cities35Global Dyson HQ,SingaporeGlobal Dyson HQ,Singapore2929|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|3030All costs are stated in local currency as shown below.Refer to for updates.The following data represents estimates of current building costs in the respective markets as at Fourth Quarter 2023 unless otherwise stated.Costs may vary due to factors such as site conditions,climatic conditions,standards of specification,market conditions,etc.Rates are in national currency per square metre of Gross Floor Area(GFA),unless otherwise stated.Areas referenced differ due to local market metrics.GFA shall be as defined in each citys local context.Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City:Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City:Rates are per square metre of Construction Floor Area(CFA),measured to external face of external walls and inclusive of covered basement and above ground parking areas.Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:Rates are per square metre of Construction Floor Area(CFA),measured to outer face of external walls.Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:All hotel rates are inclusive of Furniture,Fittings and Equipment(FF&E).Location Location /City/CityLocal Local CurrencyCurrencyCost Range Per mCost Range Per m2 2Cost Range Per mCost Range Per m2 2Office BuildingOffice BuildingRetailRetailResidential Residential Multi StoreyMulti StoreyPremiumPremiumGrade AGrade AMall Mall Strip ShoppingStrip ShoppingLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighASIAASIABeijingRMB9,10014,7504,9008,2008,90014,0007,80012,5006,10012,750GuangzhouRMB8,90014,2504,7008,0009,20014,2507,90013,2505,90011,750Ho Chi Minh CityVND(000)27,57536,47524,22528,70022,47529,950N/PN/P16,75027,275Hong KongHKD34,25041,75023,50032,25027,50032,75023,50028,75034,00057,000JakartaRP(000)16,20020,40010,90015,2009,90012,400N/PN/P9,40018,500Kuala LumpurMYR2,7004,7001,5003,4002,5003,800N/PN/P2,0004,800SeoulKRW(000)3,6004,3002,5003,0752,2503,2751,9002,8752,1503,600ShanghaiRMB9,10014,2505,1008,2009,10014,2508,00013,0006,20012,250SingaporeSGD3,6506,3002,8004,9502,8004,050N/PN/P3,0004,300OCEANIAOCEANIAAdelaide AUD3,1504,2002,8503,8002,1003,5001,4402,0502,8003,900AucklandNZD5,5006,7005,0006,6003,5004,0002,5002,8005,8006,800BrisbaneAUD4,0005,6003,6005,0003,3505,0002,3002,8503,7505,600CanberraAUD3,9506,3003,2504,9002,7504,6501,4402,9503,4006,000ChristchurchNZD5,5006,9004,7005,9003,6004,0002,1002,7004,7005,600DarwinAUD3,5004,4002,5504,0001,9002,8501,4402,3502,2002,800Gold CoastAUD3,6005,2003,1004,4003,2504,2002,0502,5503,5005,300MelbourneAUD4,1505,5003,2004,3502,8504,1001,6002,1503,2005,500PerthAUD4,1006,6003,3505,2002,5504,0001,3603,5502,5505,400SydneyAUD4,8007,4003,7005,5002,7505,9002,0502,8503,6508,000WellingtonNZD5,5006,5004,0005,5003,8004,100N/PN/P5,5006,300AMERICASAMERICASBostonUSD4,0906,4602,6353,8202,3703,5001,7752,8002,1553,715ChicagoUSD3,2855,4351,9903,2851,9904,3601,6152,6901,9904,575DenverUSD3,7654,7902,1503,2301,7203,2301,5602,4751,9903,500HonoluluUSD3,71562452,3153,6052,8506,0302,6354,5202,9054,900Las VegasUSD2,6904,6801,8852,5301,6156,4051,4553,5001,9904,735Los AngelesUSD2,6904,0352,0453,0151,8303,9301,5602,2052,6354,145New YorkUSD3,9859,2052,3155,7603,4456,8903,6607,2102,4204,680PhoenixUSD2,5854,3601,6152,3152,0453,4451,1851,9901,8302,850TorontoCAD3,0154,9002,4753,5002,2604,7351,8302,3702,5303,285EUROPEEUROPEAmsterdamEUR2,1003,1501,7402,4002,2003,4001,3801,9201,8602,600Birmingham GBP2,5503,6002,0503,4503,7005,3001,1602,2502,2503,100BristolGBP2,6003,5502,0503,5503,6004,8501,1202,0501,7202,750EdinburghGBP1,9202,7001,6802,7002,9504,1509401,7601,7602,500London GBP3,6004,7503,1504,5004,3006,2001,4002,6503,0005,500North WestGBP2,7503,4502,3003,4503,7005,2001,2002,3002,2503,200Thames ValleyGBP3,2503,7502,7503,5003,6505,4001,3602,6002,6003,700Yorkshire&HumberGBP2,4504,1001,7203,0503,2004,5001,0201,9001,9002,800MIDDLE EASTMIDDLE EASTAbu DhabiAED6,0007,2004,9006,8004,3009,500N/PN/P4,7008,500DubaiAED6,4007,6005,1007,2004,5009,500N/PN/P4,9009,000RiyadhSAR1,3008,8005,7007,9003,5006,5003,8005,5003,40014,750INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONBUILDING COSTSBUILDING COSTSN/P:Not PublishedN/P:Not Published3131|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|3232Location/CityLocation/CityLocal Local CurrencyCurrencyCost Range Per mCost Range Per m2 2Cost Range Per mCost Range Per m2 2HotelsHotelsCar ParkingCar ParkingIndustrial Warehouse Industrial Warehouse 3 Star3 Star5 Star5 StarMulti StoreyMulti StoreyBasementBasementLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighLowLowHighHighASIAASIABeijingRMB11,50014,75015,50020,2503,6505,4004,6507,8005,2006,600GuangzhouRMB11,50014,50016,00020,5003,4505,2004,6007,8004,9006,100Ho Chi Minh CityVND(000)28,22536,47540,15048,17516,55024,100N/PN/PN/PN/PHong KongHKD32,00039,00040,25049,25012,75015,50025,75032,75017,00021,500JakartaRP(000)17,20020,70024,80028,4005,8006,0008,9009,2006,1006,700Kuala LumpurMYR2,7003,9005,5009,5008001,3001,7004,0001,2002,000SeoulKRW(000)2,4503,4254,5006,6259201,2001,2251,5501,7252,100ShanghaiRMB11,00015,00015,75020,7503,7505,6004,6507,8004,6006,100SingaporeSGD4,2005,1006,0007,4009701,7002,1003,0001,5802,250OCEANIAOCEANIAAdelaide AUD3,8004,5005,7006,4001,2001,7001,8002,6509001,400AucklandNZD6,0007,0007,3008,0001,7602,4004,0004,5001,2001,500BrisbaneAUD3,8005,5005,2507,2001,5502,7502,1503,6001,1251,750CanberraAUD3,5506,1004,8507,3009001,5001,2202,1008401,580ChristchurchNZD5,8006,3007,0008,4001,6002,1002,8003,2001,3001,700DarwinAUD3,0003,7503,8004,7508401,4401,3801,7609001,640Gold CoastAUD3,7005,2005,2006,7001,3602,0001,9602,6001,1602,000MelbourneAUD3,7504,8005,3007,2001,3001,8001,9002,5008401,580PerthAUD3,4504,9504,6006,5008801,4002,4504,2007601,400SydneyAUD4,3005,7006,1008,3001,0401,6401,5202,6001,0001,660WellingtonNZD6,3007,4007,2008,4002,3502,7503,8004,1001,3601,800AMERICASAMERICASBostonUSD3,2304,5754,6806,8351,0251,6701,1851,8851,2902,205ChicagoUSD3,5504,9004,9007,6409151,4001,5052,6901,3452,205DenverUSD3,0704,4654,5756,7301,5602,1552,1552,6901,3452,100HonoluluUSD4,0906,4607,1058,6101,6152,1551,8302,9601,2902,745Las VegasUSD2,4754,2004,1457,7508051,0751,0251,8858051,560Los AngelesUSD3,2304,0904,2506,2951,1851,4001,5602,2051,4002,155New YorkUSD3,6604,9504,9507,4251,1301,9901,5602,4201,3452,315PhoenixUSD2,1553,2304,0906,4055901,0759151,5608601,455TorontoCAD2,5853,1204,3608,0201,2901,6151,5602,2601,4001,885EUROPEEUROPEAmsterdamEUR1,7002,4002,1003,5006308309301,660680870BirminghamGBP1,6802,7002,8504,0504609001,0601,8209201,240BristolGBP1,7002,2502,9503,8505301,0001,2201,880530800EdinburghGBP1,4202,1002,2503,1003707108901,520400710LondonGBP2,3502,9503,4504,6505501,1201,4602,5009501,220North WestGBP1,9002,4002,9003,8507008901,3401,900630890Thames ValleyGBP2,2502,8003,2504,2005401,0801,3602,4005801,080Yorkshire&HumberGBP1,5001,9802,4503,8004001,1807401,220460810MIDDLE EASTMIDDLE EASTAbu DhabiAED6,3008,8009,30012,5002,1003,9003,2004,9001,6002,800DubaiAED6,6009,8009,80015,5002,8004,1003,6005,1002,0003,200RiyadhSAR6,8008,70018,25021,7502,6003,3003,5004,1503,8004,650INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONBUILDING COSTS BUILDING COSTS(Continued from page 30)(Continued from page 30)N/P:Not PublishedN/P:Not PublishedAll costs are stated in local currency as shown below.Refer to for updates.The following data represents estimates of current building costs in the respective markets as at Fourth Quarter 2023 unless otherwise stated.Costs may vary due to factors such as site conditions,climatic conditions,standards of specification,market conditions,etc.Rates are in national currency per square metre of Gross Floor Area(GFA),unless otherwise stated.Areas referenced differ due to local market metrics.GFA shall be as defined in each citys local context.Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City:Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City:Rates are per square metre of Construction Floor Area(CFA),measured to external face of external walls and inclusive of covered basement and above ground parking areas.Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:Rates are per square metre of Construction Floor Area(CFA),measured to outer face of external walls.Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:Singapore,Kuala Lumpur,Chinese cities,Hong Kong and Macau:All hotel rates are inclusive of Furniture,Fittings and Equipment(FF&E).3333|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|3434The RLB Construction Sector Activity Cycle represents the construction development activity cycle.Each RLB office highlights the current construction sector activity position within the market activity cycle of those key construction sectors within their region.Activity within the construction industry traditionally is subject to volatile cyclical fluctuations.The model illustrates the different growth and decline zones in a theoretical construction industry business cycle.Each RLB office highlights the current construction sector activity position within the market activity cycle of those key construction sectors in their region.Each sector is categorised by three positions within the cycle;Peak,Mid and Trough.Within each position,activity is further defined by either declining or growing inside that sector.The“up”and“down”arrows highlight the current status within the three positions of the cycle by means of the three colours identified in the cycle diagram above.The tabulation on the following page provides an overview of the relative growth/decline of each development sector in selected Asian cities.Each city has its own industry business cycle in the context of its own economy,and as such the performance of each development sector is not strictly comparable between the cities.Office BuildingsOffice BuildingsPrestige/Premium Offices are based on landmark office buildings located in major CBD Office Markets,which are built for the premium range of the rental market.These office buildings tend to be pace-setters in establishing rentals and accommodates leading owner-occupiers including headquarters for banks,insurance,multi-national corporations and other major companies.Grade-A/Investment Offices are buildings designed for the mid-range of their respective rental markets.HotelsHotelsRange of costs generally excludes furniture,fitment and equipment(FF&E),except for Chinese cities,Hong Kong,Kuala Lumpur,Macau and Singapore,where the cost ranges stated include cost allowances for FF&E.Industrial BuildingsIndustrial BuildingsQuality reflects a simplified type of construction suitable for light industry.Exclusions:Hardstanding,roadworks and special equipment.Residential BuildingsResidential BuildingsMulti-Storey reflects medium to luxury quality and air-conditioned accommodation.Note:The comparative ratio of kitchen,laundry and bathroom areas to living areas considerably affects the cost range.Range given is significantly affected by the height and configuration of the building.Exclusions:Loose furniture,special fittings,washing machines,dryers,refrigerators and tenants special requirements.INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONSPECIFIC DEFINITIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION COSTSCONSTRUCTION COSTSCONSTRUCTION MARKET ACTIVITY CYCLECONSTRUCTION MARKET ACTIVITY CYCLE3535|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|3636LocationLocationAged Aged CareCareApart-Apart-mentsmentsData Data CentresCentresHealthHealthHotelHotelHousesHousesIndus-Indus-trialtriall lInfra-Infra-structurestructureOfficesOfficesRetailRetailBeijingBeijingChengduChengduGuangzhouGuangzhouHo Chi Minh CityHo Chi Minh City Hong KongHong KongJakartaJakartaKuala LumpurKuala LumpurMacauMacauSeoulSeoulShanghaiShanghaiShenzhenShenzhenSingaporeSingaporeInformation as at Fourth Quarter 2023.INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONINTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION MARKET ACTIVITY FOR MAJOR ASIAN CITIESCONSTRUCTION MARKET ACTIVITY FOR MAJOR ASIAN CITIES37SINGAPORE SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS®ULATIONS&INFORMATIONINFORMATIONBuilding Control RegulationsBuilding Control RegulationsBuilding Control Act 1989Building Control Act 19893939Licensing of BuildersLicensing of Builders4040Building ControlBuilding Control(Buildability and Productivity)Regulations(Buildability and Productivity)Regulations 201120114343Accessibility for the Built EnvironmentAccessibility for the Built Environment5151Universal Design(UD)Universal Design(UD)5252Environmental SustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability5353Development Control RegulationsDevelopment Control RegulationsGross Floor Area(GFA)Gross Floor Area(GFA)5959Bonus GFA SchemeBonus GFA Scheme6565Procurement RegulationsProcurement RegulationsContractors Registration System(CRS)Contractors Registration System(CRS)6767Price Quality Method(PQM)Price Quality Method(PQM)6969Payment RegulationsPayment RegulationsBCI SOP Act 2004BCI SOP Act 20047474Digitalisation and Productivity RegulationsDigitalisation and Productivity RegulationsIntegrated Digital Delivery(IDD)Integrated Digital Delivery(IDD)7676Mandatory Adoption of Specific Productive TechnologiesMandatory Adoption of Specific Productive Technologies8080Quality and Workmanship RegulationsQuality and Workmanship RegulationsCONQUASCONQUAS8181Quality Mark(QM)Quality Mark(QM)8383Safety and Health RegulationsSafety and Health RegulationsWorkplace Safety and Health(WSH)Workplace Safety and Health(WSH)8484Work Injury Compensation Act(WICA)Work Injury Compensation Act(WICA)8686Workforce RegulationsWorkforce RegulationsMan-Year Entitlement(MYE)Man-Year Entitlement(MYE)8888Dependency Ratio Ceiling(DRC)Dependency Ratio Ceiling(DRC)8989Foreign Worker Levy(FWL)Foreign Worker Levy(FWL)9090InformationInformationBuildSG Transformation Fund(BTF)BuildSG Transformation Fund(BTF)9191Built Environment Industry Transformation Map(ITM)Built Environment Industry Transformation Map(ITM)9595Government Land Sales(GLS)ProgrammeGovernment Land Sales(GLS)Programme9797CORENET XCORENET X9999Consultancy Payment Schedule under CORENET XConsultancy Payment Schedule under CORENET X101101Accreditation Framework for Built Environment ProfessionalsAccreditation Framework for Built Environment Professionals102102Collaborative ContractingCollaborative Contracting103103Changi Airport Terminal 2 Expansion,SingaporeChangi Airport Terminal 2 Expansion,Singapore3939|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|4040The main objective of building control is to ensure building works comply with standards for safety,accessibility,environmental sustainability and buildability as prescribed in the Building Control Act and Building Control Regulations.All building works,except those that are minor and exempted under the First Schedule of the Building Control Regulations,will require building plan approval from the Commissioner of Building Control(CBC),Building and Construction Authority(BCA).Building works refer to:a.Erection,extension or demolition of a building;b.Alteration,addition or repair of a building;c.Provision,extension or alteration of any air-conditioning service or ventilating system in or in connection with a buildingand it includes site formation works connected with or carried out for the purpose of(a),(b)or(c).As stipulated by the Building Control Act 1989,building plans are to be submitted by a Qualified Person(QP).A QP is a person who is registered as an Architect with the Board of Architects or a Professional Engineer(PE)with the Professional Engineers Board.The appropriate QPs for the different types of building works are listed in Third Schedule of the Building Control Regulations.For example,building plans for a warehouse or factory may be submitted by an Architect or a PE,but plans for a retaining wall has to be submitted by a PE.The typical process of getting building plan approval is illustrated in the following flow chart.(This is a typical process.Variations do exist.)The Licensing of Builders Scheme is part of BCAs long term plan to upgrade the safety and quality standards of the construction sector while raising professionalism by requiring minimum standards of management,safety record and financial solvency.All builders carrying out building works where plans are required to be approved by the Commissioner of Building Control and builders who work in specialist areas which have a high impact on public safety will require a Builders Licence.The requirement applies to both public and private projects.Type of Licence Type of Licence License TypeLicense TypeSub-TypeSub-TypeAllowable ProjectsAllowable ProjectsGeneral BuilderGeneral BuilderLicenseLicenseClass 1Projects of any valueClass 2Projects of S$6 millionor lessSpecialist Specialist Builder LicenseBuilder LicenseN.A.Any of the followingspecialist buildingworks:Piling works Ground support and stabilisation works Instrumentation and Monitoring work Structural steelwork Pre-cast concrete work In-situ post-tensioning workNote:Builders mayregister in more thanone category if qualified.Source:BCA as at May 2024 SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSBUILDING CONTROL ACT 1989BUILDING CONTROL ACT 1989 LICENSING OF BUILDERSLICENSING OF BUILDERSThe design and construction of a building must comply to performance requirements prescribed in the Building Control Regulations.4141|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|4242Licensing Requirements Licensing Requirements The following requirements must be fulfilled to receive a Builders License.RequirementRequirementDetailsDetailsAppoint anAppoint anApprovedApprovedPerson(AP)Person(AP)The AP appointed will take charge and direct the management of the business in building works.The AP must be:The sole proprietor in a sole proprietorship One of the partners in a partnership A director or member of the board of management in a corporationThe AP must also possess the right qualifications and experience.Appoint aAppoint aTechnicalTechnicalController Controller(TC)(TC)The TC appointed will oversee the execution and performance of any building works undertaken by the builder.For specialist builders,the TC appointed mustpossess a civil or structural engineering degree from a recognised institution and have the right qualifications and experience.Resident Engineers must meet acceptablequalifications set by BCA.Meet Meet minimumminimumpaid-uppaid-upcapital(forcapital(forcorporationscorporationsonly)only)Class 1 General Builder:not less than S$300,000 Class 2 General Builder or Specialist Builder:not less than S$25,000Pay licensingPay licensingfeesfeesNote:Validityof license isup to 3 years.Class 1 General Builder:S$1,800 Class 2 General Builder:S$1,200 Specialist Builder:S$1,500Construction Registration of Tradesmen Scheme Construction Registration of Tradesmen Scheme(CoreTrade)(CoreTrade)CoreTrade requirements on deployment of registered tradesmen and foremen began in 2009.All Class 1 General Builders undertaking a project of value which is S$20 million or more will need to deploy a prescribed minimum number of construction personnel who are registered under the CoreTrade.This applies to new building works,addition and alteration works and civil engineering works.The objective of CoreTrade is to build up a core group of local and experienced foreign workers in key construction trades to anchor and lead the workforce.In view of the disruptions to the industry due to COVID-19,various support measures were introduced to help businesses to preserve their capacity and capability.As part of the review to support the industry post-COVID,the requirements for licensed Class 1 General Builders undertaking a relevant project to lodge and comply with the manpower programme have been adjusted as follows:a.Projects for which the permit under section 6 of the Building Control Act to carry out structural works was granted until 31 December 2022,licensed Class 1 General Builders undertaking such projects need not lodge a manpower programme with the CBC;and,b.Projects for which the manpower programme has been lodged with CBC till 31 December 2022 and yet to obtain Temporary Occupation Permit(TOP),compliance with the lodged manpower programme is not necessary throughout entire project period.The adjustments will continue to apply beyond 30 June 2024 until further written notice from CBC.Details on registration of CoreTrade personnel,deployment requirements and penalties can be found on BCA website.Source:BCA as at Jun 2024SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSLICENSING OF BUILDERS LICENSING OF BUILDERS(Continued from page 40)(Continued from page 40)Source:BCA as at Jul 2024 4343|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|4444The legislation on buildability has been in effect since 1 January 2001.The Building Control(Buildability and Productivity)Regulations 2011 is an enhanced Buildability framework that came into effect on 15 July 2011.This enhanced legislation tightened the original requirements under the Buildable Design Score(B-Score)and included another component called the Constructability Score(C-Score).The C-Score requires the builders contributions to buildability through the adoption of more labour-efficient construction methods/technologies.While the B-Score focuses on the use of buildable designs by designers during the upstream design process,the C-Score impacts on the construction methods used during the downstream construction phase.Designers and builders should familiarise themselves with the Buildable Design Appraisal System(BDAS)and Constructability Appraisal System(CAS)respectively,to enable them to consider a range of construction systems,methods,technologies,materials and products to meet the scoring requirements.The types of development which are not subjected to the minimum B-Score and C-Score requirements are:Any culvert,bridge,underpass,tunnel,earth retaining or stabilising structure,slipway,dock,wharf or jetty;Any theme park;Any place of worship;Any power station;or Any waste processing or treatment plant Enhancements to Code of Practice(CoP)on Buildability Enhancements to Code of Practice(CoP)on Buildability to Accelerate Adoption of Design for Manufacturing and to Accelerate Adoption of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly(DfMA)TechnologiesAssembly(DfMA)TechnologiesThe BCA periodically reviews the Buildability framework.In 2019,BCA raised the minimum B-Score to encourage the adoption of DfMA technologies in large residential non-landed(RNL)developments(GFA 25,000m2).In 2020,the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the built environment sector and accentuated the urgency for industry transformation through the adoption of technology such as DfMA to reduce our vulnerability to manpower disruptions.DfMA would become the mainstream way to design and construct buildings.It promotes efficient off-site fabrication of building components and eases assembly on-site.This results in a SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSBUILDING CONTROL(BUILDABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY)BUILDING CONTROL(BUILDABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY)REGULATIONS 2011REGULATIONS 2011leaner workforce,time savings with works carried out on-site and off-site concurrently,better workmanship quality and reduced disamenities to the public.In December 2020,the Buildability framework was enhanced to:a.Revamp the BDAS to integrate DfMA adoption for the Structural,Architectural and Mechanical,Electrical and Plumbing(MEP)disciplines;b.Recalibrate new minimum B-Scores for all development types due to revamped BDAS;and c.Extend outcome-based option to all large development types,in lieu of meeting the minimum B-Score.To accelerate the adoption of DfMA for large developments,BCA enhanced the CoP on Buildability and made amendments to the Buildability Regulations as detailed below.The changes apply to projects submitted to URA for Planning Permission on or after 30 April 2022.Key ChangesKey ChangesDetailsDetails(A)Higher minimum B-Scoresfor large commercial,industrial and institutional projects with GFA 25,000m2To accelerate DfMA adoption for large projects which have greater scope for DfMA application and economies of scale,the minimum B-Scores for superstructure works of large commercial,industrial and institutional projects will be raised.The details are provided in page 47.4545|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|4646SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSBUILDING CONTROL(BUILDABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY)BUILDING CONTROL(BUILDABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY)REGULATIONS 2011(Continued from page 44)REGULATIONS 2011(Continued from page 44)Key ChangesKey ChangesDetailsDetails(D)Requirement for PE for Mechanical and Electrical Works to jointly declare B-Score submissions with QP for Architectural and Structural WorksPresently,both the QPs for Architectural and Structural Works are required to declare and submit B-Scores for their projects,together with the building plans for approval.As MEP works also contribute towards raising construction productivity and with the revamped BDAS placing more emphasis on these works,PEs for M&E works now play a bigger role to influence the design of MEP systems.To foster greater collaboration across disciplines during upstream design,BCA would require PEs for M&E works to jointly declare B-Score submissions.Minimum Buildable Design Score(B-Score)Minimum Buildable Design Score(B-Score)The minimum B-Score requirements for superstructure and basement works(where applicable)apply to new building works with GFA of 5,000m2 or more.The minimum B-Score requirements also apply to building works consisting of repairs,alterations and/or additions(A&A work)to an existing building if the building works involve the construction of new floor and/or reconstruction of existing floor for which their total GFA is 5,000m2 or more.A building design with basement works is required to comply with both the B-Score for superstructure works and the minimum B-Score for basement works.The minimum B-Score for a mixed development will be prorated according to the GFA of each type of development.Computation of the minimum B-Score for a mixed development can be found in the latest edition of the CoP on Buildability.Key ChangesKey ChangesDetailsDetails(B)Enhanced outcome-based options for all large development types,in lieu of meeting the minimum B-ScoreDesigners have the flexibility to decide on the DfMA designs and technologies that best meet their project needs.Large building projects can opt to comply with Buildability requirements,either by meeting the raised minimum B-Scores or fulfilling one of the outcome-based options.Outcome-based options include deemed-acceptable solutions which are currently applicable to large RNL projects only,while open option is extended to all large projects.In the new COP on Buildability,BCA will make the following enhancements:(i)Revise deemed-acceptable solutions for large RNL projects;(ii)Introduce new deemed-acceptable solutions for large commercial,industrial and institutional projects;and(iii)For the open option,raise the minimum productivity improvement requirement from 20%to 25%(from 2010s level).(C)Mandatory adoption of specific productive technologies for RNL projectsAs modularisation is a key approach to achieve higher productivity and optimise benefits of DfMA,there is scope to steer the sector towards wider adoption of modularised components,especially with standardised dimensions at industry level.This would pave the way for more cost-effective prefabrication of standard components due to greater economies of scale.BCA will require the following industry standard components for RNL projects:(i)Precast Household Shelters:65%precast(of which 60%are of standard sizes)(ii)Prefabricated Bathroom Units:65%prefabricated(of which 60%are of standard sizes)4747|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|4848Category of Category of Building Work/DevelopmentBuilding Work/DevelopmentAll New Building Works and MRT All New Building Works and MRT StationsStationsAll New Building Works and MRT All New Building Works and MRT StationsStationsA&A WorksA&A WorksSuperstructure WorksSuperstructure WorksBasement WorksBasement Works5,000m5,000m2 2 GFA GFA 25,000m25,000m2 2GFA GFA 25,000m 25,000m2 2GFA GFA 5,000m 5,000m2 2GFA GFA 5,000m 5,000m2 2Public Residential(non-landed)Public Residential(non-landed)68804242Private Residential(non-landed)Private Residential(non-landed)6880CommercialCommercial6070IndustrialIndustrial6570Institutional,School and OthersInstitutional,School and Others6066MRT StationMRT Station60*Based on date of planning application made to URA.Submission of Buildable Design Score(B-Score)Submission of Buildable Design Score(B-Score)The B-Score is one of the requirements for Building Plan(BP)approval.The BP will not be approved if the submitted B-Score for both the superstructure and basement works(where applicable)are lower than the stipulated minimum.The B-Scores are to be submitted by QPs at the following stages:BP stage ST(Structural plan)basement and superstructure stage Temporary Occupation Permit(TOP)/Certificate of Statutory Completion(CSC)stageBuildable Design Score(B-Score)RequirementsBuildable Design Score(B-Score)RequirementsThe B-Score of the superstructure and basement works(where applicable)of a building design shall be determined using the CoP on Buildability and BDAS.The B-Score of a project is made up of 4 parts:Part 1 Structural System.Points are awarded for the use of various types of structural system,DfMA technologies in the structural discipline and structural buildable design features.Part 2 Architectural System.Points are awarded for the use of various types of wall system,architectural finishes,DfMA technologies in the architectural discipline and architectural buildable design features.Part 3 Mechanical,Electrical and Plumbing(MEP)System.Points are awarded for the use of various types of MEP system,DfMA technologies in the MEP discipline and MEP buildable design features.Part 4-Innovation and Others.Points are awarded for the use of new innovation systems and technologies that can achieve manpower savings of at least 20%.In addition to the above,points are awarded for simple designs that help to ease construction,design modularisation that ease manufacturing,and standardisation and repetition of components under Part 1,2 and 3.The maximum B-Score achievable for a project is capped at 120 points.The maximum point weightage for Part 1,2 and 3 differs depending on the category of a building,as set out in the CoP on Buildability.Minimum Buildable Design Score for Superstructure and Minimum Buildable Design Score for Superstructure and SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSBUILDING CONTROL(BUILDABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY)BUILDING CONTROL(BUILDABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY)REGULATIONS 2011(Continued from page 46)REGULATIONS 2011(Continued from page 46)Basement of All New Building Works,MRT Stations and Basement of All New Building Works,MRT Stations and A&A Works from 30 April 2022A&A Works from 30 April 20224949|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|5050Minimum Constructability Score(C-Score)Minimum Constructability Score(C-Score)The minimum C-Score requirement apply to new building works with GFA of 5,000m2 or more.The minimum C-Score requirements also apply to building works consisting of repairs and A&A works to an existing building if the building works involve the construction of new floor and/or reconstruction of existing floor for which their total GFA is 5,000m2 or more.Minimum C-Score for All Building Works comprising Minimum C-Score for All Building Works comprising Buildings more than 6 Storeys and MRT StationsBuildings more than 6 Storeys and MRT Stations Minimum C-Score for All Building Works comprising Minimum C-Score for All Building Works comprising Buildings of 6 Storeys and belowBuildings of 6 Storeys and belowCategory of Category of Building Work/DevelopmentBuilding Work/DevelopmentMinimum C-ScoreMinimum C-Score5,000m5,000m2 2 GFA GFA 25,000m25,000m2 2GFA GFA 25,000m25,000m2 2w.e.f.30 April 2022w.e.f.30 April 2022Public Residential(non-landed)Public Residential(non-landed)50(min.35 points from Structural System)60(min.45 points from Structural System)Private Residential(non-landed)Private Residential(non-landed)CommercialCommercialIndustrialIndustrialInstitutional,School and othersInstitutional,School and othersMRT StationMRT StationCategory of Category of Building Work/DevelopmentBuilding Work/DevelopmentMinimum C-ScoreMinimum C-Score5,000m5,000m2 2 GFA GFA S$1mil to Post-tender Stage Standard Consultancy Agreement.More details on the schedules can be found on BCA website.Source:BCA as at Jan 2024103103|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|104104a.Time and cost control the contract includes provisions for effective time and cost management,helping clients to better control project schedules and budgets.b.Better risk management the early warning process stipulated in the contract allows issues to be identified early so that project parties can avoid or mitigate the risks.c.Efficient project management the contract emphasises efficient project management through effective communication,clear response timelines and encourages project parties to settle claims quickly.This can lead to streamlined processes and reduced delays for all project parties,resulting in earlier project delivery.NEC4 Y(SG)ClausesNEC4 Y(SG)ClausesA set of additional contract clauses(NEC4 Y(SG)clauses)has been developed to align the NEC4 contract with Singapores laws1.The Y clauses is publicly available on NEC website starting 1 May 2024.Private and public sector developers are encouraged to embark on the collaborative contracting journey early.Various organisations have introduced courses and seminars to raise awareness and competencies in collaborative contracting.1:The Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2004,the Contracts(Rights of Third Parties)Act 2001,the Insolvency,Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018,the Prevention of Corruption Act 1960 and the Penal Code 1871.More details on collaborative contracting can be found on BCA website.Sources:BCA as at Jun 2024SINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSSINGAPORE CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONSCOLLABORATIVE CONTRACTINGCOLLABORATIVE CONTRACTINGCollaborative contracting seeks to overcome the issues in traditional contracting.It encourages a mindset shift towards working collaboratively and helps parties to proactively identify potential issues,resolve them early and better manage disruption and cost fluctuation,especially if the market is volatile.The key principles of collaborative contracting are as follows:a.Acting in a spirit of mutual trust and cooperation.b.Giving early notifications on potential issues affecting the project and joint problem solving.c.Adopting proactive project management approaches with clear timeline for(i)contractors to notify any event that will impact cost and timeline and(ii)contract administrator to respond and evaluate claims and submissions.d.Structured dispute avoidance and resolution mechanism with the involvement of independent third party or Senior Management representatives.e.Establishing a fair and sustainable allocation of risk and alignment of project participants interests based on project needs.Collaborative Contracting in SingaporeCollaborative Contracting in SingaporeAs part of the Built Environment Industry Transformation Map,a key work area is to encourage the entire value chain to collaborate and enable better planning and execution of a project as contracting parties work towards shared project goals from the start of the project.BCA has worked with industry partners to drive the adoption of collaborative contracting in Singapore.Efforts include identifying pilot projects to use the Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract(PSSCOC)Collaborative Contracting Option Module and the NEC4 contract.About NEC4 ContractAbout NEC4 ContractNEC4 contract originated from the United Kingdom.It provides the option for a target cost approach rather than stipulating lump sum payments.With the pain share and gain share mechanism,project parties are further incentivised to innovate for better project performance and to jointly resolve issues expediently.The NEC4 contract offers the following benefits to the client and main contractor:RLBRLBPROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL SERVICESSERVICESQuantity Surveying and Cost ConsultancyQuantity Surveying and Cost Consultancy107107Project ManagementProject Management107107Advisory ServicesAdvisory Services108108ResearchResearch108108New Science Centre,SingaporeNew Science Centre,Singapore107107|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|108108RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL(RLB)is a global independent construction,property and management consultancy with 130 offices and 4,500 employees across 34 countries.RLB serves major local and international clientele in Singapore and regionally.Our global expertise and significant project experience provide comprehensive services and solutions to the development and construction of the built environment,extending to building and civil infrastructure,commercial,residential and hospitality buildings,healthcare,industrial and civil engineering projects.QS and Cost ConsultancyQS and Cost ConsultancyProject ManagementProject ManagementAdvisory ServicesAdvisory ServicesResearchResearch Feasibility Studies Cost Planning and Estimating Cost Management Value Engineering Contract Procurement and Delivery Tender and Contract Documentation Post-Contract Services Variation Valuation Value Management Financial Reporting and Management Final Accounts Life-Cycle Costing Green Building Costing Risk Management Support Client Representation Contract Administration Construction Management Development Management Asset Advisory Transaction Review Technical Due Diligence Replacement Cost Assessment Capital Expenditure Forecasting RElifing of Assets Whole Life-Cycle Costing Facilities Management Consulting Litigation Support Risk Mitigation Procurement Strategies Construction Market Research Cost Escalation and Cost Benchmarking by Sector Industry Trend AnalysisAs a multi-disciplinary group,RLB offers a full range of services required by clients in the property and construction industry,ranging from cost consultancy and quantity surveying to project management,advisory services and market research.RLB Researchs expertise in economic and market studies,industry participation and research publications position us as the choice consultant for research advice on construction cost trends and market updates for the Singapore and regional construction markets.The extensive range of professional consultancy provided by RLB covers the following core services:For more details,visit the RLB website at RLB.com,call us at 65 6339 1500 or email us at .RLB PROFESSIONAL SERVICESRLB PROFESSIONAL SERVICESOFFICES OFFICES AROUND AROUND THE WORLDTHE WORLDAsiaAsia111111OceaniaOceania113113AmericasAmericas115115EuropeEurope116116AfricaAfrica118118Middle EastMiddle East119119Woodlands Health Campus,SingaporeWoodlands Health Campus,Singapore111111|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|112112OFFICES AROUND THE WORLDOFFICES AROUND THE WORLDASIAASIASOUTHEAST ASIASOUTHEAST ASIASINGAPORESINGAPORE911 Bukit Timah Road,Level 3Singapore 589622T: 65 6339 1500F: 65 6339 1521E: Contact:Silas Loh/Colin KinCAMBODIACAMBODIAPHNOM PENHPHNOM PENHThe Fortune Tower(C7),Unit#2211Oknha Tephorn St(182)and St 161Phum 7,Sangkat Veal vongKhan 7 Makara,120307 Phnom Penh CambodiaT: 65 6339 1500F: 65 6339 1521E:Contact:Teoh Wooi Sin INDONESIAINDONESIAJAKARTAJAKARTAJl.Jend.Surdirman Kav.45-46Sampoerna Strategic SquareSouth Tower,Level 19Jakarta 12930 IndonesiaT: 62 21 5795 2308E:Contact:Fadli Aulia MALAYSIAMALAYSIAKUALA LUMPURKUALA LUMPURB2-6-3 Solaris DutamasNo.1 Jalan Dutamas 150480 Kuala Lumpur MalaysiaT: 60 3 6207 9991F: 60 3 6207 9992E:Contact:Dato Lai Kar Fook MYANMARMYANMARYANGONYANGONc/o 911 Bukit Timah Road,Level 3Singapore 589622T: 65 6339 1500F: 65 6339 1521E: Contact:Silas Loh/Colin Kin VIETNAMVIETNAMHO CHI MINH CITYHO CHI MINH CITYCentec Tower,19th Floor,Unit 1604B 72-74 Nguyen Thi Minh Khai Street,Vo Thi Sau Ward,District 3,Ho Chi Minh City,VietnamT: 84 83 823 8070F: 84 83 823 7803E: Contact:Serene WongPHILIPPINESPHILIPPINESMETRO MANILA METRO MANILA (MAIN OFFICE)(MAIN OFFICE)Corazon Clemena CompoundBldg.3 No.54 Danny Floro StreetBagong Ilog,Pasig City 1600 PhilippinesT: 63 2 8234 0141| 63 917 548 1313E:|Contact:Corazon BallardBACOLOD CITY3rd Floor,St.Therese Building along corner Rizal-Locsin Street Negros Occidental,6100 PhilippinesT: 63 34 432 1344E:Contact:Armando BariaCAGAYAN DE OROCAGAYAN DE OROB1 L20 Camama-an Road,Tunhai Subdivision,Sitio Talisay,Bgy.Indahag,Cagayan De Oro CityT: 632 8365 1060| 632 8365 7252E:Contact:Noel ClemenaCEBUCEBU9th Floor Unit 2-901,OITC2Oakridge Business Park,880 A.S.Fortuna Street,Bgy.Banilad,Mandaue City,Cebu 6014T: 63 38 502 8660E:Contact:Jolly Joy CanteroCLARKCLARKUnit 211,Baronesa Place,Mc.ArthurHi-way,City of Mabalacat,PampangaT: 632 8365 1060| 632 8365 7252E:Contact:Jenifer RondinaDAVAODAVAOUnits 404 405,4th Floor,Cocolife Building,Claro M.Recto,Corner Palma Gil Streets,Davao CityT: 632 8365 1060| 632 8365 7252E:Contact:Noel ClemenaILOILOILOILOUnit 2F-17,The Galleria,JlandoniStreet,Jaro,Iloilo CityT: 63 32 2680072E:Contact:Jolly Joy CanteroPANGLAO,BOHOLPANGLAO,BOHOLSitio Cascajo,Looc,Panglao Bohol,6340 PhilippinesT: 632 8365 1060| 632 8365 7252E:Contact:Corazon BallardSTA.ROSA CITY,LAGUNASTA.ROSA CITY,LAGUNAUnit 303,Brain Train Center,Lot 11Blk 3,Sta.Rosa Business Park,Greenfield,Bgy.Don Jose,Sta.Rosa,Laguna,4026 PhilippinesT: 632 8365 1060| 632 8365 7252E:Contact:Gloria CasasNORTH ASIANORTH ASIACHINACHINABEIJINGBEIJING Room 1803-1809,18th FloorEast Ocean Centre24A Jian Guo Men Wai AvenueChaoyang District Beijing 100004,ChinaT: 86 10 6515 5818E:Contact:Simon TuenCHENGDUCHENGDU Room 2901-2904,29/F,Square One,18 Dongyu Street Jinjiang DistrictChengdu 610016,ChinaT: 86 28 8670 3382E:Contact:Eric LauCHONGQINGCHONGQING Room 1-3&17-18,39/F,IFS Tower T1,No.1 Qingyun Road,Jiangbei District,Chongqing 400024,ChinaT: 86 28 8670 3382E:Contact:Eric LauGUANGZHOUGUANGZHOU Room 1302-1308,Central Tower,No.5,Xiancun Road,Guangzhou 510623,Guangdong Province,ChinaT: 852 2823 3910E:Contact:Danny ChowGUIYANGGUIYANGRoom E,12th Floor,Fuzhong International Plaza,126 Xin Hua Road,Guiyang 550002,Guizhou Province,ChinaT: 852 2823 3910E:Contact:Danny ChowHAIKOUHAIKOU Room 1705,17th FloorFortune Centre38 Da Tong Road Haikou 570102Hainan Province,ChinaT: 852 2823 1898E:Contact:Tim NgaiHANGZHOU HANGZHOU Room 1603,16th Floor,North Tower,Modern City Center,No.161 Shao Xing Road,Xia Cheng District,Hangzhou 310004,Zhejiang Province,ChinaT: 86 21 6330 1999E: Contact:Iris Lee HONG KONGHONG KONG15th Floor,Goldin Financial Global Centre,17 Kai Cheung Road,Kowloon Bay,Kowloon,Hong KongT: 852 2823 1866E: Contact:Eric FongMACAUMACAUAlameda Dr.Carlos D Assumpcao No.398 Edificio CNAC 9 Andar I-J,MacauT: 853 8796 9588E:Contact:Daniel ChiuNANJINGNANJING Room 1201,South Tower,Jinmao Plaza,201 Zhong Yang Road,Nanjing 210009,Jiang Su Province,ChinaT: 852 2823 1866E:Contact:Eric FongNANNINGNANNING Room 2203,Block BResources Building No.136 Minzu RoadNanning 530000 Guangxi ChinaT: 852 2823 3910E:Contact:Danny ChowSHANGHAISHANGHAI 22nd Floor,Greentech Tower,No.436,Hengfeng Road,Jingan District,Shanghai 200070,ChinaT: 86 21 6330 1999E:Contact:Iris Lee 113113|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|114114OFFICES AROUND THE WORLDOFFICES AROUND THE WORLDSHENYANG SHENYANG 25th Floor,Tower A,President Building,No.69 Heping North Avenue,Heping District,Shenyang 110003Liaoning Province,ChinaT: 86 10 6515 5818E:Contact:Simon Tuen SHENZHEN SHENZHEN Room 4510-4513,45th Floor,Shun Hing Square Diwang,Commercial Centre,5002 Shennan Road East,Shenzhen 518001,Guangdong Province,ChinaT: 852 2823 3910E:Contact:Danny ChowWUHANWUHAN Room 3302,33rd Floor Heartland 66 Office TowerNo.688 Jinghan AveQiaokou DistrictWuhan 430030Hubei Province,ChinaT: 86 10 6515 5818E:Contact:Simon Tuen WUXIWUXI Room 1410-1412,14th Floor,Juna Plaza,6 Yonghe Road,Nanchang District,Wuxi 214000,Jiangsu Province,ChinaT: 852 2823 1866E: Contact:Eric FongXIANXIAN Room 1506,15th FloorChangan Metropolis CenterNo.88 Nanguan Zheng StreetBeilin District,Xian 710068,Shaanxi Province,ChinaT 86 28 8670 3382E: Contact:Eric LauZHUHAIZHUHAI Room 803-804,8th Floor,Taifook International Finance Building,No.1199 Jiu Zhuo Road East,Jida,Zhuhai 519015,Guangdong Province,ChinaT: 852 2823 3910E: Contact:Danny ChowSOUTH KOREASOUTH KOREASEOULSEOULYeoksam-Dong,Daon Building,8th Floor,8,Teheran-ro 27-gil,Gangnam-Gu,Seoul,06141 KoreaT: 852 2823 1758E:Contact:Ling LamSOUTH ASIA SOUTH ASIA INDIAINDIABANGALOREBANGALORE491,Viswakarma,East End Main9th Block Jayanagar,560069T: 44 796 648 7811E:Contact:Mark WeaverOCEANIAOCEANIAAUSTRALIAAUSTRALIAADELAIDEADELAIDELevel 1,8 Leigh StreetAdelaide,SA 4999T: 61 8 8100 1200E:Contact:John Drillis BRISBANEBRISBANELevel 13,10 Eagle StreetBrisbane QLD 4000T: 61 7 3009 6933E:Contact:Matt Long CAIRNSCAIRNSSuite 7,1st Floor,Cairns Professional Centre92-96,PO Box 5224Cairns QLD 4870T: 61 7 4032 1533E:Contact:Brad Bell CANBERRACANBERRA16 Bentham StreetPO Box 7035,Yarralumla,ACT 2600T: 61 2 6281 5446E:Contact:Fiona DohertyCOFFS HARBOURCOFFS HARBOURLevel 1,9 Park Avenue,Coffs Harbour,NSW 2450T: 61 2 4940 0000E:Contact:Mark HockingDARWINDARWINLevel 1,66 Smith Street,Darwin,NT 0800T: 61 8 8941 2262E:Contact:Peter HydeGOLD COASTGOLD COAST45 Nerang Street,Southport,QLD 4215T: 61 7 5595 6900E:Contact:Jim Krebs MELBOURNEMELBOURNELevel 13,380 St.Kilda Road Melbourne VIC 3004 T: 61 3 9690 6111E:Contact:Tony Moleta NEWCASTLENEWCASTLESuite 4 Level 1,101 Hannell Street,Wickham,NSW 2293T: 61 2 4940 0000E:Contact:Mark HockingPERTHPERTHLevel 9,160 St Georges TerracePerth WA 6000 T: 61 8 9421 1230E:Contact:Mark BendottiSUNSHINE COASTSUNSHINE COASTSuite 307,La Balsa,45 Brisbane Road,Mooloolaba,QLD 4557T: 61 7 5443 3622E:Contact:Nick DuncanSYDNEYSYDNEYLevel 19,141 Walker Street,North Sydney,NSW 2060T: 61 2 9922 2277E:Contact:Stephen MeeTOWNSVILLETOWNSVILLEPO Box 20,Belgian Gardens,QLD 4810T: 61 7 4771 5718E:Contact:Chris MaraisNEW ZEALANDNEW ZEALANDAUCKLANDAUCKLANDLevel 16,Vero Centre.48 Shortland Street,Auckland 1141T: 64 9 309 1074E:Contact:Stephen Gracey CHRISTCHURCHCHRISTCHURCHLevel 1,254 Montreal Street,Christchurch 8013T: 64 3 354 6873E:Contact:Neil ODonnellDUNEDINDUNEDINFirst Floor,402 George St,Dunedin 9016T: 64 3 409 0325E:Contact:Terry FaheyHAMILTONHAMILTONGround Floor,Parkhaven 220 Tristram Street,Hamilton 3204T: 64 9 309 1074E:Contact:Richard AndersonPALMERSTON NORTHPALMERSTON NORTHSuite 1,Level 1,219 Broadway Avenue,PO Box 1117,Palmerston North,4440T: 64 6 357 0326 E: Contact:Michael CraineQUEENSTOWNQUEENSTOWN36 Shotover Street,PO Box 691,Queenstown 9348T: 64 9 309 1074E: Contact:Rob MeyerTAURANGATAURANGAOffice 3,602 Cameron Road,TaurangaT: 64 9 309 1074E:Contact:Richard AndersonWELLINGTONWELLINGTON279 Willis Street,PO Box 27-013,Wellington,6011T: 64 4 384 9198E:Contact:Tony Sutherland115115|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|116116OFFICES AROUND THE WORLDOFFICES AROUND THE WORLDAMERICASAMERICASUNITED STATES OF AMERICAUNITED STATES OF AMERICAPHOENIX(CORPORATE OFFICE)PHOENIX(CORPORATE OFFICE)4343 East Camelback RoadSuite 350 Phoenix,Arizona 85018T: 1 602 443 4848E:Contact:Scott MacphersonBOSTONBOSTON24 School Street Suite 802,Boston,Massachusetts 02108T: 1 617 737 9339E:Contact:Michael OReilly CHICAGOCHICAGO141 West Jackson Blvd Suite 3810 Chicago,IL 60604T: 1 312 978 1292E:Contact:Warren ToddDENVERDENVER999,18th St,Suite 1125NDenver,CO 80202T: 1 720 904 1480E:Contact:Peter KnowlesHILOHILO820 Piilani Street,Suite 202Hilo,Hawaii 96720T: 1 808 883 3379E:Contact:Guia LasqueteHONOLULUHONOLULUAmerican Savings Bank Tower 1001 Bishop Street,Suite 2690Honolulu,Hawaii 96813T: 1 808 521 2641E:Contact:Erin KiriharaLAS VEGASLAS VEGAS1050 East Flamingo Road Suite S-110,Las Vegas,Nevada 89119T: 1 808 383 7944E:Contact:Kevin MitchellLOS ANGELESLOS ANGELESThe Bloc 700 South Flower StreetSuite 630,Los Angeles,California 90017T: 1 602 443 4848E:Contact:Scott MacphersonMAUIMAUI300 Ohukai Road,Building BKihei Hawaii 96753T: 1 808 875 1945E:Contact:Paul BelshoffMIAMIMIAMI78 SW 7th Street,06-113,Miami,Florida 33130T: 1 305 924 6531E:Contact:Charles OLoughlinNEW YORKNEW YORK535 Fifth Avenue Suite 601,New York,New York 10017T: 1 347 246 4823E:Contact:Paraic MorrisseyPORTLANDPORTLAND1120 NW Couch Street,Suite 730,Portland,Oregon 97209T: 1 503 226 2730E:Contact:Daniel JungeSAN FRANCISCOSAN FRANCISCO930 Montgomery Street,Suite 500 San Francisco,CA 94133T: 1 415 362 2613E:Contact:Brian SchrothSAN JOSESAN JOSE2570 N First Street Suite 213San Jose,California 95131T: 1 408 404 4904E:Contact:Joel BrownSEATTLESEATTLE2538 Vardon Circle SW Port Orchard,Seattle,Washington 98367T: 1 808 383 7944E:Contact:Kevin MitchellTUCSONTUCSON33 West Congress Street Suite 215,Tucson,Arizona 85701T: 1 520 777 7581E:Contact:Josh MarksWAIKOLOAWAIKOLOAQueens MarketPlace,69-201 Waikoloa Beach Drive,Suite SF12,Waikoloa,Hawaii 96738T: 1 808 883 3379E:Contact:Guia LasqueteWASHINGTON D.C.WASHINGTON D.C.9881 Broken Land Parkway,Suite 406 Columbia,Maryland 21046 T: 1 410 740 1671E:Contact:Kirk MillerCANADACANADACALGARYCALGARY304609 14th Street NWCalgary,Alberta,T2N 2A1,CanadaT: 1 905 827 8218E:Contact:Peter VavaroutsosTORONTOTORONTO435 North Service Road WestSuite 203 Oakville Ontario L6M 4X8T: 1 905 827 8218E:Contact:Peter VavaroutsosMEXICOMEXICOMEXICO CITYMEXICO CITYSiera Gorda 42,piso 3Lomas de Chapultepec11000 Mexico City,MexicoT: 1 720 904 1480E:Contact:Peter KnowlesST LUCIAST LUCIACASTRIESCASTRIESMercury Court,Choc Estate P.O.Box CP 5475 Castries,St.LuciaT: 1 758 452 2125E:Contact:David PiperEUROPEEUROPEUNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMLONDON(HEAD OFFICE)LONDON(HEAD OFFICE)Level 11 The Shard,32 London Bridge Street SE1 9SG,LondonT: 44 20 7398 8300E:Contact:Nick EliotBELFASTBELFAST1st Floor,Eagle Star House5-7 Upper Queen StBelfast,BT1 6FBT: 44 289 521 5001E:Contact:Carolyn BradyBIRMINGHAMBIRMINGHAM15 Colmore RowBirmingham,B3 2BHT: 44 121 503 1500E:Contact:Brook SmithBRISTOLBRISTOLBroad Quay House,Broad Quay,Bristol,BS1 4DJT: 44 117 974 1122E:Contact:Jackie PinderCAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGEWellington House,East Road,Cambridge CB1 1BHT: 44 207 398 8300E:Contact:Simon BarnardCARDIFFCARDIFFLevel 3 Wharton Place,13 Wharton Street,Cardiff,CF10 1GST: 44 292 240 5030E:Contact:Jackie PinderLEEDSLEEDS11A Platform,New Station Street,Leeds LS1 4JBT: 44 114 273 3300E:Contact:Matt SummerhillLIVERPOOLLIVERPOOL8 Princes Parade,Liverpool,L3 1DLT: 44 161 868 7700E:Contact:Steve GillinghamMANCHESTERMANCHESTER1 King St,Manchester,M2 6AWT: 44 161 868 7700E:Contact:Steve GillinghamNEWCASTLE UPON TYNENEWCASTLE UPON TYNEWizu Workspace Block D Portland House,New Bridge Street West,Newcastle upon Tyne,NE1 8ALT: 44 114 273 3300E:Contact:Matt SummerhillEDINBURGHEDINBURGH93 George Street,Edinburgh,EH2 3EST: 44 1925 851787E:Contact:Jason BrownleeSHEFFIELDSHEFFIELDFountain Precinct,6th Floor,Orchard Lane Wing,Balm GreenSheffield,S1 2JAT: 44 114 273 3300E:Contact:Matt SummerhillTHAMES VALLEYTHAMES VALLEY1000 Eskdale Road,Winnersh Triangle WokinghamBerkshire,RG41 5TST: 44 118 974 3600E:Contact:Michael Righton117117|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024 Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|118118OFFICES AROUND THE WORLDOFFICES AROUND THE WORLDWARRINGTONWARRINGTONGround South Wing,401 Faraday Street,Birchwood Park,Warrington,Cheshire WA3 6GAT: 44 1925 851787E:Contact:Mark CliveEURO ALLIANCEEURO ALLIANCEBELGIUMBELGIUMBopro,Oude Houtlei 140,9000 GhentT: 31 6 1176 9557 E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesBULGARIABULGARIA12A Tsvetan Radoslavov str.,Sofia,BulgariaT: 31 6 1176 9557 E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesCROATIACROATIABogisiceva Str 9,10000 Zagreb,CroatiaT: 31 6 1176 9557 E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-Miles CZECH REPUBLICCZECH REPUBLICH1K ConsultingRytirska 410/6110 00,Prague,Czech RepublicT: 31 6 1176 9557 E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesDENMARKemcon,Gammel Lundtoftevej 1C,DK-2800 Kgs.Lyngby,DenmarkT: 31 6 1176 9557 E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-Miles FRANCEFRANCE7 Bis Rue de Monceau,75008 Paris,FranceT: 33 1 53 40 94 80E:Contact:Matthieu LamyGERMANYGERMANYKurfurstendamm 63,10707,BerlinT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesHUNGARYHUNGARYTomlin Kft,H-1037 Budapest,Montevideo utca 16/B,3rd floor,HungaryT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesIRELANDIRELANDKSN,Beech House,Beech Hill Office Campus,Beech Hill Road,Dublin 4,D04 V5N2T: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesITALYITALYBEAR Project ManagementVia Gionvanni Prati 9,20145,Milan,ItalyT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesLUXEMBOURGLUXEMBOURGSterling Quest Associates62,Avenue Guillaume,L1650 LuxembourgT: 33 1 53 40 94 80 E:Contact:Matthieu LamyMONTENEGROMONTENEGROBulevar Svetog Petra Cetinjskog 62 81 000,PodgoricaT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesNETHERLANDSNETHERLANDSHerengracht 562,1017 CH,Amsterdam,NetherlandsT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesNORWAYNORWAY AS Bygganalyse,Drammensveien 133,0277,Oslo,NorwayT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesPOLANDPOLAND APP-Projekt S.A.,ul.Kobucka 23C/112,02-699,Warsaw,PolandT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesPORTUGALPORTUGAL Ficope,Rua Armando Cortez n1 4 Andar 2770-233 Paco D Arcos,Portugal T: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesROMANIAROMANIAIntrarea Difuzorului Nr.3,Sector 1,Bucharest,RomaniaT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesSERBIASERBIA38 Takovska street,Belgrade,11000,SerbiaT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesSPAINSPAINWeWork,Paseo de la Castellana 77,28046 Madrid,SpainT: 44 74 2541 7898E:Contact:Daniel GomezSWEDENSWEDENAFRY,Rosenlundsgatan 52,Stockholm,SwedenT: 31 6 1176 9557E:william.carr-Contact:William Carr-MilesAFRICAAFRICABOTSWANABOTSWANAGABARONEGABARONE5 Matante Mews,3rd FloorPlot 54373,Central Business DistrictGaborone,BotswanaT: 27 72 622 9852E:Contact:Fred SelolwaneKENYAKENYANAIROBINAIROBINorfolk Towers,Kijabe StreetNairobi,KenyaT: 27 79 524 1009E:Contact:Christiaan RademanMALDIVESMALDIVESHULHUMALEHULHUMALEPalm House BuildingNirolhu Magu 18 GoalhiHulhumale,MaldivesT: 960 954 4004E:Contact:George TrippierMAURITIUSMAURITIUSQUATRE BORNESQUATRE BORNES90 St Jean Road,Quatre Bornes,72218 MauritiusT: 230 5251 5507E:Contact:Navin HooloomannMOZAMBIQUEMOZAMBIQUEMAPUTOMAPUTOAvenida Francisco Orlando Magumbwe n 32,Maputo,MozambiqueT: 27 83 226 0303E:Contact:Nicolas SheardSEYCHELLESSEYCHELLESVICTORIAVICTORIA3rd Floor,Espace Building ile du Port,Mahe,SeychellesT: 248 434 4890E:Contact:Vanessa LaurenceSOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICACAPE TOWNCAPE TOWN9th Floor,22 Bree Street,Cape TownT: 27 83 267 6771E:Contact:Martin MeineszDURBANDURBANSuite 201,Ridgeside Office Park,77 Richefond Circle,Umhlanga Ridge,Durban,S.AfricaT: 27 72 630 5317E:Contact:Evan SimJOHANNESBURG(ECM)JOHANNESBURG(ECM)Suite 113,1st Floor,Building 419 on 9th Street,Houghton Estate,Johannesburg 2091T: 27 10 072 0400E:Contact:Jandre VisserPRETORIAPRETORIA1st Floor,Banking Court,Menlyn Maine Central Square,Corner of Aramist and Corobay Avenue,Waterkloof Glen,Pretoria,South AfricaT: 27 83 226 0303E:Contact:Nicolas SheardSTELLENBOSCHSTELLENBOSCHLa Gratitude Herehuis,95 Dorp Street,Stellenbosch,South Africa T: 27 82 312 0285E:Contact:Lichelle Neethling Riders Digest 2019|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|120119119|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALLRIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2024|Riders Digest 2024OFFICES AROUND THE WORLDOFFICES AROUND THE WORLDAFRICA ALLIANCEAFRICA ALLIANCEANGOLAANGOLALUANDALUANDALaguna Residencial Torre 2302 Via 515,TalatonaLuanda,AngolaT: 244 960 954 4004E:Contact:Fernando TavaresNAMIBIANAMIBIAWINDHOEKWINDHOEKUnit 20 Elysium Fields40 Berg Street,Klein Windhoek Windhoek,NamibiaT: 264 81 446 2472E:.naContact:Derek RoverNIGERIANIGERIALAGOSLAGOS55 Moleye Street Alagomeji-Yaba,Lagos,NigeriaT: 234 803 301 9606E:Contact:Hakeem SmithMIDDLE EASTMIDDLE EASTQATARQATARDOHADOHAAl Mirqab Complex,Office 32-Second Floor,Al Mirqab Al Jadeed Street,Al Naser Area,PO Box 26550,Doha,QatarT: 974 4016 2777E:Contact:Dean MannSAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIARIYADHRIYADHBuilding 07,Second floor,Laysen Valley,King Khalid Road intersection with Al Urubah Road,PO Box 8546,Riyadh 12329,Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaT: 966 11 278 5553E:Contact:William BarberUNITED ARAB EMIRATESUNITED ARAB EMIRATESABU DHABABU DHABI IMezzanine Level,Al Mazrouei Building,Muroor Road,PO Box 105766,Abu Dhabi,United Arab EmiratesT: 971 4 339 7444E:Contact:Natalie StockmanDUBAIDUBAIOffice 2302 Marina Plaza,Dubai Marina,PO Box 115882,Dubai,United Arab EmiratesT: 971 4 339 7444E:Contact:Natalie StockmanRLBRLB121|RIDER LEVETT BUCKNALL|Riders Digest 2019RLBRLB
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Compact Cities Electrified:IndonesiaEXECUTIVE SUMMARY2New research from the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy and the University of California,Davis,finds that Indonesia could feasibly reduce public-sector expenditures on urban transport at the city,provincial,and national levels by a cumulative$IDR 7,000 trillion through 2050.This can be achieved by using a combination of strategies to support vehicle electrification,compact city planning,and modal shift toward walking,cycling,and public transit.Furthermore,only the combination of these strategies,not any strategy alone,will be sufficient to approach the countrys commitments to reduce carbon emissions in urban passenger transport.This study investigates four possible scenarios for urban passenger transport in Indonesia:Business as Usual:Indonesias current trends in city planning and vehicle sales,including policies such as Presidential Regulation No.55 of 2019 to accelerate growth in the EV industry.Electrification(Only):The fastest feasible replacement of internal-combustion vehicles with electric ones.Mode Shift(Only):The fastest feasible transformation of city planning priorities in favor of com-pact land use and public transport,walking,and bicycling.Electrification Mode Shift:The combination of the previous two scenarios.The estimated requirements to achieve each scenario and the cumulative public-sector expenditure entailed are shown in Figure A.Percent of newlight-dutyvehicles that areelectricCumulativelane-km ofroadwaybuilt 20152050Cumulativetrack-km ofmetro rail built20152050Cumulativelane-km ofbus rapid transitbuilt20152050Cumulativelane-km of protected bikeway built20152050Cumulative public sector expenditure on urban passengertransport 201520502015 Baseline0 50 Business as Usual2030,00010070090062,000 trillion IDR2050 Electrification(Only)10030,00010070090062,000 trillion IDR2050 Mode Shift(Only)20,0009009,200660,00055,000 trillion IDR2050 Electrification Mode Shift100,0009009,200660,00055,000 trillion IDRIn addition to cost savings,the Electrification Mode Shift scenario would reduce electricity consumption by 72 billion kWh per year by 2050 compared to Electrification(Only).Qualitatively,this scenario would improve road safety,promote economic inclusion of marginalized groups,and reduce air pollution.The research also measures greenhouse gas emissions from urban passenger transportation in each scenario.The results add to a growing body of evidence and show that achieving Indonesias Paris Agreement commitments will require both electric vehicles and a change in travel patterns.It is insufficient for Electrification or Mode Shift to occur at the fastest possible rate independent of each otherit is only by maximizing both of these complementary strategies that Indonesia can reduce emissions fast enough to even approach a level consistent with holding global warming below 1.5C(represented by the blue area in Figure B).To achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario,Indonesia must ensure that the future Figure A.Infrastructure requirements and direct public costs by scenario3of transportation and land-use policies will prioritize the movement of people rather than vehicles.Such restructuring will entail continued incentives and mandates for vehicle electrification,construction of compact mixed-use cities,and reallocation of street space and transportation funding from private motorized vehicles to walking,cycling,and public transport.In all scenarios,cars will still form an important part of the urban transport system,but the Electrification Mode Shift scenario will offer Indonesians a wide range of travel options,while using clean,efficient vehicles.This scenario envisions a commitment to Indonesias already healthy and diverse modes of transportation,with an increased investment in buses and bicycles.With less money spent building roads,governments will have more resources to devote to other uses or to lower taxes.And with less money spent on fuel,Indonesians will have the freedom to invest more in other areas of their life.By protecting our planet from the worst threats of climate change,we will make it possible for the country to prosper long into the future.Figure B.Greenhouse gas emissions by scenarioCumulative Lifecycle GHG(Mt CO2-EQ)CUMULATIVE URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONSASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE4,0002,0001,0003,00020202025203020352040204520500Threshold for warming below 1.5CMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftElectrification(Only)Business as UsualBAUSum:3,600 Mt CO2 2EQShift(Only)Sum:2,700 Mt CO2EQEV(Only)Sum:2,7000 Mt CO2EQThreshold of warming below 1.5CEV SHIFTSum:2,300 Mt CO2EQ4ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLEAD AUTHORS:Lewis Fulton University of California,Davis Director,Sustainable Transportation Energy Pathways D.Taylor Reich Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Data Science ManagerDeliani Siregar Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Urban Planning and Inclusivity ManagerMizandaru Wicaksono Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Senior Transportation AssociateSUPPORTING AUTHORS:Manuel Blanco Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Transport Data InternFarhana Sharmin University of California,Davis Graduate Research AssistantGonggomtua Institute for Transportation and Development Policy Sitanggang Southeast Asia DirectorPUBLISHED OCTOBER 2024COVER PHOTO:People waiting for an electric Metrotrans bus at Senayan Station,part of the Transjakarta BRT system.SOURCE:Joko SL via Shutterstock 5CONTENTSCOMPACT CITIES ELECTRIFIED:INDONESIA 1.BACKGROUND 2.FOUR SCENARIOS 3.METHODOLOGY 3.1.STRUCTURING THE MODEL 3.2.DEFINING SCENARIOS 3.2.1.SCENARIOS FOR ELECTRIFICATION RATES 3.2.2.SCENARIOS FOR MODE SHIFT RATES 4.SCENARIO COMPATIBILITY WITH INDONESIAS CLIMATE COMMITMENTS 4.1.INDONESIAS CLIMATE TARGETS 4.2.SCENARIO IMPACTS ON TRANSPORT EMISSIONS 4.3.MODAL SHIFT REDUCES DEPENDENCE ON GRID DECARBONIZATION 5.SCENARIO IMPACTS ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION 6.DIRECT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EXPENSES IN EACH SCENARIO 7.MEASURABLE GOALS FOR URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION 7.1.GOALS FOR ELECTRIFICATION 7.2.GOALS FOR LAND USE 7.3.GOALS FOR TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE APPENDIX:METHODOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION6BACKGROUNDThis study is the culmination of a decade of collaboration in transport modeling between ITDP and the University of California,Davis.1 Ten years of effort have produced a detailed method for high-level modeling of urban and suburban passenger transportation,but this study of Indonesia and parallel studies of other countries mark the first time the model has been used to publish analytical results for a single country.Like its predecessor,The Compact City ScenarioElectrified,the current publication compares the economic and environmental implications of four scenarios for the future of urban passenger transportation:1)the current trajectory;2)intensive electrification;3)intensive mode shift;and 4)the combination of the latter two.But while the previous report focused on the global need to pursue these strategies,this study describes the specifics for Indonesia.In addition to quantifying the emissions that each scenario would entail,we have also estimated the quantities and costsor savingsof infrastructure that would result from the different scenarios for the future of Indonesia.These results provide a“road map”for how those scenarios might be realized.1 ITDP&UC Davis(2021),The Compact City ScenarioElectrified;ITDP&UC Davis(2017),Three Revolutions in Urban Transportation;ITDP&UC Davis(2015),A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario;ITDP&UC Davis(2014),A Global High Shift Scenario:Impacts and Potential for More Public Transport,Walking and Cycling with Lower Car Use.7FOUR SCENARIOSLike the global study and parallel reports for other countries,this research investigates four scenarios for urban passenger transport in Indonesia through 2050.These scenarios are diagrammed in Figure A.We start by understanding these scenarios qualitatively,including a summary of the impacts that they might have outside the scope of our modeling analysisfactors such as public health and economic inclusion.In Section 3(page X),we define these scenarios quantitatively for modeling.Figure A.Diagram of scenariosFASTRATE OF ELECTRIFICATIONSLOWELECTRIFICATION ONLYBUSINESSAS USUALMODE SHIFTAND ELECTRIFICATIONMODE SHIFT ONLYSLOWFASTRATE OF MODE SHIFT8BUSINESS AS USUALAssumptions:Indonesia continues its current trajectory.Private motorized travel increases rapidly,becoming responsible for 36%of urban passenger travel,from 20%today.Electrification continues but remains relatively slow.Qualitative impacts:Increase in traffic fatalities2High direct public and private costs3Reduced access to opportunities for low-income or other vulnerable groups without cars,leading to increased wealth inequality4Increase in local air pollution,causing many premature deaths and increased healthcare costs5Increase in urban highways,dividing neighborhoods and subsidizing environmentally unfriendly sprawl6Increase in carbon emissions,leading to climate catastrophe7 2 Unsurprisingly,steady population growth has historically translated to a corresponding increase in road fatalities,particularly among pedestrians.See:National Safety Council(2021),Car Crash Deaths and Rates;Governors Highway Safety Association(2022),Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State:2022 Preliminary Data.3 For example,highway infrastructure spending per mile has risen dramatically:.Accounting for inflation,$8 million per mile in the 1960s became$30 million per mile by the 1990s.See:American Economic Association(2023),Infrastructure Costs.4 National Equity Atlas,Indicator:Car Access.5 Despite great gains in air quality in the US,as of 2022,approximately 85 million people nationwide lived in counties with pollution levels above National Ambient Air Quality Standards.Increased natural events such as wildfires,partially due to climate change,will further erode air quality.See Union of Con-cerned Scientists(2014),Vehicles,Air Pollution,and Human Health;United States Environmental Protection Agency(2023),Air Quality National Summary,19802022.6 LeRoy,G.JSTOR(2004),Subsidizing sSprawl:Economic development policies that deprive the poor of transit,jobs.7 Moseman,A.MIT Climate Portal(2022),Are eElectric vehicles definitely better for the climate than gas-powered cars?Are Electric Vehicles Definitely Better for the Climate than Gas-Powered Cars?The answer is yes,though the extent to which improvement is meaningful is based on electricity source and manufacturing emissions.The BAU scenario will encourage car-oriented development with a limited increase of clean energy.9ELECTRIFICATION(ONLY)Assumptions:Electrification proceeds much more rapidly than is currently planned.Qualitative impacts:Sharp reduction in carbon emissions8Sharp reduction in local air and noise pollution9Increase in traffic fatalitiesHigh direct public and private costsReduced access to opportunities for low-income or other vulnerable groups without carsIncrease in urban highways,dividing neighborhoods and subsidizing environmentally unfriendly sprawlConsumption of limited supply of critical minerals,raising concerns related to extractive industries,conservation,national security,and supply chainKey policies:Supply-and demand-side EV incentivesAmbitious fuel economy and tailpipe GHG emission standardsBattery reuse and recyclingEquitable placement of standardized public charging points for EVs(including two-wheelers)Electric grid expansion and decarbonization8 With high electrification,the emissions from transport will be reduced sharply.See:Andrew Moseman,MIT Climate Portal(2022).,Are Electric Vehicles Definitely Better for the Climate than Gas-Powered Cars?9 Tsoi et al.,(2023),The co-benefits of electric mobility in reducing traffic noise and chemical air pollution:Insights from a transit-oriented cityThe Co-Be-nefits of Electric Mobility in Reducing Traffic Noise and Chemical Air Pollution:Insights from a Transit-Oriented City.10MODE SHIFT(ONLY)Assumptions:Compact city planning is combined with reallocation of both funding and street space to walking,bicycling,and public transport.In this case,Indonesia slows the construction of new urban roadways,focusing instead on providing denser housing,mixed land use,and better bus/bicycle infrastructure on existing roadways.Car usage remains about constant as a share of overall passenger travel,but two-wheeler traffic falls rapidly,replaced with bicycling and public transport.Qualitative impacts:Reduction in traffic fatalities10Increased access to opportunities,especially for low-income people and other groups suffering from spatial segregation,people with disabilities,and the elderly or young11Increase in walking and cycling,which improves physical and mental health,reducing healthcare costs12High local air and noise pollution from internal-combustion(ICE)vehicles relative to Electrification(Only)Key policies:Reallocation of transport budgets to walking,cycling,and public transport,especially BRTStreet redesigns that shift space from travel lanes and parking to BRT lanes,physically protected bicycle lanes,and footpathsPromotion of bicycles,especially shared electric bicycles 10 Dangerous by Design(2022).11 See:National Library of Medicine(2023),Does the compact city paradigm help reduce poverty?Does the Compact City Paradigm Help Reduce Poverty?Note,this is most effective in mitigating poverty in combination with housing affordability measures;also see Urban Institute(not dated),Causes and consequences:Separate and unequal neighborhoodsCauses and Consequences:Separate and Uunequal Neighborhoods.12 Matthew Raifman et al.(2021),Mortality implications of increased active mobility for a proposed regional transportation emission cap-and-invest pro-gramMortality Implications of Increased Active Mobility for a Proposed Regional Transportation Emission Cap-and-Invest Program.11ELECTRIFICATION SHIFTAssumptions:Compact cities and mode shift,combined with rapid electrification:Electrification and Mode Shift together.Qualitative impacts:Reduction in traffic fatalities13Increased access to opportunities for allIncrease in walking and cycling,which improve physical and mental health,reducing healthcare costsExtensive reduction in local air and noise pollutionMassive reduction in carbon emissions consistent with the terms of the Paris AgreementKey policies:All policies listed for Electrification(Only)and for Mode Shift(Only),except for expansion of urban highwaysCreation of low-emission areas to incentivize both mode shift and vehicle electrificationAchieving the Electrification or Mode Shift scenarios would require profound but feasible changes in Indonesias national policychanges that are possible underIndonesia the countrys current political and economic structure.They would involve restructuring how transportation budgets are allocated,how street space is used,and how taxes and subsidies are applied to vehicles and fuelbut they are incremental changes that can be reached in the current system and would not require a“revolution”in any economic,social,or political sense.13 Dangerous by Design(2022).12METHODOLOGYThis study uses the same methods as the 2021 Compact City ScenarioElectrified and the other 2023/2024 country-level studies published by ITDP and UC Davis.In each of these studies,we define four scenarios and estimate their impacts using the same modeling methods.This section will first describe the structure of these modeling methods and then outline our process for defining the scenarios that are taken as modeling input.For a more detailed description of the methodology,including a complete set of data,please review the accompanying methodological appendix.3.1.Structuring the ModelOur study is limited to urban passenger transportation and does not include intercity travel,rural travel,or freight transport of any kind.We define“urban”based on the United Nations definition,including all urban or suburban areas of 300,000 people or more.14 This definition encompasses about 80%of the Indonesian population.Other research shows that both eElectrification and mMode sShift will be necessary to decarbonize rural/intercity15 and freight16 transport,and this focus in our scope allows us to model urban and suburban travel with more precision.The model is calibrated to industry-standard data from the International Energy Agencys Mobility Model17 except where more detailed Indonesia-specific data is available.This calibration determines the estimation of conditions in the base year,the projection of the Business as Usual scenario,andfactor considerations such as emissions factors,fuel emission intensities,and costs.This general modeling approach was reviewed as part of the 2021 publication,and a list of reviewers can be found there.18 Our method provides a high-level comparison of different scenarios rather than a detailed bottom-up analysis.This results in a perspective thats relevant to the urban passenger transport sector broadly rather than focusing exclusively on a handful of particular policies.3.2.Defining ScenariosAfter setting the scope and calibrating the model,the next step is to quantitatively define the four scenarios for urban passenger transportation in Indonesia that were described on page Xabove.Beginning from a base year of 201519 and looking to future time points in 2030 and 2050,we describe possible futures.These scenarios are not intended to precisely define the only options for the future of the sector;rather,they are meant to give an idea of general trajectories that are possible for urban passenger transport.For electrification,our forecasting is expressed in terms of the percentage of new vehicles that are electric.The Business as Usual and Mode Shift scenarios share the same lower electrification rates;the Electrification and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios share the same higher electrification rates.There may be fewer new cars sold per year in the Mode Shift scenario,but the same percentage of those cars are electric.Similarly,modal splits and travel activities(defined in terms of person-kilometers traveled by different modes)are identical in the Business as Usual and Electrification scenarios,with higher levels of car use;these are also identical in the Mode Shift and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios,with lower levels of car use.After defining these scenarios,we will estimate their implications.For each scenario,based on the size of vehicle fleets and the amount of activity per vehicle,we estimate life cycle20 greenhouse gas emissions(Section 4),energy consumption(Section 5),and total quantities and costs of infrastructure,vehicles,fuel,and operation(Section 6).3.2.1.Scenarios for Electrification RatesThe Business as Usual and Mode Shift scenarios follow the same projections for the percentage of new vehicles that are electric,broken down by year and vehicle typethe sales shares of vehicles.In these scenarios,our projections are meant to align with the countrys current trajectory,and are derived from the IEA Mobility Model.The Electrification and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios follow sales share projections that reflect a much more ambitious future for vehicle electrification in Indonesia.These projections are somewhat less extreme than the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources targets,which aim to have 20%of automobile sales electric by 2025 and exclusively electric vehicles on the road by 2050.This target is more ambitious than any other published target inany of the countries studied in this report series,and,lacking a clear road map,it does not seem achievable for Indonesia.Our projections align with the somewhat more realistic,but still ambitious,Glasgow Declaration to phase out the production,rather than the use,of new fossil-fuel cars by 2040.2114 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(2018),World Urbanization Prospects.15 International Transport Forum:OECD(2023),ITF Transport Outlook 2023.16 Lynn H Kaack,Lynn H.Environmental Research Letters(2018),Decarbonizing intraregional freight systems with a focus on modal shiftDecarbonizing Intraregional Freight Systems with a Focus on Modal Shift.17 The Mobility Model is only available under a closed license,and the full dataset cannot be shared.However,all relevant variables for the US are inclu-ded in the Mmethodological Aappendix and may be reviewed there.18 ITDP&UC Davis(2021),The Compact City ScenarioElectrified.19 Selected for data availability and compatibility between sibling studies,and to avoid distortions due to COVID-19.20 Including emissions not only from the production and consumption of fuel or electricity but also from the manufacture and disposal of vehicles and the construction and maintenance of infrastructure.21 https:/unfccc.int/news/zero-emission-vehicle-pledges-made-at-cop26133.2.2.Scenarios for Mode Shift RatesThe Business as Usual and Electrification scenarios include modal splits and travel activity projections based on the industry-standard International Energy Agencys(IEA)Mobility Model,which includes base-year estimates and future projections of travel breakdowns by mode.They can be seen in Figure E and Figure F,below.The Mode Shift and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios follow our own two-step calculations,in two steps.First,we project possible future urban densities in Indonesia under a maximum-feasible policy to promote compact,mixed-use cities.Second,we identify the maximum feasible replacement of car and motorcycle travel and substitution with walking,bicycling,public transportation,telecommuting,or shorter trips,including a factor to show how mode shift can be more easily achieved in compact communities.For more detail on this modeling process,see the methodological appendix.The first step of the calculation draws on data from the European Commissions Global Human Settlement Layer,22 identifying the current trends in urban density and then also projecting a compact cities scenario in which various policies come together to achieve the following effect:In the Mode Shift scenarios,cities in Indonesia immediately stop sprawling,consuming no new undeveloped urban land.Rather,population growth is concentrated in areas that currently have less than 4,000 people per km2 to bring them to a population above that level.This threshold is arbitrary,but it reflects a general point at which it becomes feasible to serve urban areas with public transportation.The modeling approach is meant to generally represent a densification that could be achieved through“missing middle”housing23 and zoning reform to permit by-right multifamily construction(without parking minimums)on all urban land.Unlike in many other countries,much of Indonesias urban population mostly already lives at this relatively compact level,and the existing trend is toward further densification(see Figure C).However,a shift toward furthergreater compactness is still necessary:iIn the Business Aas Usual trajectory,by 2050 we expect that about 27 million urban Indonesians will live at densities below 4,000 people per km2.To meet the Mode Shift scenarios,by 2050 that number must fall by 2050 to about 16 million(from about 22 million today).This can be accomplished through relatively modest infill development,rather than drastic changes to neighborhoods.22 ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/23 Missing Middle Housing is“a range of house-scale buildings with multiple unitscompatible in scale and form with detached single-family homeslocated in a walkable neighborhood.”Figure B.Electrification rates by vehicle type,year,and scenarioPercentages of New Vehicle Sales that Are Electric (Rather than InternalCombustion)Business as Usual and Mode Shift(Only)Electrification(Only)and Electrification Mode Shift201520302050201520302050LDVs(Cars and light trucks)0%5 %0 0%2-Wheelers/motorcycles(not including e-bikes)0%5 %0%0%buses0%5 %0%0In the second step,after estimating future densities,we used those projected urban densities to identify the maximum feasible reductions in car and motorcycle travel as a function of those densities.In more compact communities,it will be easier to replace car travel with travel by other modes,most significantly bus and bicycle.We estimate that an 18 percent reduction in car/motorcycle travel relative to 2030 Business As Usual and a 51 percent reduction relative to 2050 BAU are achievable.The specific redistribution of this travel to other modes was based on the distribution of density:iIn denser neighborhoods,it is easier to shift to walking and metro,while in less dense ones,bicycles and buses will be more feasible(though of course all neighborhoods will have a mix of all modes).More detail can be found in the methodological appendix.The results of this calculation are a modal shift relative to Business as Usual,shown in Figure E and Figure F,below.Figure C.Urban density groupingsURBAN POPULATION DENSITY GROUPINGS BY YEAR AND SCENARIO40,000,00020,000,00002000 2030 High Shift2015 2030 BAU/HIGH EV500-1000 ppl/km21000-2000 ppl/km22000-4000 ppl/km24000-8000 ppl/km260,000,00080,000,0002050 High Shift2050 BAU/HIGH EV8000-16000 ppl/km2 1600ppl/km215Figure F.Mode splits by percent of travel30.0020.0010.0020152030 Business As Usual&Electrification(Only)2030 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Mode Shift 2050 Business As Usual&Electrification(Only)CarBusRailMODAL SPLITS BY SCENARIO AND YEAR40.002050 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Mode Shift2-Wheeler3-WheelerBicycle/e-bikeWalkingAVERAGE PERSON-KM TRAVELED PER PERSON PER DAYFigure E.Travel activityModal Splits by Scenario and Year(by person-km traveled,rather than by trip;independent of overall travel activity,which grows over time)2015 Base Year2030 Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)2030 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Shift2050 Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)2050 Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification ShiftCar206%Bus3548)E%Rail0%0%1%0%3%3-Wheeler0%0%0%0%1%2-Wheeler41D63%Bicycle/e-bike1%1%4%1%Walking2%2%3%2%5SCENARIO COMPATIBILITY WITH INDONESIAS CLIMATE COMMITMENTSIndonesias commitments to greenhouse gas reductions are ambitious.Our modeling shows that the countrys decarbonization goals in the urban passenger transport sector cannot be met with Electrification or with Mode Shift alone,but they will require both strategies in concert.4.1.Indonesias Climate TargetsIndonesia has made commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help prevent catastrophic climate change in this century.Specifically,all 196 Paris Agreement signatories agreed to“limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5C.”Furthermore,Indonesias General Planning of National Energy,released in 2017,targets a 58%reduction in emissions by 2050 relative to the authors projections of business-as-usual.However,government policies have not yet set a road map or national plan for decarbonization of the transport sector.Finally,Indonesias Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has committed to a target of net-zero emissions by 2060.24 Although this date is outside the scope of our study,it is clear that to achieveing this goal will require coordinated efforts to reduce emissions well before that point.4.2.Scenario Impacts on Transport EmissionsAlthough the Electrification and the Mode Shift scenarios each would cause considerabley reducetions in greenhouse gas emissions,only the combined Electrification Mode Shift scenario even comes close to keeping cumulative urban passenger transport emissions within a level potentially compatible with limiting climate change to 1.5C in this century,as shown by the area under the blue threshold curve25 in Figure G,above.26 However,even this most extensive scenario still falls short.Not only is Electrification Mode Shift the only scenario that approaches holding global warming within Paris Agreement goals,itis the only scenario that approaches Indonesias goal of achieving net zeroNet Zero by 2050.24 https:/www.esdm.go.id/en/media-center/news-archives/speaking-at-cop26-energy-minister-gives-indonesias-commitment-to-net-zero-emission25 Carbon budgets are allocated by the ratio of the USs cumulative emissions in the Business as Usual scenario to worldwide emissions in the Business as Usual scenario.For more detail,see the mMethodological Aappendix.26 Note:Our analysis shows that the Electrification Mode Shift scenario will exceed the 1.5C threshold by nearly 1Gt,a shortfall that will need compen-sation from decarbonization of other sectors of the American economy.Figure G Greenhouse gas emissions by scenarioCumulative Lifecycle GHG(Mt CO2-EQ)CUMULATIVE URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONSASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE4,0002,0001,0003,00020202025203020352040204520500Threshold for warming below 1.5CMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftElectrification(Only)Business as UsualBAUSum:3,600 Mt CO2EQShift(Only)Sum:2,700 Mt CO2EQEV(Only)Sum:2,7000 Mt CO2EQThreshold of warming below 1.5CEV SHIFTSum:2,300 Mt CO2EQ17With a decarbonized grid,electric vehicles will cause very low emissions through their operation.However,the use of cars,electric or not,will still lead to substantial emissions from the paving and maintenance of roads and from the production of steel,batteries,and other industrial processes involved in vehicle manufacture and disposal.Under the Electrification scenarios,as can be seenshown in Figure H,more than half of emissions are from these sources,which are much more challenging to decarbonize.Indeed,electrification actually increases manufacturing emissions by about 15 percent relative to Business as Usual because of the emissions intensity of battery manufacture and of heavier vehicles.27 For Indonesia to reach Nnet zZero by 2060,all emissions must be minimized,which can only be accomplished by combining Electrification with Mode Shift.Electrification alone also requires exponential growth in the use of scarce critical minerals for batteries.The environmental,environmental justice,and national security challenges entailed by that would be significantly mitigated by combining Electrification with Mode Shift and reducing overall dependence on passenger vehicles while electrifying.284.3.Modal shift Reduces Dependence on Grid DecarbonizationModal shift provides a hedge against obstacles that may arise in decarbonizing the electrical grid.By combining mode shift and electrification,Indonesia may still achieve substantial decarbonization even if the shift to electric vehicles and/or renewable electricity generation is slower than optimistically projected.Electrification alone can substantially reduce transport emissions,but electric vehicles are only as clean as the grid that powers them.Indonesias electricity grid currently has an emissions intensity of roughly 270 g CO2eq per kWh.The results displayed in the previous section have assumed a highly ambitious level of grid decarbonization in line with the International Energy Agencys(IEAs)Sustainable Development Scenario.Following this assumption,the grid emissions intensity falls to about 50 g CO2/kWh by 2050.27 This 8 percent figure is conservative,based on the assumption of rapid decarbonization of the manufacturing sector by 2050.EightyToday 80 percent is a reasonable estimatetoday:See Andrew Moseman&and Sergey Paltsev,MIT Climate Portal(2022),Are electric vehicles definitely better for the climate than gas-powered cars?Are Electric Vehicles Definitely Better for the Climate than Gas-Powered Cars?28 Center on Global Energy Policy(2023),Q&A:Critical minerals demand growth in the net-zero scenarioQ&A:Critical Minerals Demand Growth in the Net-Zero Scenario.Figure H.Annual greenhouse gas emissions by scenario and source150100500MILLIONS OF TONNES OF CO2-EQ GHG PER YEARBusiness as UsualElectrification(Only)Mode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftFuel/ElectricityInfrastructureVehicle ManufactureANNUAL URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN 2050ASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE20018Current policies(as per IEAs State Policies Scenario)are only projected to reach a grid intensity of about 230 g CO2eq/kWh by 2050,compared to 270 today.This is still an optimistic forecast,but our Electrification scenario loses some of its effectiveness in reducing cumulative emissions while Mode Shift loses less,shown in Fig.ure G,above.In this case,none of the scenarios are under the blue area signifying compatibility with the 1.5C threshold,but Electrification Mode Shift comes the closest.The more conservative grid decarbonization projections also shed light on Indonesias prospects Figure I.Emissions under assumption of more moderate grid decarbonizationFigure J.Annual emissions as of 2050,by scenarioCumulative Lifecycle GHG(Mt CO2-EQ)CUMULATIVE URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONSASSUMING MAXIMUM GRID DECARBONIZATION RATE4,0002,0001,0003,00020202025203020352040204520500Threshold for warming below 1.5CMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftElectrification(Only)Business as UsualBAUSum:3,700 Mt CO2EQShift(Only)Sum:2,800 Mt CO2EQEV(Only)Sum:3,000 Mt CO2EQThreshold of warming below 1.5CEV SHIFTSum:2,400 Mt CO2EQ150200100500MILLIONS OF TONNES OF CO2-EG GHG PER YEARFuel/ElectricityInfrastructureVehicle ManufactureANNUAL URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AS OF 2050Business as Usual (moderate grid decarbonization)Business as Usual(maximum grid decarbonization)Electrification(moderate grid decarbonization)Electrification (maximum grid decarbonization)Mode Shift(moderate grid decarbonization)Mode Shift(maximum grid decarbonization)Electrification Electrification 19for reaching its goal of Nnet Zzero by 2060,as seen in Fig.ure H.If grid decarbonization proceeds in line with current stated policies,it will be very difficult if not impossible for Indonesia to achieve that goal without both Electrification and Mode Shift,and even in the combined scenario,an extensive carbon recapture effort,beyond the possibilities of known technology,will be necessary.20SCENARIO IMPACTS ON ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONMode Shift not only provides a degree of redundancy with Electrification,it also reduces the burden of rapid grid decarbonization by dramatically reducing the increased electricity demand that vehicle electrification will cause.Furthermore,Mode Shift increases resiliency at all levels by providing redundancy in transportation options.The Electrification(Only)scenario represents a major reduction in total energy consumption relative to Business as Usual,because electric vehicles are much more efficient per mile than internal-combustion vehicles.However,that reduction in total energy consumption comes with a great increase in the use of electricity in particular,seenas shown in Figure K.In the Electrification scenario,urban passenger transport in Indonesia will consume about 161 billion kWh of electricity annually by 2050.Electrification Mode Shift reduces this consumption by about 45 percent(72 billion kWh),or the equivalent of the annual power generation of almost 14,000 wind turbines.That might mean a reduction in the costs of building infrastructure for renewable power generation or freeing up electricity for other urgent needs in the face of the climate crisis.Figure K.Annual energy consumption4005003002001000BILLION KILOWATT-HOURS2015 Business as Usual2030 Business as Usual2030 Electrification(Only)2030 Mode Shift(Only)2030 Electrification ShiftEnergy from liquid fuelsEnergy from electricity2050 Business As Usual2050 Mode Shift(Only)2050 Electrification Shift2050 Electrification(Only)ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE,SCENARIO,AND YEAR21Figure L.Cumulative direct costs of urban passenger transportDIRECT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EXPENSES IN EACH SCENARIO The Mode Shift and Electrification Mode Shift scenarios offer efficiencies that could save about$38 trillion IDR for the Indonesian economy overall,including savings to the public and private sectors.The structure of a transportation system has many impacts on a nations economy,dboth direct and indirect.Our model tabulates only the direct impacts:the expenses of manufacturing,maintaining,fueling,and operating vehicles and the expenses of building and maintaining infrastructure.These are shown in Figure L.These expenses can be divided into those borne ultimately by the public sector and those borne ultimately bythat fall to individuals.29 Mode Shift would lead to enormous economic savings for the Indonesian economya cumulative savings of about$38,000 trillion IDR.Of this,about$7,000 trillion IDR in savings would accrue to national,state,and local governments,tabulated in Figure N in Section 7,below.Our calculations only include the direct costs of urban passenger transport and not indirect costs such as healthcare expenses related to vehicle collisions or sedentary lifestyles;costs related to air,noise,or water pollution;costs of farmland or natural areas lost to suburban sprawl;or,conversely,the economic benefits derived from job creation.30 All of these indirect costs are likely to mean that the true economic benefit of Electrification Mode Shift would be many times higher than what we have calculated.29 For the sake of conservatism,in these calculations we have assumed that the government will bear the entire cost of public transport operationsthat is,fares will be free.We do expect that public transport subsidies will increase in the Mode Shift scenarios,though possibly not to this extreme.30 Investments in public transit create nearly twice as many jobs per dollar as investments in new road-building.See:Transportation for America(2021),Road and public transit maintenance create more jobs than building new highwaysRoad and Public Transit Maintenance Create More Jobs than Building New Highways.150,000100,00050,0000BILLIONS OF 2023 IDRBusiness as UsualMode Shift(Only)Electrification ShiftCumulative Private CostCumulative Public CostCUMULATIVE DIRECT PUBLIC PRIVATE COSTS OF URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT 2015-2050,BY SCENARIOElectrification (Only)22MEASURABLE GOALS FOR URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORTATIONIt is possible for Indonesia to achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario.This scenario offers enormous savings to the public sector as well as private individuals and enterprises,while also reducing emissions from urban passenger transportation to the level most closely consistent with the countrys climate commitments.It will not require any additional funding beyond the resources that Indonesia already expends foron urban passenger transportationrather,Electrification Mode Shift will only require a change in policies and a reallocation of resources.There are three elements that must come together to achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario:first,increased vehicle efficiency,primarily through electrification;second,land-use reform to make trips shorter by promoting compact mixed-use cities;third,facilitating Mode Shift,primarily by providing alternative infrastructure but also by pricing car travel according to its true cost.In this section we provide evidence-based goals for each of these three elements based on the quantitative analysis in this study.In this section,we provide evidence-based goals for each of these three elements based on the studys quantitative analysis.If achieved,these goals would bring the benefits of the Electrification Mode Shift scenario.These goals could be accomplished in many ways,and in Appendix A,we provide basic policy agendas at the national,provincial,and city levels that could help Indonesia reach them.In Appendix B,we provide a narrative description of what the cities of Indonesia could look like in 2050.7.1.Goals for ElectrificationTo achieve the countrys climate commitments,electrification must proceed much more rapidly than it is on its current course.As discussed in Section 3.2.1,new sales of different vehicle types must be electrified at the rates shown in bold in Figure M,below.Most importantly,20 percent of all new light-duty vehicle sales(cars and light trucks)must be electric by 2030,and 100 percent by or before 2050.Percentages of New Vehicles that Are Electric(Rather than internal-Combustion)Business as Usual and Mode Shift(Only)Electrification(Only)and Electrification Mode Shift201520302050201520302050LDVs(Cars and light trucks)0%5 %0 0%2-Wheelers/motorcycles(not including e-bijes)0%5 %0%0%Buses0%5%0%0%7.2.Goals for Land UseMore compact,mixed-use urban form will have a two-fold benefit tofor the cities of Indonesia.First,when people live closer to their places of work or leisure,trips will be shorter,and so even ICE cars will emit less and cost motorists less.Second,when trips are shorter,they are easier to take by bicycle or public transport,facilitating Mode Shift.Achieving the Electrification Mode Shift scenario and meeting the countrys climate commitments will require Indonesia to maintain policies that enable compact urban development,while promoting mixed-use and transport-oriented development.As discussed in Section 3.2.2 above,Indonesian cities must reduce the number of people living at urban densities below 4,000/km2 to fewer than 16 million.7.3.Goals for Transportation InfrastructureThis analysis provides the clearest agenda for the third of the three components necessary to achieve the Electrification Mode Shift scenario:the specific transportation infrastructure investments that will be needed to achieve such levels of Mode Shift and the estimated savings that are possible by pursuing such a strategy.Figure N,below,indicates the extent of infrastructure and vehicle investment that Indonesia must make to reach the Electrification Mode Shift scenario.As shown in Figure N,the Mode Figure M.Sales of electric vehicles by year and scenario23Shift element of the scenario will mean that national,provincial,and city governments will save about$7,000 trillion IDR by 2050.The expense of building and operating transit will be more than balanced by the reduced need to build and maintain highways.Total New Infrastructure and Vehicles Required 20152030Road,two-way kmBRT,two-way kmRailway,two-way kmPhysically protected bicycle lanes,two-way kmBuses(total urban buses and minibuses)Train carsTotal cost to governm ents(billion IDR)Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)79,0002000400540,00030018,000,000Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Shift49,0002,500200110,000610,0001,00018,000,000Total New Infrastructure and Vehicles Required 20152050Road,two-way kmBRT,two-way kmRailway,two-way kmPhysically protected bicycle lanes,two-way kmBuses(total urban buses and minibuses)Train carsTotal cost to governm ents(billion IDR)Business as Usual&Electrification(Only)330,000700100900 1,500,00090062,000,000Mode Shift(Only)&Electrification Shift90,0009,200900660,0001,800,0005,80055,000,000This analysis provides a road map for transportation infrastructure investments in cities across Indonesia.It makes a few points clear:Although there is still room for some expansion of roadways in Indonesia,road building must decrease by half in the short term and two-thirds by 2050.The financial savings through reduced road construction will be dramatic.Indonesia requires much more rapid transport than it currently has,and,because of the limits of cost and construction time,90%of that will have to be BRT rather than metro or other types of rail.Rail must be used in the highest-demand areas of the countrys large cities,but all cities around the country should start building BRT on all major roads.Protected bicycle lane networks are the most cost-efficient way of providing urban transportation.They should be safe for everyone,including children and the elderly.By 2050,everyone in a city in Indonesia should live no more than a block or two from a protected bicycle lane.This scale of transformation,while massive,is not unprecedented.Paris decreased car travel by almost 50 percent in 30 years by investing in other modes and traffic control strategies.Jakarta has already built a mass transit system with more than a million riders a day in less than 15 years.Theres no reason why Jakarta cant build further on this work,and no reason why other Indonesian cities cant do the same.Just as addressing the climate crisis will require both eElectrification and mMode sShift,so it will also require effort from both the national and the city governments,working together,to transform urban transport in Indonesia.Figure N.Detailed description of infrastructure and investment requirements by scenarioAPPENDIX:METHODOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATIONBecause of its length,the methodological documentation has not been included in this layout of the report.It is available at Indonesia Drafting:Methodological Appendix.25Taylor Reich itdpLew Fulton uc davisSEPTEMBER 2024Institute for Transportation&Development Policy
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