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BLUE BIOECONOMY REPORT Maritime Affairs and Fisheries JANUARY 2023 WWW.EUMOFA.EU i Manuscript completed in January 2023.The European Commission is not liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse of this publication.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2023 European Union,2023 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents(OJ L 330,14.12.2011,p.39).Except otherwise noted,the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International(CC-BY 4.0)licence(https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union,permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders.The European Union does not own the copyright in relation to the following element:cover photo:damedias PDF 978-92-76-60087-9 doi:10.2771/223072 KL-04-22-267-EN-N FOR MORE INFORMATION AND COMMENTS:Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries B-1049 Brussels E-mail:contact-useumofa.eu i CONTENT LIST OF ACRONYMS.IV GLOSSARY.VI FOREWORD.VII 1 OVERVIEW OF LATEST DEVELOPMENTS OF MICRO-AND MACROALGAE CULTIVATION SYSTEMS.9 1.1 INTRODUCTION.9 1.2 CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS.14 1.3 POLICY CONTEXT.18 1.4 ORGANISATIONS,NETWORKS AND FACILITIES.19 1.5 VALUE CHAINS,ECO-SERVICES.24 1.6 TECHNOLOGY STATUS AND ADVANCES.28 1.6.1 Algae biology,production,harvesting.28 1.6.2 Processing technologies.38 1.7 MARKET CONTEXT.46 1.7.1 Regulation and standards.46 1.7.2 Market data.48 1.7.3 Carbon and nutrient trading credits.49 1.7.4 Investment.50 1.8 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION.52 2 FOCUS ON SARGASSUM.56 2.1 INTRODUCTION.56 2.2 CHARACTERISTICS.56 2.2.1 Origins.56 2.2.2 Classification.57 2.2.3 Reproduction.58 2.2.4 S.muticum.58 2.2.5 S.natans and S.fluitans.59 2.3 CASE STUDY:HOLOPELAGIC BLOOMS IN THE ATLANTIC REGION.61 2.3.1 Overall situation and trends.61 2.3.2 Causes.64 2.3.3 Sargassum as a key ecosystem resources.65 2.3.4 The negative externalities of Sargassum influxes.66 2.4 MAIN APPLICATIONS.68 2.4.1 Feed.69 ii 2.4.2 Food.69 2.4.3 Biostimulants.70 2.4.4 Biomaterials.71 2.4.5 Cosmetics.72 2.4.6 Health products.73 2.4.7 Energy.73 2.4.8 Ecosystem services.74 2.4.9 Bioremediation.75 2.5 CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS.75 2.5.1 Unpredictable supply.76 2.5.2 Chemical composition.76 2.5.3 Harvesting,storage and transport.77 2.5.4 Insufficient funding and support.77 2.5.5 Management and regulation.78 3 SEAWEED AS BLUE CARBON.80 3.1 INTRODUCTION.80 3.1.1 Blue carbon,carbon storage and carbon sequestration.80 3.1.2 Seaweed as blue carbon among coastal economies.81 3.2 SOURCES AND METHODS.83 3.2.1 Presentation of sources.83 3.2.2 Presentation of available methods.83 3.3 STATE OF PLAY OF KNOWLEDGE ON CARBON STORAGE AND SEQUESTRATION IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.86 3.3.1 Marine carbon cycles and orders of magnitude.86 3.3.2 Net primary production by type of ecosystem and environmental parameters.90 3.3.3 Assessment on the sequestration from wild seaweed ecosystems in Europe.91 3.4 STATE OF PLAY OF KNOWLEDGE ON SEAWEED FARMING AS CARBON SEQUESTRATION.92 3.4.1 State of play of seaweed farming and harvesting.92 3.4.2 Orders of magnitude on sequestration potential from human-led seaweed production.93 3.4.3 Options to use human-led seaweed production for carbon storage and sequestration.94 3.5 POTENTIAL AND BARRIERS FOR USING SEAWEED AS BLUE CARBON SOLUTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.98 3.5.1 Potential to use seaweed ecosystems and productions as a blue carbon solution.98 3.5.2 Barriers and challenges.99 3.6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.100 3.6.1 Main conclusions.100 iii 3.6.2 Need for public policies to address the knowledge gaps in seaweed ecosystem carbon sequestration capacities.101 3.6.3 Needs for public policies to support the best use of seaweed for climate change mitigation purposes.101 4 HOW SEAWEED CAN TRANSFORM REGIONAL ECONOMIES.103 4.1 INTRODUCTION.103 4.2 OVERVIEW OF THE EUROPEAN SEAWEED INDUSTRY.103 4.3 ECONOMIC BEST PRACTICES.105 4.4 SOCIAL.107 4.5 ENVIRONMENT.109 4.6 REGULATORY.111 4.7 RECOMMENDATIONS.115 iv LIST OF ACRONYMS ABO Algae Biomass Organisation AEC Aquatic Eddy Covariance AI Artificial Intelligence AIS Automatic Identification System ARPA-E Advanced Research Projects AgencyEnergy BASF Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik BBE Blue BioEconomy BCE Blue Carbon Ecosystems BBSRC Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council(UK)BECCS Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage BETO Bioenergy Technologies Office(US)BFIP Biomass Feedstocks Innovation Programme(UK)CAGR Compounded Average Growth Rate CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CICY Centro de Investigacin Cientfica de Yucatn(Mexico)CO2 Carbon dioxide COP Conference of the Parties CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats CTC Carbon Trading Credit DAA Danish Agricultural Agency DAS Distributed Antenna System DCA Danish Coastal Authorities DESs Deep Eutectic Solvents DIC Dissolved Inorganic Carbon DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon DOE Department of Energy(US)DW Dry Weight EABA European Algal Biomass Association EEA European Economic Area or European Environmental Agency(depending on context)EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMFAF European Maritime Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund EMODnet European Marine Observation and Data Network ETIP European Technology&Innovation Platform EUMOFA European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture products FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FATHOMS Fully Automated,Transportable,Holistic Offshore Macroalgae System FDA Food and Drug Administration(US)GASB Great Atlantic Sargasso Belt GC-MS Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry GEBCO General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans GFCM General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean GHG GreenHouse Gas GPS Global Positioning System ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IMTA Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture IoT Internet of Things IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISBR Integrated Sequential BioRefinery ITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone LCA Life Cycle Assessment LDPE Low-Density PolyEthylene LULUCF Land Use,Land-Use Change and Forestry MAE Microwave-Assisted Extraction MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer v MS(EU)Member State MSP Maritime Spatial Planning NFR Novel Foods Regulation(EU)NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(US)NPP Net Primary Production NTC Nutrient Trading Credits OCTs Overseas Countries and Territories(EU)PBR PhotoBioReactor PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction POC Particulate Organic Carbon QTL Quantitative Trait Loci RAS Recirculating Aquaculture System ROV Remote Operating Vehicle SFE Supercritical Fluid Extraction SLO Social Licence to Operate SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SOC Sedimentary Organic Carbon UKBCEP UK Blue Carbon Evidence Partnership UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNGC United Nations Global Compact WFD Water Framework Directive(EU)WG Working Group WWF World Wildlife Fund vi GLOSSARY Aquaculture 4.0(Sustainable European aquaculture 4.0:nutrition and breeding)1:the term embodies the application of Industry 4.0 technologies to aspects of the aquaculture sector,such as the development of sustainable smart breeding programs and feeding methods.Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS):is the capture of carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions from industrial processes(e.g.,steel and cement production),or from the burning of fossil fuels in power generation.This carbon is then transported from where it was produced,via ship or in a pipeline,and stored deep underground in geological formations.One of the most sustainable approaches to capture and store CO2 from the atmosphere is photosynthesis,and photosynthetic microorganisms such as microalgae have exhibited promising carbon fixing capabilities2.CRISPR:Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats are segments of DNA containing short repetitions of base sequences,involved in the defence mechanisms of prokaryotic organisms to viruses.In this report,the acronym is mostly used to describe a gene-editing technique,in which CRISPR and the RNA segments and enzymes it produces are used to identify and modify specific DNA sequences in the genome of other organisms.Flocculants:chemicals that promote flocculation(=a process wherein colloids come out of suspension in the form of floc)by causing colloids and other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate,forming a floc.Flocculants are used in water treatment processes to improve the sedimentation or filterability of small particles.Hydrocolloids:hydrocolloids are gums that are added to foodstuffs in order to control their functional properties,such as thickening or gelling.Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture(IMTA):The practice which combines,in the appropriate proportions,the cultivation of fed aquaculture species(e.g.finfish/shrimp)with organic extractive aquaculture species(e.g.shellfish/herbivorous fish)and inorganic extractive aquaculture species(e.g.,seaweed)to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability(biomitigation),economic stability(product diversification and risk reduction)and social acceptability(better management practices)Photobioreactor:a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source.These organisms use photosynthesis to generate biomass from light and carbon dioxide and include plants,mosses,macroalgae,microalgae,cyanobacteria and purple bacteria.Recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs):These necessitate treatment of outflow water so it can be used as input water.The treatments can be physical and chemical,including sedimentation,ozonification,pH correction and filtration,or they can be biological,using molluscs,seaweeds,plants,settlement ponds,microbiome;or a combination for depuration.Social Licence to Operate:the term refers to the ongoing acceptance of a company or industrys standard business practices and operating procedures by its employees,stakeholders,and the general public.Thallus:the undifferentiated vegetative tissue.1https:/cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/H2020_DT-BG-04-2018-2019 2 See P.Jajesniak,H.Ali,T.S.Wong,Carbon dioxide capture and utilization using biological systems:opportunities and challenges,in J Bioprocess Biotech,4(2)(2014),doi 10.4172/2155-9821.1000155.See also C.B.Field et al.,Primary production of the biosphere:integrating terrestrial and oceanic components,science,281(1998),pp.237-240,doi:10.1126/science.281.5374.237 vii FOREWORD In 2018,EUMOFA released a ground-breaking“Blue bioeconomy:situation report and perspectives”report that provided a comprehensive overview of the blue bioeconomy sector in the European Union.By definition,“blue bioeconomy”incorporates any economic activity associated with the use of renewable aquatic biological resources to make products.Examples of these wide-ranging products include novel foods and food additives,animal feeds,nutraceuticals,pharmaceuticals,cosmetics,materials(e.g.,clothes and construction materials)and energy.Businesses that grow the raw materials for these products,or that extract,refine,process and transform the biological compounds,as well as those developing the required technologies and equipment all participate in the blue bioeconomy.The report was meant to be a one-of-kind publication for EUMOFA,which traditionally deals with typical aquaculture and fisheries,where the fish or shellfish are caught or produced for human consumption.To avoid overlap in analysis of other maritime economic sectors,the Study considers that typical aquaculture and fisheries,where the fish or shellfish are caught or produced for human consumption,is excluded from the analysis.These sectors are already subject to several analysis and reports as standalone sectors,and are already monitored by EUMOFA as part of its ordinary activities.EUMOFAs foray into new territory was received quite well by the sector,when the report was presented at the kick-off event of the Blue Bioeconomy Forum in December 2018.In the wake of this success,it was decided to make the Blue Bioeconomy Report a regular publication,to be released every other year.The 2020 edition covered new topics,such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture,innovative uses for fish rest raw material,cell-plant technology and cellular mariculture.In line with the tradition of addressing cutting-edge topics in blue bioeconomy,this 2022 edition deals with(1)an overview of latest developments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systems,(2)a focus on sargassum,(3)an analysis of seaweed as blue carbon,and(4)a dissertation on how seaweed can transform regional economies.Each topic is addressed in a separate chapter of the study.The first chapter explores the latest developments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systems.Seaweed farming and harvesting are still very small-scale in Europe despite 36%of entries in a global seaweed industry database being in Europe,many are start-ups not yet commercially operational.All three avenues of seaweed use are promising off-shore and on-land farming for bioremediation and Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture;ocean-farming for biomass for energy and biorefining;ocean farming and harvesting for carbon capture.The regulatory landscape to obtain licences and permits for seaweed cultivation is often cumbersome,contains too many regulatory actors at national and local level and poses high costs for small companies seeking to farm at sea.Three other generic issues affect algal development:definition of wastes hampers true sustainable and effective circularity of inputs;demonstration set-ups are still needed at near-or at commercial scale for validation of LCA,economics and investment-worthiness;value-chain pull-through is still needed to firmly position algae as the sustainable alternative to other sources.Individual elements of microalgal biorefinery processing are being improved light management,circularity of inputs,energy demands for dewatering,solvents/techniques for bioactives extraction etc in the interests of economy,sustainability,efficiency and reduced environmental impact.Wet biomass management technologies will take over from dewatering as route of choice for making use of seaweeds and microalgae.“Aquaculture 4.0”the use of Information Technology,automated high-sensitivity monitoring,Internet of Things,in-cloud analysis,real-time automated and robotic responses will become standard for managing large-scale microalgal and seaweed facilities The second chapter focuses on sargassum,a genus of large brown seaweed that spends its life on the oceans surface and floats in large masses.Pelagic sargassum plays a crucial role in marine viii ecosystems,serving as hotspots for biodiversity and productivity in otherwise substrate poor,low-nutrient open-ocean waters.However,the overgrowth of floating biomass and inundation along the coasts have caused negative environmental and socio-economic effects.The surge in Sargassum blooms across the Atlantic region has led to the proliferation of projects that seek to mitigate its effects.Yet the use of Sargassum around the world is limited to certain niche areas,and there is no real market for the time being.In the Caribbean especially,the use of seaweeds has traditionally been quite limited.As explained in the chapter,albeit holding great potential,most solutions seeking to valorise Sargassum are not commercially mature yet.The third chapter addresses the topic of“seaweed as blue carbon”.Seaweed ecosystems play a crucial role in the marine carbon cycle.There is scientific consensus that seaweed acts as a net sequestrator of CO2 worldwide,potentially matching levels of sequestration from tidal marshes,mangroves and seagrass ecosystems combined.If seaweed performance in terms of carbon intake,also called net primary production,is surpassing other marine and terrestrial ecosystems,the complex natural processes leading to a sequestration of the carbon stored in seaweed make it difficult to quantify.There are significant differences in terms of seaweeds carbon intake,depending on species,type of ecosystem and environmental parameters.So far,science has been unable to give a precise estimation of a given ecosystem or seaweed farm carbon sequestration;current methods are not robust enough for blue carbon credits to be extended to seaweed ecosystems and seaweed farming.Researchers believe that Europe has vast areas suitable for seaweed and macroalgae cultivation3;4,but it only accounts for less than 0,25%of global human-led seaweed production(farming harvesting).Possible actions to integrate seaweed in climate policies include conservation,restoration and farming,with potential positive effects on both climate and the environment.For the EU to take the best of seaweeds climate mitigation potential,knowledge gaps have to be addressed,including assessing existing wild seaweed ecosystems in Europe,building a better knowledge of nutrient availability and eutrophication in EU coasts and basins,and evaluating the carbon footprint of seaweed-based products.Finally,the fourth chapter provides an analysis of how seaweed can transform regional economies.The European seaweed industry is both small in scale and regionally imbalanced.There is a growing demand for seaweed products that producers cannot fulfill due to a variety of factors,such as knowledge silos,lack of data transparency,unpredictable production cycles,inefficient supply chains,complex regulatory frameworks,etc.All of these factors disincentivise risk-averse investors and businesses.The challenges facing the European seaweed industry are not technology-driven.In fact,they seem to be more related to governance and market issues.The reversal of this trend will depend on the stable access to raw material,the development of value-added products and the transfer of expertise between regions where production is well developed and those wishing to develop the industry.The study team acknowledges with grateful thanks the input,feedback and expertise provided by the wide range of representatives from the bioeconomy sector,who kindly cooperated in the compilation of this study.3 Global Potential of Offshore and Shallow Waters Macroalgal Biorefineries to Provide for Food,chemicals and Energy:Feasibility and Sustainability.Lehahn,Y.,Nivrutti,I.,Golberg,A.,2016 4 Spatial Analysis of Marine Protected Area Networks in Europes Seas II.Agnesi,S.,Annunziatellis,A.,Chaniotis,P.,Mo,G.,Korpinen,S.,Snoj,L.,Tunesi,L.,Reker,J.,2020 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 9 1 OVERVIEW OF LATEST DEVELOPMENTS OF MICRO-AND MACROALGAE CULTIVATION SYSTEMS*Chapter authored by Meredith Lloyd-Evans 1.1 Introduction To ensure food and nutrition security by 2030,European aquaculture has to sustainably expand in terms of space,production and new value chains,exploring and enhancing innovation opportunities offered by sustainable and resilient aquaculture production systems,implementing the circular economy principles and increasing social acceptance of the corresponding activities and products.Source:Atlantic Strategy Call Blue Growth Sustainable European aquaculture 4.01 The EUs Food from the Ocean Report2 of 2017 and the accompanying scientific evidence report3 were influential in confirming the growing attention on lower trophic levels,specifically invertebrates and seaweeds,as the way forward.The EUs Farm to Fork strategy4 specifically mentions well-targeted support for the algae industry,as algae should become an important source of alternative protein for a sustainable food system and global food security.The EC communication on sustainable,competitive aquaculture5 recognises that“the farming of algae,when appropriately managed,can offer many ecosystem services,including the absorption of excess nutrients and organic matter from the environment or the conservation and restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity”.The Blue Economy Report 20226 also confirms that“the most notable sub-sector in blue bioeconomy is the algae sector.Available socio-economic data estimate that algae production in Europe generates an annual turnover well above 10 million in the MSs(Member States)with the largest number of production facilities(France,Spain and Portugal).”And the 2022 EU Algae Initiatives underpinning rationale is that“the farming of algae can contribute to achieving the EUs objectives in terms of decarbonisation,zero pollution,circularity,the preservation and restoration of biodiversity,the protection of ecosystems and the development of environmental services.Algae can replace fossil-based products,and serve as raw material for plant biostimulants,bio-based chemicals and other materials,and biofuels.”7 The EU Algae Initiative(Towards a Strong and Sustainable EU Algae Sector)is the most important document to have been produced to-date in the efforts for algal advancement.It aims to“support the production,safe consumption and innovative use of algae,address the challenges and opportunities of algae farming and propose concrete actions”.It sets out and summarises these relevant challenges,strategic goals and actions,represented in the image below.Rather than repeating these in detail,this chapter will often refer to the two European Commission documents that comprise this blueprint for actions to 2030 and a little beyond8,a period when Seaweed for Europe is suggesting that more than 1 https:/atlantic-maritime-strategy.ec.europa.eu/es/funding/calls/call-blue-growth-topic-sustainable-european-aquaculture-40-nutrition-and-breeding 2 Food from the Oceans-How can more food and biomass be obtained from the oceans in a way that does not deprive future generations of their benefits?High Level Group of Scientific Advisors Scientific Opinion No.3/2017 European Commission 2017 3 https:/sapea.info/topic/food-from-the-oceans/4 https:/food.ec.europa.eu/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en 5 EC communication on sustainable,competitive aquaculture 2021-2030 COM(2021)236 final 12.5.2021 6 EU blue economy report 2022-KLAR22001ENN.pdf 7 Commission Communication Towards a Strong and Sustainable EU Algae Sector COM(2022)592 final https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM:2022:592:FIN 8 COM(2022)592&the Commission Staff Working Document Blue Bioeconomy Towards A Strong And Sustainable EU Algae Sector SWD(2022)361 final,accompanying COM(2022)592 https:/oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/swd-2022-361_en.pdf EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 10 8 million tonnes of seaweed need to be produced each year9.The Algae Initiative documents also summarise much of the context,including policy and legislation.Algal advancement as prefigured in the EU Algae Initiative will closely link industry with circularity and environmental sustainability.Figure 1.1:Unlocking the potential of the EU algae sector Source:EU Algae Initiative COM(2022)592 final The major drivers for further development of aquatic algae include:Capturing residual materials as valuable contributors to Circularity;Mitigating Climate Change and contributing to Carbon capture(or sequestration,re-use efficiency);Reducing land use and abuse;Finding alternatives to animal-and fish-derived proteins and oils for human food,petfood and animal feed;Finding alternatives to land-based biomass for food,feed and fuels;Finding alternatives to petrochemicals for a wide range of industrial and consumer applications;Pre-empting and reducing plastic wastes from packaging,textiles and other products;Re-wilding the natural environment and re-balancing the seas via regenerative ocean farming.Globally,there is a clear impetus to increase the production of algae.Marine algae contribute to at least 50%of the oxygen on Earth and absorb carbon dioxide in return,in a way that suggests they have a contribution to make in counteracting anthropogenic CO2 emissions.Estimates of the relative contributions of microalgae and seaweeds to global oxygen are not available,but Prochlorococcus phytoplankton is estimated to contribute to 20%of the oxygen10,and research suggests that the total output of Chinese farmed seaweed might contribute to 2.5 million tonnes of oxygen annually,with an increase of 21ily dissolved oxygen in the top 3 m of the water column11.Extrapolating FAO(Food and Agriculture Organisation)data suggests the recorded world output of farmed seaweeds and aquatic plants might generate c.4.3 million tonnes oxygen yearly;clearly,wild seaweeds would produce orders of magnitude more.9https:/ 10 https:/oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ocean-oxygen.html 11 Gao G,Gao L et al.(2022)The potential of seaweed cultivation to achieve carbon neutrality and mitigate deoxygenation and eutrophication Environ Res Lett 17:014018 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac3fd9 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 11 Algae as a term is rather broad and includes seaweeds(macroalgae)and phototrophic marine and aquatic microalgae that possess light-trapping molecules such as chlorophyll and phycobilins;cyanobacteria(“blue-green algae”)that are bacteria with chlorophyll for photosynthesis;heterotrophic microalgae that have lost chlorophyll and are reliant on external nutrients;and mixotrophic aquatic microorganisms that use both light and external nutrients for growth.Industrial microalgae are grown on-land.Farming of phototrophic organisms is limited by the efficiency of light access to the biomass.Controlled production of heterotrophic or mixotrophic microalgae,liberated from complete reliance on light,is often more efficient and productive than photoautotrophic culture and allows a move from open-pond cultivation to enclosed systems,such as photobioreactors or vessels based on fermentation systems.Advanced technologies are possible in these circumstances.The EU has 66,000 km of coastline,185,000 km if Iceland,Norway and Turkey are included,5 million km2 of marine area,715,000 km2 of territorial waters and 560,000 km2 of coastal zones in 24 EEA(European Economic Area)countries12.Much of the coastline is subject to MSP(Maritime Spatial Planning)and TSP(Terrestrial Spatial Planning)considerations,involving commercial and small-scale fishing,aquaculture,recreational sailing and shipping routes,use by various industries for outputs e.g.dredging for building materials or inputs e.g.sewage,wastewater and surface-water outflows,and land-use for industry,services,housing and ports.These will make it difficult to increase the area of on-shore farming and on-shore processing facilities for seaweed and near-coast activities for either type of algae.Macroalgal production is almost entirely a maritime activity,with some on-land farming and with seed production easiest to do in land-based laboratories.Though seaweed farming can be linked with other aquaculture when the components can use the same infrastructure,typically with seaweed and mussels grown on lines,harvest times are often different,adding to cost and complexity,and farms are plagued with overgrowth by unwanted algae and invertebrates.Seaweed farming concepts are increasingly moving in two diverging directions:into deeper water,potentially using infrastructure of other off-shore activities such as wind-farms(“Wind Weed”)-see North Sea Farmers plan for a 160-hectare commercial-scale Ocean Farm13-or as extensive,floating,tethered/anchored or even mobile arrangements covering tens or,conceptually,thousands of hectares and avoiding much of the MSP difficulties of closer-to-shore installations;in these conditions,brown seaweeds,mainly the kelps,are favoured;onto land,in raceways or tanks,equivalent to and integrated with trout and salmon RASs(Recirculating Aquaculture Systems),or in juxtaposition with horticulture,or in tidal saltwater earthen ponds as practiced by AlgaPlus Portugal,where growing conditions and the impacts of diseases can be better controlled;in these conditions,green and red seaweeds are favoured;for the seed-production and seeding stages of seaweed cultivation,on-land units are used;wild harvesting of seaweeds is a feature of current production of biomass for food,feed and fertilisers;both farming and collection of wild floating seaweed are proposed on a huge scale for ocean carbon-sinking;for these uses,green seaweeds such as Ulva and brown seaweeds such as Sargassum and kelps are favoured.Why are algae so attractive and potentially on the verge of major expansion as essential elements of the Green Deal and the Circular Economy is because of the enormous diversity of applications from their use?12 See https:/www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/europes-seas-and-coasts 13 https:/www.northseafarmers.org/projects/north-sea-farm-1 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 12 Partly because they lack the lignin content of terrestrial feedstocks,algae are particularly suitable as feedstocks for the biorefining industry in the production of conventional biofuels,such as ethanol and butanol,and advanced fuel boosters,such as furan-based molecules.Fine chemicals such as levulinic acid and fibres from seaweed can be used in the production of renewable chemicals including furanics,lactic and succinic acids to replace petroleum-based chemicals and polymers.The content of macro-and micro-nutrients,plant-growth regulators,phytohormones,and saccharides improve soil quality,stimulate root and plant growth,and activate defence mechanisms which enhance plant productivity.Seaweed in the diet of ruminant livestock significantly reduces production of methane.Seaweed bioactives are used in the prevention of diabetes,hypertension,cardiovascular diseases,obesity and mental degeneration disorders and in cosmetic applications like anti-aging.Adapted from TNO 201814 The Safe Seaweed Coalition,a network which is increasingly important as a driver of policy and action,encapsulates the reasons why they support seaweed development in their vision of a Seaweed Revolution:Seaweed can add 10%to the worlds present supply of food using just 0.03%of the oceans surface;Seaweed and microalgae are responsible for 50%of photosynthesis on Earth;By 2050,seaweed production could absorb 135 million tons of CO2 a year and 30%of all nitrogen entering the oceans from land-based pollution.Source:Safe Seaweed Coalition,accessed 202215 Together,these attributes for microalgae and seaweeds are encouraging at the top level an acceptance of algae as part of the solution,not part of a problem,and at the practical level,innovation in biomass production and harvesting in the seas and on land,and processing for major commodity uses as well as splitting out specific components through biorefinery systems.In addition to relieving land-pressure,part of the attraction of using algae in the Circular Economy concept is that the efficiency of solar-to-chemical energy conversion via algal photosynthesis is 4%-10%,compared with 0.5%2.2%in crops16,something that can be captured very easily in todays photobioreactors(PBRs)for microalgae and in seaweed farming in the sea and on land.For microalgae,land-based cultivation is a given.The challenge is in reducing the costs of inputs including energy,heat and nutrients,as well as balancing scale-up sizes with environmental footprints.Integration with industries or systems producing nutrients as outflows is capable of making enormous contributions to circularity and carbon capture/re-use.An attractive input in such a system might be the waste liquid outflows or the anaerobic digestates from animal farming,households,agriculture,food-processing,sewage treatment or lignocellulosic processes17.These contain elemental ions,phosphorus and nitrogen(mainly ammonia),bicarbonates and high-stability carbon,often with CO2 or biogas as another nutrient input.The further challenges for their use as inputs to microalgal production depend on the target outputs.For animal feed or plant biostimulants the question is how to extract the nutrients,including essential elements(zinc,iron,manganese,nickel,molybdenum,copper,calcium,potassium)and convert to microalgal biomass without concentrating the undesirable components that might affect production or 14 For example,in Stimulating a biobased economy by optimising the seaweed processing train ECN TNO 2018,promoting the Seaweed Processing Facility,but equally applicable to microalgal fractionation and prospects 15 https:/www.safeseaweedcoalition.org/the-seaweed-revolution/16 Dbowski M,Zieliski M et al.(2020)Microalgae Cultivation Technologies as an Opportunity for Bioenergetic System DevelopmentAdvantages and Limitations Sustainability 12:9980 doi:10.3390/su12239980 17 Tawfik A,Eraky M et al.(2022)Cultivation of microalgae on liquid anaerobic digestate for depollution,biofuels and cosmetics:a review Env Chem Letters doi:10.1007/s10311-022-01481-2 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 13 the consumer.For bioenergy the main challenge is how to achieve economic conversion without energy-intensive de-watering and drying.For high-value targets,it is how to preserve the components during transportation and processing,and how to get high yields without using environmentally-suspect tools such as toxic solvents.The EU Algae Initiative has four Action Areas.It captures the need to close gaps in knowledge,data,technologies and innovation in its Action Area 318.The others concern Governance and legislation,Business Environment and Social awareness and acceptance and are also highly relevant.Definite actions that the Commission will take include:Integrating algae sector knowledge into the EU Aquaculture Assistance Mechanism.Investigating the feasibility of creating a centralised data-source for all algae-related econometric data.Supporting,via existing funding programmes,new projects for microalgae that move beyond lab-scale photobioreactor and biorefinery work,incorporating newer technologies such as precision fermentation,cellular mariculture and cell-free systems,or link production with aquaponic crop production;and for seaweeds,development of improved scalable systems including IMTA,off-shore,multi-use and on-land.Preparing the ground for a centralised seaweed biobank with a network of regional biobanks to support seaweed cultivation and research and maintain biodiversity.Promoting open-access pilot sites in conjunction with accelerator-scheme innovation vouchers.Funding production of an algal toolkit for new entrants,as a practical guide to setting up and dealing with the chosen value-chains,including regulatory and licensing aspects.Clarifying the regulatory questions related to the waste status of inputs for algal culture.Preparing specific guidance on replacing fishmeal in fish feeds with algae-based feeds.Commissioning a number of fact-finding studies including:o identifying the appropriate and feasible opportunities to use seaweeds in the EU as carbon sinks and in climate change mitigation;o quantifying uptake of nutrients that otherwise contribute to eutrophication or to unused waste outflows;o compiling existing best practice and procedures for licensing and permits across the EU;o establishing the exact scale and nature of wild seaweed harvesting and beached seaweed collection in the EU and monitoring schemes in place.This provides the most comprehensive policy approach to algal advancement that the EU has adopted to-date.The major action taken to-date is establishment of the platform EU4Algae19.The importance of networks and platforms is increasing,as exchangers of best practice and scientific knowledge,producers of fact-based lobbying material for sensible and realistic economic and regulatory support systems,and recruiters of investment.The single most important factor mentioned in the context of market success by commentators is that there is a need to accept the diversity of applications and to secure the markets in parallel with production in other words,end-user,consumer and investors commitment rather than just technology development.EU4Algae is expected to drive the policy of the future that will be reflected in EU actions and national innovation support programmes and in 18 See pp 42-48 of SWD(2022)361 final 19 https:/webgate.ec.europa.eu/maritimeforum/en/frontpage/1727 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 14 simplification,integration and harmonisation of regulatory,licence and permit systems,which at the moment are regarded as one of the biggest barriers to growth.This chapter does not touch on Human Resources,training and education,though these are a vital part of embedding technological advances into productive businesses.Nor does it examine the geographic and maritime variations across Europe that will definitely have an impact on feasibility of advancement and deployment of different technologies,embedded in algal systems.Technological advancement is occurring on many different fronts and in many parts of the algal value-chains from production to products.One of the early tasks of the EU Algae Initiative is to support creation of a database of algae-related projects in the EU,which is being progressed via EU4Algae.The initial database is expected to include c.750 projects;this chapter will be mentioning only a fraction of the projects,programmes,research and achievements.1.2 Challenges and barriers Challenges and barriers are well-described in the EU Algae Initiative,as summarised in Figure 1.1 above20.There are six identified,applying equally to microalgae and seaweeds,each of which can give rise to a programme of coherent and effective actions:Low production volumes;High production costs;Limited knowledge of market and consumers;Limited knowledge on risks and impacts of an expanded algae production;Fragmented governance framework.The current status of seaweeds in Europe has been summarised as an internal market failure,in that“because it is so easy and cheap for algae companies to import algae,European production is slow-moving with only a few species and there are no large farms,which impedes a proper economic analysis.Regulation lags behind actual positive developments,aquaculture is behind agriculture and there are confusing waste policies and labelling requirements for beach-wrack harvests,for which there is little data on environmental impacts”21.At the most fundamental level of algal farming,there is still insufficient knowledge about disease management,interactions between species or between the desired biomass and cultivation variables,and funding is needed for acceleration of biomass volumes,early warning of new pests and development of high-throughput monitoring and tracking tools.The interview-based survey carried out as part of the Interreg project EnhanceMicroalgae reveals some of the concerns of those working in the algal sectors22.issue comments REGULATIONS These are the most critical obstacles to the industrial development of microalgae;legislation on microalgae is complex and needs significant simplification.It suffers from a critical lack of specialised personnel and requires special attention in the training of policymakers.With respect to algae and algal products for human food,the Novel Foods Regulation is too restrictive and the complete list of microalgae-related products authorised in Europe is very limited.There is a lack of uniformity in the enactment of legislation between EU countries,including planning and building 20 Presented in more detail on pp 15-19 of SWD(2022)361 final,with the context and rationale for action on pp 19-23 21 GRASS Macroalgae conference 6-7 May 2021 SUBMARINER Blue Platform 22 Rumin J,Gonalves de Oliveira Junior R et al.(2021)Improving Microalgae Research and Marketing in the European Atlantic Area:Analysis of Major Gaps and Barriers Limiting Sector Development Mar Drugs 19:319 doi:10.3390/md19060319 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 15 issue comments regulations and start-up incentives.With respect to exports of European algal produce,certain species and related products are allowed in Europe but are banned elsewhere eg by China.GENETIC TOOLS Complete and accurately-annotated genomes remain few in number,though there is a large amount of data,correlations with phenotype and performance are still lacking and latest techniques such as CRISPr-Cas9 have only recently been used.Scientists are very likely to work with incorrect data,leading to a series of errors.The small number of species that are cultivated,compared to the immense biodiversity of species and strains,hinders development.The absence of correlates between genes and performance characteristics makes strain selection for cultivation more difficult.MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN LARGE-SCALE CULTURE The bacterial,viral and fungal diseases and grazing predators are not well studied and identified,and a scientific effort must be made to improve knowledge and data in omics concerning their interactions with microalgae.This technological barrier would take longer to overcome,according to more than half of the respondents.TIMESCALES FOR DECISIONS IN RTI FUNDING The market changes very quickly while waiting for European research funding,and reducing decision-times needs discussing for future programmes,compared with the speed and flexibility of national support.The algal industries,apart from marine hydrocolloids,are caught in multiple binds:import substitution by EU product requires much greater production at competitive price,but the development of both seaweed and microalgal biomass production is still too small-scale and costly overall to justify investment in further scale-up;targeting niche markets with higher-value products than feed,fertiliser and fuel can be satisfied by smaller-scale production and higher-cost processing but this inhibits the step-changes needed for technological advancement;the legislative framework in Europe appears to handicap indigenous production and products whilst not policing imported products adequately for either their approval status or their content of undesirable contaminants such as cadmium;a lack of rapid-response capability from authorities means that producers cannot take advantage of market opportunities such as the failure of Asian nori production.These challenges will be tackled as part of the Algae Initiative.The UNGC(United Nations Global Compact)Platform for Sustainable Ocean Business in its Practical Guidance23 stresses that outside Japan,China and South-east Asia,seaweed production and utilisation is still an emerging industry at the start of a growth phase.It identifies policy and knowledge gaps:Policy gaps Lack of spatial planning and operationalisation of existing spatial plans Lack of uniformly accepted monitoring,data-sharing protocols and third-party certification to validate the safety and sustainability of seaweed production Lack of biosecurity policies and sustainability protocols pose a major concern and risk to both farm productivity and wider ocean health Lack of legal framework regarding licensing procedures specific to seaweed(including guidelines concerning alien species and carrying capacity)Marine planning and aquaculture policy often do not include seaweed aquaculture Knowledge gaps Lack of experience on the impact of seaweed cultivation on local ecosystems outside of Asia Establishment and maintenance of seaweed farming systems Lack of knowledge on best management and cultivation/harvesting practices from seaweed farmers/harvesters towards end-users Limited knowledge or understanding around the livelihoods of small-scale seaweed farmers in the Global South 23 Practical Guidance for the UN Global Compact:Sustainable Ocean Principles SEAWEED published 1.1.2020 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 16 Lack of commercial knowledge of seaweeds potential role in bioremediation and IMTA including co-location offshore with renewable energy platforms Lack of end consumer knowledge on seaweed in western markets its application,benefits and potential contribution to climate change to boost demand Lack of investment in seedbanks and hatchery programs;disease and climate-resistance strains of seaweed are unavailable in many countries Technology and scalability barriers,such as cost effective and robust positioning,harvesting,remote sensor and processing solutions Lack of appropriate“ocean monitoring solutions”and IT systems to maximise farm productivity Lack of investment in the application and marketing side of seaweed production Environmental challenges Lack of nutrients for seaweed cultivation in some deep-sea offshore areas due to limited upwelling compared to coastal waters Run-offs from adjacent land-based agriculture,incorporating pesticides,heavy metals and insecticides Climate change effects,such as warmer water temperatures and ocean acidification,may reduce seaweeds resilience to disease outbreaks and create harsher farming environments Adapted from Practical Guidance for the UN Global Compact:Sustainable Ocean Principles SEAWEED For seaweed in the oceans,the challenges include:For farming,developing the technologies needed for efficient and effective working at distance from the shore or in conjunction with other activities such as in Wind Weed;advent of advanced robotic systems for use in automated harvesting will aid this aspect;For wild harvesting it is mainly the limitations imposed by permit authorities and supported by environmental groups,due to concerns about environmental impacts of harvesting methods and recovery times of kelp forests:Europe has the largest global standing biomass of Laminaria hyperborea,c.100 million tonnes(c.20 million tonnes in Scotland24 and c.60 million tonnes in Norway25),with a potential sustainable harvest of 1.5 million tonnes each year in Norway alone,but currently perhaps 250,000-300,000 tonnes of kelp are harvested due to licence and permit limitations26;advanced monitoring for Environmental Impact Assessments of kelp harvesting may help make more use of the potential;For the concept of carbon-sequestration by seaweed,by sinking biomass or making use of it for soil-improving biochar,either by collection or farming,it is the sheer scale of activities needed to make any impact:o the current total annual production of seaweeds and aquatic plants(c.36 million tonnes farmed and wild-harvested according to latest FAO statistics)is only 0.04-0.05%of the 9 billion tonnes of cultivated seaweed that would be needed to capture the 1 billion tonnes of carbon removal required by 202527;realistic estimates are that by 2050,0.1 per cent of the ocean could be producing seaweed,as a food source,materials and chemicals,15 times more seaweed than at present28;even if one thinks that“every little helps”,current technologies for farming or harvesting and processing 24 https:/marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/r3007_wild_seaweed_harvesting_scoping_report_17july2018lr_0.pdf 25 Gundersen H,Christie CH et al.(2011)Utredning om CO2-Opptak i Marine Naturtyper Norwegian Institute for Water Research(NIVA),Oslo,Norway 26 https:/alginor.no/27 Mackie D(2022)Poor Seaweed such Great Expectations,Seagriculture June 2022 personal communication 28 Duarte et al.(2017)&Froehlich et al.(2019)referenced in Seaweed Revolution A manifesto for a sustainable future Lloyds Register Foundation 4 June 2020 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 17 seaweeds would have to advance immeasurably,to satisfy even a fraction of the 6 billion tonnes of carbon removal needed per year to maintain global warming at 1.5oC in 2050,projected by the UNs IPCC in its Sixth Assessment Report29,as well as produce seaweeds for food,feed,energy and biorefining;o the Climate Foundation estimates that Marine Permaculture seaweed farming can abstract 50 tonnes of CO2/hectare/year30,so even to achieve a respectable 1%-5%offset of the 2025 target would require 20 million-100 million Ha(200,000-1 million km2)of active ocean-farming or collection areas for carbon sequestration alone;o there is also a sound scientific argument that seaweeds lock up carbon very effectively themselves,producing dissolved and particulate organic carbon,both of which eventually become immobilised in ordinary sea-and ocean-bed sediments,so that existing kelp forests already sequester large amounts of carbon and simply establishing new kelp forests will make a contribution31;o and there is some doubt that even planting seaweed forests would lock-up carbon,due to overall emission effects of all the other organisms in the seaweed biome and environment32.This argues that full carbon accounting is needed in EIAs and LCAs.About 60%of world farmed seaweed,over 20 million tonnes in 201933,is generated in China.Saccharina japonica and Undinaria pinnatifida kelps are regarded as indispensable strategic resources for China,Japan and Korea.Chinas problems are currently driving developments in approaches to genetics,production and monitoring,reviewed by Hu et al.(2021)34.The problems include declining germplasm diversity,degradation of agronomic traits,the presence of polluted environments,changing ocean conditions,increasing anthropological interference,genetic cross-contamination between wild and farmed kelp populations,and the impacts of ocean warming and ocean acidification.These are all relevant for Europe.In addition,in aiming for new markets,there will be a need to move beyond the easiest-to-cultivate seaweed species to those that generate the best content of desired products,which may well be a challenge with respect to behaviour in Europe,identifying appropriate indigenous species,or genetically editing them.For all types of algae,a range of environmentally-focused EU Directives and Regulations have inhibitory effects on selection of new species that might have better characteristics for production,processing and markets,including the Habitats Directive 92/43,the Environmental Impacts Assessment Directive 97/11,Regulation 511/2014 concerning compliance with the Nagoya Protocol of the Convention on Biological Diversity(regarding ownership and compensation for use of bioresources),and Regulations 708/2007 and 1143/2014 concerning alien,locally-absent and potentially-invasive species.On the other hand,this drives exploration and adaptation of local,un-or under-utilised species,such as the work by AlgaPLUS of Portugal,with other Portuguese and Brazilian partners and EABA(the European Algal Biomass Association),to establish Codium tomentosum,Ulva ohnoi and U rigida as new species for food,in earthen ponds and co-cultured with fish in IMTA35.29 https:/www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/30 https:/www.climatefoundation.org/questions-and-answers.html 31 Filbee-Dexter K and Wernberg T(2020)Substantial blue carbon in overlooked Australian kelp forests Sci Rep 10:12341 32 https:/ 33 FAO Yearbook Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2019,FAO Rome 2021 34 Hu Z-M,Shan T-F et al.(2021)Kelp aquaculture in China:a retrospective and future prospect Rev Aquac 13:13241351 doi:10.1111/raq 35 Case Study 1 of the EU project AquaVitae https:/aquavitaeproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/AV_CS1_practice_abstract_vfinal.pdf EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 18 The complexity and cost of establishing algal operations and commercialising the products will need to simplified over the world:pre-permit full-scale environmental audits and impact analyses,as required in the USA for seaweed farms,may cost more than$1 million before any buying,installation and operating costs;producing the data and submitting this for Novel Foods Regulation approval in Europe may cost more than 200,000 and 2-3 years of sales-foregone.The complexity of State procedures in EU and USA and separation from central policy mean,for example,that in France,for on-land seaweed production,the algal farming and the seawater supply are dealt with by different ministries who do not communicate with each other;or in Washington State,9 different agencies are involved in issuing and agreeing a seaweed farm permit36.Even in the EU,with respect to trade tariffs algae are plants,while for production they are aquaculture species.1.3 Policy context Policy exists at supranational,regional and national levels.Though made by Government,it can be strongly influenced by cross-stakeholder groupings(see below and in the Networks sub-section).At supranational level,the United Nations has had a very high degree of influence,partly due to global acceptance of its sustainability targets,partly by the frequency of COPs(Conferences of the Parties)related to climate,sustainability and,essentially,the feasibility of the future.The UN activities will not be discussed here,but they have driven establishment of bodies like the Safe Seaweed Coalition and form an umbrella for EU activities such as the Algae Initiative,which is the policy output that will now have most impact on algal advancement in Europe.The EU Algae Initiative aims to increase sustainable production,ensure safe consumption and boost the innovative use of algae and algae-based products in the European Union.An inception impact study and consultation took place in 2021,and the finalised Algae Initiative document was published 15th November 202237,along with the Staff Working Document that sets out the background and actions in more detail 38.Of the actions that were taken before finalisation,the most prominent is establishment of the EU4Algae platform project39 to network all interested parties in identifying concrete actions in the different sectors of algal activity,value-chain orientated as well as underpinning.In evolutionary terms,this was pre-figured and supported by the EUs Horizon 2020 Programme“Sustainable European aquaculture 4.0:nutrition and breeding”,the European Green Deal,the European Commissions Communication on sustainable and competitive aquaculture 2021-2030 and the Blue Bioeconomy Forums considerations.The context and relevance of these is explained in Section 1 of COM(2022)592 and need not be spelled out in more detail here.Suffice it to say that a tremendous potential for algae is fully-recognised,in a way that suggests top-down support of efforts to overcome the existing barriers and challenges.Further,albeit not exclusively targeting macro-and microalgae,the European Commission has set up the BlueInvest initiative,which aims to boost innovation and investment in sustainable technologies for the blue economy,by supporting readiness and access to finance for early-stage businesses,SMEs and scale-ups.As of today,its pipeline includes several algae-related projects40.National activities are also favouring the use of seaweeds as habitat restorers,bioremediators and sources of biomass,for example,the UKs new cross-Administration UK Blue Carbon Evidence Partnership(UKBCEP),set up in 2022 to advance the evidence base on blue carbon habitats in UK 36 https:/www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2022/03/07/seaweed-farming-has-vast-potential-but-good-luck-getting-a-permit 37 Commission Communication Towards a Strong and Sustainable EU Algae Sector COM(2022)592 final 38 Commission Staff Working Document Blue Bioeconomy Towards A Strong And Sustainable EU Algae Sector SWD(2022)361 final,accompanying COM(2022)592 39 https:/webgate.ec.europa.eu/maritimeforum/en/frontpage/1727 40 https:/webgate.ec.europa.eu/maritimeforum/en/pipeline/projects/4361 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 19 waters,as part of a commitment to protect and restore blue carbon habitats41,which has instigated a 140 million Natural Capital and Ecosystem Assessment programme,and the Dutch Governments North Sea 2050 Spatial Agenda,which includes multi-use activities such as seaweed,mussel,fish IMTA,and Wind Weed and Wave Weed(seaweed co-location with wind-turbines and wave-energy capture resp.),as well as recognising the bioremediation potential of seaweeds42.Policy initiatives established by non-governmental bodies,notably the Lloyds Register Foundation,with its Seaweed Revolution43,the Safe Seaweed Coalition44 and the WWF(World Wildlife Fund),with actions Blue Finance and Nature-Positive Business are already having strong impacts on the acceptability of algal endeavours as contributors to food security and quality,environmental action and the fight against global warming,and replacement of petrochemicals.This adds to the attraction of microalgal and seaweed initiatives as investment targets,something that will be needed for full-scale industrial activities.With respect to carbon emissions and carbon offsets,the EU Algae Initiative recognises the role that algae might have in this,and for greater impact it is likely to be important to get algae,especially seaweeds,higher on the agenda of the IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)and onto that of the Coalition for Negative Emissions45,which has stressed the need for“robust,liquid and transparent markets for trading negative emissions credits,and supply-side financing for individual projects”.The IPCC has noted low confidence in the impact of increased sinking or farming due to lack of data and that“the climate mitigation effectiveness of other natural carbon removal processes in coastal waters,such as seaweed ecosystems are smaller than coastal ecosystems such as mangroves or seagrass or currently have higher associated uncertainties.Seaweed aquaculture warrants further research attention”46.The approach to greenhouse gas removal will necessarily be a portfolio one.McKinsey&Company tantalisingly illustrate one of their articles on climate goals with a microalgal PBR array47,though neither the article nor the report it accompanies mention algae or seaweed.In future,the abbreviation BECCS may become more commonly applied to algal projects bioenergy with carbon capture and storage.1.4 Organisations,networks and facilities These resources are an essential part of moving algal knowledge and development forward.Organisations and networks are dedicated to bringing interested parties together,with various aims,sometimes to bring focus to industrial activities,sometimes to generate critical mass for actions such as funding or lobbying.They are often supported by local or national governments,may sometimes act as channels for government funding of projects and initiatives,and are invaluable for their efforts in spreading knowledge,best practice and access to facilities.They can be national,regional,international or web-based virtual initiatives.At Government level,they represent attempts to develop cross-administration consensus for action within policy frameworks.At international level,the most active body is currently the Safe Seaweed Coalition48,which sprang from the United Nations Global Compact49 and discussions within the Lloyds Register Foundation.It is 41 https:/ 42 https:/www.noordzeeloket.nl/en/policy/noordzee-2050/166956/north-sea-2050/43 Seaweed Revolution A manifesto for a sustainable future Lloyds Register Foundation 4 June 2020 44 https:/www.safeseaweedcoalition.org 45 https:/coalitionfornegativeemissions.org/46 IPCCs Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate see Chapter 5 p 524 https:/www.ipcc.ch/srocc/47 https:/ 48 https:/www.safeseaweedcoalition.org 49 https:/ EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 20 supporting the Food and Agriculture Organisations Codex Alimentarius in including seaweeds in its guidelines on food safety;the FAOs Committee on Fisheries and Codex Alimentarius Commission agreed in September-November 2021 to both seaweeds and microalgae being considered.It also has funded two project calls so far,in Spring and Autumn 2022,for proposals on“the topics we should be investigating and the projects we should be launching”.The European Commission has input into the Advisory Panel and the WWFs programme on Advancing Aquaculture for Climate Gains is also represented.Examples of national and local networks,groups and platforms include:The USAs Algae Biomass Organisation ABO50,which promotes development of viable commercial markets for renewable and sustainable commodities derived from algae and has lobbied to get algae accepted by Government as agricultural and food crops and subject to the same policy and regulatory approaches,so that seaweed farming and microlgal cultivation is treated in the same way as land-crops with respect to financial opportunities.Membership includes large industrial corporations in sectors into which algal end-products can be supplied as well as innovative and small producers and technology companies,and national and state research establishments;Algae-UK,a network supporting researchers and others interested in the exploitation of algal products and processes in industrial biotechnology51,supported by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council BBSRC and acting as fund-holder for projects in algal advancement52.Much of their effort is in counteracting lack of knowledge about how and under what conditions algae produce their metabolites;the UKs Blue Carbon Forum,founded in 2022 to address the general absence from carbon accounting and international policy of the marine biomes ability to sequester and store carbon,creating cross-sector collaboration to“strengthen the link between climate mitigation and ecological benefits;improve communications and build support for nature-based solutions;standardise and align methodologies to accurately assess habitats blue carbon potential;support a route for a blue carbon market to give economic value to ecosystem services;and pave the way for future opportunities to restore and conserve blue carbon habitats”53;The Collectif Algues Outre-Rade CA.OR,based in Pays de Lorient,south Brittany,France,which focuses on growing,harvesting and using seaweeds for food54;The Dorset Coast Forum and its aquaculture activities55.Based in UK,it was a partner in the Interreg IV A Two Seas project C-SCOPE(2009-2012),which produced an integrated MSP and Terrestrial Spatial Planning plan for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in UK and in Belgium56.It has produced the Dorset Mariculture Strategy 2020-2025 and has links to resources for investors in local aquaculture and farmers needing help in navigating licensing and permits and an interactive aquaculture map57,as well as the regional ocean R&D cluster SWAN58.The Dorset Mariculture Strategy usefully lists the practical challenges that need to be 50 https:/algaebiomass.org/51 https:/www.algae-uk.org.uk 52 https:/www.algae-uk.org.uk/projects 53 https:/ 54 https:/ 55 https:/ http:/www.cscope.eu/en/home/57 https:/www.dorsetaquaculture.co.uk/58 https:/maritimeuksw.org/EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 21 faced at local or regional level for aquacultural advancement(including algae and IMTA)59,and could be a good model for other plans that need to integrate in-shore,off-shore and on-shore aspects.Denmarks Havhst(Ocean Harvest),focused on regenerative ocean cultivation and engaging citizens to use blue areas in and around cities for local,sustainable food production,organising education and dissemination events&activities60;North Sea Farmers61,a consortium with c.100 members,is focused on sustainable development of seaweed activities,carrying out joint investment projects in production,processing and value-chain verification.They have established an Offshore Test Site for operations projects,available to start-ups and companies scaling-up,in particular62;The Norwegian Seaweed Biorefinery Platform63,a project funded by The Research Council of Norway(2019-2024),is a national consortium aimed at harnessing the efforts of research institutions to produce new technologies for economically-and environmentally-sustainable seaweed biorefineries and models for value-chain analysis.Regional groups include:The USAs Long Island Sound Study,which brings together the people and organisations needed to develop and deliver a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the Sound,including algae,IMTA and other developments64;The USAs Seaweed Hub65,been funded by the Sea Grant Network,which could perhaps be monitored for ideas to bring into Europe,or collaborated with by joint conferences,when problems and opportunities are common and working together would help success;SUBMARINER Network for Blue Growth,constituted as a EEIG(European Economic Interest Grouping)and representing a very wide range of interests in the Baltic Region66.Since its foundation in 2013 it has it has developed into the leading transnational hub in Europe for promoting sustainable and innovative uses of marine resources,initiating 20 large-scale projects,value 41 million,some of which are key to further development of algae,such as MUSES67,underpinning Multi-Use developments at sea.Greenwave,a global network whose goal is to provide training,tools,and support to a baseline of 10,000 farmers by 2030 to catalyse the planting of regenerative ocean crops and yield meaningful economic and climate impacts.Europe-wide groups and organisations include EU4Algae,the networking platform project funded by the EU(2022-2025),intended to become the major network driving forward the aims of the EU Algae Initiative.Launched in June 202268,it covers the breadth of algal interests,and already has about 600 members.It has been jointly established by DG MARE and the Climate,Infrastructure and Environment 59 https:/ 60 https:/www.xn-havhst-eya.dk/in-english 61 https:/www.northseafarmers.org/62 https:/www.northseafarmers.org/offshore-test-site 63 https:/ https:/ https:/seaweedhub.org/66 https:/www.submariner-network.eu 67 https:/muses- https:/ EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 22 Agency(CINEA)69.EU4Algae is intended to underpin,facilitate and accelerate the scale-up of“a regenerative,resilient,fair and climate friendly algae industry in Europe”70.It is a platform for collaboration and networking among all types of European algae stakeholders,will be a single information hub on algae funding calls,projects,business-related information,intelligence and best practices and has already produced a strategy document for comment71.Another aim is to broaden the range of commercially-useful algae species in the EU.It has already established 7 working groups(WG)with active on-line workshops:WG1 Macroalgae Production;WG2 Microalgae Production;WG3 Algae for Food;WG4 Algae for Feed;WG5 Ecosystem Services/Bioremediation;WG6 Materials/Chemicals/Bioactives and Algae Biorefining;&WG7 Youth and Entrepreneurship.These are continuing to recruit interested members,to become prime movers in making the necessary changes in the European environment for algal activities;EABA,the European Algal Biomass Association,established as early as 2009,with 191 industrial,scientific and individual members and 14 observers,which has created 6 working groups dealing with algal products and applications for agriculture,aquaculture,cosmetics,food,organic applications and wastewater72;EuropaBio and EFIB,the European Forum for Industrial Biotechnology,which have maintained an interest in algae as the sources of platform chemicals73 and biofuels74;Seaweed for Europe,aiming to accelerate sustainable seaweed industry and involving over 70 members ranging from seaweed farmers to processors,civil society,other networks,research institutions and banks75.It particularly addresses the specific needs of value-chains for targeted actions and has established six workstreams:o optimising seaweed farming licensing processes;o attracting public and private investors to the seaweed space;o creating a strong and collaborative stakeholder network;o establishing robust safety standards and a comprehensive certification system;o raising awareness on the benefits and potential of seaweed and;o leveraging science to accelerate innovation.Facilities,biobanks and sources of accurate factual scientific data are vital resources to facilitate the growth of the algae-based Blue Bioeconomy to full industrial-scale production.Facilities may be web-based resources of high-quality data and knowledge to aid decisions on research,development and innovation topics.They can also be centres of knowledge,able to provide a range of services into the algae community including live samples and genomic data and training the workforce of the future.Many facilities have developed from academic or national research laboratories or have evolved as part of EU support,for example through SME programme,Regional Development or Framework/Horizon Programme funding.Specific engineering,technology and processing resources,demonstrators,are still mostly pilot-scale or small commercial scale.Opinion amongst those involved in algal research,development and innovation is that this scale is too small to provide appropriate data or models.As 69 www.cinea.ec.europa.eu 70 https:/oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/news/european-commission-launches-platform-promote-production-and-use-algae-europe-2022-02-09_en 71 Issued to members for comment 1.12.2022 72 https:/www.eaba-association.org/en/working-groups 73 https:/www.europabio.org/europabio-comments-on-the-public-consultation-on-blue-bioeconomy/74 https:/www.europabio.org/what-if-we-used-algae-to-make-biofuel/75 https:/ EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 23 prefigured by the BBE Roadmap Forum and confirmed in the EU Algae Initiative,public funding of biorefineries and seaweed farming and harvesting is needed at a scale that can generate reliable and accurate data for LCA and econometric analysis that can then establish performance at full commercial scale and validate industrial and venture capital decisions to invest.Open-access pilot sites are also envisaged by the EU Algae Initiative,eg.Smart Pilots76.AlgaeBase,providing foundation information on organisms for possible industrial culture77;AlgaePARC78 at Wageningen in the Netherlands,focused on all aspects of the microalgal production;Banco Espaol de Algos,the Spanish Algae Bank based in the Canary Islands79;BBEU,the Bio Base Europe pilot plant at Ghent80;BiOrbic Ireland,which includes algal topics in its bio-based industries programme81;The Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa CCAP,at SAMS in Scotland82;EMODnet provides aggregated and graphical information on a wide range of marine activities and science83;a tool available on EMODNet is the European Atlas of the Seas84,which can be interrogated to show microalgal production facilities;the UK MBAs MarLIN,Marine Life Information Network85;MIRRI(Microbial Resource Research Infrastructure),which links culture collections,making organisms available for research and for industrial efforts,set up in 2010 as part of the European Strategy on Research Infrastructures86;Norsk Planktonsenteret87 and the Norwegian Seaweed Technology Centre88,both active in projects spanning seeding to processing,involving sea and on-land cultivation and involving SINTEF and NTNU,the Science and Technology University;the Plankton centre operates with microalgae,zooplankton and seaweeds and is a partner in national and EU projects BioCycles,SafeKelp and SideStream;Pilots4U,which networks all existing pilots and demonstration facilities across Europe and provides a portal for identifying the most appropriate for needs89;A Seaweed Academy,for training,skills development and information on all aspects of seaweed biology,production and processing90;76 https:/projects2014-2020.interregeurope.eu/smartpilots/77 https:/www.algaebase.org/78 https:/ https:/marinebiotechnology.org/en/80 https:/www.bbeu.org/81 https:/ https:/www.sams.ac.uk/facilities/ccap/83 https:/emodnet.ec.europa.eu/en 84 https:/ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/atlas/maritime_atlas 85 https:/www.marlin.ac.uk/86 https:/www.mirri.org/87 https:/www.planktonsenteret.no/88 https:/www.sintef.no/en/ocean/initiatives/norwegian-seaweed-technology-center/89 https:/biopilots4u.eu/about 90 https:/seaweedacademy.co.uk/EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 24 TNOs Seaweed Processing Facility at Petten,in the Netherlands,opened in September 201891,covering processing of the entire chain from wet biomass to end-products,at pilot-scale;And,outside Europe,a good example is the California Centre for Algae Biotechnology92,(Cal-CAB)networking researchers from around the state with the private sector to develop algae as a commercially viable feedstock for biofuels,green chemicals,nutraceuticals,feeds,and other high value bio-products,and providing algae growth systems at pre-commercial scale,including 9,600 litres of plastic bag PBRs,18 outdoor 1,000 litre mini-ponds,two 30-ft 8,000 litre raceway ponds,a harvesting station with four 900 litre conical tanks and support facilities.1.5 Value chains,eco-services The potential value-chains of outputs from algae are very diverse.Some,such as the marine hydrocolloids industry,are the longest-established and will be more wedded to conventional,well-tried supply-chain and processing procedures.Others,such as eco-services,bioplastics,biochar,and alternatives to plant-and plastic-fibre clothing are beginning to be realised.Thierry Chopin describes the broad range of possible outputs from algal biorefineries:One can produce on one hand a range of bio-based,high-value compounds,such as food and feed products,ingredients and supplements,protein substitutes for aquaculture feed,phycocolloids,fertilisers,biostimulants,pharmaceuticals,cosmetics,nutraceuticals,botanicals,pigments and biomaterials.And on the other hand produce lower-value commodity energy compounds such as biofuels,biodiesels,gasoline,waxes,olefins,biogases and bioalcohols.Source Chopin T in Holmyard N(2022)93 The greatest need is seen to be to turn extraction of high-value components into a reality,to extract them and get them to the market and to grow market expectations in step with production development.There is plenty of innovation in the EU Green Deal programme and associated support mechanisms,but it is difficult to find attention to the value chain or growing consumer interest in algal products.The diversity of targets that could be developed using algal bioresources include:The UK Centre for Innovation Excellence in Livestocks offer of funds from InnovateUK to explore the impacts of seaweeds in the diet on methane-producing livestock and develop maps for seaweed product value-chains94;A suite of publications from the Macroalgal Fibre Initiative Ireland showing that seaweed extracts rich in laminarins(65%),fucoidans and other bioactives have prebiotic and immunomodulatory effects on piglet and chicken gastrointestinal tracts,resulting in improved 91 https:/www.tno.nl/en/technology-science/labs/seaweed-lab,92 https:/algae.ucsd.edu/93 https:/ N Holmyard 6.4.22 94 https:/cielivestock.co.uk/seed-funding-aquaculture/EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 25 live weight gains95,96,97,evidence of reduced shedding of Salmonella-shedding98;with the seaweeds used included Laminaria hyperborea(for laminarin),and Sargassum or Ascophyllum(for fucoidan);a USA start-up Minus Materials99 with biogenic limestone developed from a cultivatable coccolithophore microalga that contains enough calcium to substitute for mineral limestone in cement,based on research funded by the US DOEs ARPA-E program100;the company aims to produce 25-50 tons/acre/year of biogenic limestone and estimates the large-scale potential as 250 million tonnes of CO2 removed from the environment in addition to a substantial reduction in the 2 gigatonnes of CO2 produced world-wide each year by cement manufacture;residual biomass will be used for chemical,cosmetic,food ingredient or biofuel production;Efforts to link algae producers and customers in a new way such as the on-line platform Place des algues,offering dried Asparagopsis at 1700/kg or powdered Ascophyllum nodosum at 7/kg101;A new EU project,SeaMark(Seaweed-Based Market Applications 2022-2026)102 aimed at 12 different value-chains based on Saccharina latissima,including bio-packaging,meat-replacers,nutraceuticals,medical devices and animal feed supplements;SeaMark will also quantify the ecosystem services provided by large-scale seaweed cultivation as a bioremediation tool and key element of the new circular bioeconomy,working in the Faroe Islands and off the Brittany coast in France;An Algae-UK BIV(Business Innovation Voucher)project,SEADYES,a collaboration between SAMS and the Scottish textiles company Crbag to create new sustainable dyes from local seaweeds including Palmaria and Ceramium(red),Alaria and Laminaria(brown)and Ulva(green),to begin to replace the estimated c.140,000 tonnes of synthetic dyes that become environmental pollutants during textile manufacture and disposal103.There is currently a strong focus on seaweed-based packaging and solid-form bio-plastics,which is attracting investment104;this is also driving processing technologies from conventional chemicals and heat toward extraction of polysaccharides by fermentation under less harsh conditions,allowing use of the residual biomass for,e.g.,animal feed.Emergent companies are often in collaboration with major names,aiding consumer acceptance.However,the companies are still young(Evoware the oldest,founded in 2016)and dependent on investment rounds to get to full scale.Examples include:95 ODoherty JV,Venardou B et al.(2021)Feeding Marine Polysaccharides to Alleviate the Negative Effects Associated with Weaning in Pigs Animals 11:2644 doi:10.3390/ani11092644 96 Rattigan R,Sweeney T et al.(2020)Laminarin-rich extract improves growth performance,small intestinal morphology,gene expression of nutrient transporters and the large intestinal microbial composition of piglets during the critical post-weaning period Br J Nutrit(2020),123,255263 doi:10.1017/S0007114519002678 97 Venardou B,ODoherty JV et al.(2021)Effects of dietary supplementation with a laminarin-rich extract on the growth performance and gastrointestinal health in broilers Poultry Science 100:101179 doi:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101179 98 Venardou B,ODoherty JV et al.(2022)Potential of a fucoidan-rich Ascophyllum nodosum extract to reduce Salmonella shedding and improve gastrointestinal health in weaned pigs naturally infected with Salmonella J An Sci Biotech 13:39 doi:10.1186/s40104-022-00685-4 99 https:/ https:/www.colorado.edu/today/2022/06/23/cities-future-may-be-built-algae-grown-limestone 101 https:/placedesalgues.fr/en/102 https:/ https:/www.algae-uk.org.uk/projects/biv-round-2-seadyes-use-of-seaweed-as-a-sustainable-feedstock-for-dye-extraction-and-application-in-the-textile-industry-screening-extraction-and-dyeing/104 Seaweed-based Packaging Food and Nutrition Feb 24,2022 https:/ EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 26 Evoware105,whose bioplastic is made from indigenous red seaweeds bought from local farmers to replace the plastic food containers and packaging that have made Indonesia the worlds second-largest contributor to ocean pollution;certified halal,the product range includes cups,sauce and coffee sachets,burger wraps and packaging for straws,sanitary napkins,soaps,and toothpicks;Loliware106,making edible cups from agar and natural flavours of cherry,grapefruit and vanilla,and edible straws;the process involves the use of water,sugar,calcium chloride and citric acid,with optional additional pectin,vegetable glycerin or agar,all food-accepted components;Notpla107,a UK start-up,which had received seed-funding of almost 13 million by December 2021 to turn commercial hydrocolloids from brown seaweeds such as kelp into Ooho!,its edible,compostable packaging for liquids and solids.Notpla collaborated with Lucozade on edible sports drink balls for marathon runners and with Glenlivet for whisky balls in London Cocktail Week and has developed further packaging forms including coating for plastic packs,oil pipettes for restaurants and home food,hot-water and cold-water sachets for coffee,tea,sauces such as Heinz ketchup and takeaway boxes for the Just Eat company;it plans to develop a paper containing seaweed fibre and to organise end-customer leasing schemes for its packaging manufacturing systems.In December 2022,Notpla won Earthshots Waste-Free World prize108,worth$1 million;Sway109 received funding of about$2.5 million in a seed round led by Starbucks Valor Siren Ventures for developing bags during 2022 and trialling them in 2023;the seaweed-derived material is stronger than the conventional LDPE used for packaging film and bags,are coloured using seaweed extracts,and are compostable,acting as a soil improver.Eco-services build on the ability of microalgae and microalgae to remove macronutrients like N&P and CO2 from the environment and from wastewater streams.To stimulate this,it will be necessary to have a greater understanding of algal system impacts.For example,the UK Centre for Innovation Excellence in Livestock is offering funding from InnovateUK to increase the understanding of Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)and Blue Carbon within the aquaculture sector,including line-grown seaweeds110.It is also seen as crucial to extend Carbon Credit schemes to this kind of activity and ideally set up new types of scheme,such as Thierry Chopins Nutrient Trading Credits111.It is undeniable that algae are extremely efficient at removing CO2,nitrates and phosphorus and incorporating them into their own utilisable content.The most effective and shortest-chain Circularity actions are to eat them as food or feed or convert the wet biomass to energy.Energy-focused end-products may be liquid bio-oils,bio-gas,or biochars.Processes that lead to biochar result in re-cycling of energy content and locking-up of carbon in soil when biochar is used as an improver.The latter may be a surprisingly-feasible output for farmed and wild-collected seaweeds,and for microalgal biomass,provided that undesirable heavy metals and other substances dont then accumulate in soils and crops.105 See https:/ https:/ https:/ https:/earthshotprize.org/109 https:/ https:/cielivestock.co.uk/seed-funding-aquaculture/111 https:/aquafeed.co.uk/entrada/the-interview-thierry-chopin-professor-of-marine-biology-university-of-new-brunswick-director-seaweed-and-integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture-research-laboratory-president-of-chopin-coastal-health-solutions-inc.-22379 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 27 The UK-based start-up Carbon Kapture112 plans to open 50 kelp farms on the south coast and in south Wales to capture CO2 and produce biochar,hoping to start with one farm in north-west Wales in 2022 and end by having“1 million metres of seaweed ropes in the water by the end of 2023”;Tasmania-based Southern Ocean Carbon Company wants to set up multiple kelp-sites round Southern Tasmania and plans to achieve seaweed-based Blue Carbon Credits worth A$100 million(64 million)by 2027-2029.Whether these large goals are achievable should be watched-for;Carbon absorption at-scale is a focus of projects and business start-ups that aim to establish ocean seaweed-farming or harvesting to trap and sink CO2,and the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt,first seen on satellite in 2011 and almost 9,000 km long,is the focus of efforts by more than one company:o Seafields113 plans a floating deep-water seaweed farm of 55,000 sq km“the size of Croatia”,projected to remove 1 billion tonnes of CO2 a year from the atmosphere(2%of annual human production)114.The concept will be tested in the Caribbean and Mexico during 2023,using nutrients piped up from the cooler deeper water underlying the ocean levels that trap Sargassum.Floating balers will sink compressed seaweed blocks down to the ocean floor,where there is so little oxygen its proposed that the bales will not rot and the contained carbon will persist inert for hundreds if not thousands of years.The company plans to sell credits for captured carbon on the worlds carbon markets.With this approach,there are concerns about the size of operations needed to make even a tiny impact in rebalancing anthropogenic carbon emissions;the potential impacts on environment and biodiversity will also be very difficult to assess and monitor at all appropriate sea levels without rapid advancement of and heavy investment in autonomous systems;o Seaweed Generation115,based in the UK,is developing a robotic collector initially for rounding-up floating seaweed and in future for harvesting from ocean farms using robotic technologies;the initial impetus was the problem of nuisance Sargassum,beach-wracked and rotting,but the potential for collecting and sinking seaweed from the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt has driven the company forward,aiming to deal with 100 million tonnes of kelp;o the US company Running Tide is already putting carbon buoys into sites round the worlds oceans;these contain forestry residues and limestone,are seeded with kelp and sink after 3 months growth to below 1000 m depth116.The company aims to scale up over ten years to sequester 1 billion tonnes of carbon.As mentioned in 1.6.1.2 below,there is still a role for seaweeds in IMTA,especially for shellfish co-culture,and China is the good model here.Using Saccharina japonica in IMTA with scallop-farming in areas such as Hanggou Bay was instrumental in reducing water pollutants such as CO2,heavy metals and inorganic wastes and had 67%higher economic benefits than kelp monoculture and 92%higher than scallop monoculture117.There is also increasing and intriguing evidence that seaweeds may protect 112 https:/www.carbonkapture.org/113 www.seafields.eco 114 https:/www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-63200589 16.10.22 115 https:/ https:/ 117 Hu Z-M,Shan T-F et al.(2021)Kelp aquaculture in China:a retrospective and future prospect Rev Aquac 13:13241351 doi:10.1111 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 28 other aquaculture crops from contamination by toxic microalgae by absorbing nutrients more efficiently,in effect starving them.Regenerative Ocean Farming is a concept that sets IMTA in a more natural setting,seeking to re-wild maritime areas and re-balance the environment and ocean nutrient fluxes.GreenWave is an advocacy organisation that also trains seaweed and shellfish farmers,with a 10-year aim of encouraging 10,000 farms covering 1 million acres of ocean118;it also has its own Saccharina farm and seed-production unit and is involved in projects from induced sporulation of kelp and selection for resilience,through establishing the carbon-offset credentials for farms and the functional impacts of kelp fertilisers on nitrogenous land emissions,to the impacts of re-forestation and the development of advanced sensor technologies119.At the other end of the scale are local groups like Havhst and the Dorset Coast Forum in UK(see Networks section),providing support for smaller-scale integrated restoration of eco-balance.For bioenergy,the potential of microalgae and seaweeds is large.ETIP Bioenergy provides a list of EU projects to 2019 and a contemporary list of demonstration plants120,noting funding of 20.5 million in the 2010 Framework Programme 7 call;the Q&A on the EU Algae Initiative121 states that Horizon 2020 programme funded 116 algal projects at a cost of 273 million,some of which are bioenergy-related.1.6 Technology status and advances 1.6.1 Algae biology,production,harvesting Genomics,involving the understanding of seaweed and microalgal genomes,genetic characterisation,knowledge of how genes determine metabolism and productivity and the interactions of genes with the environment,is crucial to further productive development of algal opportunities in a sustainable way.There is also increasing focus on the aspects of interactions with the organisms found on or in close proximity to algae,in biofilms,as consortia or as part of the surface or internal microbiome,and the gene-talk between members of consortia that might be manipulated within bioreactors for bioprocessing efficiencies.The science of microbiomics indeed began with studies of the on-board microbes in marine sponges,in the 1990s and microbiome inoculation is being used for coral reef remediation in Australia and the Arabian Sea.The relative roles of environment and genes in generating desirable characteristics and components need assessing for each situation,which implies much more sensitive and specific predictors are needed.The scale of seaweed nurseries and microalgal starter production units is still a limitation and will need to be addressed for increases in biomass of the sizes predicted.For microalgal cultivation,the two systems in commonest use are open-pond/raceway and closed bioreactors.Conventional thinking on open ponds is lower capital outlay but less-controllable growing conditions,nutrient inputs and contamination hazards.Scale-up here requires very close attention to water recycling,aeration,improvement of the ability to separate contaminating organisms from algal biomass or at least the ability to manage them using cultivation conditions.Closed bioreactors benefit from controlled environment with managed growth conditions,disease exclusion and elimination of environmental cross-contamination but have high capital and running costs.They do however allow 118 https:/www.greenwave.org/119 https:/www.greenwave.org/our-farm 120 https:/www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-chains/feedstocks/algae-and-aquatic-biomass/algae-funded-projects&https:/www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-chains/feedstocks/algae-and-aquatic-biomass/algae-demoplants 121 https:/ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_22_690 EUMOFA EUMOFA-European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products Blue Bioeconomy Report:Blue Bioeconomy Report:Overview of latest develoOverview of latest developments of micropments of micro-and macroalgae cultivation systemsand macroalgae cultivation systems 29 use of CO2 from the air by direct capture or as circularity outputs of industry,power plants,anaerobic digesters and soluble carbonates,and integration with nutrient-rich outflows.For closed bioreactors,the conventional organisms are photosynthetic microalgae or cyanobacteria,entirely dependent on light(photoautotrophic),or heterotrophic species,lacking in chlorophyll and requiring external sources of nitrogen and organic carbon.Photobioreactor(PBR)arrays(PBRs)are available that can manage total volumes of 400,000 L,and operate on a continuous or semi-continuous harvesting programme using filtration systems.Problems endemic to photoautotrophic systems include suppression by over-intense light,biofilm formation on photobioreactor surfaces so the microalgal growth blocks its own light source,and the need for O2 removal.In the interests of scale-up,the trend is to use heterotrophs,or mixotrophic organisms which can photosynthesise or metabolise organic carbon,as heterotrophs and mixotrophs produce hundreds of times the biomass of phototrophs per litre,the bioreactors for these have a lower footprint than large-scale PBRs and they are easier to integrate with external process outflows122.Conventional farming of seaweed is near-shore or in easily-accessible offshore sites on longlines;wild seaweed is harvested close to shore or as beach-wrack.The barriers to near-coast cultivation scale-up include nutrient limitation and thermal stress that reduce the growing season,and competition with other marine and coastal uses,especially in near-shore waters,sheltered bays,lochs and estuaries.Off-shore,conventional longline infrastructure does not cope well with strong current and wave conditions and is not deemed financially viable at scale as it is capital intensive,requires extended hatchery incubation times,is inefficient to deploy and recover and the space and harvest-manoeuvring required for seaweed longlines continue to conflict with other marine activity such as wind-farms.The challenge is to provide the infrastructure to take account of seaweeds adaptations for growing well in open water with strong currents and cooler temperatures123.For both microalgae and seaweeds there is a need for soluble nitrogen(urea,nitrate or ammonium)and phosphorus.State of the art is turning towards integration of microalgal facilities with sources of relatively nutrient-rich outflows,such as those from food and feed industries,dairy and brewing,wood-and paper-processing,sewage processing and anaerobic digestion of biowastes,to avoid the costs of nutrient supplementation.Availability of CO2 from the same sources is a bonus,and anaerobic digesters will provide this as well as heat in winter.This trend also favours modular systems124,and is being increasingly explored for on-land seaweed farming.For farmed seaweeds,integration with other aquaculture activities in-sea,better and more automated mapping of nutrient distribution,including offshore human and agricultural out-falls,to aid siting,and on-land integration with aquaculture,horticulture or food-processing outflows will be necessary.For open-water and oceanic harvesting,it may be necessary to create nutrient upwelling from deeper waters to the surface layers,which may be easier to do in multi-use Wind Weed settings,where engineered access to the seabed might exist,than in floating farms.As seaweed farming moves further out to sea,the profile of culture substrates is expanding beyond longline ropes to include flat matrices,favouring gel-based seeding strip technology and assisting non-linear structures such as rings,grids,ladders and single-point fixation.Remote monitoring becomes far more important,a key element in Aquaculture 4.0:integrated satellite remote sensing field surveys 122 Pierobon SC,Cheng X et al.(2018)Emerging microalgae technology:a review Sustain Energy Fuels 2:13 doi:10.1039/c7se00236j 123 Adapted from SeaGrowns aplication to the UK Biomass Feedstocks Innovation Programme,see https:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/biomass-feedstocks-innovation-programme-successful-projects 124 Pierobon SC,Cheng X et al.(20
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Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023 Edited by Helga Willer,Bernhard Schlatter and Jan Trvnek PDF version,corrigenda and supplementary material http:/www.organic- AllofthestatementsandresultscontainedinthisbookhavebeencompiledbytheauthorsandaretothebestoftheirknowledgecorrectandhavebeencheckedbytheResearchInstituteofOrganicAgricultureFiBLandIFOAMOrganicsInternational.However,thepossibilityofmistakescannotberuledoutentirely.Therefore,theeditors,authorsandpublishersarenotsubjecttoanyobligationandmakenoguaranteeswhatsoeverregardinganyofthestatementsorresultsinthiswork;neitherdotheyacceptresponsibilityorliabilityforanypossiblemistakes,norforanyconsequencesofactionstakenbyreadersbasedonstatementsoradvicecontainedtherein.Authorsareresponsibleforthecontentoftheirarticles.TheiropinionsdonotnecessarilyexpresstheviewsofFiBLorIFOAMOrganicsInternational.ThisdocumenthasbeenproducedwiththesupportoftheSwissStateSecretariatforEconomicAffairs(SECO),theSustainabilityFundofCoopSwitzerland(CoopFondsfrNachhaltigkeit)andNrnbergMesse.TheviewsexpressedhereincaninnowaybetakentoreflecttheofficialopinionsofSECO,CoopSwitzerlandorNrnbergMesse.Shouldcorrectionsandupdatesbecomenecessary,.Thisbookisavailablefordownloadathttp:/ of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 3 Table of Contents Glossary 10 Foreword from SECO 11 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 12 Foreword from the Editors 13 Acknowledgements 14 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries 19 The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary 20 Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter,Lauren Dietemann and Helga Willer ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 31 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,Retail Sales and International Trade 32 Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvnek and Helga Willer Organic land 34 Organic producers and other operator types 54 Retail sales 60 Export and import data 65 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 68 Land use and key commodities in organic agriculture 70 Organic Cotton 124 Textile Exchange Organic Palm Oil 128 Thomas Bernet&Paul van den Berge GLOBAL MARKET AND EU ORGANIC IMPORTS 133 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 134 Amarjit Sahota Imports of Organic Agri-food Products into the European Union 137 STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS POLICY SUPPORT 147 Worldwide Overview of Regulations and Policies on Agroecological Approaches Including Organic 148 Xhona Hysa,Vladislav Zhmailo and Gbor Figeczky Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2022 157 Sara Anselmi and Flvia Moura e Castro AFRICA 165 Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 166 David M.Amudavi,Venancia Wambua,Alex Mutungi,Moses O.Aisu and Olugbenga O.Adeoluwa Kenya 180 Samuel Ndungu and Martin Njoroge Organic Agriculture in Africa:Key Facts and Figures 187 Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter and Helga Willer Table of Contents 4 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn ASIA 199 Developments in the Organic Sector in Asia in 2022 200 Compiled by IFOAM Organics Asia Organic Agriculture in Asia:Key Facts and Figures 212 Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter,and Helga Willer EUROPE 223 Infographic Organic Agriculture in Europe 224 Organic in Europe:Recent Developments 225 Emanuele Busacca,Maria Gernert,Bram Moeskops,Amelie Steu and Helga Willer Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2021 234 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 235 Helga Willer.Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvnek,and Diana Schaack Organic in Ukraine 265 Taras Vysotskyi,Andrii Remizov and Natalie Prokopchuk LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 277 Organic Agriculture in Latin America 278 Gabriela Soto and Roberto Ugs Latin America and the Caribbean:Key Facts and Figures 281 Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter and Helga Willer NORTH AMERICA 291 Organic in the United States:Ensuring Organics Growth and Integrity 292 Angela Jagiello Canada 299 Tia Loftsgard Organic Agriculture in North America:Key Facts and Figures 302 Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter and Helga Willer OCEANIA 311 Australia 312 Kane Frampton A Snapshot of Organics in Aotearoa New Zealand 316 Tiffany Tompkins The Pacific Islands 322 Karen Mapusua Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Key Facts and Figures 326 Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter and Helga Willer ANNEX Annex I:Key Indicators by Region and Country 334 Annex II:Data Providers and Data Sources 338 Annex III:About the FiBL Survey 357 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 5 TABLES Table 1:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2021.34 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country/territory 2021(sorted).36 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of total agricultural land by region 2021.39 Table 4:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2021(sorted).39 Table 5:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2020 to 2021,and 10 years growth.41 Table 6:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2020-2021.43 Table 7:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2021.49 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by country 2021.49 Table 9:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region.54 Table 10:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2021.56 Table 11:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2021.61 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales and per capita consumption by country 2021.63 Table 13:World:Organic imports to the European Union and US by region 2021.65 Table 14:World:Organic imports to the European Union and US by country of origin 2021.66 Table 15:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2012-2021.69 Table 16:World:Land use in organic agriculture by 2021.70 Table 17:Use of organic arable land 2012,2020 and 2021 compared.73 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland 2012,2020 and 2021 compared.73 Table 19:Use of organic arable and permanent cropland 2012,2020 and 2021 compared.73 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2020 and 2021 compared.76 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2020 and 2021.76 Table 22:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2021.78 Table 23:Number of organic beehives by country 2021.80 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2021.82 Table 25:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2021.83 Table 26:World:Selected key crop groups and crops area in organic agriculture 2021(overview including conversion areas).84 Table 27:Cereals:Organic area by country 2021.87 Table 28:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2021.91 Table 29:Cocoa:Organic area by country 2021.94 Table 30:Coffee:Organic area by country 2021.97 Table 31:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2021.100 Table 32:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2021.104 Table 33:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2021.108 Table 34:Grapes:Organic area by country 2021.112 Table 35:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2021.115 Table 36:Olives:Organic area by country 2021.119 Table 37:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2021.122 Table 38:Organic and in-conversion land area and fibre production 2020/2021.127 Table 39:Total agri-food import volumes by class,2020 and 2021.141 Table 40:Organic fruit and vegetable import volumes by product category,2020 and 2021.141 Table 41:Organic arable crops import volumes by product category,2020 and 2021.141 Table 42:Organic permanent crops(excl.fruit)import volumes by product category,2020 and 2021.142 Table 43:Organic animal products import volumes by product category,2020 and 2021.142 Table 44:Organic import volumes by exporting country,2020 and 2021.142 Table 45:Organic import volumes by product category,2020 and 2021.145 Table 46:Organic regulations worldwide by region.152 Table 47:Regulations on organic agriculture worldwide.153 Table of Contents 6 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Table 48:Participatory Guarantee Systems worldwide 2022.162 Table 49:Local organic product categories.181 Table 50:Kenya:Development of organic local market and exports.182 Table 51:Registered PGS groups in Kenya.186 Table 52:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2021.192 Table 53:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2021.192 Table 54:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2021 by country.193 Table 55:Africa:All organic areas 2021.194 Table 56:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2021.195 Table 57:Africa:Organic exports to the EU and US by country(totals).195 Table 58:Africa:Organic exports to the EU and US by commodity group(totals).196 Table 59:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2021.217 Table 60:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture 2021.217 Table 61:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture 2021 by country.218 Table 62:Asia:All organic areas 2021.219 Table 63:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2021.220 Table 64:Asia:Organic retail sales in 2021.220 Table 65:Asia:Organic exports to the EU and US by country.221 Table 66:Asia:Organic exports to the EU and US by commodity.221 Table 67:Europe:Organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 2021.238 Table 68:Europe and the European Union:Land use 2021.244 Table 69:Europe and the European Union:Key crops/crop group 2021.248 Table 70:Europe and European Union:Organic operators 2021.249 Table 71:Europe and the European Union:Organic retail sales 2021:Key data.254 Table 72:Organic shares for retail sales values(euros)for selected products 2021.260 Table 73:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2021.269 Table 74:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2021.270 Table 75:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country 2021.271 Table 76:Europe:Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2021.272 Table 77:Europe:Organic producers,processors,and importers by country 2021.273 Table 78:Europe and European Union:Organic retail sales 2021*.274 Table 79:Europe:International Trade 2021.275 Table 80:European Union:EU organic imports by EU Member State 2021(EU 27).276 Table 81:Latin America and the Caribbean:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2021.286 Table 82:Latin America and the Caribbean:Land use in organic agriculture 2021.287 Table 83:Latin America and the Caribbean:Land use in organic agriculture 2021 by country.287 Table 84:Latin America and the Caribbean:All organic areas 2021.288 Table 85:Latin America and the Caribbean:Use of wild collection areas 2021.289 Table 86:Latin America and the Caribbean:Organic exports to the EU and US by country.289 Table 87:Latin America and the Caribbean:Organic exports to the EU and US by commodity(totals).289 Table 88:Brazil:Development of the number of producers and the organic area according to the Ministry of Agriculture,Livestock and Food in Brazil*.290 Table 89:Northern America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2021.307 Table 90:Northern America:Land use in organic agriculture 2021.307 Table 91:Northern America:Land use in organic agriculture 2021 by country.308 Table 92:Northern America:All organic areas 2021.308 Table 93:Northern America:Use of wild collection areas 2021.308 Table 94:Northern America:Organic retail sales in 2021.308 Table 95:Northern America:Organic exports to the EU and US by country(totals).308 Table 96:Northern America:Organic exports to the EU and US by commodity.308 Table 97:New Zealands organic market key data.316 Table 98:Development of the number of organic operators and operations 1997-2020.318 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 7 Table 99:New Zealands top 5 organic export markets.318 Table 100:Pacific Islands/Oceania:Main products from the Pacific Islands.323 Table 101:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2021.331 Table 102:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2021 by country.331 Table 103:Oceania:All organic areas 2021.332 Table 104:Oceania:Use of wild collection areas 2021.332 Table 105:Oceania:Organic retail sales 2021.332 Table 106:Oceania:Organic exports to the EU and US by country 2021(totals).332 Table 107:Oceania:Organic exports to the EU and US by commodity 2021(totals).333 Table 108:Key indicators by region 2021.334 Table 109:Key indicators by country 2021.334 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2021.35 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2021.35 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural land of at least 10 percent 2021.38 Figure 4:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 2000-2021.42 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2000 to 2021.42 Figure 6:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2021.43 Figure 7:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2021.Total:108.3 million hectares.48 Figure 8:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2021(Total:3.7 million producers).55 Figure 9:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2021.55 Figure 10:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2021.61 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2021.61 Figure 12:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2021.62 Figure 13:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2021.62 Figure 14(left):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2021.69 Figure 15(right):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2021.69 Figure 16:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2021.71 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types and key crop categories 2021.71 Figure 18:World:Development of organic farmland by landuse 2004-2021.72 Figure 19:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2021.74 Figure 20:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2021.74 Figure 21:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2021.75 Figure 22:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2021.75 Figure 23:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2021.77 Figure 24:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2021.77 Figure 25:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2021.80 Figure 26:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2021.82 Figure 27:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2021.83 Figure 28:Cereals:Organic area 2021.85 Figure 29:Cereals:Organic area 2021.86 Figure 30:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2021.89 Figure 31:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2021.90 Figure 32:Cocoa:Organic area 2021.92 Figure 33:Cocoa:Organic area 2021.93 Figure 34:Coffee:Organic area 2021.95 Figure 35:Coffee:Organic area 2021.96 Figure 36:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2021.98 Table of Contents 8 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 37:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2021.99 Figure 38:Temperate fruit:Organic area 2021.102 Figure 39:Temperate Fruit:Organic area 2021.103 Figure 40:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2021.106 Figure 41:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2021.107 Figure 42:Grapes:Organic area 2021.110 Figure 43:Grapes:Organic area 2021.111 Figure 44:Oilseeds:Organic area 2021.113 Figure 45:Oilseeds:Organic area 2021.114 Figure 46:Olives:Organic area 2021.117 Figure 47:Olives:Organic area 2021.118 Figure 48:Vegetables:Distribution of organic area by crop group 2021.120 Figure 49:Vegetables:Organic area 2021.121 Figure 50:Development of organic cotton fibre production.125 Figure 51:Organic palm oil exports to the European Union.130 Figure 52:Organic palm oil exports to the European Union.131 Figure 53:Growth in Global Market for Organic Food&Drink,2001-2021.134 Figure 54:EU organic imports 2018-2021.137 Figure 55:EU organic imports by country of origin 2021.139 Figure 56:Distribution of EU organic imports by product group and country of origin 2021.140 Figure 57:Development of PGS-certified producers worldwide 2010-2022.158 Figure 58:Africa:Knowledge products per region(status as of October 2022).171 Figure 59:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2021.189 Figure 60:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2021.189 Figure 61:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2021.190 Figure 62:Africa:Use of organic agricultural land 2021.190 Figure 63:Africa:Commodities exported to the EU and US(export volume in MT).191 Figure 64:Africa:Key countries exporting to the EU and US(export volume in MT).191 Figure 65:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2021.214 Figure 66:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total farmland 2021.214 Figure 67:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2021.215 Figure 68:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2021.215 Figure 69:Asia:Key countries exporting to the EU and US(export volume in MT).216 Figure 70:Asia:Key commodity groups exported to the EU and US(export volume in MT).216 Figure 71:European Union:Growth of organic farmland and retail sales 20002021 compared.225 Figure 72:Europe and European Union:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2021.239 Figure 73:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2021.240 Figure 74:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2021.241 Figure 75:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2021.242 Figure 76:Europe:Growth rates for organic agricultural land in Europe a nd the European Union 2000-2021.242 Figure 77:Europe:The ten countries with the highest growth in organic agricultural land in hectares and relative growth in 2021.243 Figure 78:Europe and European Union:Distribution of land use in organic agriculture 2021.245 Figure 79:Europe:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2021.246 Figure 80:European Union:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2021.246 Figure 81:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture-top 10 countries 2021.247 Figure 82:Europe and the European Union:Development of the number of organic producers 2000-2021.250 Figure 83:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2021.250 Figure 84:Europe:Number of organic producers by country 2021.251 Figure 85:EU organic imports:Top 10 EU importers of organic products.252 Figure 86:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2021.254 Figure 87:Europe:Retail sales by country 2021.255 Figure 88:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2021.257 Figure 89:Europe:The countries with the highest organic market growth 2021.257 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 9 Figure 90:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2021.258 Figure 91:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2010-2021.258 Figure 92:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2020 and 2021.259 Figure 93:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2021.261 Figure 94:Europe:Growth of marketing channels for organic products 2017-2021 in selected countries.262 Figure 95:Latin America and the Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2021.283 Figure 96:Latin America and the Caribbean:Highest organic area shares 2021.283 Figure 97:Latin America and the Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2021.284 Figure 98:Latin America and the Caribbean:Use of organic agricultural land 2021.284 Figure 99:Latin America and the Caribbean:Key commodity groups exported to the EU and US (export volume in MT).285 Figure 100:Latin America and the Caribbean:Key countries exporting to the EU and US (export volume in MT).285 Figure 101:North America:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2021.304 Figure 102:North America:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2021.304 Figure 103:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2021.305 Figure 104:Northern America:Use of organic agricultural land 2021.305 Figure 105:North America:Key commodity groups exported to the EU and US(export volume in MT).306 Figure 106:Northern America:Key countries exporting to the EU and US(export volume in MT).306 Figure 107:New Zealand:Sales channels for Organic products 2021.317 Figure 108:Oceania:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2021.328 Figure 109:Oceania:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2021.328 Figure 110:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2021.329 Figure 111:Oceania:Use of organic agricultural land 2021.329 Figure 112:Oceania:Key commodity groups exportseeed to the EU and US(export volume in MT).330 Figure 113:Oceania:Key countries exporting to the EU and US(export volume in MT).330 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land in 2021.31 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2021.165 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2021.199 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2021.223 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2021.277 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2021.291 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2021.311 Infographics Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide-key indicators 2021.30 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2021.33 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2021.53 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2021.59 Infographic 5:EU and US organic imports 2021.64 Infographic 6:Organic Agriculture in Europe 2021.224 Glossary 10 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AfrONet:African Organic Network AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany AU/AUC:African Union/African Union Commission CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CAADP:Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CIAO:Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica/Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes/International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union CSC:Continental Steering Committee of the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa (EOA-I)EFTA:European Free Trade Association EOA:Ecological Organic Agriculture EOA-I:Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa EU:European Union EU27:Member countries of the European Union from 2020 onward Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland GATS:Global Agricultural Trade System of the Foreign Agricultural Service(FAS)of the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)GIZ:Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit/German Agency for International Cooperation GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard ha:Hectares Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation Programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 Horizon Europe:Research and Innovation Programme of the European Union,running from 2021 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research IFOAM Organics International:Formerly International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements(IFOAM)ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network hosted by CIHEAM Bari,Italy MT:Metric tons NOARA:Network of Organic Agriculture Researchers in Africa OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America Power BI:Interactive data visualization software product developed by Microsoft for business intelligence PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming TRACES:TRAde Control and Expert System The European Commissions online platform for sanitary and phytosanitary certification required for EU imports U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of AgricultureForeword from SECO FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 11 Foreword from SECO In the dynamic field of organic agriculture,access to good quality data on organic farming helps to measure success toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and serves as a resource for sound analysis and informed decision-making by researchers,policymakers,industry actors and other stakeholders along the whole value chain.Data can also support the development of a favourable policy environment,reliable regulations and standards,as well as transparency in the organic sector.This report,which looks at the consolidated data from 2021,shows that once again,increasing demand for organic products stimulated growth in the organic sector,with organic food sales reaching the 125 billion euro mark.Growth was recorded in many advanced markets for organic products.The production side is also keeping pace:the latest data shows that organic farmland grew in many countries,and the total organic area increased to more than 76 million hectares,representing 1.6 percent of agricultural land worldwide,managed by more than three million producers.Consumer demand for organic foods increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic.Evidence shows that this trend continued in 2021 as retail sales have risen,albeit not at the same rate as during the initial period of the pandemic.Of course,the development of organic markets and production is likely to be affected by global challenges such as the energy and inflation crises as well as the repercussions of the war in Ukraine.Once the data for 2022 becomes available,it will become apparent to what extent organic may be impacted by these factors.The Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs wants to help actors in the international organic industry to navigate these and other challenges and seize opportunities for the benefit of all.By supporting dynamic and easy access to organic market and production data,we thus aim to offer a global public good in support of decision-makers in governmental administrations,the private sector,development agencies,NGOs,and the private sector.Dr.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 12 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International With the 24th edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International proudly present a new edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Data collection is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided over more than two decades in this publication serves as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,the industry,as well as researchers and extension professionals.It has also proven useful for development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The publication also shows our ongoing engagement with transparency in the organic sector;the method of collecting the data has been refined over time to reflect the global status of organic as much as possible.“The World of Organic Agriculture”has become one of the most frequently quoted pieces of literature in scientific,technical,and descriptive articles and reports on organic agriculture.This publication also demonstrates the contribution of organic agriculture to overarching sustainability strategies like the Sustainable Development Goals and the European Unions Farm to Fork Strategy.Given that organic agriculture contributes substantially to all of the goals and strategies,this book not only shows the land area,number of producers and market figures;it also highlights the contribution of organic agriculture to tackling climate change,ensuring food and nutrition security,halting biodiversity loss,and promoting sustainable consumption and therewith its contribution to transforming food systems as a whole.Overall,“The World of Organic Agriculture”shows the potential of organic farming to contribute to a sustainable future!We are grateful to the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the Coop Sustainability Fund and Nrnberg Messe for supporting this publication.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information and figures on their region,their country,or their field of expertise.Lastly,we would like to thank the editorial team for their dedication and engagement,and we would also like to express our thanks to the other members of the FiBL team who support the activities surrounding the data collection.Frick and Bonn,February 2023 Prof.Dr.Knut Schmidtke Director of Research,Extension and Innovation Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Marco Schlter Interim Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 13 Foreword from the Editors In the 24th edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”,we present the latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide.Again,many experts have provided valuable data.We are very grateful to all those who supplied data and information from all over the world and our supporters:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,the Coop Sustainability Fund,Nrnberg Messe and IFOAM Organics International.Furthermore,for this edition,the data collection efforts were supported as part of the European Union-and Switzerland-funded project Organictargets4EU(European data)and the GIZ project Knowledge Centres for Organic Agriculture in Africa(African data).Knowledgeable authors once again contributed articles about their regions or fields of expertise,including the global market report,policy support,public standards and legislation,Participatory Guarantee Systems,organic cotton and the European Unions organic import data.Furthermore,in addition to our regional reports,we received country reports for Kenya and Ukraine.As a new addition,we have integrated the EU and US import data into our global and regional statistical analyses.We have also changed the structure of the regional chapters by adding an overview of key indicators:Area,producers,retail sales and international trade.For this edition,we further developed the Power Bi graphics,and most of the figures in this book are now based on Power BI,allowing fast updates in the future.In addition,you can explore our interactive Power BI graphics and database at https:/statistics.fibl.org.Finally,we are happy to announce that the Chinese edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”will be published for the 12th time by the Organic and Beyond Company.Helga Willer,Bernhard Schlatter and Jan Trvnek Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Acknowledgements 14 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their supporters for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2021 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),Basel,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Mohamed Salih Abdalla,GIZ SA,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia;Dr.Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,Network of Organic Agriculture Research in Africa(NOARA),University of Ibadan,Nigeria;Moises Aisu,African Organic Network(AfrONet),Dar-es-Salaam,Tanzania;Egl Akelaitien,Ekoagros,Kaunas,Lithuania;Prof.Dr.Uygun Aksoy,Association of Ecological Agriculture Organization(ETO),Bornova Izmir,Turkey;Dr.Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Dr.Abdullah Dekhel Albahi Alkhthami,Department of Organic Production,Ministry of Environment Water and Agriculture,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;Raed Saleh Almusaylim,Department of Organic Production,Saudi Arabia;Patricia Kristel Alvarez Ordoez,SENASA,Lima,Peru;Asan Alymkulov,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Kyrgyzstan;Dr.David Amudavi,Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Sara Anselmi,Flocert,Bonn,Germany;Dr.Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Professor Dr.Reza Ardakani,IFOAM-IRAN,Karaj,Iran;Angela Atallah,CCPB Middle East,Beirut,Lebanon;Dr.Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Ganja City,Azerbaijan;Lisa Barsley,Textile Exchange,Exeter,United Kingdom;Elif Bayraktar ktem,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey,Ankara,Turkey;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Thomas Bernet,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,LIsle Jourdain,France;Rommel Anbal Betancourt Herrera,Agencia de Regulacin y Control Fito y Zoosanitario-AGROCALIDAD,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera MAG,Quito,Ecuador;Luis Betancur Zuluaga,Federacin Orgnicos de Colombia(FEDEOrgnicos),Bogot,Colombia;Olivera Bicikliski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Skopje,North Macedonia;Marian Blom,Bionext,Ede,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse,Nuremberg,Germany;Danila Brunner,Nrnberg Messe,Nrnberg,Germany;Dr.Marie Reine Bteich,CIHEAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Milica Bukovi,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Directorate for Agriculture,Podgorica,Montenegro;Emanuele Busacca,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium;Myroslava Bzhestovska,The Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Celia Carave Blanco,Ecocert Spain,Seville,Spain;Claudio Crdenas,Servicio Agrcola y Ganadero(SAG),Santiago de Chile,Chile;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Seoul,Republic of Korea;Dong-Geun Choi,Korean Federation of Sustainable Agriculture Organizations,Namyangju City,Gyeonggi Province,South Korea;Ozge Cicekli,Association of Ecological Agriculture Organization(ETO),Turkey;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad,Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas(SENAVE),Asuncion,Paraguay;Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 15 Eduardo Cuoco,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels;Dr.Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Dr.Wahyudi David,Food Science and Technology,Universitas Bakrie,Indonesia;Giorgia DeSantis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Rome,Italy;Lauren Dietemann,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Dr.Stefan Dreesmann,German Ukrainian Cooperation in Organic Agriculture,Kyiv,Ukraine;Dr.Dra Drexler,kolgiai Mezgazdasgi Kutatintzet MKi-Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Budapest,Hungary;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Santiago Centro,Chile;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Stanley,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Li Feng,IFOAM Asia China Office;Gabor Figeczky,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Tobias Fischer,KIWA-BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Nrnberg,Germany;Dorian Flchet,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Patricia Flores Escudero,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Nicole Ford,Australian Organic Ltd,Nundah,Australia;Kane Frampton,Australian Organic Ltd,Nundah,Australia;Sergiy Galashevskyy,Organic Standard,Kyiv,Ukraine;Kevin Gallagher,Future of Agriculture(Asia)Virtual Think Tank,Mongolia;Juan Manuel Gmez,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Osvaldo Garcia F.,IMOcert Latinoamerica LTDA,Cochabamba,Bolivia;Maria Gernert,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium;Om Prakash Ghalley,National Center for Organic Agriculture(NCOA),Ministry of Agriculture and Forests,Yusipang,Bhutan;Juan Gilardoni,LETIS S.A.,Santa Fe,Argentina;Juliana Gilardoni,LETIS S.A.,Santa Fe,Argentina;Dr.Regina Gonda,Control Union Certifications B.V.,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Dr.Zuhair Hasnain,Department of Agronomy,Faculty of Crop and Food sciences,PMAS Arid Agriculture University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan;Anders Hellestveit,Norwegian Agriculture Agency Landbruksdirektoratet,Oslo,Norway;Jan Heusser,Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit,Basel,Switzerland;Brendan J.Hoare,Organic Agriculture New Zealand OANZ,Auckland,New Zealand;Elda Hodi-Isovi,Ministry of Agriculture,Water Management and Forestry,Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus,Wien,Austria;Lee Holdstock,Soil Association Certification Ltd,Bristol UK;Dr.Shaikh Tanveer Hossain,IFOAM Organics International Ambassador,Daishi Ekimae,Japan;Andrea Hrabalov,Czech Technology Platform for Organic Agriculture CTPOA,Brno,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Silvan Hungerbhler,State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO,Bern,Switzerland;Dang Huong,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association VOAA,Vietnam;Xhona Hysa,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Board Director Mohamed Hoodh Ibrahim,Maldives Island Conservation Project,Maldives;Noshin Ilyas,Department of Botany,Faculty of Sciences,PMAS Arid Agriculture University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan;Dr.Thomas Jacob,Spices Board of India,India;Angela Jagiello,Organic Trade Association,Washington D.C.,United States;Hakkyun Jeong,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Chungnam Province,Republic of Korea;Mariam Jorjadze,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Jacob Jose,PDS Organic Spices,India;Oleksandr Kaliberda,Project“German Ukrainian Cooperation in Organic Agriculture”;Liudmyla Khomichak,The Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Natalie Kleine-Herzbruch,FiBL Deutschland,Frankfurt,Acknowledgements 16 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Germany;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Dr.Ryoichi Komiya,Organic Shizukuishi,Japan;Lea Konz,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg;Milana Kosanovic,Ecocert Balkan,Belgrad,Serbia;Danil Kotz,Ecocert South Africa,Stellenbosch,South Africa;Weena Krut-ngoen,ACT Certification-Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand,Nonthaburi,Thailand;Heinz Kuhlmann,ABC Enterprises,Tokyo,Japan;Graciela Lacaze,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Aura Lamminparras,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Dr.Nicolas Lampkin,Organic Policy,Business and Research Consultancy;Pedro A.Landa,Organizacin Internacional Agropecuaria(OIA),Buenos Aires,Argentina;sa Lannhard berg,Jordbruksverket,Jnkping,Sweden;Julia Lernoud,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Ida Lind,Ekologiska Lantbrukarna,Stockholm,Sweden;Dr.Tungalag Lkhundevjamts,SFCS LLC,Mongolia;Aurora Josefina Lobato Garca,Subdirectora de Autorizacin y Aprobacin de Organismos de Coadyuvancia,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad,Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria(SENASICA),Secretara de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural(SADER),Ciudad de Mxico,Mxico;Tia Loftsgard,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Madrid,Spain;Virginija Luksiene,Ekoagros,Kaunas,Lithuania;Martin Lund,Statistics Denmark,Copenhagen,Denmark;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunis,Tunisia;Dr.Enad Mahdi,National Center for Organic Farming,Iraq;Jos Fernando Maldonado Cestona,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera-Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal(MAG-DGSV),San Salvador,El Salvador;Pandey Mamrech,Ecocert India,Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;John Manhire,The AgriBusiness Group,Lincoln,New Zealand;Karen Mapusua,Pacific Community,SPC,Suva,Fiji;Roberto Maresca,Controllo e Certificazione Prodotti Biologici CCPB,Bologna;Claudia Meier,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Florentine Meinshausen,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Virgnia Mendes Cipriano Lira,Ministerio de Agricultura,Pecuaria y Abastecimiento(MAPA),Brasilia,Brazil;Yenifer Mndez,MAYACERT,Colonia Mariscal Guatemala City,Guatemala;Merit Mikk,Centre of Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Tartu,Estonia;Jelena Milic,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,Belgrade,Republic of Serbia;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Rodrigo Misiac,Ecocert,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Dr.Bram Moeskops,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium;Carolin Mller,NASAA Certified Organic,Stirling,Australia;Karla Morales,Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado(SFE),San Jos,Costa Rica;Flvia Moura e Castro,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Alex Mutungi,EOAI Secretariat,c/o Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Satoko Miyoshi,Japan;Farnaz Ghodrati Namin,Azad University of Karaj Branch,Iran;Chariton Namuwoza,National Organic Agricultural Movement of Uganda NOGAMU,Kampala,Uganda;Samuel Ndungu,Kenya Organic Agriculture Movement(KOAN),Nairobi,Kenya;Leandro Duarte Nina Fortuna,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Santo Domingo,Republica Dominicana;Ramn Ernesto Noguera Garca,Instituto de Proteccion y Sanidad Agropecuaria(IPSA),Managua,Nicaragua;Pauline Nuyets,Certisys,Bolline,Belgium;Tatsiana Ostrouh,Ecoidea project,Minsk,Belarus;Prof.Dr.Toshio Oyama,Rikkyo University,College of Economics,Tokyo,Japan;Dr.Susanne Padel,Thnen Institut,Braunschweig;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Bangkok,Thailand;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Copenhagen,Denmark;Petya Pencheva,Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 17 Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Eliza Petrosyan-Sudzilovskaya,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Johanna Philipps,Ecocert USA,USA;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Mara Jos Pizarro lvarez,Oficina de Estudios y Polticas Agrarias(ODEPA),Santiago Centro,Chile;Ritu Priya,OneCert international Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India;Jolita Prokofjeva,Ekoagros,Kaunas,Lithuania;Natalie Prokopchuk,Swiss-Ukrainian Program“Higher Value Added Trade from the Organic and Dairy Sector in Ukraine”(QFTP),Kyiv,Ukraine;Karol Przybylak,Redakcja BioKuriera,EKO MEDIA,Bydgoszcz,Poland;Andrii Pyvovarov,The Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Andrijana Rakoevi,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Podgorica,Crna Gora/Montenegro;Brayne Ramanantsoa,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Juan Carlos Ramirez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Hans Ramseier,Bio Suisse,Basel,Switzerland;Pia Reindl,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Ing.Agr Lauro Antonio Rivera Gramajo,Ministerio Agricultura,Ganadera y Alimentacin(MAGA),Ciudad de Guatemala,Guatemala;Adrien F.V.Rodriguez,Ecocert Madagascar,Madagascar;Fermn Vicente Romero Houlstan,Direccin Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal;Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario(MIDA),Panam,Repblica de Panam;Beth Rotha,Quality Certification Services(CS),Gainesville,Florida,US;Dr.Monica Rubiolo,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Bern,Switzerland;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Ecovia Intelligence,London,United Kingdom;Mamadou Sanogo,Ecocert Burkina Faso,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso;Sisigu Arsne Sanou,Ecocert Burkina Faso,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso;Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Bonn,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg;Marco Schlter,Interim Director,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Prof.Dr.Knut Schmidtke,Director,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Claudine Schmit,Administration des services techniques de lagriculture(ASTA),Luxembourg;Hana ejnohov,Institute of agricultural economics and information,Brno,Czech Republic;Dheeraj Sharma,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Kateryna Shor,Information Center“Green Dossier”,Ukraine;Miki Soejima,Natural School Lunch Action Japan;Dr.Francesco Solfanelli,Universit Politecnica Marche,Ancona,Italy;Marcela Stahi,Ministry of Agriculture,Regional Development and Environment of Moldova,Department for Organic Production and Products of Origin,Chiinu,Moldova;Franziska Staubli,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Amelie Steu,IFOAM Organics Euope,Brussels,Belgium;Glenn Tabiola,Department of Agriculture,Caraga Region,Philippines;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;Dr.Yoko Taniguchi,Setsunan University,Neyagawa,Japan;Ilse Timmermans,Departement Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Tiffany Tompkins,Organics Aotearoa New Zealand(OANZ),Auckland,New Zealand;Emma Tsessue,Ecocert SAS,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kesang Tshomo,National Organic Flagship Programme,Ministry of Agriculture and Forests,Thimphu,Bhutan;Daava Tungalag,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Light industry of Mongolia,Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia;Tal Weil Tzameret,Acknowledgements 18 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Ministry of Agriculture&Rural Development,Plant Protection&Inspection Services(PPIS),Israel;Edgardo Uychiat,Negros Island Sustainable Agriculture Research&Development,The Philippines;Paul Van den Berge,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Nicolette van der van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Feres,Greece;Jelena Vasiljevic,Ministry of Agriculture Serbia,Belgrade,Serbia;Airi Vetemaa,Estonian Organic Farming Foundation EOFF,Tartu,Estonia;Taras Vysotskyi,First Deputy Minister of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,The Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv city,Ukraine;Venancia Wambua,Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Dr.A.K.Yadav,APEDA,August Kranti Marg,New Delhi,India;Prof.Dr.Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,Beijing,China;Valentyna Zaiets,The Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Prof.Dr.Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Ancona;Diana Zeidan,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Lisha Zheng,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Vladyslav Zhmailo,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Zejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia Advisory Board,Nanjing,China;Silvia Zucconi,Nomisma-Economic Research Institute,Bologna,Italy Statistics Key Indicators FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 19 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2021:191 countries Organic agricultural land 2021:76.4 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(35.7 million hectares)Argentina(4.1 million hectares)France(2.8 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2021:1.6%Liechtenstein(40.2%)Samoa(29.1%)Austria(26.5%)Increase of organic agricultural land 2020/2021 1.3 million hectares(ha); 1.7%China:319000 ha( 13%),France:228000 ha( 9%)Spain:198000 ha( 8%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2021:29.7 million hectares(ha)(1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(6.9 million ha)Zambia(2.5 million ha)Namibia(2.3 million ha)Producers 2021:3.7 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(1599010)Uganda(404246)Ethiopia(218175)Organic market2 2021:124.8 billion euros(2000:15.1 billion euros)US(48.6 billion euros)Germany(15.9 billion euros)France(12.7 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2021:15.7 euros Switzerland(425 euros)Denmark(384 euros)Luxembourg(313 euros)Number of countries/territories with organic regulations 2022:74(fully implemented)Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2022:791 affiliates Germany:81 affiliates China:54 affiliates India:46 affiliates USA:45 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on national data sources,data from certifiers and IFOAM Organics International 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories,see UNSTAT website https:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached 135.5 billion US dollars in 2021(see article by Sahota in this volume).One euro corresponded to 1.1827 US dollars in 2021 according to the European Central Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary 20 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary Jan Trvnek1,Bernhard Schlatter,2 Lauren Dietemann3 and Helga Willer4 The latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide show that 2021 was another good year for global organic agriculture.According to the latest FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide,organic farmland and organic retail sales continued to grow and reached another all-time high,as shown by the data from 191 countries(data as of the end of 2021).Statistics on organic area More than 76.4 million hectares of organic farmland In 2021,over 76.4 million hectares of organic agricultural land,including in-conversion areas,were recorded.The regions with the largest organic agricultural land areas are Oceania(36.0 million hectares almost half the worlds organic agricultural land pr 47 percent)and Europe(17.8 million hectares,23 percent).Latin America had 9.9 million hectares(13 percent),followed by Asia(6.5 million hectares,8.5 percent),Northern America(3.5 million hectares,4.6 percent)and Africa(2.7 million hectares,3.5 percent).Australia has the largest area Countries with the most organic agricultural land were Australia(35.7 million hectares),Argentina(4.1 million hectares)and France(2.8 million hectares).Globally,1.6 percent of the farmland is organic In 2021,1.6 percent of the worlds agricultural land was organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,were in Oceania(9.7 percent)and in Europe(3.6 percent;European Union:9.6 percent).Liechtenstein had the highest organic share,with 40.2 percent Some countries reach far higher shares than the global share:Liechtenstein(40.2 percent),Samoa(29.1 percent)and Austria(26.5 percent)had the highest organic shares.In 20 countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land was organic a new record.Growth in organic farmland Increase of 1.3 million hectares Organic farmland increased by 1.3 million hectares(1.7 percent)in 2021.Many countries reported a significant increase.In absolute terms,the biggest increases were 1 Jan Trvnek,Czech Organics,Star Msto,Czech Republic, 2 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Lauren Dietemann,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 21 in China,France and Spain:in China,organic farmland increased by almost 320000 hectares( 13.1 percent),in France by nearly 228000 hectares( 8.9 percent)and in Spain by almost 198000 hectares( 8.1 percent).However,some countries also reported decreases.The most notable decrease occurred in Argentina,which reported almost 0.38 million hectares less(mainly grazing areas).Increase of organic farmland in Africa,Asia,Europe and Oceania In 2021,organic agricultural land increased in Africa,Asia,Europe and Oceania(Table 5).The highest absolute growth was in Europe( 4.4 percent, 0.75 million hectares),followed by Africa( 17.3 percent, 0.39 million hectares)and Asia( 5.8 percent, 0.36 million hectares),while Latin America and North America reported a decrease of organic farmland.Growth in most major crop groups Land use and crop details were available for over 92 percent of the organic agricultural land.Some countries with very large organic areas,such as Brazil and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 72).Nearly two-thirds of the organic agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(almost 50 million hectares),which decreased by 2.5 percent in 2021.With almost 14.8 million hectares,arable land constituted 19 percent of the organic agricultural land.An increase of 11.4 percent since 2020 was reported.Most of this category of land was used for cereals,including rice,followed by green fodder from arable land,oilseeds,textile crops and dry pulses.Permanent crops accounted for 8.1 percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to over 6.2 million hectares.Compared to the previous survey,an increase of almost 829000 hectares,or 15.4 percent,was reported.The most important crops were coffee,olives,nuts,grapes and cocoa(see page 70).Further organic areas Apart from land dedicated to organic agriculture,there are further areas of organic land dedicated to other activities.The largest parts of these are wild collection areas and beekeeping areas.Further non-agricultural areas include aquaculture,forests and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.These areas totalled 31.8 million hectares,and all the organic areas together summed up to 108.3 million hectares.Organic cotton Based on our estimates,the 2020/21 global harvest saw 342265 tonnes of organic cotton fibre produced on 621691 hectares of certified organic land and 180726 tonnes of in-conversion cotton fibre produced on 293204 hectares of land in-conversion to organic.Compared to 2019/20,this represents an estimated 37 percent growth in organic cotton fibre,meaning that 1.4 percent of all cotton grown is estimated to have been organic(See the article by the Textile Exchange on page 124).The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary 22 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic palm oil Bernet and van den Berge(page 128)provide an analysis of the current market situation of organic palm oil,of which more than 20000 metric tons were imported into the European Union in 2021.They expect the efforts to promote the production of sustainable palm oil to continue and that in countries where this debate is more advanced,consumers will be increasingly aware that private organic standards help ensure that palm oil is produced in contexts and ways that are favourable for having positive environmental and social impacts.Organic operators Organic producers on the rise 3.7 million producers in 2021 There were at least 3.7 million organic producers in 2021.1 Forty-nine percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(31 percent),Europe(12 percent)and Latin America(8 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(1599010),Uganda(404246)and Ethiopia(218175)(page 56).There has been an increase in the number of producers of more than 170000,or 4.9 percent,compared to 2020.For more information,see page 54.Global market and organic imports Global market reached nearly 125 billion euros Organic food and drink sales reached nearly 125 billion euros,according to FiBL(page 60)2 3 in 2021.In 2021,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(48.6 billion euros),Germany(15.9 billion euros)and France(12.7 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(39 percent of the global market),followed by the European Union(46.7 billion euros,37 percent)and China(11.3 billion euros,9.1 percent).Switzerland had the highest per-capita consumption in 2021,with 425 euros.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(13.0 percent),Austria(11.6 percent)and Luxembourg(11 percent).Growth in the global market for organic food and drink slowed in 2021,writes Sahota(page 134).Geopolitical conflicts and rising food prices are having a negative impact on the global organic food market.After reporting record sales in 2020,market growth slowed to just five percent in 2021.Lower growth is projected for 2022 as consumer demand weakens;inflation,especially high food prices,and food security concerns are 1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.It may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached over 135.5 billion U.S.dollars in 2021.3 In 2021,1.1827 US dollars corresponded to 1 euro.The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 23 affecting demand for organic foods.The European market has been the most adversely affected.EU organic imports US and EU organic imports combined amounted to 4.7 million metric tons in 2021(see chapter by Schlatter et al.,page 32).In 2021,2.9 million metric tons of organic agri-food products were imported to the European Union,representing a 2.8 percent increase compared to the 2.8 million MT imported in 2020.1 A detailed look at the product categories shows that while imports of organic tropical fruit have increased,imports of cereals,oilcake and sugar have declined.The main trading partners were Ecuador and the Dominican Republic,both principal exporters of organic bananas.The main importing EU Member States in 2021 were the Netherlands and Germany,which accounted for more than half of the EU organic imports.For more information,see the summary of the European Commissions market brief on organic imports into the European Union in 2021(page 137).Regulations and policies Organic regulations Regarding regulations,according to the latest data collected by IFOAM-Organics International,in 2022,74 countries had fully implemented regulations on organic agriculture.Twenty-one countries had organic regulations that were not fully implemented,and 15 were drafting legislation.Regions with significant changes were the European Union,North America,and the Pacific Region.(See article by Hysa et al.on page 148).Policies for organic farming Many countries are setting up policies fostering agroecology and organic agriculture.In Hysa et al.s article(page 148),examples from countries all over the world are shown,such as Argentina(creation of a national directorate of agroecology),Saudi Arabia(Organic Agriculture Policy Action Plan),Mexico(policy change to favour good security and food sovereignty),Ghana(support for organic farming in the framework of the Agriculture Sector Development Policy),Tanzania(National Strategy of Ecological Organic Agriculture)and India(support within the framework of the Indian Natural Development Programme).Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2022 IFOAM-Organics International is the only organisation collecting data about Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)on a global level.In 2022,323 PGS initiatives were active in 78 countries,with at least 1.4 million producers involved and more than 1.3 million producers certified.These producers were estimated to manage almost 0.9 1 It should be noted that imports from the United Kingdom(amounting to 0.1 million metric tons)were included in the 2021 import volume,but not that for 2020.For details see chapter on EU organic imports.The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary 24 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn million hectares of land.More information,including PGS developments in the regions,is available in the article from Anselmi and Moura e Castro(page 157).Organic in the Continents Africa There were nearly 2.7 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2021.Africa reported more than 390000 hectares more than in 2020,a 17.3 percent increase,and over 1123000 producers.Uganda was the country with the largest organic area(over 505000 hectares in 2021),and Uganda had the largest number of organic producers(more than 404000).The country with the highest percentage of land devoted to organic farming in the region was the island state of So Tom and Prncipe,with 21.1 percent of its agricultural area dedicated to organic crops.The majority of certified organic products in Africa are destined for export markets.Key crops are cocoa,olives,coffee,nuts,cotton and oilseeds(see page 187).Five countries in Africa have legislation on organic agriculture,and seven countries are drafting legislation.Six countries have a national standard but lack legislation on the definition of organic farming(East African Organic Product Standard)(See article by Hysa et al.on page 148).Ecological Organic Agriculture in Africa continued to receive much attention from various actors,including farmers,practitioners,researchers,policymakers and other stakeholders post-COVID-19 pandemic.The Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative(EOA-I)continued to reach out to smallholder farmers.The Knowledge Centre for Organic Agriculture in Africa(KCOA),with its regional Knowledge Hubs,provided support for organic agriculture in all parts of Africa through knowledge management,dissemination and capacity building and market systems development.AfrONet,the umbrella of African Organic Movements,is promoting the establishment of regional networks and national organic movements(NOAMS)where they do not exist yet.In collaboration with AfroNet,preparations for the 5th African Organic Conference started,and it is expected to be held in 2023.The Network for Organic Agriculture Researchers(NOARA)held the 1st Africa Research Conference in Nigeria from 6 to 8 December 2022 in Ibadan,Nigeria.For more updates about Africa,see the contribution by Amudavi et al.on page 166.In their country report about Kenya,Ndungu and Njoroge(page 180)state that despite a sluggish economy,Kenyas organic sector has continued to thrive in recent years.Exports of organic products continue to dominate organic sector development,with Kenya being known for its production of a variety of organic fruits,nuts,essential oils,herbs,spices,coffee,tea,and flowers,which are all in high demand globally.The countrys tropical climate,the location near Europe and the Middle East,and continuously improving infrastructure make it an ideal place for cultivating and exporting these relatively high-value products.Regarding the domestic market,established supermarkets and organic retail stores have further solidified their position and increased their organic supply,while farmers markets selling organic products have expanded beyond the capital city of Nairobi.The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 25 Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was more than 6.5 million hectares in 2021.There were nearly 1.8 million producers,most of whom were in India.The leading countries by area were China(2.75 million hectares)and India(over 2.66 million hectares).Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(8.5 percent).(For detailed statistics,see page 212).Twenty-one countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and seven countries are drafting legislation(See article by Hysa et al.on page 148).The year 2022 continued the positive developments in the organic sector throughout the Asian region.It was evident that organic activities are resuming after a few years of the COVID-19 pandemic.In China,the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the Implementation Plan of the“14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the Peoples Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals”.The recognition of Participatory Guarantee Systems continued in India,Indonesia,Kyrgyzstan,the Philippines and Vietnam,addressing the need of the domestic markets.Japan saw the launch of the“Organic Village”project by the Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries(MAFF)to stimulate the growth of the organic share to 25 percent by 2050.IFOAM Organics Asia implemented the co-organised the 2022 IFOAM-Goesan International Organic Expo,the events highlight being the 50th IFOAM Anniversary Commemorative Conference(more information is available in the chapter of IFOAM Organic Asia on page 200).Europe As of the end of 2021,17.8 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union:15.6 million hectares)were managed organically by more than 440000 producers(European Union:almost 380000).In Europe,3.6 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:9.6 percent).Organic farmland has increased by nearly 0.75 million hectares compared to 2020.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were France(2.8 million hectares),Spain(2.6 million hectares)and Italy(2.2 million hectares).In 15 countries,at least 10 percent of the farmland was organic:Liechtenstein had the lead(40.2 percent),followed by Austria(26.5 percent)and Estonia(23 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled 54.5 billion euros in 2021(European Union:46.7 billion euros),an increase of 4 percent since 2020.The largest market for organic products in 2020 was Germany,with retail sales of 15.9 billion euros,followed by France(12.7 billion euros)and Italy(3.9 billion euros)(See the article by Willer et al.,page 235).In Europe,43 countries have legislation on organic agriculture.(See article by Hysa et al.on page 148).The consolidated data for 2021 show continued retail sales growth in most countries;however,other than in 2020,it was single-digit while organic farmland grew faster than organic retail sales.For EU organic agriculture to reach the 25 percent goal by 2030,as set out by the European Commission,stronger annual growth will be needed than in 2021.The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary 26 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn In June 2018,the new EU regulation 2018/8481 on the production and labelling of organic products was published but,due to the COVID-19 pandemic,postponed by one year to 1 January 20222.The development of secondary legislation started in June 2018 and is ongoing.The new regulations on the European Unions Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)were adopted in November 2021.A detailed analysis of the CAP Strategic Plans 20232027 and how Member States support organic agriculture will be published in spring 2023 as part of the project OrganicTargets4EU“Transformation scenarios for boosting organic farming and organic aquaculture towards the Farm-to-Fork targets”.As to research,since the mid-1990s,an increasing number of organic research projects focussing on organic food and farming have been funded by the EU Research&Innovation Framework Programmes.Starting with the work programme 20232024,the European Unions research programme Horizon Europe,which includes seven organic-specific calls,foresees an allocation of at least 30 percent of the budget for research and innovation actions in the fields of agriculture,forestry and rural areas to topics specific to or relevant for the organic sector.(See the contribution by Busacca et al.on page 225).The report about organic agriculture in Ukraine provided by Vysotskyi et al.(page 265)shows that 422299 hectares(1 percent of total farmland)were under organic management.Of these,370110 hectares were fully converted.Organic export has a major share in the Ukrainian organic market.Despite the war,in 2022,Ukraine exported 225814 metric tonnes of organic products to the EU and Switzerland,a 13 percent increase compared to 2021(200239 metric tons).The most significant negative impacts of the war on the production processes include the overall safety situation,access to financial resources,destroyed infrastructure and lack of fuel and lubricants.Many organic operators have experienced direct losses because of occupation and direct hits,seaports blockade,destruction of infrastructure facilities and supply chains,and a significant increase in prices of inputs,fuel and logistics.The main problems of the domestic organic market are the disrupted supply chains,migration of many organic consumers to other regions and abroad,decreased purchasing power and,therefore,reduced demand for organic.Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,over 227000 producers managed nearly 9.9 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2021.This constituted 12.9 percent of the worlds organic land and 1.4 percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(4.1 million hectares),Uruguay(2.7 million hectares)and Brazil 1 Regulation(EU)2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Council Regulation(EC)No 834/2007;http:/data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/848/oj 2 Regulation(EU)2020/1693 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 November 2020 amending Regulation(EU)2018/848 on organic production and labelling of organic products as regards its date of application and certain other dates referred to in that Regulation(Text with EEA relevance);http:/data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/1693/oj The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 27(1.5 million hectares).The highest organic shares of total agricultural land were in Uruguay(19.6 percent),French Guiana(11.9 percent)and the Dominican Republic(11.6 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as coffee,cocoa and bananas.Nineteen countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and two countries are drafting such legislation.(See article by Hysa et al.on page 148).Brazil has the largest market for organic products in Latin America.Organic production in Latin America grew slowly despite the challenges faced in 2022,recovering from the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus pandemic,food inflation and getting back on track with economic growth and poverty reduction.Local markets for certified organic products are still very small,despite the steady increase in the urban population;poverty,however,increased during the pandemic.Several Latin American countries have national logos to identify organic products in their national marketplaces,but very often,operators just use the EU or US logos;Brazil and Mexico are the countries where it is easier to find the national logo in the retail sector.While Argentina approved the Organic Argentina 2030 Strategic Plan,in Colombia,a study on the impacts of organic regulations was commissioned;this study is connected to their 2030 Agroecology Plan.Peru approved its 2030 Plan for the Promotion of Organic or Ecological Production.The interest in agroecology continues to grow in the region.The 9th Latin American Congress in Agroecology,organised by the Latin American Scientific Society of Agroecology(SOCLA in Spanish),was celebrated in Costa Rica in 2022 with over 500 participants from Latin America and Spain(page 278).North America In North America,over 3.5 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2021.Of these,2.3 million were in the United States,and 1.2 million were in Canada,representing 0.8 percent of the total agricultural area in the region(see page 302).United States In 2021,U.S.shoppers returned to more stable shopping patterns.Food sales,which comprise over 90 percent of U.S.organic sales,rose to 57.5 billion US dollars(roughly 2 percent growth).The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)in June 2022 took steps to build the next generation of American organic producers and strengthen organic supply chains with its announcement that it would invest 300 million US dollars1 over five years to support farm operations during the transition to organic in its new Organic Transition Initiative.The announcement represents the USDAs largest single investment in organic products.Consumer demand for organic products remained strong,and growth continued,but it was constrained primarily due to supply challenges(seed and raw material shortages,packaging material issues,or high costs in feed,inputs,shipping,and transportation).Global demand for American-produced organic products has never been greater:The Department of Agricultures statistics 1 1.1827 US dollars corresponded to 1 euro in 2021,according to the Central European Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary 28 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn show that the value of U.S.organic exports nearly doubled between 2011 and 2021 increasing from around 400 million US dollars to just over 700 million US dollars.(See the contribution by Jagiello on page 292).Canada The organic marketplace in Canada continues to expand.Canada is the fifth-largest organic market in the world.While in the past,production numbers did not keep up with the demand in Canada,2021 did experience less growth in producers and acreage than in prior years.Although there was a decrease in acreage in Canada between 2020 and 2021 due to climatic conditions,decertifications and supply chain challenges due to COVID-19,there are more producers that will be entering the system in two to three years.Canada is currently home to more than 1.2 million hectares of organic farmland(See the contribution by Loftsgard on page 299).Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand and the Pacific Islands states.Altogether,there were over 18000 producers on 36 million hectares,constituting 9.7 percent of the regions agricultural land and nearly half the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(35.7 million hectares,mostly extensive grazing land),followed by Papua New Guinea(over 88000 hectares)and Samoa over 82000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all national agricultural land were in Samoa(29.1 percent),followed by Australia(9.9 percent),Papua New Guinea(7.4 percent),Fiji(7.1 percent),French Solomon Islands(7 percent)and French Polynesia(3.5 percent).Four countries in Oceania have legislation on organic agriculture,while thirteen countries have a national standard but no organic legislation(See article by Hysa et al.on page 148).For statistics about organic agriculture in Oceania,see page 326.Australia Australias organic industry has been challenged by manifold factors in recent years,including disruptions caused by the global pandemic,natural disasters(bushfires in 2020,floods in 2022),as well as global inflation and its flow-on effects.Despite this,the industry remains robust,with new certified operators regularly entering the market and positive consumer sentiment noted,reports Frampton on page 312.Australia is one of the few developed nations in the world not to have implemented a domestic regulatory standard for the production and sale of organic products.However,the introduction of domestic regulation appears to be moving closer.(See article by Frampton on page 312).New Zealand Organic agriculture is a fast-growing sector in Aotearoa,New Zealand.It is well placed to continue leveraging the countrys clean,green reputation,and it is an increasingly important pillar in telling Aotearoas story to international consumers.Through the COVID pandemic,New Zealands food and beverage image has provided a global opportunity for the country as COVID has shifted consumer behaviour and perceptions The World of Organic Agriculture 2023:Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 29 in New Zealands major markets,amplifying consumer interest in food safety and quality.Another notable development is that the National Mori Organics Authority of Aotearoa makes a strong contribution to Mori organics through its presence and through continuing support for Mori organic growers.(See article by Tompkins on page 316).Pacific Islands COVID-19,including supply chain disruptions,restrictions on mobility,and border closures,continued to substantially impact organic farmers,supply chains,and certification across the Pacific Islands.Audit and inspections have been severely impacted as few countries have nationally based inspectors;they fly in from neighbouring regions of Australia,New Zealand or South East Asia,and even the United States.Some licensees have been able to undertake virtual audits,which has meant that no new farms or licensees have been able to take up certification.However,governments continue to take action to create a supportive policy environment,the demand for certification continues,and regional and national agencies and development partners are increasingly recognising the value of organic agriculture as a development tool for the Pacific Islands context.A survey to assess the impact of COVID-19 on production and livelihoods found that farmers had difficulty accessing markets.Village-level income sources were lost due to increasing unemployment among community members,especially in Fiji.Inter-island supply chain logistics have been significantly affected during lockdown periods,and some farmers were unable to access inputs.Domestic sales dropped dramatically due to the lack of tourists,while regional and international sales have diminished due to border closures.As most of the organically certified products from the Pacific are for export,the pandemic has forced producers to seek to expand local market opportunities,giving impetus to the trend of previous years of growing local markets through basket(box)schemes,unverified organic claims on labels,PGS development,organic stalls at farmers markets and increased awareness.(See article by Mapusa on page 322148).Next FiBL Survey on Organic Agriculture Worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2023;data will be published in February 2024 and presented at the 2024 edition of the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We will contact all relevant experts and would be very grateful if data could be sent to us.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2024 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”.Corrections will also be posted on www.organic-.Contact:helga.willerfibl.org 30 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide-key indicators 2021 Source:FiBL survey 2023 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 31 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organic agricultural land in 2021 Source:FiBL survey 2023 Statistics Introduction 32 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,Retail Sales and International Trade BERNHARD SCHLATTER1,JAN TRVNEK2 AND HELGA WILLER3 Introduction The 24th survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL in collaboration with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.The survey was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse.4 For this survey,191 countries were covered using the following indicators:Area,producers and other operator types,retail sales and exports and imports.In total,data were provided by more than 200 experts.Governments,private sector organizations,certifiers and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on several countries:ACO Certification,Bioinspecta,CCPB,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,Mayacert,Ecoglobe,Ekoagros,ICEA,Imocert,Kiwa BCS Oko-Garantie GmbH,LACON,LETIS,NASAA Certified Organic(NCO),Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand(ACT),Organizacin Internacional Agropecuaria(OIA),OneCert and Quality Certification Services(QCS).Our collaboration with the Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture(CIAO)eases data collection in Latin America and the Caribbean substantially.Data from the Mediterranean countries were supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari).Data from the Pacific Islands were provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).Another important source covering many countries is Eurostat,the statistical office of the European Union.A list of all data sources and contacts is provided in the annex.For more details about the data providers,the countries and indicators covered as well as general notes on the data,see page 357.More information on statistics.fibl.org Interactive tables and graphs with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for data,can be found on FiBLs statistics website statistics.fibl.org.1 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Jan Trvnek,Czech Organics,Star Msto,Czech Republic, 3 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 33 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2021 Source:FiBL survey 2023 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 34 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic land Organic agricultural land In 2021,76.4 million hectares were under organic agricultural management worldwide.1 This constituted 1.6 percent of the total farmland.Organic farmland increased by 1.7 percent in 2021.The region with the most organic agricultural land was Oceania,with 36.0 million hectares,followed by Europe with 17.8 million hectares,Latin America(9.9 million hectares),Asia(6.5 million hectares),Northern America(3.5 million hectares)and Africa(2.7 million hectares).Oceania has almost half(47 percent)of the global organic agricultural land.Europe,a region that has had a very constant growth of organic land over the years,had over 23 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land,followed by Latin America with almost 13 percent(Figure 1,page 35).Australia is the country with the most organic agricultural land;it is estimated that 97 percent of the farmland is extensive grazing areas.Argentina is second,followed by France in third place,the first time a European country holds this position(Figure 2,page 35).The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural areas have a combined total of 59.6 million hectares and constitute almost 80 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there are further organic areas such as wild collection areas.These areas constituted approximately 30 million hectares.Table 1:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2021 Region Organic agricultural land hectares Regions shares of the global organic agricultural landrica 2663983 3.5%Asia 6504211 8.5%Europe 17844853 23.4%Latin America 9870887 12.9%Northern America 3542140 4.6%Oceania 35985809 47.1%World*76403777 100%Source:FiBL survey 2023.Note:Agricultural land includes in-conversion areas and excludes wild collection,aquaculture,forest,and non-agricultural grazing areas.*Total includes correction value for French overseas departments.1 Data provided both for the fully converted and in conversion area are included in this work.However,some countries provided only data on the fully converted area,others only on the total organic agricultural land,and thus the conversion area is not known for many countries.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 35 Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2021 Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 338 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2021 Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 338Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 36 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country/territory 2021(sorted)For an alphabetical country list,see page Table 6.Country/Territory Hectares Australia 35687799 Argentina 4074804 France 2776554 China 2753700 Uruguay 2741845 India 2657889 Spain 2635442 United States of America 2326551 Italy 2186159 Germany 1802231 Brazil 1482406 Canada 1215589 Austria 679119 Russian Federation 655457 Sweden 606669 Romania 578718 Czech Republic 558124 Greece 534629 Poland 509286 Uganda 505308 United Kingdom 489200 Ukraine 422299 Peru 374926 Ethiopia 332519 Finland 327736 Trkiye 327583 Portugal 308289 Denmark 299998 Hungary 293597 Latvia 291150 Tanzania 286627 Tunisia 279389 Lithuania 261782 Mexico 238075 Estonia 226605 Slovakia 222896 Philippines 216334 Sierra Leone 193954 Switzerland 181444 Bolivia(Plurinational State of)179425 Thailand 167985 Chile 152773 Togo 130858 Kenya 128018 Croatia 121924 Dominican Republic 117312 Egypt 116000 Kazakhstan 113247 Paraguay 113147 Belgium 101828 Colombia 100874 Country/Territory Hectares South Africa 97359 Madagascar 95083 Democratic Republic of the Congo 89486 Papua New Guinea 88014 Ireland 86868 Bulgaria 86310 Indonesia 83362 Samoa 82299 New Zealand 79347 Burkina Faso 79285 Cte dIvoire 78783 Netherlands 76375 Viet Nam 74540 Guatemala 71654 Pakistan 69850 Sri Lanka 66623 Honduras 66179 Nigeria 58028 Ecuador 52185 Slovenia 52078 Benin 48898 Norway 45112 Mozambique 41048 Republic of Korea 40663 Ghana 38260 Azerbaijan 38080 Nicaragua 37357 Timor-Leste 32311 Falkland Islands(Malvinas)31937 Kyrgyzstan 30259 Fiji 30194 Moldova 28368 Saudi Arabia 27110 Serbia 23527 Tajikistan 22292 Cambodia 21112 Mali 17840 Japan 11992 Taiwan 11765 Morocco 11452 Costa Rica 10300 Myanmar 10143 Sao Tome and Principe 9291 Solomon Islands 8231 Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 7993 North Macedonia 7794 Cyprus 7738 Iran 7053 Luxembourg 6893 Belarus 6725 Iceland 6440 Vanuatu 6281 Panama 5929 Israel 5778 Bhutan 5608 Palestine 5517 United Arab Emirates 5419 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 37 Country/Territory Hectares Uzbekistan 4925 Rwanda 4696 Montenegro 4404 Georgia 4278 French Guiana(France)3886 Eswatini 3539 Zambia 3376 Senegal 3262 Dominica 2907 Liberia 2791 Haiti 2739 El Salvador 2565 Venezuela 2496 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2495 Nepal 2448 Cuba 2129 Runion(France)2100 Kosovo 1990 Lebanon 1671 Cameroon 1594 French Polynesia 1592 Jordan 1446 Liechtenstein 1423 Guadeloupe(France)1300 Malaysia 1276 Tonga 1119 Albania 1094 Zimbabwe 1085 Sudan 960 Comoros 937 New Caledonia 800 Algeria 772 Martinique(France)706 Belize 676 Armenia 583 Burundi 549 Bangladesh 504 Namibia 384 Malawi 324 Faroe Islands 251 Mongolia 241 Grenada 195 Channel Islands 180 Niue 117 Mayotte 114 Afghanistan 98 Malta 66 Iraq 63 Suriname 52 Bahamas 49 Kuwait 32 British Virgin Islands 26 Saint Lucia 25 Cook Islands 15 Singapore 15 Mauritius 13 Jamaica 11 Country/Territory Hectares Oman 7 Andorra 2 World*76403777 Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 338 *Total includes correction value for French overseas departmentsStatistics Organic Agricultural Land 38 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic share of total agricultural land The share of the worlds agricultural land that is organic was 1.6 percent in 2021.The highest organic share of total agricultural land,by region,was in Oceania(9.7 percent),followed by Europe with 3.6 percent and Latin America with 1.4 percent.In the European Union,the organic share of the total agricultural land was 9.6 percent.In the other regions,the share is less than one percent(Table 3).Many individual countries,however,have a much higher organic share(Table 4,page 39),and in 20 countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land is used for organic production.Most of these countries are in Europe.The country with the highest organic share was Liechtenstein,with 40.2 percent of its agricultural land under organic management.It is interesting to note that many island states have high shares of agricultural land under organic management,such as Samoa and So Tom and Prncipe.However,47 percent of the countries for which data is available had less than one percent of their agricultural land under organic management.Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural land of at least 10 percent 2021 Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.Calculation of organic shares based on FAOSTAT,Eurostat,and national sources.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 338.To calculate the percentages,the data on the total agricultural land for most countries was taken from FAOs Statistical database on the FAOSTAT website.For the European Union,most data were obtained from Eurostat.Where available,data from national sources were used for the total agricultural land(for instance,Austria,Switzerland,and the United States),which sometimes differs from that published by Eurostat or FAOSTAT.Please note that the calculation of the organic shares based on Eurostat and FAOSTAT data may differ in some cases from the data published by ministries and experts.FAOSTAT,the FAO Homepage,FAO,Rome at faostat3.fao.org Agri-Environmental Indicators Download http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL Statistics Organic Agricultural Land Organic Share FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 39 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of total agricultural land by region 2021 Region Organic agricultural land ha Share of total agricultural landrica 2663983 0.2%Asia 6504211 0.4%Europe 17844853 3.6%Latin America 9870887 1.4%Northern America 3542140 0.8%Oceania 35985809 9.7%World*76403777 1.6%Source:FiBL survey 2023.*Total includes correction value for French overseas departments.Table 4:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2021(sorted)For an alphabetical country list,see page Table 6.Country/Territory Organic share%Liechtenstein 40.2%Samoa 29.1%Austria 26.5%Estonia 23.0%Sao Tome and Principe 21.1%Sweden 20.2%Uruguay 19.6%Switzerland 17.4%Italy 16.7%Czech Republic 15.8%Latvia 14.8%Finland 14.4%French Guiana(France)11.9%Slovakia 11.7%Dominica 11.6nmark 11.4%Germany 10.8%Spain 10.8%Slovenia 10.8%Greece 10.1%Australia 9.9%France 9.6%Lithuania 8.9%Timor-Leste 8.5roe Islands 8.4%Croatia 8.1%Portugal 7.8lgium 7.4%Papua New Guinea 7.4%Fiji 7.1%Country/Territory Organic share%Solomon Islands 7.0%Hungary 5.9%Cyprus 5.7%Luxembourg 5.2%Sierra Leone 4.9%Dominican Republic 4.8%Norway 4.6%Runion(France)4.4%Romania 4.3%Netherlands 4.2%Uganda 3.5%Poland 3.5%French Polynesia 3.5%Togo 3.4%Vanuatu 3.4%Tonga 3.2%Egypt 3.0%Tunisia 2.9lkland Islands(Malvinas)2.8%United Kingdom 2.8%Argentina 2.7%Guadeloupe(France)2.5%Republic of Korea 2.5%Grenada 2.4%Sri Lanka 2.4%Niue 2.3%Martinique(France)2.3%Singapore 2.2nada 2.1%Honduras 2.0%Channel Islands 2.0%Ireland 1.9%Guatemala 1.9%Philippines 1.7%Montenegro 1.7%Bulgaria 1.7%Peru 1.6%Taiwan 1.5%Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 40 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Country/Territory Organic share%India 1.5%United Arab Emirates 1.4%Moldova 1.3nin 1.2%Palestine 1.2%Bhutan 1.1%Cook Islands 1.0%Ukraine 1.0%Chile 1.0uador 1.0%Israel 0.9%Ethiopia 0.9%Trkiye 0.9%Azerbaijan 0.8%Thailand 0.8%New Zealand 0.8%Nicaragua 0.7%Tanzania 0.7%Comoros 0.7%Serbia 0.7%Burkina Faso 0.7%Brazil 0.6%North Macedonia 0.6%Malta 0.6%Viet Nam 0.6%Costa Rica 0.6%United States of America 0.6%Mayotte 0.6%China 0.5%Paraguay 0.5%Bolivia(Plurinational State of)0.5%Kosovo 0.5%Tajikistan 0.5%Kenya 0.5%New Caledonia 0.4%Iceland 0.4lize 0.4mbodia 0.4%British Virgin Islands 0.4%Cte dIvoire 0.4hamas 0.3%Lao Peoples Democratic Republic 0.3%Russian Federation 0.3%Eswatini 0.3%Kyrgyzstan 0.3mocratic Republic of the Congo 0.3%Japan 0.3%Panama 0.3%Rwanda 0.3%Ghana 0.3%Lebanon 0.3%Saint Lucia 0.2%Madagascar 0.2%Mexico 0.2%Colombia 0.2%Pakistan 0.19%Country/Territory Organic share%Georgia 0.18%El Salvador 0.17%Haiti 0.15%Liberia 0.14%Jordan 0.14%Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.14%Indonesia 0.13%South Africa 0.10%Mozambique 0.10%Albania 0.09%Nigeria 0.08larus 0.08%Myanmar 0.08%Suriname 0.06%Nepal 0.06%Kazakhstan 0.05%Mali 0.043%Morocco 0.038%Senegal 0.037%Armenia 0.035%Cuba 0.034%Burundi 0.027%Kuwait 0.021%Uzbekistan 0.019meroon 0.016%Saudi Arabia 0.016%Iran 0.015%Malaysia 0.015%Mauritius 0.015%Zambia 0.014%Venezuela 0.012%Andorra 0.011%Zimbabwe 0.007%Malawi 0.006ngladesh 0.005%Jamaica 0.002%Algeria 0.002%Sudan 0.001%Namibia 0.001%Iraq 0.001%Oman 0.0005ghanistan 0.0003%Mongolia 0.0002%World 1.6%Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.Calculation of organic shares based on FAOSTAT,Eurostat,and national sources.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 338 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land Development FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 41 Growth of the organic agricultural land Compared with 2001,when 15 million hectares were organic,organic agricultural land has increased five-fold(2021).In 2021,1.3 million hectares,or 1.7 percent,more were reported compared with 2020.In 2021,the organic agricultural land increased in four continents(Table 5).The highest absolute growth was in Europe( 0.75 million hectares, 4.4 percent),followed by Africa,which showed the strongest relative growth( 17.3 percent, 0.39 million hectares)and Asia( 5.8 percent, 0.36 million hectares).The organic farmland decreased in Latin and North America.Some countries reported a significant increase,for instance,China(13.1 percent increase;almost 0.32 million hectares more),France(8.9 percent increase;almost 0.23 million hectares more),and Spain(8.1 percent increase;almost 0.2 million hectares more)(Figure 6).Eighty-six countries experienced an increase in the area of their organic agricultural land,while a decrease was reported in 37 countries.In 42 countries,the organic agricultural area either did not change,or no new data was received.The figures shown in the following tables and graphs with historical figures may differ from what was previously communicated,as data revisions were received and included in the FiBL database.Table 5:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2020 to 2021,and 10 years growth Region Organic agri.land 2020 ha Organic agri.land 2021 ha 1 year growth ha 1 year growth years growth ha 10 years growthrica 2271080 2663983 392903 17.394287 149.0%Asia 6148098 6504211 356113 5.8(18062 76.5%Europe 17096929 17844853 747924 4.4r96330 69.2%Latin America 9938337 9870887-67450-0.7)04739 41.7%Northern America 3744163 3542140-202023-5.4R2453 17.3%Oceania 35908876 35985809 76932 0.2$602115 216.1%World*75099762 76403777 1304015 1.79734874 108.4%Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on data from government bodies,the private sector,and certifiers.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 338 *Total includes correction value for French Overseas Departments.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land Development 42 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 4:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 2000-2021 Source:FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL surveys 2001-2023 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2000 to 2021 Source:FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL surveys 2001-2023 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land Development FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2023):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 43 Figure 6:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2021 Source:FiBL survey 2023,based on data from government bodies,the private sector,and certifiers.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 338 Table 6:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2020-2021 Important note:A direct year-to-year and ten years comparison is not always possible for many countries because the data sources may have changed over the years,or data access may have improved.The figures published here may differ from previously published data due to data revisions.Data are not available for all countries for every year,and in these cases,the figure for the previous year was used(see also page 338).On statistics.fibl.org,data back to 2000 is available.Country/Territory Organic agri.land 2020 ha O
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Supported bythe World of organic agricultureSTATISTICS&EMERGING TRENDS 2022 AFRICA 2.1 MILLION HANORTH AMERICA 3.7 MILLION HAOCEANIA 35.9 MILLION HALATIN AMERICA 9.9 MILLION HAASIA 6.1 MILLION HAEUROPE 17.1 MILLION HAFiBL&IFOAM ORGANICS INTERNATIONALwww.organic-Information and training materials for organic farming in Africa all available for free downloadElaborated by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,IFOAM Organics International,and African partnersTemperature changes during composting3 Pile the mixed materialsHow to check moisture during composting4 Check the temperature after 2 to 3 daysMaterial keeps its form without dripping=idealMaterial falls apart=too dryPress a sample to assess the moisture levelMaterial smears or drips=too wet5 Turn the heap at least 3 timesThe heat released during decomposition helps to kill weeds,plant diseases and pests.2 Mix and water the materialsMake a heap about 2 m wide and 4 m longMake a heap about 1.2 m highIn dry climate,produce compost in pits 0.5 m deepHow to make good quality compostFive steps to produce a good compostChoose a shady place close to a water source Cover the piled manure and the green materials before use Mix 1 part comprising fresh plant materials and manure,to 2 parts of medium rough dry materials Cool stick =heap too dry or lacks enough green material or manure Hot stick =materials decomposing well Turn the heap after about 10,20 and 40 days at least Remo ve the straw before turning Water the compost,if dry Cover the heap again Make a heap of the recommended size and cover it with straw,leaves etc.(plastic is not recommended)Animal manureAshesLeavesand grasCropresidues1 Collect materials from non-contaminated sourcesWell preparedcompost builds the soil and provides nutrients to support good plant growthDeveloped by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL in 2020 supported by the Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector(GIC)implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)under the framework of the special initiative“ONE WORLD No Hunger”on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ).C706050403020100Heating phase34 weeksCooling phaseMaturing phaseBacteria develop rapidlyFungi developSmall soil-living animals settleHumic acids are formedTurning of compost at least 3 timesModule 09 Crops Unit 14 Organic Potato Production in Cameroon 1African Organic Agriculture Training Manual SEED PLOT METHOD(1)?Crop Management M9:Potatoes U1437African Organic Agriculture Training ManualProducing quality potato seed(Seed plot method)(1)Select a place with fertile soil(ideally with leguminous pre-crop or virgin soil)Ideally plant maize around the seed plot to keep air-borne pests and diseases away Apply about 9 litres of ripe compost per m2,if available,and incorporate it into the soil Plant disease free and true to type seed from a certified seed producer Plant 15 cm deep at 30 x 30 cm,and cover with soil Plow the soil and make a raised bed of 15 cm height and 1.5 m width123DETECTION OF TUBER DISEASES?Crop Management M9:Potatoes U1436African Organic Agriculture Training ManualDetection of tuber diseasesDrycoreNecrotic ringspots(Virus PVYNTN)Bacterial soft rotTuber blightHealthy tuberStreptomycesKronen and Sevim are quite resistant against late blight and have a moderate ni-trogen demand.Kronen has a slow emergence and therefore must be pre-sprout-ed well.These varieties might be well suited for organic farming in Cameroon.Importation of seed potato from Europe for ensuring high quality seed for farmers has resulted in major losses of seed material during transport and stor-age before use in the field in the past.Thus,this procedure has proved not sus-tainable.Importation of certified potato seed may be a first temporary step though to establishing a national quality seed production.Availability of seed needs to be addressed in a broad context and solutions should be developed on a national level.The production of site-adapted varieties must be supported.The propagation,adaptation and use of genetically resistant varieties(e.g.Carolus)should be developed.Collaboration with the International Potato Centre CIP should be envisaged.Seed production methodsSome farmers in the north of Cameroon have been trained on commercial po-tato seed production.Farm-based,specialized seed production requires specific knowledge and is only possible in contract with seed producing organisations.Potato seeds must be cultivated with sufficient distance from regular potato fields to avoid infections by viruses and blight disease.Production of seed pota-toes at higher altitudes results in more slow-sprouting planting material.Production of mini-tubercules,as practiced by CIP in Kenya,is a valid alternative to standard potato seed production.However,mini-tubercules must be propa-gated by specialists and under supervision of CIP or an equivalent national or-ganisation.To increase the availability of high quality potato seed,the International Potato Center CIP and partners have developed the 3 seed potato generation revolution(3G).The approach uses rapid multiplication techniques(RMT),such as aeroponics or sandponics,to produce mini-tubers from in vitro plantlets,and two subsequent field generations for seed multiplication.The approach involves national agricultural research and extension systems,and includes farmer train-ings in seed management and storage.In the last years,the idea of using true potato seeds(TPS)for production of seed or ware tubers has aroused interest.True seed does not transmit most of the po-tato diseases,is very light and is easy to transport.True potato seeds either can be sown directly in the field,raised as seedlings from true seeds in a greenhouse 22Controlling pests and diseasesBrownish rotten patches on the fruit.The female fly lays an egg under the skin of green ripe to ripe fruit.The male and female flies emerge from the soil.The pupae develop during 8 to 10 days.The larvae pupate in the soil.Fruit flies can cause great damage to the fruits.It is therefore very important to implement all available control measures.Fruit fliesMany natural enemies such as parasitic wasps,grain beetles,weaver ants,spiders,birds and bats can contribute to fruit fly control.Especially weaver ants protect the fruit from the pest by their presence.The life cycle of fruit fliesEggs develop in 12 days to larvae.The whitish maggots feed on the flesh of the fruit and the fruit begins to rot.After 4 to 17 days,the maggot leaves the fruit,making a hole in the skin of the fruit.Good pre-harvest pest and disease control increases yield and improves fruit quality.PRODUCE GOOD QUALITY ORGANIC MANGOESThe fruit drops to the ground.Maintenant aussi en franais!Inserat_Training_Manual_Word-of-Organic_2022-01-21.indd 1Inserat_Training_Manual_Word-of-Organic_2022-01-21.indd 121.01.22 12:0521.01.22 12:05In 2022,we will turn 50,IFOAM Organics Europe 20 and IFOAM Organics Asia 10.To mark these milestones,were raising awareness of the multiple benefi ts of or-ganic agriculture for people,our food sys-tems and the planet.ifoam.bioby sharing organic messages!Join theCelebrationResearch Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2022 Edited by Helga Willer,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier and Bernhard Schlatter PDF version,corrigenda and supplementary material http:/www.organic- All of the statements and results contained in this book have been compiled by the authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,authors and publishers are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or advice contained therein.Authors are responsible for the content of their articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views of FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit)and NrnbergMesse.The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of SECO,Coop Switzerland or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be published at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- inquiries regarding this book and its contents should be sent to Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of table and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier and Bernhard Schlatter(Eds.)(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2022.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn.Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data a catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2022.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Ackerstrasse113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel. 41 62 865 72 72,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel. 49 228 926 50-10,e-mail contactifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Association Register no.8726 Language editing:Lauren Dietemann and Laura Kemper,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Kurt Riedi,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout,graphs,infographics:Jan Trvnek,Star Msto,Czech Republic and Bernhard Schlatter,Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Dairy cows on an organic alp(alpine seasonal mountain pasture)in the Muotathal in the canton of Schwyz,Switzerland.In Switzerland,17 percent of the farmland land is organic,but only around 5 percent of the alpine pastures,where cattle are brought during the summer,are under organic management.Problematic weeds are a challenge,as herbicides may not be used in organic farming.Photo:Franz-Josef Steiner,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Printed by Druckerei Hachenburg,Saynstrae 18,57627 Hachenburg,Germany Price:30 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Euros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM Organics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org ISBN Print Version 978-3-03736-433-8 ISBN PDF Version 978-3-03736-434-5 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 3 Table of Contents Glossary 10 Foreword from SECO 11 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 12 Foreword from the Editors 13 Acknowledgements 14 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE:KEY INDICATORS AND TOP COUNTRIES 19 THE WORLD OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE 2022:SUMMARY 20 Helga Willer,Claudia Meier,Bernhard Schlatter,Lauren Dietemann,Laura Kemper and Jan Trvnek ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 31 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators and Market 32 Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier and Helga Willer General notes on the data 35 Organic land 37 Organic producers and other operator types 57 Retail sales and international trade data 64 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 69 Land use and key commodities in organic agriculture 71 Organic Cotton 128 Textile Exchange Statistics of the Biodynamic Federation Demeter International 133 Christoph Simpfendrfer and Sarah Fischer GLOBAL MARKET AND ORGANIC IMPORTS 139 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 140 Amarjit Sahota Imports of Organic Agri-food Products into the European Union Summary of the EU Agricultural Market Brief on EU Organic Imports 2020 146 STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION POLICY SUPPORT 157 Worldwide Overview of Policies and Regulations on Agroecological Approaches,Including Organic 158 Xhona Hysa,Sara Anselmi,Vladyslav Zhmailo,Gbor Figeczky,Flvia Moura e Castro,and Florentine Meinshausen Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2021 170 Sara Anselmi and Flvia Moura e Castro Agroecology and Organic Agriculture at the UN Food Systems Summit 2021 178 Gbor Figeczky,Xhona Hysa and Ali Glcegn AFRICA 181 Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 182 David M.Amudavi,Venancia Wambua,Alex Mutungi,Moses O.Aisu and Olugbenga O.Adeoluwa Table of Contents 4 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Africa:Current Statistics 192 Claudia Meier,Bernhard Schlatter and Jan Trvnek ASIA 201 Developments in the Organic Sector in Asia in 2021 202 Shaikh Tanveer Hossain,Jennifer Chang and Vic Anthony Joseph Fabre Tagupa Asia:Current statistics 215 Claudia Meier,Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvnek EUROPE 223 Organic in Europe:Recent Developments 225 Emanuele Busacca,Maria Gernert,Maria Ladinig,Bram Moeskops,Amelie Steu.Silvia Schmidt and Helga Willer Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2020 234 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 235 Jan Trvnek,Helga Willer and Diana Schaack LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN 271 Latin America 272 Patricia Flores Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 275 Claudia Meier,Bernhard Schlatter,and Jan Trvnek NORTH AMERICA 283 Organic in the United States:Sales Surpass 60 Billion Dollar Mark 284 Barbara Fitch Haumann Canada 289 Tia Loftsgard North America:Current statistics 292 Claudia Meier,Bernhard Schlatter,and Jan Trvnek OCEANIA 297 Australia 298 Nicole Ford The Pacific Islands 304 Karen Mapusua Oceania:Current statistics 308 Claudia Meier,Bernhard Schlatter and Jan Trvnek RETROSPECTIVE AND OUTLOOK 313 Retrospective and Outlook Transformation is happening!314 Louise Luttikholt Annex:Key Indicators by Country and Region 317 Annex:Data Providers and Data Sources 322 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 5 Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2020 33 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2020 37 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country/territory 2020(sorted)39 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of total agricultural land by region 2020 41 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2020(sorted)43 Table 6:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2019-2020,and 10 years growth 45 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2019-2020 47 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2020 52 Table 9:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by country 2020 52 Table 10:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region 2019 to 2020 57 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2020 59 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2020 65 Table 13:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumption and exports by country 2020 67 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2015-2020 70 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2020 74 Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2020 74 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2019 and 2020 compared 75 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2019 and 2020 compared 77 Table 19:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2019 and 2020 compared 79 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2020 79 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2020 81 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2020 84 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2020 85 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2020 87 Table 25:World:Selected key crop groups and crops area in organic agriculture 2020 (overview including conversion areas)88 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2020 91 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2020 95 Table 28:Cocoa:Organic area by country 2020 98 Table 29:Coffee:Organic area by country 2020 101 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2020 104 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2020 108 Table 32:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2020 112 Table 33:Grapes:Organic area by country 2020 116 Table 34:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2020 119 Table 35:Olives:Organic area by country 2020 123 Table 36:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2020 126 Table 37:Organic cotton farmers,area,and production 2019/2020 131 Table 38:Certified Demeter operations in member countries with certifying organisations(October 2021)135 Table 39:Demeter operations certified by the International Certification Office(ICO)in other countries 136 Table 40:Demeter certified vintners and grape area worldwide(July 2020)137 Table 41:Total agri-food import volumes by class,2019 and 2020 147 Table 42:Organic fruit and vegetables import volumes by product category,2019 and 2020 150 Table 43:Organic cereals,oilseeds and sugar import volumes for key product categories,2019 and 2020 151 Table of Contents 6 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Table 44:Organic permanent crops(excl.fruit and nuts)import volumes by product category,2019 and 2020 152 Table 45:Organic animal product import volumes by product category,2019 and 2020 153 Table 46:Organic import volumes by exporting country,2019 and 2020 154 Table 47:EU organic imports:Organic import volumes by product category,2019 and 2020 156 Table 48:Organic regulations worldwide by region 158 Table 49:Organic regulations worldwide 166 Table 50:Participatory Guarantee Systems worldwide 2021 176 Table 51:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2020 197 Table 52:Africa:All organic areas 2020 198 Table 53:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2020 199 Table 54:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2020 199 Table 55:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of farmland,producers 2020 220 Table 56:Asia:All organic areas 2020 221 Table 57:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture 2020 222 Table 58:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2020 222 Table 59:Europe:Organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 2020 237 Table 60:Europe and the European Union:Land use 2020 243 Table 61:Europe and the European Union:Key crops/crop group 2020 246 Table 62:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2020 249 Table 63:Europe and the European Union:Organic retail sales 2020:Key data 252 Table 64:Organic shares for retail sales values(euros)for selected products 2020 258 Table 65:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2020 264 Table 66:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2020 265 Table 67:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country 2020 266 Table 68:Europe:Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2020 267 Table 69:Europe:Organic producers,processors,and importers by country 2020 268 Table 70:Europe and European Union:Organic trade 2020 269 Table 71:European Union:EU organic imports by member state 2020(EU 27)270 Table 72:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2020 280 Table 73:Latin America:All organic areas 2020 281 Table 74:Latin America:Land use in organic agriculture 2020 282 Table 75:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2020 282 Table 76:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2020 296 Table 77:North America:All organic areas 2020 296 Table 78:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2020 296 Table 79:Pacific Islands:Main products with organic certification 305 Table 80:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2020 311 Table 81:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2020 311 Table 82:Key indicators by region 2020 317 Table 83:Key indicators by country 2020 317 Table 84:Development of the number of producers and the organic area according to the Ministry of Agriculture,Livestock and Food in Brazil 341 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2020 38 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2020 38 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural land of at least 10 percent 2020 42 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2020 42 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 7 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 2000-2020 46 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2000 to 2020 46 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2020 47 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2020.Total:104.9 million hectares 51 Figure 9:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2020(Total:3.4 million producers)58 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2020 58 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2020 65 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2020 65 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2020 66 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2020 66 Figure 15(left):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2020 70 Figure 16(right):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2020 70 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2020 72 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and key crop categories 2020 73 Figure 19:World:Development of organic arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2020 73 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2020 76 Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2020 76 Figure 22:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2020 78 Figure 23:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2020 78 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2020 80 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2020 80 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2020 83 Figure 27:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2020 86 Figure 28:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2020 86 Figure 29:Cereals:Organic area 2020 89 Figure 30:Cereals:Organic area 2020 90 Figure 31:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2020 93 Figure 32:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2020 94 Figure 33:Cocoa:Organic area 2020 96 Figure 34:Cocoa:Organic area 2020 97 Figure 35:Coffee:Organic area 2020 99 Figure 36:Coffee:Organic area 2020 100 Figure 37:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2020 102 Figure 38:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2020 103 Figure 39:Temperate fruit:Organic area 2020 106 Figure 40:Temperate Fruit:Organic area 2020 107 Figure 41:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2020 110 Figure 42:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2020 111 Figure 43:Grapes:Organic area 2020 114 Figure 44:Grapes:Organic area 2020 115 Figure 45:Oilseeds:Organic area 2020 117 Figure 46:Oilseeds:Organic area 2020 118 Figure 47:Olives:Organic area 2020 121 Figure 48:Olives:Organic area 2020 122 Figure 49:Vegetables:Distribution of organic area by crop group 2020 124 Figure 50:Vegetables:Organic area 2020 125 Figure 51:Development of organic cotton fibre production in metric tons 128 Figure 57:Development of the number of Demeter-certified farms 134 Figure 58:Development of the Demeter-certified area 134 Figure 52:Global market:Growth in global market for organic food&drink,2000-2020 141 Table of Contents 8 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 53:United States:Increase in organic land area and food sales,2000-2019 143 Figure 54:EU organic import volumes:Organic agri-food imports by country 2020(top ten)149 Figure 55:EU organic import volumes:Top 10 countries exporting to the European Union 149 Figure 56:Development of PGS-certified producers worldwide 171 Figure 59:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2020 195 Figure 60:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2020 195 Figure 61:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2020 196 Figure 62:Africa:Use of organic agricultural land 2020 196 Figure 63:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2020 218 Figure 64:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2020 218 Figure 65:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2020 219 Figure 66:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2020 219 Figure 67:European Union:Growth of organic farmland and retail sales 20002020 compared 225 Figure 68:Europe and European Union:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2020 237 Figure 69:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2020 238 Figure 70:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2020 240 Figure 71:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2020 241 Figure 72:Europe:Growth rates for organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 2000-2020 241 Figure 73:Europe:The ten countries with the highest growth in organic agricultural land in hectares and relative growth in 2020 242 Figure 74:Europe and European Union:Distribution of land use in organic agriculture 2020 244 Figure 75:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture-top 10 countries 2020 245 Figure 76:Europe:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2020 245 Figure 77:European Union:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2020 246 Figure 78:Europe and the European Union:Development of the number of organic producers 2000-2020 250 Figure 79:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2020 250 Figure 80:Europe:Number of organic producers by country 2020 251 Figure 81:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2020 252 Figure 82:Europe:Retail sales by country 2020 253 Figure 83:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2020 254 Figure 84:Europe:The countries with the highest organic market growth 2020 255 Figure 85:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2020 256 Figure 86:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2010-2020 256 Figure 87:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2020 257 Figure 88:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2020 260 Figure 89:Europe:Growth of marketing channels for organic products 2018-2020 in selected countries 260 Figure 90:EU organic imports:Growth 2018 to 2020(EU27)261 Figure 91:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2020 278 Figure 92:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2020 278 Figure 93:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2020 279 Figure 94:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2020 279 Figure 95:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2020 294 Figure 96:North America:Organic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2020 294 Figure 97:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2020 295 Figure 98:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2020 295 Figure 99:Australia:Distribution of organic producers 299 Figure 100:Australia:Distribution of organic farmland 299 Figure 101:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2020 309 Figure 102:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2020 309 Figure 103:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2020 310 Figure 104:Oceania:Use of agricultural organic land 2020 310 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 9 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land in 2020 31 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2020 181 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2020 201 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2020 223 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2020 271 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2020 283 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2020 297 Infographics Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide-key indicators 2020 30 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2020 36 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2020 56 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2020 63 Infographic 5:Organic Agriculture in Europe 2020 224 Glossary 10 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AfrONet:African Organic Network AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany AOC:African Organic Conference AU/AUC:African Union/African Union Commission CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CAADP:Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes CNCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union CSC:Continental Steering Committee of the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa(EOA-I)EFTA:European Free Trade Association EOA(-I):Ecological Organic Agriculture(Initiative for Africa)EU:European Union EU27:Member countries of the European Union from 2020 onward EU-NACOA:EU/North-African Conference on Organic Agriculture Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard ha:Hectares Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation Programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 Horizon Europe:Research and Innovation Programme of the European Union,running from 2021 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany IFOAM Organics International:Formerly International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM)ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network hosted by CIHEAM Bari,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agriculture,Australia NOARA:Network of Organic Agriculture Researchers in Africa OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SDC:Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of AgricultureForeword from SECO FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 11 Foreword from SECO In the dynamic field of organic agriculture,access to good quality data on organic farming helps to measure success toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and serves as a resource for further analysis and informed decision-making by researchers,policymakers,industry actors and other stakeholders along the whole value chain.Data can also support the development of a favourable policy environment,reliable regulations and standards,as well as transparency in the organic sector,which has proven to be particularly important over the past year.COVID-19 is having a profound impact on all of us,highlighting the need to understand what is happening in the sector in order to mitigate the negative impacts of the crisis and reduce the vulnerability of supply chains.For the organic sector,also 2021 was a special year,as consumer demand for organic foods continued to increase substantially during the pandemic.Evidence shows that retail sales have risen again in the double digits in many countries.This report,which looks at the consolidated data from 2020,shows that once again,increasing demand for organic products stimulated growth in the organic sector,with organic food sales reaching the 120 billion euro mark.Double-digit growth rates were recorded in many advanced markets for organic products.The production side is also keeping pace:the latest data shows that organic farmland grew in many countries,and the total organic area increased to almost 75 million hectares,representing 1.6 percent of agricultural land worldwide,managed by more than three million producers.By providing dynamic and easy access to organic market and production data,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)aims to support decision-makers in governmental administrations,development agencies,NGOs,and other actors of the international organic industry.Dr.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 12 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International With the 23rd edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International proudly present a new edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Data collection is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided over more than two decades in this publication serves as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,the industry,as well as researchers and extension professionals.It has also proven useful for development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The publication also shows our ongoing engagement with transparency in the organic sector;the method of collecting the data has been refined over time to reflect the global status of organic as much as possible.“The World of Organic Agriculture”has become one of the most frequently quoted pieces of literature in scientific,technical,and descriptive articles and reports on organic agriculture.This publication also demonstrates the contribution of organic agriculture to overarching sustainability strategies like the Sustainable Development Goals and the European Unions Farm to Fork Strategy.Given that organic agriculture contributes substantially to all of the goals and strategies,this book not only shows the land area,number of producers and market figures;it also highlights the contribution of organic agriculture to tackling climate change,ensuring food and nutrition security,halting biodiversity loss,and promoting sustainable consumption and therewith its contribution to transforming food systems as a whole.Overall,“The World of Organic Agriculture”shows the potential of organic farming to contribute to a sustainable future!We are grateful to the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the Coop Sustainability Fund and Nrnberg Messe for supporting this publication.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information and figures on their region,their country,or their field of expertise.Lastly,we would like to thank the editorial team for their dedication and engagement,and we would also like to express our thanks to the other members of the FiBL team who support the activities surrounding the data collection.Frick and Bonn,February 2022 Prof.Dr.Knut Schmidtke Director Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Louise Luttikholt Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 13 Foreword from the Editors In the 23rd edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”,we present the latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide.Again,many experts have provided valuable data.We are very grateful to all those who supplied data and information from all over the world and our supporters:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,the Coop Sustainability Fund,Nrnberg Messe and IFOAM Organics International!Knowledgeable authors once again contributed articles about their regions,countries,or fields of expertise,including the global market report,policy support,public standards and legislation,Participatory Guarantee Systems,organic cotton,the European Unions organic import data as well as the statistics of Demeter International.Like for the 2021 edition,we did not provide texts in the crop chapters,but instead,we are presenting graphs:A map on the global distribution by country for a given crop/crop group,its development,the top countries in terms of organic area and organic share of the total area,the distribution by continent and,in the case of crop groups,the breakdown by crop.Furthermore,for this edition,we developed the Power Bi graphics further,and most of the figures in this book are now based on Power BI,allowing fast updates in the future.In addition,you can explore our interactive Power BI graphics and database at https:/statistics.fibl.org.Finally,we wish to announce that the Chinese edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”will be published for the 11th time by the Organic and Beyond company We want to express our warm gratitude to everyone who makes this report possible!Helga Willer,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier and Bernhard Schlatter Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Acknowledgements 14 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their supporters for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2021 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),Basel,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Mohamed Salih Abdalla,GIZ SA,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia;Dr Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,Network of Organic Agriculture Research in Africa(NOARA),c/o NOAN,University of Ibadan,Nigeria,Ibadan,Nigeria;Moises Aisu,Network of Organic Agriculture Research in Africa(NOARA),c/o NOAN,University of Ibadan,Nigeria,Ibadan,Nigeria;Egl Akelaitien,Ekoagros,Kaunas,Lithuania;Mustafa Akyuz,Etko Ekolojyk Tarim Kontrol Organizasyonu Ltd.Sti,Izmir Turkey;Dr Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Sara Alicia,Ecocert Spain,Sevilla,Spain;Raed Saleh Almusaylim,Department of Organic Production,Saudi Arabia;Eng.Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,Dubai,United Arab Emirates;Asan Alymkulov,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Kyrgyzstan;Dr.David Amudavi,Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Sara Anselmi,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Dr.Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Angela Atallah,CCPB Middle East,Beirut,Lebanon;Sara Avila Megias,Ecocert Spain,Sevilla,Spain;Dr.Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Ganja City,Azerbaijan;Brem Bahadur Thapa,Nepal Permaculture Group,Nepal;Lisa Barsley,Textile Exchange,Exeter,United Kingdom;Elif Bayraktar ktem,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey,Ankara,Turkey;Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Ambientale(ICEA),Bologna,Italy;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,LIsle Jourdain,France;Ing.Mgs.Rommel Anbal Betancourt Herrera,Agencia de Regulacin y Control Fito y Zoosanitario-AGROCALIDAD,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera MAG,Quito,Ecuador;Luis Betancur Zuluaga,Federacin Orgnicos de Colombia(FEDEOrgnicos),Bogot,Colombia;Sandeep Bhargava,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India;Olivera Bicikliski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Skopje,North Macedonia;Marian Blom,Bionext,Ede,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse,Nuremberg,Germany;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA),Vientiane,Lao PDR;Danila Brunner,Nrnberg Messe,Nrnberg,Germany;Dr.Marie Reine Bteich,CIHEAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Rowena Buena,MASIPAG,Philippines;Emanuele Busacca,IFOAM Organics Euope,Brussels,Belgium;Myroslava Bzhestovska,Ministry of Econmy of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Celia Carave,Ecocert Spain,Sevilla,Spain;Claudio Crdenas,Servicio Agrcola y Ganadero(SAG),Santiago de Chile,Chile;Miguel ngel Cepeda Jimnez,Ministerio de Agricultura Republica Dominicana(MA RD),Santo Domingo,Dominican Republic;Dr.Rajeshwar Chandel,Government of Himachal Pradesh,India;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Seoul,Republic of Korea;Dong-Geun Choi,Korean Federation of Sustainable Agriculture Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 15 Organizations,Namyangju City,Gyeonggi Province,South Korea;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Sarah Compson,Textile Exchange;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad,Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas(SENAVE),Asuncion,Paraguay;Eduardo Cuoco,Technology Platform Organics,Brussels;Dr.Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Dr.agr.Wahyudi David,Universitas Bakrie,Indonesia;Giorgia DeSantis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Rome,Italy;Lauren Dietemann,Research Instittue of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Matilda Donaldson,Textile Exchange,Utrecht,The Netherlands;Alice Dos Santos,Textile Exchange,Nouvelle-Aquitaine,France;Dr.Stefan Dreesmann,German Ukrainian Cooperation in Organic Agriculture(COA),Kyiv,Ukraine;Dr.Dra Drexler,kolgiai Mezgazdasgi Kutatintzet MKi-Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Budapest,Hungary;Ingeniera Agrnoma MSc Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Santiago Centro,Chile;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Stanley,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Carlos Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Conexion Ecologica,Cali,Colombia;Vic Anthonly Joseph Fabre tagupa,IFOAM Asia,Philippines;Ditta Fekete,Control Union Certifications B.V.,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Li Feng,IFOAM Asia China Office,Gabor Figeczky,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Sara Fischer,Biodynamic Federation Demeter International,Echterdingen,Germany;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Nrnberg,Germany;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),Guilford,United States of America;Dorian Flchet,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Patricia Flores Escudero,Latin American Office of IFOAM-Organics International,Lima,Peru;Rui Fontoura,Textile Exchange,London,UK;Alexandra Forbord,Norwegian Agriculture Agency Landbruksdirektoratet,Oslo,Norway;Nicole Ford,Australian Organic Ltd,Nundah,Australia;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Bolinne,Belgium;Barbara Frh,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Sergiy Galashevskyy,Organic Standard,Kyiv,Ukraine;Carlos David Galo San Martin,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad e Inocuidad Agroalimentaria(SENASA),Tegucigalpa,Honduras;Juan Manuel Gmez,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Evita Gandini,Nomisma-Economic Research Institute,Bologna,Italy;Osvaldo Garcia F.,IMOcert Latinoamerica LTDA,Cochabamba,Bolivia;Maria Gernert,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium;Sushil Raj Ghiimire,Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security;Welthungerhilfe,Nepal;Maheswar Ghimire,Kathmandu,Nepal;Juan Gilardoni,LETIS S.A.,Santa Fe,Argentina;Laurent C.Glin,Benin;Dr.Regina Gonda,Control Union Certifications B.V.,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Amish Gosai,Textile Exchange,Bangalore,India;Ali Glcegn,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Heidi Haavisto-Meier,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Dr.Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP,Dohuk City,Dohuk,Iraq;Jan Heusser,Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit,Basel,Switzerland;Brendan J.Hoare,Organic Agriculture New Zealand OANZ,Auckland,New Zealand;Elda Hodi-Isovi,Ministry of Agriculture,Water Management and Forestry,Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herztegovina;DI Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus,Wien,Austria;Lee Holdstock,Soil Association,Bristol UK;Dr.Shaikh Tanveer Hossain,IFOAM Organics International Ambassador,Daishi Ekimae,Japan;Andrea Hrabalov,CTPOA,Brno,Czech Republic;Acknowledgements 16 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Silvan Hungerbhler,State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO,Bern,Switzerland;Dang Huong,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association VOAA,Vietnam;Xhona Hysa,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Hakkyun Jeong,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Chungnam Province,Republic of Korea;Pedro Jess,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria(SENASA),Lima,Per;Mariam Jorjadze,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Oleksandr Kaliberda,German-Ukrainian Cooperation in Organic Agriculture,Ukraine;Nurbek Kannazarov,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Liudmyla Khomichak,Ministry of Economy of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Natalie Kleine-Herzbruch,FiBL Deutschland,Frankfurt,Germany;Lyubomyr Klepbach,Center for Environmental Solutions(CES),Minsk,Belarus;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Dr.Ryoichi Komiya,Organic Shizukuishi,Japan;Milana Kosanovic,Ecocert Balkan,Belgrad,Serbia;Danil Kotz,Ecocert South Africa,Stellenbosch,South Africa;Weena Krut-ngoen,ACT Certification-Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand,Nonthaburi,Thailand;Manoj Kumar Menon,International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture ICCOA,Rajarajeshwarinagar,Bangalore,India;Eva Lacarce,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Graciela Lacaze,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Maria Ladinig,IFOAM Organics Euope,Brussels,Belgium;Aura Lamminparras,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Prof.Dr.Nicolas Lampkin,Thnen Institute,Braunschweig,Germany;Pedro A.Landa,Organizacin Internacional Agropecuaria(OIA),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Jos Luis Lara de la Cruz,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad,Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria(SENASICA),Ciudad de Mexico,Mexico;Toms Enrique Len-Sicard,Universidad Nacional de Colombia,Sede Bogot,Bogot,Colombia;Julia Lernoud,Argentina;Laurent Liagre,Syndicat Malgache de lAgriculture Biologique,Madagascar;Tia Loftsgard,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Madrid,Spain;Anna Lubovedskaya,Union Organic Farming,Moscow,Russian Federation;Virginija Luksiene,Ekoagros,Kaunas,Lithuania;Martin Lund,Statistics Denmark,Copenhagen,Denmark;Louise Luttikholt,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunis,Tunisia;Dr.Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,Velenjak,Evin,Tehran,Iran;Jos Fernando Maldonado Cestona,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera-Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal(MAG-DGSV),San Salvador,El Salvador;John Manhire,The AgriBusiness Group,Lincoln,New Zealand;Karen Mapusua,Pacific Community,SPC,Suva,Fiji;Roberto Maresca,Controllo e Certificazione Prodotti Biologici CCPB,Bologna;Sandra Marquardt,Textile Exchange,Silverspring,Maryland,United States;Ayumi Matsuura,International Volunteers of Yamagata(IVY),Phnom Penh,Cambodia;Florentine Meinshausen,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Virgnia Mendes Cipriano Lira,Ministerio de Agricultura,Pecuaria y Abastecimiento(MAPA),Brasilia,Brazil;Yenifer Mndez,Mayacert,Guatemala City,Guatemala;Cecilia Mendiola,Consorcio Agroecologico Peruano,Peru;Merit Mikk,Centre of Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Tartu,Estonia;Jelena Milic,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,Belgrade,Republic of Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 17 Serbia;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Rodrigo Misiac,Argencert,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Dr.Bram Moeskops,IFOAM Organics Euope,Brussels,Belgium;Carolin Mller,NASAA Certified Organic,Stirling,Australia;Karla Morales,Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado(SFE),San Jos,Costa Rica;Ing.Rubn Moscoso T.,Universidad de Buenos Aires(UBA),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Flvia Moura e Castro,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Dr.Mohammed Mutarad Aloun,Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Alex Mutungi,EOAI Secretariat-Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Sataoko Myoshi,Japan;Chariton Namuwoza,National Organic Agricultural Movement of Uganda.-NOGAMU,Kampala,Uganda;Samuel Ndungu,Kenya Organic Agriculture Network KOAN,Nairobi,Kenya;Ramn Ernesto Noguera Garca,Instituto de Proteccion y Sanidad Agropecuaria(IPSA),Managua,Nicaragua;Deputy Minister Iryna Novikova,Ministry of Economy of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of Environment and Water of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Bernadette Oehen,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Sharon Ong,Ecocert South-East Asia,Singapore;Prof.Dr Toshio Oyama,Rikkyo University,College of Economics,Tokyo,Japan;Ing.Agr.Jhonny Pachaguaya Rodriguez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria e Inocuidad Alimentaria(SENASAG),Trinidad,Bolivia;Dr Susanne Padel,Thnen Institut,Bortfeld/Wendeburg;Amresh Pandey,Ecocert SA,Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Elena Panichi,European Commission,DG Agriculture and Rural Development,Brussels,Belgium;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Bangkok,Thailand;Charlotte Pavageau,Biovision,Zrich,Switzerland;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Copenhagen,Denmark;Martin Peter,State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO,Bern,Switzerland;Eliza Petrosyan-Sudzilovskaya,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Padova,Italy;Cecilia Ponce,Heifer International-Nutrition in Mountain Agroecosystems,Ecuador;Ritu Priya,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India;Natalie Prokopchuk,SECO-FiBL-SAFOSO Swiss-Ukrainian Program“Higher Value Added Trade from the Organic and Dairy Sector in Ukraine”,Kyiv,Ukraine;Karol Przybylak,Redakcja BioKuriera,EKO MEDIA,Bydgoszcz,Poland;LI Qu,Xichong Organic Development&Innovation Center,China;Andrijana Rakoevi,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Podgorica,Crna Gora/Montenegro;Brayne Ramanantsoa,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Ing.Agr.Juan Carlos Ramirez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Hans Ramseier,Bio Suisse,Basel,Switzerland;Pia Reindl,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;No Rivera,Mayacert;Lauro Antonio Rivera Gramajo,Ministerio de Agricultura,Ganadera y Alimentacin(MAGA),Guatemala,Guatemala;Fermn Vicente Romero Houlstan,Direccin Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal;Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario(MIDA),Panam,Repblica de Panam;Beth Rotha,Quality Certification Services(CS),Gainesville,Florida,US;Monica Rubiolo,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Bern,Switzerland;Cecilia Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Olle Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Acknowledgements 18 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Ecovia Intelligence,London,United Kingdom;Dr.Toru Sakai,Akita Prefectural University,Japan;Sisigu Arsne Sanou,Ecocert Burkina Faso,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso;Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Bonn,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg;Silvia Schmidt,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium;Prof.Dr.Knut Schmidtke,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Claudine Schmit,Administration des services techniques de lagriculture(ASTA),Luxembourg;Dr Bernhard Schulz,CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany;Hana ejnohov,Institute of agricultural economics and information,Brno,Czech Republic;Anani Combe K.Selom,Association Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique au Togo,Togo;Dheeraj Sharma,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Kateryna Shor,Information Center“Green Dossier”,Ukraine;Christoph Simpfendrfer,Biodynamic Federation Demeter International,Echterdingen,Germany;Anamarija Slabe,Institut za trajnostni razvoj,Lubljana,Slovenia;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Feres,Greece;Dr.Francesco Solfanelli,Universit Politecnica Marche,Ancona,Italy;Marcela Stahil,Ministry of Agriculture,Regional Development and Environment of Moldova,Department for Organic Production and Products of Origin,Chiinu,Moldova;Franziska Staubli,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Amelie Steu,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium;Indro Surono,Indonesia Organic Alliance,Bogor,Indonesia;Glenn Tabiola,Department of Agriculture,Caraga Region,Philippines;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;Dr.Yoko Taniguchi,Setsunan University,Neyagawa,Japan;J.Thomas,PDS Organic Spices,India;Ilse Timmermans,Departement Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Bence Trugly,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary;Liesl Truscott,Textile Exchange,Bath,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,Ecocert SAS,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Thimphu,Bhutan;Daava Tungalag,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Light industry of Mongolia,Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia;Tal Weil Tzameret,Ministry of Agriculture&Rural Development,Plant Protection&Inspection Services(PPIS),Israel;Ray Tzeng,Organic Center,National Ilan University(NIU),Yilan City,Taiwan;Edgardo Uychiat,Negros Island Sustainable Agriculture Research&Development,The Philippines;Gerber van Vliet,Ministre de lAgriculture,de la Viticulture et du Dveloppement rural,Coordination PAN-BIO,Luxembourg;Silvana Eugenia Vargas Winstanley,Social Responsibility,Peru;Jelena Vasiljevic,Ministry of Agriculture Serbia,Belgrade,Serbia;Airi Vetemaa,Estonian Organic Farming Foundation EOFF,Tartu,Estonia;Venancia Wambua,EOAI Project Manager,Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Yungang Wang,Organic Food Development Center,China;Prof.Dr.Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,Beijing,China;Valentyna Zaiets,Ministry of Economy of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Prof.Dr.Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Ancona;Diana Zeidan,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Lisha Zheng,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Vladyslav Zhmailo,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Zejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China;Dr.Darko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Zagreb,Croatia;Silvia Zucconi,Nomisma-Economic Research Institute,Bologna,Italy.Statistics Key Indicators FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 19 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2020:190 countries Organic agricultural land 2020:74.9 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(35.7 million hectares)Argentina(4.5 million hectares)Uruguay(2.7 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2020:1.6%Liechtenstein(41.6%)Austria(26.5%)Estonia(22.4%)Increase of organic agricultural land 2019/2020 3 million hectares(ha); 4.1%Argentina:781000 ha( 21%),Uruguay:589000 ha( 28%)India:359000 ha( 16%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2020:28.5 million hectares(ha)(1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(5.5 million ha)Namibia(2.6 million ha)Zambia(2.5 million ha)Producers 2020:3.4 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(1599010)Ethiopia(219566)Tanzania(148607)Organic market2 2020:120.6 billion euros(2000:15.1 billion euros)US(49.5 billion euros)Germany(15.0 billion euros)France(12.7 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2020:15.8 euros Switzerland(418 euros)Denmark(384 euros)Luxembourg(285 euros)Number of countries/territories with organic regulations 2020:76(fully implemented)Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2020:714 affiliates Germany:79 affiliates China:46 affiliates USA:41 affiliates India:40 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2022,based on national data sources,data from certifiers and IFOAM Organics International 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories,see UNSTAT website http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached 129 billion US dollars in 2020(page 137).One euro corresponded to 1.1422 US dollars in 2020 according to the European Central Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture 2022:Summary 20 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn The World of Organic Agriculture 2022:Summary HELGA WILLER,1 CLAUDIA MEIER,2 BERNHARD SCHLATTER,3 LAUREN DIETEMANN,4 LAURA KEMPER5 AND JAN TRVNEK6 The latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide show that 2020 was another good year for global organic agriculture.According to the latest FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide,organic farmland and organic retail sales continued to grow and reached another all-time high,as shown by the data from 190 countries(data as of the end of 2020).Statistics on organic area and operators More than 74.9 million hectares of organic farmland In 2020,over 74.9 million hectares of organic agricultural land,including in-conversion areas,were recorded.Regions with the largest organic agricultural land areas are Oceania(35.9 million hectares almost half the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(17.1 million hectares,23 percent).Latin America had 9.9 million hectares(13.3 percent),followed by Asia(6.1 million hectares,8.2 percent),Northern America(3.7 million hectares,5.0 percent)and Africa(2.1 million hectares,2.8 percent).Australia has the largest area Countries with the most organic agricultural land were Australia(35.7 million hectares),Argentina(4.5 million hectares)and Uruguay(2.7 million hectares).Globally,1.6 percent of the farmland is organic In 2020,1.6 percent of the worlds agricultural land was organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,were in Oceania(9.7 percent)and in Europe(3.4 percent;European Union:9.2 percent).Liechtenstein had the highest organic share with 41.6 percent Some countries reach far higher shares than the global share:Liechtenstein(41.6 percent)and Austria(26.5 percent)had the highest organic shares.In 18 countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land was organic.1 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Claudia Meier,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 Lauren Dietemann,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 5 Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 6 Jan Trvnek,Czech Organics,Star Msto,Czech Republic, The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 21 Growth in organic farmland Increase of 3 million hectares(4.1 percent)Organic farmland increased by 3.0 million hectares(4.1 percent)in 2020.Many countries reported a significant increase;Chile,for instance,showed a 650 percent increase,or over 0.135 million hectares more(mainly due to an increase in organic grazing areas),and Papua New Guinea reported 322 percent more organic farmland(over 72000 hectares).In absolute terms,the biggest increases were in Argentina,Uruguay and India:in Argentina,organic farmland increased by 781000 hectares( 21.3 percent),in Uruguay by more than 589000 hectares( 27.9 percent)and in India by almost 359000 hectares( 15.6 percent).Increase of organic farmland in all regions In 2020,organic agricultural land increased in all continents(Table 6).The highest absolute growth was in Latin America( 19.9 percent, 1.7 million hectares),followed by Europe( 3.7 percent, 0.60 million hectares)and Asia( 7.6 percent, 0.43 million hectares).Growth in most major crop groups Land use and crop details were available for over 92 percent of the organic agricultural land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Brazil and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 75).Over two-thirds of the organic agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(almost 51 million hectares),which increased by 4 percent in 2020.With more than 13.1 million hectares,arable land constituted 18 percent of organic agricultural land.An increase of 1.0 percent since 2019 was reported.Most of this category of land was used for cereals,including rice,followed by green fodder from arable land,oilseeds,dry pulses and textile crops.Permanent crops accounted for seven percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to over 5.2 million hectares.Compared to the previous survey,an increase of more than 712000 hectares,or 15.7 percent,was reported.The most important crops were olives,nuts,coffee,grapes and cocoa(see page 71).Further organic areas Apart from land dedicated to organic agriculture,there are further areas of organic land dedicated to other activities.The largest parts of these are wild collection areas and beekeeping areas.Further non-agricultural areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.These areas totalled 30 million hectares,and all the organic areas together summed up to 104.9 million hectares.The World of Organic Agriculture 2022:Summary 22 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic producers on the rise 3.4 million producers in 2020 There were at least 3.4 million organic producers in 2020.1 Fifty-six percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(24 percent),Europe(12 percent)and Latin America(8 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(1599010),Ethiopia(219566)and Tanzania(148607)(page 59).There has been an increase in the number of producers of almost 239000,or 7.6 percent,compared to 2019.For more information,see page 57.Organic cotton Like in past years,data on organic cotton area and production were provided by the Textile Exchange.The year 2020 was a record-breaking season with the biggest-ever harvest of organic cotton.This follows three years of strong growth:31 percent in 2018/19.Organic cotton accounted for almost one percent of global cotton production in 2019/20,up from 0.5 percent in 2016/17(see the article by the Textile Exchange on page 128).Demeter statistics In February 2020,Demeter-International and the International Biodynamic Association(IBDA)joined forces to form the Biodynamic Federation Demeter International.This new international umbrella organisation unites all Biodynamic and Demeter organisations worldwide.There are more than 7000 Demeter farmers with almost 227000 hectares in 62 countries(2021).For more information,see the article by Simpfendrfer and Fischer,page 133).Global market and EU organic imports Global market reached more than 120 billion euros Organic food and drink sales reached more than 120 billion euros,according to FiBL(page 64)2,3in 2020.In 2020,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(49.5 billion euros),Germany(15.0 billion euros)and France(12.7 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(41 percent of the global market),followed by the European Union(44.8 billion euros,37 percent)and China(10.2 billion euros,8.5 percent).Switzerland had the highest per-capita consumption in 2020,with 418 euros.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(13.0 percent),Austria(11.3 percent)and Switzerland(10.8 percent)(see the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 64).1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.It may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached over 129 billion U.S.dollars in 2020.3 One euro corresponded to 1.1422 U.S.dollars in 2020 according to the European Central Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 23 Effect of the pandemic on the global organic market The COVID-19 pandemic continues to change how people live and eat as it continues into its third year,writes Sahota(page 140).Health and wellness issues concern consumers focusing on disease avoidance and building personal immunity.Demand for organic foods has surged since the pandemic began in spring 2020.Healthy growth is expected to continue in the coming years as consumers associate organic foods with good health,nutrition and wellness.However,there are many challenges ahead.Supply chain issues are expected to continue,whilst competition will come from sustainability standards and eco-labelled products.There are also concerns about adequate supply and regulations.For more insight into the global organic market,see the chapter by Sahota on page 140.EU organic imports While the growth of the EU organic agri-food products market continued,imports of organic agri-food products decreased slightly between 2019 and 2020.In 2020,2.79 million metric tons(MT)of organic agri-food products were imported,representing a 1.9 percent decrease compared to the 2.85 million MT imported in 2019.A detailed look at the product categories shows that increased imports of organic tropical fruit and rice were outweighed by lower imports of other cereals,oilcake and sugar.The ranking of the main trading partners also changed,with China and Ukraine losing their top spots to Ecuador and Dominican Republic.The main importing EU Member States in 2020 were the Netherlands,Germany and Belgium.For more information,see the summary of the European Commissions market brief on organic imports into the European Union in 2020(page 146).Organic regulations Regarding regulations,according to the latest data collected by IFOAM-Organics International,in 2021,76 countries have fully implemented regulations on organic agriculture.Twenty countries have organic regulations that are not fully implemented,and 13 are drafting legislation.Countries going through significant revisions include the European Union and New Zealand.Some Latin American countries are also proposing amendments to their organic regulations.Revisions of regulations occurred in the European Union,New Zealand and Peru,and some equivalence agreements were revised.(See article by Hysa et al.on page 158).Policies for organic farming Many countries are setting up policies fostering agroecology and organic agriculture.In Hysa et al.s article(page 158),examples from countries all over the world are shown,such as Burkina Faso,Madagascar,Togo and Uganda in Africa;Bhutan,India,Nepal,Sri Lanka and The Philippines in Asia;Nicaragua and Peru in Latin America.Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2021 IFOAM-Organics International is the only organisation collecting data about Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)on a global level.During 2020 and 2021,many PGS initiatives were affected by the measures restricting contact and physical The World of Organic Agriculture 2022:Summary 24 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn interaction.These measures were adopted around the globe due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Regular meetings and peer reviews could not be carried out as planned at least not for all their members.In 2021,242 PGS initiatives were active in 78 countries,with at least 1244239 producers involved and 1205050 producers certified.These producers are estimated to manage 915997 hectares of land.The overall increasing trend observed in past years was maintained in 2021 in all regions except Europe and North America,where the figures remained stable,and Oceania,which reported significant changes from previous years.More information,including PGS developments in the regions,is available in the article from Anselmi and Moura e Castro(page 170).Agroecology and Organic Agriculture at the UN Food Systems Summit 2021 In October 2019,the Secretary-General of the United Nations(UN)announced a Food Systems Summit(UNFSS)in 2021 with the aim of maximising the benefits of a food systems approach across the entire 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,meeting the challenges of climate change,making food systems inclusive and supporting sustainable peace.This announcement marked the start of a global policy and consultative process,culminating in a presummit in July and the summit in September 2021.According to Figeczky et al.(page 178),the most tangible result of the efforts to mainstream agroecology in the UNFSS is probably the creation of a Coalition for the Transformation of Food Systems through Agroecology and Regenerative Agriculture with a mandate to ensure that agroecology and organic agriculture are seen as progressive and pioneering within the UNFSS and in any subsequent process.Organic in the Continents Africa There were more than 2 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2020.Africa reported 149000 hectares more than in 2019,a 7.7 percent increase,and nearly 834000 producers.Tunisia was the country with the largest organic area(more than 290000 hectares in 2020),and Ethiopia had the largest number of organic producers(almost 220000).The country with the highest percentage of land devoted to organic farming in the region was the island state of So Tom and Prncipe,with 20.7 percent of its agricultural area dedicated to organic crops.The majority of certified organic products in Africa are destined for export markets.Key crops are nuts,olives,coffee,cocoa,oilseeds and cotton(see page 192).Five countries in Africa have legislation on organic agriculture,and five countries are drafting legislation.Six countries have a national standard but lack legislation on the definition of organic farming(East African Organic Product Standard)(See article by Hysa et al.on page 158).Africa saw many important developments in 2021.The Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative(EOA-I)continued to reach out to smallholder farmers.About 1.76 million of them were provided with information and communication materials to enhance their knowledge on adopting organic farming practices.The Knowledge Centre for Organic Agriculture in Africa(KCOA)provided support for organic agriculture in all parts of The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 25 Africa through knowledge management,dissemination and capacity building and market systems development.Organic certification in Africa has gained leverage through a Memorandum of Understanding between the EOA-I Continental Secretariat and the African Organization for Standardization.This memorandum aimed at developing a common continental standard.Preparations for the 5th African Organic Conference have started.This conference will take place in 2022 in Kigali,Rwanda,and is organised by the organic movement in close collaboration with Afronet,the African Organic Network.For more updates about Africa,see the contribution by Amudavi et al.on page 182.Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was more than 6.1 million hectares in 2020.There were nearly two million producers,most of whom were in India.The leading countries by area were India(2.7 million hectares)and China(over 2.4 million hectares).Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(8.5 percent).(For detailed statistics,see page 192).Twenty countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and six countries are drafting legislation(See article by Hysa et al.on page 158).In Asia,the organic sector continued to develop rapidly.Partly due to COVID-19,consumer awareness of safe,local,and organic food increased,with many countries reporting increasing sales for organic products.Many countries in Asia formulated policies and strengthened existing laws to further organic agricultures development.While COVID-19 positively affected the market in most countries,inspection bodies were negatively affected,having to carry out online inspections and postpone the validity of certificates under the pandemic.For details,see the contribution by Hossein et al.on page 202.IFOAM-Organics Asia continued being very active.The Asian Organic Youth Forum organised the Peoples Food Summit(for the Eastern and Southeast Asian region)on October 16,2021:a 24-hour global event initiated by Regeneration International and its partners.The 7th Summit of the Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture(ALGOA)was held as a hybrid event in October 2021 with participants from over 38 countries and areas.Despite significant challenges due to the pandemic,the 4th Organic Asia Congress was virtually held in Jakarta,Indonesia,in November under the theme“Asia Go Organic for a Healthier Planet!”.More information can be found in the chapter by Hossain et al.,page 202.Europe As of the end of 2020,17.1 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union:14.9 million hectares)were managed organically by almost 420000 producers(European Union:almost 350000).In Europe,3.4 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:9.2 percent).Organic farmland has increased by over 0.7 million hectares compared to 2019.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were France(2.5 million hectares),Spain(2.4 million hectares)and Italy(2.1 million hectares).In 15 countries,at least 10 percent of the farmland was organic:Liechtenstein had the lead(41.6 percent),followed by Austria(26.5 percent)and Estonia The World of Organic Agriculture 2022:Summary 26 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn (22.4 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled 52 billion euros in 2020(European Union:44.8 billion euros),an increase of 15 percent since 2019.The largest market for organic products in 2020 was Germany,with retail sales of 15.0 billion euros,followed by France(12.7 billion euros)and Italy(3.9 billion euros)(See the article by Trvnek et al.,page 235).In Europe,46 countries have legislation on organic agriculture.(See article by Hysa et al.on page 158).Like 2020,the year 2021,with the continuing COVID-19 crisis,was again a special year for the European organic sector.The consolidated data for 2020 show particularly strong retail sales growth,which were in the double digits in several countries.The new European Union organic regulation was initially set to apply from 01 January 2021,but due to many reasons,including the COVID-19 pandemic,its application was postponed by one year to January 2022.Changes from the previous regulations concern production and food processing,control and certification,and international trade and imports.The new regulations on the European Unions Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)were adopted in November 2021.For IFOAM Organics Europe,it is essential that the implementation of the CAP fully contributes to the European Unions Green Deal,which includes the“Farm to Fork Strategy”and the goal of reaching an organic area share of 25 percent by 2030(see contribution by Busacca et al.on page 225).Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,over 270000 producers managed over 9.9 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2020.This constituted 13.3 percent of the worlds organic land and 1.4 percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(4.4 million hectares),Uruguay(2.7 million hectares)and Brazil(1.3 million hectares).The highest organic shares of total agricultural land were in Uruguay(19.6 percent),French Guiana(11.3 percent)and the Dominican Republic(4.8 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as coffee,cocoa and bananas.In Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commodities.Nineteen countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and two countries are drafting such legislation(Hysa et al.on page 158).Brazil has the largest market for organic products in Latin America.Latin America,especially Peru,was badly hit by the pandemic.A reflection on the effects of the pandemic shows the need for governments,the private sector,producer organisations and community institutions to take a long-term view.It also reveals the necessity of enhancing these groups capacities to better respond to multiple threats and systemic risks,to make decisions and to provide services to build inclusive value chains that create employment.In Peru,major developments included the GMO moratorium and the launch of the guidelines for the second agrarian reform as a government policy aimed at generating added value in agriculture,productive transformation of the countryside,and development of irrigation infrastructure and technological innovation.For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 272.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 27 Northern America In Northern America,over 3.7 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2020.Of these,2.3 million were in the United States and 1.4 million in Canada,representing 0.8 percent of the total agricultural area in the region(see page 284).United States US organic food sales soared to a new high in 2020,jumping to 56.5 billion US dollars(49.5 billion euros).With the pandemic ongoing in 2021,many consumers have continued preparing more meals at home,and some consumers were more willing to spend greater amounts on healthier ingredients and increase organic food purchases.With the continuation of the pandemic,sales growth was limited by supply chain challenges,affecting producers,distributors,retailers and brands.Also,packaging was in short supply,as were workers and drivers transporting products.In early 2021,President Biden and Vice President Harris were sworn into office.The Organic Trade Association(OTA)released a memo to the transition team at USDA and the White House,outlining key priorities and immediate actions the new administration should take to support organic:For more information about the US developments,see the contribution by Haumann on page 284.Canada The Canadian organic sector experienced disruptions in 2020 as the growing seasons beginning collided with the national lockdown,causing global disruptions.Despite the obstacles,organic acreage increased by 19 percent to more than 3.5 million acres or almost 1.5 million hectares.Organic food and beverage sales in 2020 topped 6.5 billion Canadian dollars(4.3 billion euros),about 33 percent higher than in 2017.Canada continues to be a net importer of organics globally,but exports have stagnated in recent years,with 2020 data showing organic exports at more than 600 million Canadian dollars.Organic equivalency arrangements continue to provide market access for importers and exporters.In 2020,Canada signed new equivalency arrangements with Taiwan and the United Kingdom,expanded the scope of the Japan arrangement,and continued discussions with Mexico and South Korea.More updates about Canada are available from Loftsgard on page 289.Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand and the Pacific Islands states.Altogether,there were over 16000 producers on 35.9 million hectares,constituting 9.7 percent of the regions agricultural land and half the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(35.7 million hectares,mostly extensive grazing land),followed by New Zealand(over 79000 hectares)and Papua New Guinea(over 72000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all national agricultural land were in Samoa(14.5 percent),followed by Australia(9.9 percent),Papua New Guinea(6.1 percent),Fiji(4.5 percent),French Polynesia(3.4 percent)and Tonga(3.2 percent).Four countries in Oceania have legislation on organic agriculture,and twelve countries have The World of Organic Agriculture 2022:Summary 28 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn a national standard but no organic legislation.For statistics about organic in Oceania,see page 308.Australia Amid the pandemics global trade impacts,Australian organic exporters reached 62 international markets during 2020.Despite current regulatory barriers,economic fluctuations and changing climatic conditions,the Australian organic market delivers 7.9 percent market growth per annum;retail sales were at 2354million Canadian dollars (1422 million euros)in 2020.Consumers spending habits changed dramatically,and larger businesses saw strong growth in their segments on the order of 10 to 20 percent per year.Details about developments in Australia can be found in the chapter by Ford on page 298.Pacific Islands In the Pacific Islands,COVID-19,including supply chain disruptions,restrictions on mobility and border closures,has substantially impacted organic farmers,supply chains and certification across the Pacific Islands.Audit and inspections have been severely impacted,as few countries have nationally based inspectors;they fly in from neighbouring regions.While some licensees have been able to undertake virtual audits,it has meant that no new farms or licensees have been able to take up certification.Inter-island supply chain logistics have been significantly affected during lockdown periods,and some farmers were unable to access inputs.Domestic sales have dropped dramatically due to the lack of tourists,while regional and international sales have diminished due to border closures.However,governments continue to create a supportive policy environment,and the demand for certification continues.For more information about recent developments in the Pacific Islands,see the chapter by Mapusua on page 304.Retrospective and Outlook The year 2021 saw several important events for the organic sector:the Organic World Congress,the United Nations Food Systems Summit and the Climate Change Conference in Glasgow.In 2022,IFOAM-Organics International will build on these achievements on both a global and regional level,supporting policy decision-makers as well as farmer groups and media multipliers to do the right thing.This important work will herald the Year of Organics,as 2022 will see IFOAM-Organics International turn 50,the International Organic Accreditation Services(IOAS)25,IFOAM Organics Europe 20,and IFOAM Organics Asia 10 years old.“We look forward to celebrating these joyful events with you and the whole organic movement and will use the opportunity to invite even more partners to join us.Together,we are part of the solution!”writes Louise Luttikholt,executive director of IFOAM-Organics International(page 314).The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 29 Next FiBL Survey on Organic Agriculture Worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2022;data will be published in February 2023 and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We will contact all relevant experts and would be very grateful if data could be sent to us.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2023 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”.Corrections will also be posted on www.organic-.Contact:helga.willerfibl.org 30 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide-key indicators 2020 Source:FiBL survey 2022 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 31 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organic agricultural land in 2020 Source:FiBL survey 2022 Statistics Introduction 32 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators and Market BERNHARD SCHLATTER,1 JAN TRVNEK,2 CLAUDIA MEIER AND HELGA WILLER3 Introduction The 23rd survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL in collaboration with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.The survey was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland,4 and NrnbergMesse.5 Data providers In total,data were provided by more than 200 experts.Governments,private sector organizations,certifiers and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on several countries:ACO Certification,BioInspecta,CCPB,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,Mayacert,Ecoglobe,Ekoagros,ICEA,Imocert,Kiwa BCS Oko-Garantie GmbH,LACON,LETIS,NASAA Certified Organic(NCO),Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand(ACT),Organizacin Internacional Agropecuaria(OIA),OneCert and Quality Certification Services(QCS).Our collaboration with the Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture(CIAO)eased data collection in Latin America and the Caribbean substantially.Data from the Mediterranean countries were supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari).Data from the Pacific Islands were provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).Another important source covering many countries is Eurostat.A list of all data sources and contacts is provided in the annex.Countries covered Data from 190 countries/territories were available,including area,producers and other operators,production,retail sales,international trade,livestock and further indicators.Updated data was not available for all countries/territories.For the countries/territories 1 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Jan Trvnek,Czech Organics,Star Msto,Czech Republic, 3 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 Since 2019,the data collection on organic agriculture has been supported by the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland.5 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Introduction FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 33 for which FiBL compiles the data among(often several)certifiers,not all of them provided updated data in all cases.When no new data was available,data from the previous survey were used.Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2020 Region Countries/territories*with data on organic agriculture Total per region1 Share that provided data(%)Africa 48 60 80 Asia 43 50 86 Europe 48 52 92 Latin America and the Caribbean 36 52 69 Northern America 3 5 60 Oceania 12 29 41 World 190 249 76 Source:FiBL survey 2022*Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries or territories;see UNSTAT website.2 Indicators covered Data on the following indicators were collected:organic area and production including breakdown by crop;livestock numbers;production data(volumes and values);producers and further operator types;domestic market data(total retail sales and food service sales values and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);international trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by product).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.,production,livestock numbers,breakdown by product for the domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analysis process is available in our metadata,which can be found on Organic Eprints https:/orgprints.org/36848/.Challenges with the 2021and 2022 survey With the 2021 and 2022 surveys,we experienced a number of challenges:We had data in our database,for which we had not received updates or confirmation for several years.We decided not to continue using some of this data 1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics Introduction 34 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn after a certain point of time(e.g.from 2015 onwards),which resulted in a substantial drop in area and producers for some countries.We revised some of the crop data for some countries,as the data seemed implausible.We received some major data revisions for some countries,sometimes resulting in a drop of area and producers or change of crop data compared to what we had communicated previously.More information on statistics.fibl.org Interactive tables and graphs with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data,can be found on FiBLs statistics website statistics.fibl.org.Contact:Enquiries related to the data should be sent to Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail helga.willerfibl.org.Statistics General Notes FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 35 General notes on the data Area:Data represents certified organic land that is already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany and Switzerland)and because land under conversion is under organic management.For a definition of organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Area share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,which in most cases is based on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.Producer data:Some countries report the number of smallholders,while others report only the number of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise several producers.This applies in particular to many African countries.The number of producers is,therefore,probably higher than the number communicated in this report.Market data:It should be noted that for market and trade data,comparing country statistics remains very problematic due to differing methods of data collection.Furthermore,for market and trade values fluctuating exchange rates must be kept in mind.PGS:For some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included as the data providers did not make the distinction between third-party and PGS certification.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Anselmi and Moura e Castro et al.on page 170.Country definitions:For countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.In most cases,countries are groups by region according to the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division.Sources:Data was gathered from private sector organizations,governments,and certification bodies.For detailed information on the data sources,please check the annex at the end of this volume(page 322).Direct year-to-year comparison:A direct year-to-year comparison is not possible for all data,as the data sources may change,data may not be provided on an annual basis,data may have been revised or corrected due to improved data access,or exchange rates might change from year to year.Completeness of data:For some countries,either no current data were available,or the data provided may not be complete.For others,no data were available.It may,therefore,be assumed that the extent of organic agriculture is larger than documented in this publication.Data revisions:Data revisions and corrections are communicated at statistics.fibl.org.Metadata:Metadata for the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide are available on Organic Eprints at https:/orgprints.org/36848.1 The definition of organic agriculture is available at the website of IFOAM Organics International www.ifoam.bio/en/organic-landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture 36 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2020 Source:FiBL survey 2022 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 37 Organic land Organic agricultural land In 2020,74.9 million hectares were under organic agricultural management worldwide.1 The region with the most organic agricultural land is Oceania,with 35.9 million hectares,followed by Europe with 17.1 million hectares,Latin America(9.9 million hectares),Asia(6.1 million hectares),Northern America(3.7 million hectares)and Africa(2.2 million hectares).Oceania has almost half of the global organic agricultural land.Europe,a region that has had a very constant growth of organic land over the years,has almost 23 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land,followed by Latin America with 13 percent(Figure 1,page 38).Australia is the country with the most organic agricultural land(increase by 200 percent in the 2011-2020 decade);it is estimated that 97 percent of the farmland is extensive grazing areas.Argentina is second,followed by Uruguay in third place(Figure 2,page 38).The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural areas have a combined total of 59.1 million hectares and constitute almost 80 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there are further organic areas such as wild collection areas.These areas constitute approximately 30 million hectares.Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2020 Region Organic agricultural land hectares Regions shares of the global organic agricultural land Africa 2086859 2.8%Asia 6146235 8.2%Europe 17098134 22.8%Latin America 9949461 13.3%Northern America 3744163 5.0%Oceania 35908876 47.9%World*74926006 100%Source:FiBL survey 2022.Note:Agricultural land includes in-conversion areas and excludes wild collection,aquaculture,forest,and non-agricultural grazing areas.*Includes correction value for French overseas departments.1 Data provided both for the fully converted and in conversion area are included in this work.However,some countries provided only data on the fully converted area,others only on the total organic agricultural land,and thus the conversion area is not known for many countries.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 38 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2020 Source:FiBL survey 2022,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 322 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2020 Source:FiBL survey 2022,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources,see annex,page 322Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2022):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 39 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country/territory 2020(sorted)For an alphabetical country list,see page 52.Country/Territory Hectares Australia 35687799 Argentina 4453639 Uruguay 2742368 India 2657889 France 2548677 Spain 2437891 China 2435000 United States of America 2326551 Italy 2095380 Germany 1702240 Canada 1417612 Brazil 1319454 Austria 679872 Russian Federation 615188 Sweden 613964 Czech Republic 539532 Greece 534629 Poland 507637 United Kingdom 473500 Romania 468887 Ukraine 462225 Turkey 382639 Peru 342701 Portugal 319540 Finland 3
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