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ASEANSUSTAINABLEURBANISATIONSTRATEGYone visionone identityone community ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy The ASEAN SecretariatJakartaThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)was established on 8 August 1967.The Member States of the Association are Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,Indonesia,Lao PDR,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand and Viet Nam.The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta,Indonesia.For inquiries,contact:The ASEAN SecretariatCommunity Relations Division(CRD)70A Jalan SisingamangarajaJakarta 12110IndonesiaPhone:(62 21)724-3372,726-2991Fax:(62 21)739-8234,724-3504E-mail:publicasean.org Catalogue-in-Publication DataASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy Jakarta:ASEAN Secretariat,October 2018380.591.ASEAN Connectivity Urbanisation 2.Sustainable and Liveable CitiesISBN 978-602-5798-25-2ASEAN:A Community of Opportunities for AllThe development of the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy was supported by the ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program Phase II(AADCP II).The text of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted,provided proper acknowledgement is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to the Community Relations Division(CRD)of the ASEAN Secretariat,JakartaGeneral information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website:www.asean.orgCopyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)2018.All rights reserved.iiiForewordA key objective of the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 is to raise the standards of living of our peoples,empowering them to seize opportunities and address the challenges they will face in the coming years.Urbanisation is at the heart of this process.Half of ASEAN peoples already live in urban areas and by 2025 a further 70 million people in this region will be city dwellers.Creating sustainable and liveable cities in ASEAN will be crucial to narrowing the existing development gaps,strengthening resilience,promoting innovations,improving well-being,and enhancing connectivity among our peoples.As cities grow,they benefit from economies of scale and deeper social,cultural,and economic networks.However,rapid urbanisation in ASEAN can make it difficult for urban infrastructure development to keep pace.This in turn gives rise to issues related to economic inequality,congestion,as well as environmental and health costs.However,fast technological advancements present cities with numerous opportunities to prepare for and tackle these urbanisation challenges.The ways in which cities develop and address the urbanisation process matter to all of us and require a pro-active approach.With that in mind,the development of the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)as a key initiative under the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity(MPAC)2025 is timely.In developing ASUS,we have taken stock of the many trends impacting urbanisation as well as the relevant lessons learnt and best practices from the region and globally.In order to promote and support sustainable urbanisation,the ASUS has prioritised the most crucial areas for ASEAN cities to focus on and developed practical action templates which cities can customise to their unique contexts.In short,the ASUS provides the foundation of knowledge to help ASEAN cities of varying sizes across networks in their respective journey towards achieving sustainable urbanisation,while giving due consideration to their individual uniqueness.Building sustainable and liveable cities in ASEAN will be no small task.However,with focus and determination,concrete strategies and mutual support,it is a task that ASEAN and its partners are well equipped to address.Our actions today in how we build and sustain our cities will shape the livelihoods of generations to come.Let us work together to ensure that our children,their children and all future generations live,work,and play in a better urban environment.Dato Lim Jock Hoi,Secretary-General of ASEANivvPrefaceJOINT STATEMENT BY THE CHAIRS OF THE ASEAN CONNECTIVITY COORDINATING COMMITTEE AND THE LEAD IMPLEMENTING BODY FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE Today,half of all people in ASEAN live in urban areas and an additional 70 million people are forecast to live in ASEAN cities by 2025.Economic growth is occurring at a rapid pace not only in mega-cities such as Jakarta,Manila and Bangkok,but increasingly in middleweight cities,with populations between 500,000 and five million.Urbanisation is a crucial driver of economic growth.No country has yet achieved middle-income status without a significant shift of its population into cities.The underlying causes include the benefits of economy of scale for larger cities,as well as the higher wages that people typically receive as they transition from an agrarian to an urban society.The immediate need for cities in ASEAN is to provide adequate and sustainable urban infrastructure to meet the increasing pace of urbanisation.In the process of meeting infrastructure demands,smart urbanisation applications could potentially provide a way for cities to leapfrog in technology and facilitate optimal use of existing infrastructure.However,urbanisation also poses challenges related to inclusiveness(particularly housing),environmental pollution,economic efficiency(linked to rising traffic congestion),health and cultural heritage.While presenting opportunities for women and girls that are often unavailable in rural settings,urbanisation can also cause them to seek work in the informal sector,contributing to income disparity and increased risk,including from violent crime.These challenges can be amplified by rapid and haphazard urbanisation,which has occurred in many ASEAN countries.These challenges must be addressed in order to achieve sustainable urbanisation.Cities need to develop strategies to sustain the momentum of economic activities,provision of housing,healthcare,education,energy services,and mitigate the impacts of climate change,as well as manage various other priorities.The ASEAN Connectivity Coordinating Committee(ACCC),comprising the Committee of Permanent Representatives to ASEAN,has been tasked by ASEAN Leaders to facilitate the implementation of the MPAC 2025.There are several linkages between sustainable urbanisation and ASEAN Connectivity:1.ASEAN will only realise true ASEAN Connectivity if cities are able to respond effectively to the negative effects of urbanisation.For example,tackling traffic congestion is essential to supporting connectivity of people,goods,and services.2.ASEAN cities play a critical role in the realisation of the ASEAN Economic Community,where ASEAN Connectivity is a critical enabler,that helps to expand and improve production and distribution networks in ASEAN.3.Given that ASEAN cities have evolved differently and at very different paces,there is an opportunity for ASEAN cities to leverage each others comparative advantages and experiences to overcome the challenges of urbanisation.Connecting cities will enhance cities efforts coordinate and develop their own customised urbanisation strategies.The Lead Implementing Body for Sustainable Infrastructure(LIB-SI)was established to coordinate the implementation of Sustainable Infrastructure under MPAC 2025.The development of an ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS),one of the initiatives under the MPAC 2025 Strategic Area of Sustainable Infrastructure,will support and improve the effectiveness of various ASEAN city networks,including the ASEAN Smart Cities Network(ASCN),the ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals(SDG)Frontrunner viCities Programme,ASEAN Mayors Forum,and various other city networks in ASEAN,such as those operating under the Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area(BIMP-EAGA),and the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle(IMT-GT).A large number of cities in each of these networks share common priorities and concerns,and the ASUS aims to propose solution to these shared concerns to improve the effectiveness of these networks.Toolkits will be provided to assist cities prioritise areas of focus related to sustainable urbanisation,and to develop high quality action plans in specific areas,which can be customised to the local city context.The ASEAN Vision 2020,adopted by the ASEAN Leaders on the 30th Anniversary of ASEAN,envisages ASEAN as a Community of Southeast Asian nations,outward looking,living in peace,stability and prosperity,bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies.The ASUS will play an important role in helping ASEAN achieve this vision and enhancing connectivity in the region.Ambassador Tan Hung Seng,Mr.Khoo Teng Chye,Chair of the ACCC and Permanent Representative of the Republic of Singapore to ASEANChair of the LIB-SI and Executive Director Centre for Liveable Cities(CLC)viiContentsForeword.iiiPreface.vExecutive Summary.31.Analysing the trends impacting urbanisation in ASEAN.9i.Framework for approaching sustainable urbanisation in ASEAN.9ii.Key urbanisation trends in ASEAN.14iii.Implications on sustainable urbanisation for cities in ASEAN .262.Stocktake of existing actions in ASEAN to promote sustainable urbanisation .31i.Existing sustainable urbanisation actions in ASEAN.31ii.Common barriers to implentation of sustainable urbanisation actions.393.Identifying opportunities to promote sustainable urbanisation in ASEAN.45i.Overview of approach for identifying priority sub-areas and actions.45ii.Prioritisation of sub-areas and actions.47iii.Inclusiveness implications of actions.594.Making it happen.63i.Implementing mechanisms for the ASUS.63ii.Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.65iii.Addressing key risks to implementation.68Methodological Appendix.71i.Methodology for conducting stocktake of sustainable urbanisation actions.71ii.Methodology for identifying common barriers .71iii.Methodology for prioritisation of sub-areas.71iv.Methodology for prioritisation of actions .80v.Summary of performance indicators for priority actions .84Annex A ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy Toolkit 1:Prioritising focus areas and actions for enhancing sustainable urbanisation .89i.A framework for sustainable urbanisation .89ii.Prioritisation of sustainable urbanisation sub-areas.92iii.Prioritisation of sustainable urbanisation actions .96iv.Alignment of the ASUS with other toolkits.102Appendix A:Potential metrics to measure relative importance of sub-area at a subnational level.105Annex B ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy Toolkit 2:Sustainable Urbanisation Action Templates .135Introduction.135viiiAction 1:Introduce and improve access to digital payment solutions to enhance financial inclusion.139Action 2:Develop and expand affordable housing solutions.151Action 3:Introduce digital solutions to enhance safety and security in cities.163Action 4:Enhance solid waste management systems.175Action 5:Introduce and improve Bus Rapid Transit(BRT)systems .187Action 6:Develop and enhance traffic management systems .197Action 7:Develop flood management systems.207Action 8:Develop digital skills through industry boot camps.219Glossary.233ixList of ExhibitsExhibit 1:The ASUS framework.9Exhibit 2:ASUS framework alignment to existing frameworks.12Exhibit 3:Growth of urbanisation in ASEAN.15Exhibit 4:Economic growth by size of region in ASEAN.16Exhibit 5:Examples of city level applications of digital technologies in ASEAN.20Exhibit 6:Urban slum population in ASEAN.21Exhibit 7:Alignment of urbanisation trends and 6 areas of sustainable urbanisation in ASEAN.26Exhibit 8:Examples of existing actions at different geographical levels in ASEAN.32Exhibit 9:Breakdown of actions in ASEAN by geographical coverage and areas of sustainable urbanisation .33Exhibit 10:Common barriers to implementation of actions by sub-areas of sustainable urbanisation.40Exhibit 11:The ASUS prioritisation approach.45Exhibit 12:Channels through which ASEAN can add value.47Exhibit 13:ASUS priority sub-areas and actions.48Exhibit 14:Importance of sub-areas according to ASEAN city leaders.49Exhibit 15:Overview of action objectives.50Exhibit 16:Social inclusiveness challenges and opportunities.59Exhibit 17:The ASUS implementing mechanism.64Exhibit 18:Metrics used for monitoring and evaluation of the ASUS.66Exhibit 19:Metrics used to assess importance of sub-area and ASEANs aggregate performance.73Exhibit 20:Overview of ASEAN Member States sustainable urbanisation priorities.75Exhibit 21:Overview of DPs and OEPs sustainable urbanisation priorities in ASEAN.77Exhibit 22:Assessment of ASEANs ability to add value by sub-area.79Exhibit 23:Prioritisation score by sub-area.80Exhibit 24:Examples of evidence of impact by priority action.81Exhibit 25:Ranking of ASEAN Smart Cities Network priority actions.82Exhibit 26:Dialogue Partners and other External Partners sustainable urbanisation experience by priority action.83Exhibit A-1:The ASUS framework.89Exhibit A-2:Prioritisation approach.92Exhibit A-3:Overview of DPS and OEPS sustainable urbanisation priorities in ASEAN.95Exhibit A-4:Illustrative assessment.96Exhibit A-5:Example actions with significant impact.97Exhibit A-6:Illustrative priority actions.102Exhibit B-1:ASUS priority actions.135xList of TablesTable 1:Priority sub-areas and actions for sustainable urbanisation in ASEAN.5Table 2:Overview of performance indicators for ASUS priority actions.84Table 3:Sources of prioritisation metrics.1061ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyInitial identified priority actionsPriority areasInclusive&equitable growthHealth&well-beingHousing&homePersonal safety&securityQualityenvironmentWater,waste&sanitationBuilt infra-structureMobilityUrban resilienceASEAN SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION STRATEGYCivic&socialQualityenviron-mentBuiltinfra-structureHealth&well-beingSecurityIndustry&innovationIntroduce and improve access to digital payment solutions to enhance financial inclusion Develop and expand affordable housing solutionsIntroduce digital solutions to enhance safety and security in cities Enhance solid waste management systemsIntroduce and improve Bus Rapid Transit(BRT)systemsDevelop and enhance traffic management systems Develop flood management systemsIndustry&innovationEducationDevelop digital skills through“industry boot camps”socialSecurityCivic&2ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy3ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyEXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity(MPAC)2025,adopted by ASEAN Leaders at the 28th/29th ASEAN Summits in Vientiane,Laos,in September 2016 aims to achieve a seamlessly and comprehensively connected and integrated ASEAN that will promote competitiveness,inclusiveness,and a greater sense of Community.It comprises fifteen initiatives in the five strategic areas of:(a)Sustainable Infrastructure;(b)Digital Innovation;(c)Seamless Logistics;(d)Regulatory Excellence;and(e)People Mobility.The ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)is one of the initiatives under the strategic area of Sustainable Infrastructure.The Strategy consists of this report as well as two accompanying toolkits that will assist local governments in ASEAN to advance sustainable urbanisation in their cities.Sustainable urbanisation focuses on promoting actions that enable urban areas to capture the benefits linked to large concentrations of people,while building resilience to the associated challenges.The ASUS employs a framework of sustainable urbanisation based on six areas(civic&social;health&well-being;security;quality environment;built infrastructure and industry&innovation)and eighteen sub-areas which is closely aligned with the ASEAN Smart Cities(ASC)framework,developed as part of the ASEAN Smart Cities Network(ASCN).Eight major trends are shaping urbanisation in ASEAN:1)Urbanisation is rising(particularly in middleweight cities).Today,half of all people in ASEAN are already living in urban areas and an additional 70 million more people are forecast to live in cities by 2025.Yet,this growth is increasingly happening in middleweight regions,with a population between 500,000 and five million.Underpinning this growth of urban areas are three main factors:strategically located cities benefitting from the increase of cross-border trade and logistics;the formation of economic clusters(often also referred to as economic zones);and the growing importance and development of satellite regions to ASEANs mega-cities.2)Cities are becoming increasingly independent.Many ASEAN Member States(AMS)are increasingly shifting the responsibility of public services to local city governments,granting them increased autonomy.3)Digital technologies are transforming cities and governments are increasingly turning to technology to manage and monitor their cities.Several technological innovations have been widely adopted by ASEAN cities.Disruptive technologies including cloud computing,the Internet of Things(IoT),open data and big data,have the potential to generate between US$220-US$625 billion in annual economic impact in ASEAN by 2030 but are also estimated to potentially displace 12-17 million non-farm jobs in ASEAN from 2015 to 2030.4)Economic growth is neither inclusive nor equally distributed.In many Asian cities,including in Southeast Asia,income inequality has risen and is often higher than in rural areas.The prevalence of urban poverty and inequality has several implications for cities in ASEAN including the spread of slums and informal settlements,increase in informal employment,a lack of financial inclusion and spreading gender inequality.5)Urban sprawl is creating concerns for congestion,economic efficiency,and cultural heritage.Rapid urbanisation in ASEAN has led to a large share of urban growth 4ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyinvolving unplanned,unstructured expansion,with high rates of car use which has resulted in chronic traffic congestion,costing about 2-5 percent of GDP per year.6)The resource footprint of cities is expanding.While ASEANs urban population has grown by around 3 percent annually,the rate of carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions have increased by 6.1 percent annually.By 2025,the amount of waste volume in ASEAN will increase by 150 percent from 1995 levels.Many ASEAN cities are also among the worlds cities most exposed to natural disasters and environmental concerns,particularly from rising sea levels as a result of climate change.7)Increasing emphasis is placed on maintaining rule of law,including in relation to new threats such as cyber-security.Cities in ASEAN are stepping up anti-crime efforts by increasing the number of police officers,and cooperation on trans-national crime and terrorism.There have also been several instances of cyber-attacks in various AMS,yet 78 percent of internet users in Southeast Asia have not received any formal education on cyber-security.8)Non-communicable diseases are becoming more prevalent amongst urban populations.Southeast Asia had the highest urban ambient air pollution levels worldwide in 2016,with annual mean levels often exceeding 5-10 times World Health Organization(WHO)limits which has been linked to illnesses such as cancer,asthma and bronchitis.Cities in ASEAN also suffer from a rising proportion of adults with obesity and elevated stress levels.A stocktake of existing actions1 supporting urbanisation across ASEAN revealed that a majority of actions have a strong focus on the areas of built infrastructure,quality environment,and civic&social,while health&well-being and security receive less attention.The stocktake also revealed that only 9 percent of actions are being implemented at an ASEAN and 10 percent at the Global/Asia level,implying a potentially large opportunity for more work to be done at the ASEAN level.Common barriers to implementing past actions related to sustainable urbanisation include a lack of coordination(with other government departments at the city-level,as well as with relevant regional and national agencies),information failures,gaps in cities implementation and strategic planning capacity,and an inability to access alternative sources of finance.The ASUS identified 7 priority sub-areas of sustainable urbanisation and 8 respective priority actions for ASEAN,based on a range of criteria including their importance for promoting sustainable urbanisation,their relevance for city priorities in ASEAN,their alignment with Dialogue Partners and other External Partners(DPs and OEPs)priorities,and the potential for ASEAN to add value to the activities of cities.While each individual city in ASEAN will have different priorities depending on their local context,these priority sub-areas and actions were identified for cities in ASEAN on aggregate.Table 1 outlines the priority sub-areas and actions for sustainable urbanisation in ASEAN.A toolkit has been developed which provides high quality action plans for each of these actions,which cities can customise to their local contexts.A further toolkit is provided to help cities carry out their own prioritisation of sub-areas and actions,most relevant to their context.1 For the purpose of the ASUS action is used as an aggregate term for projects,programmes,initiatives etc.5ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyTABLE 1:PRIORITY SUB-AREAS AND ACTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION IN ASEAN#Sub-areaAction1Inclusive&equitable growth1)Introduce and improve access to digital payment solutions to enhance financial inclusion2Housing&home2)Develop and expand affordable housing solutions3Personal safety&security3)Introduce digital solutions to enhance safety and security in cities4Water,waste&sanitation4)Enhance solid waste management systems5Mobility5)Introduce and improve Bus Rapid Transit(BRT)systems6)Develop and enhance traffic management systems6Urban resilience7)Develop flood management systems7Education8)Develop digital skills through industry boot camps To ensure effective utilisation of the ASUS by AMS cities,strong implementing and monitoring&evaluation(M&E)mechanisms are vital.This is particularly important given that the ASUS is not an implementing body in itself,but rather focuses on providing high quality content(through this report and accompanying toolkits)for cities to utilise.To disseminate these toolkits to cities,the ASUS will work closely with ASEAN city networks,such as the ASCN,the ASEAN Sustainable Development Goals(SDG)Frontrunner Cities Programme,and various other city networks in ASEAN,such as those operating under the Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area(BIMP-EAGA),and the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle(IMT-GT).A set of relevant output and outcome metrics have been identified to track progress of the implementation of the ASUS.6ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy1.ANALYSING THE TRENDS IMPACTING URBANISATION IN ASEAN8ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy9ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy1.ANALYSING THE TRENDS IMPACTING URBANISATION IN ASEANI.FRAMEWORK FOR APPROACHING SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION IN ASEANThe ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)employs a framework of sustainable urbanisation based on six areas and eighteen sub-areas(hereafter referred to as the ASUS framework).The ASUS framework draws on the important work of the Centre for Liveable Cities(CLC)and ensuring a framework consistent with that being used by the ASEAN Smart Cities Network(ASCN),that is the ASEAN Smart Cities(ASC)framework.This is important to ensure that while the ASUS is an initiative under the MPAC 2025,it is able to connect seamlessly and effectively utilise synergies with other ongoing programmes,forums and efforts in ASEAN.While the six areas of the ASUS framework are the same as those of ASC framework,the sub-areas have been clearly defined and adapted from the draft ASC framework to(a)be consistent with the stocktake of actions in sustainable urbanisation conducted by the ASUS;and(b)reflect the priorities of ASEAN Member States(AMS)and Dialogue Partners and other External Partners(DPs and OEPs)who were engaged during this exercise.Exhibit 1 provides an overview of the ASUS framework.EXHIBIT 1:THE ASUS FRAMEWORKThe strategy employs a framework of sustainable urbanisation centred around 6 areas and 18 sub-areasSustainable urbanisation strategic outcomes High quality of life Competitive economy Sustainable environmentCivic&socialQualityenviron-mentBuiltinfra-structureHealth&well-beingSecurityIndustry&innovationIntegrated Master planning and developmentDynamic urban governanceDigital infrastructure and applicationsPartnership and funding10.Water,waste&sanitation11.Energy12.Food13.Mobility14.Building&construction15.Urban resilience16.Entrepreneurship&innovation17.Trade&commerce18.Education5.Housing&home6.Healthcare7.Other public services1.Social cohesion2.Inclusive&equitable growth3.Culture&heritage4.Tourism8.Personal safety&security9.Cyber-securitySOURCE:Centre for Liveable Cities(CLC),Team analysis The six areas of sustainable urbanisation are defined as follows:10ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy1.CIVIC&SOCIALThis relates to factors influencing the civil and social health of a city,and covers four sub-areas:Social cohesion.This sub-area includes actions promoting social cohesion,such as female empowerment initiatives,racial integration efforts,and youth or elderly focused initiatives.Meaning,these actions will touch on inclusive&equitable growth,housing&home,healthcare,entrepreneurship&innovation and education but are included here,since they put specific social groups front and centre of their activities,catering towards their specific needs.Inclusive&equitable growth.This sub-area includes actions which address economic issues around ensuring that the benefits of city growth are distributed equitably among city residents(e.g.social safety nets,public work programmes creating jobs in impoverished urban areas,etc).Culture&heritage.This sub-area includes actions to preserve historical sites in cities and to promote local cultures as well as to help minorities retain their cultures.Tourism.This sub-area includes actions which promote the tourism sector,including infrastructure and talent development,and supporting policies(e.g.promotion efforts to key overseas markets).2.HEALTH&WELL-BEINGThis relates to factors influencing the health and well-being of urban residents and covers three sub-areas:Housing&home.This sub-area includes actions focusing on improving the efficiency of public services to provide a pleasant and affordable living environment,including the provision of affordable housing,public spaces and facilities(e.g.public housing,slum upgrading,community centres,green spaces).Healthcare.This sub-area includes actions promoting access to affordable,high-quality healthcare for residents.Other public services.This sub-area includes actions supporting the broader delivery of other services that improve health and well-being,such as emergency services and nutrition(e.g.food programmes,school meals,etc).3.SECURITYThis relates to ensuring the security of urban residents and covers two sub-areas:Personal safety&security.This sub-area includes actions that safeguard citizens against crime,terrorism,and natural disasters.This could include smart solutions to policing,disaster relief,and potential measures to combat other transnational issues(e.g.human trafficking).Cyber-security.This sub-area includes actions supporting the protection of networked infrastructure against cyber-crime and cyber-terrorism.4.QUALITY ENVIRONMENTThis relates to ensuring a high-quality urban environment and covers three sub-areas:Water,waste&sanitation.This sub-area includes actions which address the challenges of accessing and increasing the efficiency of water delivery,waste 11ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategymanagement,and sanitation.An example could be the creation of closed loop waste systems which seek to reduce,recycle,and reuse waste components.Energy.This sub-area includes actions promoting access to energy,higher energy efficiency,and switching to less polluting sources of energy.It includes smart grid developments in cities,the promotion of renewable energies(such as rooftop solar projects),and energy efficiency initiatives(outside buildings and vehicles which are covered in separate sub-areas).Food.This sub-area includes actions to enhance urban food supply,including promotion of urban agriculture,food traceability systems,and reduction of food waste or loss.Note:food nutrition issues are covered under the health and well-being area.5.BUILT INFRASTRUCTUREThis relates to ensuring efficient,resilient,and environmentally-friendly built infrastructure and covers three sub-areas:Mobility.This sub-area includes actions promoting the access,affordability and efficiency of transport as well as reducing transport-related pollutants(such as greenhouse gas emissions).It includes the development of public transport infrastructure,ride sharing,smart transport solutions,and more efficient internal combustion engines.Building&construction.This sub-area focuses on improving the efficiency and sustainability of building usage and construction(e.g.optimising building space through shared offices,building energy efficiency,modular buildings,sustainable construction materials,smart buildings and construction).Urban resilience.This sub-area focuses on promoting urban resilience against disaster risks and potential impacts of climate change(e.g.city flood defences,early warning systems).6.INDUSTRY&INNOVATIONThis relates to encouraging a strong and innovative business environment,and includes three sub-areas:Entrepreneurship&innovation.This sub-area focuses on promoting entrepreneurship and innovation(e.g.digital hubs,support for MSMEs).Trade&commerce.This sub-area focuses on promoting trade between cities through special economic zones and sector-specific development plans.Education.This sub-area focuses on producing an appropriately skilled workforce that can be resilient to changing industry needs and automation.It includes skills retraining,digital skills development,and vocational training programmes(with the exception of education covered in other areas such as for tourism and healthcare professionals).The ASUS framework aims to provide comprehensive coverage of relevant sustainable urbanisation issues.A comparison of this framework to existing frameworks is provided in Exhibit 2.12ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyEXHIBIT 2:ASUS FRAMEWORK ALIGNMENT TO EXISTING FRAMEWORKS These 6 areas are closely aligned with existing sustainable urbanisation frameworksAreas:IDBs Emerging&SustainableCitiesOECDs Green Growth ProgrammeADBs Cities Database IndicatorsEIU Liveable Cities IndexWCCDs ISO37120UN Habitat III/City Prosperity IndexCivic&social(Social cohesion;Inclusive&equitable growth;Culture&heritage,Tourism)Health&well-being(Housing&home;Healthcare;Other public services)Security(Personal safety&security;Cyber-security)Quality environment(Water,waste&sanitation;Energy;Food)Built infrastructure(Mobility;Building&construction;Urban resilience)Industry&innovation(Entrepreneurship&innovation;Trade&commerce;Education)SOURCE:Team analysisHeavy focusSome focusNo focus1Heavy focus:more than 15 percent of the indicators in the framework measure the specific issues in the area;Some focus:less than 15 percent of the indicators in the framework measure issues in the area;No focus:no indicator measures issues in the area.Existing frameworks:1Sustainable urbanisation areas Inter-American Development Bank(IDB)Emerging&Sustainable Cities Initiative(ESCI).The ESCI was created by the IDB in 2010 to address rapid and unregulated urbanisation in Latin American and Caribbean cities.2 Part of the initiative required the IDB to develop a set of 120 indicators to support city assessment,and to quickly develop Action Plans to address weaker performing areas.To date,over 77 cities have participated in the programme.While there is significant overlap between the ESCI and the ASUS,the ESCI framework is limited in geography and has not been extended to cities beyond Latin America and the Caribbean.The framework places a strong emphasis on quality environment and built infrastructure as defined by the ASUS framework.Approximately 21 percent and 20 percent of the indicators in the framework measure performance in these areas respectively.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)Green Growth Programme(Southeast Asia).As part of its report,Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia,the OECD recommends a set of 39 indicators to measure the efficacy of cities to support economic growth while reducing negative environmental externalities,and the impact on natural resources and environmental services-related services including disposal services,natural resource production/extraction services,and consumer services which use natural resources to provide for direct or indirect human consumption.3 The proposed framework has been tailored to a Southeast Asian context and examines areas which are similar to the ASUS.Over 30 percent of the indicators measure the present and long-term performance of cities to maintain a quality environment.Indicators in this 2 Indicators of the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative(ESCI),Inter-American Development Bank,2013.3 Urban green growth in dynamic Asia,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,2016.13ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyarea include remaining life of current landfill(s)and heavy metals emission intensity of manufacturing industries.4 Another area explored in detail is built infrastructure.Indicators in this area(around 17 percent all indicators)include population density and the average travel speed on primary thoroughfares during peak hours.5 However,whilst going in-depth into the two aforementioned areas,the framework does not examine the area of safety&security,as there is limited overlap between this area with sustainable environmental growth.Asian Development Bank(ADB)Cities Book Database.The ADBs cities data book database initiative has created an urban indicator system for city administrators and urban managers to track urbanisation and identify areas which require additional resources for improvement for 14 Asian cities.6 Over 110 indicators that measure the ADBs urban sector goals,strategies,and targets were included as part of the framework.Similar to other frameworks,there is a strong emphasis placed on the areas of built infrastructure(over 37 percent of all the indicators)and quality environment(15 percent).Expenditure on road infrastructure(in the area of built infrastructure),level of unaccounted usage of utility services and air pollution concentrations(in the area of quality environment)are some of the indicators to measure the impact of urbanisation in these areas.The comprehensive framework also examines other elements like urban governance and management particularly around improving computerisation of government services,cost of collecting taxes,and proportion of city staff undergoing skills training.Economist Intelligence Unit(EIU)Liveable Cities Index.The EIUs Liveable Cities Index measures the challenges to lifestyle choices(i.e.quality of life)in 140 cities globally.While not a framework to measure sustainable urbanisation per se,there are several overlaps between becoming a liveable city and sustainable urbanisation.The Liveable Cities Index has a strong focus on issues around access to healthcare and ensuring personal safety grouped under health&well-being and security respectively in the ASUS.Around 23 and 17 percent of indicators measure the performance of cities in these areas respectively.In the area of security the indicators which are mostly proprietary indexes of the EIU aim to ascertain the prevalence of petty and violent crime,the threat of terror,and the threat of civil unrest.Indicators around the area of health&well-being(also mostly indexes)examine the availability and quality of public and private healthcare.A limitation of this framework is that the area of industry&innovation defined in the ASUS framework is not examined as it does not directly relate to quality of life,but as shown earlier,is important to sustainable urbanisation in cities.World Council on City Data(WCCD)ISO 37120.ISO 37120 is the first set of standardised indicators to measure sustainable development of cities globally.This framework aims to assess the performance of cities and measure their progress over time.7 The standardised indicators also support cities to draw comparative lessons between each other.Cities can obtain different levels of certification(from aspirational to platinum)based on the number of indicators reported and verified according to ISO 37120.8 The framework places emphasis on three areas in the ASUS framework:quality environment(36 percent of indicators),health&well-being(20 percent of indicators)and built infrastructure(16 percent of indicators).Indicators included in the framework 4 Urban green growth in dynamic Asia,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,2016.5 Ibid.6 Urban Indicators for Managing Cities,Asian Development Bank,2001.7 ISO 37120 briefing note:the first ISO International Standard on city indicators,International Organisation for Standardisation,2014.8 World Council on City Data,Created by Cities,for Cities,2014.14ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyrequire detailed data.For example,indicators include the number of fire related deaths,and availability of primary,secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment.To date,only two Southeast Asian cities(Hai Phong,Viet Nam and Makati,Philippines)have been certified.UN Habitat IIIs City Prosperity Index(CPI)Initiative.The CPI Initiative is a set of indicators developed by UN Habitat to measure urbanisation and progress towards meeting the goals set in the 2030 Development Agenda and the New Urban Agenda.9 The CPI has similar focus areas to that of the WCCD ISO 37120 framework;over 36 percent of indicators measure performance in built infrastructure;16 percent in quality environment;and 16 percent in health&well-being.However,while the number of participating cities is large globally(400 in total),the CPI has limited reach in Southeast Asia-only four cities(Jakarta,Bangkok,Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City)have provided data for this initiative.10II.KEY URBANISATION TRENDS IN ASEAN An important starting point when trying to understand how to promote sustainable urbanisation in ASEAN cities is to examine the trends(at the global,regional,sub-regional,national,and sub-national levels)that are shaping urbanisation in the region.Based on a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and extensive consultation with policymakers,urbanisation practitioners and experts,the following eight trends were identified:1)Urbanisation is rising(particularly in middleweight cities);2)Cities are becoming increasingly independent;3)Digital technologies are transforming cities and governments are increasingly turning to technology to manage and monitor their cities;4)Economic growth is neither inclusive nor equally distributed;5)Urban sprawl is creating concerns for congestion,economic efficiency,and cultural heritage;6)The resource footprint of cities is expanding;7)Increasing emphasis is placed on maintaining rule of law,including in relation to new threats such as cyber-security;and 8)Non-communicable diseases are becoming more prevalent amongst urban populations.TREND 1:GROWTH OF URBANISATIONOver the next two decades,nearly all of the worlds net population growth is expected to occur in urban areas,with about 1.4 million people added each week.11 Today,half of the people in ASEAN live in urban areas,i.e.cities,and an additional 70 million more people are forecast to live in cities by 2025(Exhibit 3).129 City Prosperity Initiative,UN Habitat,2014.10 Ibid.11 World Urbanization Prospects:The 2018 Revision,United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division,2018.12 Ibid.15ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyEXHIBIT 3:GROWTH OF URBANISATION IN ASEAN1007774534846343330224710080806055494140332753Brunei DarussalamCambodiaLao PDRViet NamSingaporeThailandMalaysia IndonesiaPhilippinesMyanmarASEAN totalAn additional 70 million people are expected to live in urban areas in ASEAN by 2025Urban share of countrys population,201520251%SOURCE:United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division World Urbanization Prospects 2018;Team analysisThis would add 70 million people to urban areas20152025Increase in urban population,2015-25Million5110.60.10.85.68333.1701.2Growth of urbanisation1Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices.Economic growth is increasingly happening not only in mega-cities such as Jakarta,Manila and Bangkok,but also in middleweight regions,with a population between 500,000 and five million(Exhibit 4).Underpinning this growth of urban areas are three main factors,particularly prevalent for middleweight regions:Cross-border trade and logistics.Given its proximity to India,China,and Japan,ASEAN is well positioned to benefit from all types of global flows.By 2025 more than half of the worlds consuming class will live within a five-hour flight of Myanmar.13 Further supporting this growth are factors such as the ASEAN Economic Community(AEC)with its emphasis on promoting the free flow of goods,services,and investment among the AMS,and major trade deals with other countries outside ASEAN.Cities in middleweight regions which have benefited most are those on major maritime or land transit routes such as Cebu in the Philippines and Johor in Malaysia,as well as regions that benefit from cross-border trade,such as Khon Kaen and Chiang Rai in northern Thailand.Economic clusters.In ASEAN,there are more than 1,600 registered economic clusters(often also referred to as economic zones)of various types.14 Examples include,Export Processing Zones(EPZs),Free Trade Zones(FTZs)and Business Process Outsourcing(BPO)which are flourishing across ASEAN.Most AMS have created Special Economic Zones(SEZ)(which refers to one or more industrial estates,EPZs,FTZs,tourism centres,economic zones and other industrial structures(e.g.a port)in a defined or demarcated 13 Defined as households with more than US$7,500 in annual income(in 2005 purchasing power parity terms).14 ASEAN Investment Report 2017-Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Zones in ASEAN,United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,2017.16ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyareas),over 70 in total as of December 2016.15 Economic clusters have contributed to economic growth by driving exports and attracting Foreign Direct Investment(FDI).For example,in 2016,Cambodia,SEZs accounted for 13.5 percent of national exports,while in the Philippines,(mostly)foreign investment in Philippine Economic Zone Authority-registered economic zones amounted to US$4.6 billion,or 58 percent of total FDI.16 Beyond the Philippines,which has achieved significant growth in BPO,other cities have also been supporting sub-regional growth in ASEAN,including the Batam FTZ(Singapore-Indonesia),the Southern Regional Industrial Estate(Thailand),the Tanjung Emas EPZ(Indonesia),the Port Klang Free Zone(Malaysia),the Thilawa SEZ(Myanmar),and the Than Thuan EPZ(Viet Nam).Satellite region.As the mega-cities of ASEAN become increasingly congested and the cost of living rises,cities in neighbouring regions which are in a commutable distance from these mega-cities are benefiting.These regions,known as satellite regions,include the likes of Bekasi and Tangerang in Indonesia,and Cavite and Bulacan in the Philippines.EXHIBIT 4:ECONOMIC GROWTH BY SIZE OF REGION IN ASEAN Middleweights,not mega regions,are growing the fastest in ASEAN4.2Small Regions300,000 500,0005.0Small Middleweights500,000 1 million4.8Large Middleweights1 million 5 millionTotal5.1Rural RegionsBelow 300,0005.7Mega Regions5 million and above5.032H4336111D88%935.56.95.86.05.56.09742010-20152015-2020#of regions 2015Share of real GDP 2015 Share of Pop.2015Compound annual growth rate of real GDP SOURCE:AlphaBeta ASEAN Economic databaseGrowth of urbanisation TREND 2:INCREASING CITY AUTONOMYDecentralisation refers to the process of conferring a degree of self-government to local authorities.17 In Asia,rapid economic growth coupled with a growing urban middle class has led to increasing demand for additional government services which a centralised form of governance can find difficult to sustain.Consequently,many national governments are increasingly shifting the responsibility of public services to local city governments,granting 15 ASEAN Investment Report 2017-Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Zones in ASEAN,United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,2017.16 Ibid.17 Co-creating the urban future the agenda of metropolises,cities and territories,United Cities and Local Governments,2017.17ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyincreased autonomy.18 If the degree of decentralisation were measured by sub-national governments expenditure as a share of total expenditure,many Asian countries particularly in East Asia exhibit one of the highest levels of decentralisation.19 For example,70 percent of total expenditures are allocated at the sub-national level in China and 45 percent in Viet Nam compared to only 36 percent in Australia and 9 percent in New Zealand.20 This trend is also noticeable in ASEAN where many national governments have endowed local governments with additional authority to manage the needs of their constituents:21 Cambodia.Officials at the communal level are fully responsible for the delivery of public services,including having greater autonomy to decide the types of programmes to be implemented.22 Indonesia.As a result of decentralisation reforms in 2001,local governments are now responsible for issues surrounding health,public works,agriculture,and labour.23 This earned Indonesia the label of fast starter in the World Banks review of decentralisation in Asia.24 In 2017,the World Bank approved a new financing fund,The Regional Infrastructure Development Fund,which allows sub-national governments to borrow funds for investments in infrastructure(e.g.sanitation,water supply,environment infrastructure,affordable housing).25 Lao PDR.As part of the countrys urban development strategy,the government enacted legislation in 2000 which decentralised governance to the sub-national level.District governments were given the autonomy to develop urban development plans,and villages have been given an expanded role of implementing these plans.26 Malaysia.While most administrative functions are centralised in Malaysia,there has been increasing autonomy for state-level governments particularly in Sabah and Sarawak.In recent years,local governments in these two states have been given increasing control over their revenues and administrative processes(e.g.education).27 Myanmar.Since 2011,partially elected parliaments have been functioning in each region of Myanmar.These officials have partial control over budget allocations and service provision.Greater decision-making powers have also been granted to township authorities.28 Philippines.The Local Government Code of 1991 transformed local governments into self-reliant communities and active partners in nation building.The code also endowed local government units with fiscal autonomy to decide on their budgets.29 Thailand.Since the revision of the countrys decentralisation act in 2003,local governments have become responsible for the delivery of services including infrastructure,18 Decentralization and local democracy in the world,World Bank,2008;and Kioe Sheng Yap,Good Urban Governance in Southeast Asia,Environment and Urbanization Asia,2010.19 Fiscal Decentralization in Asia:Challenges and Opportunities,Asian Development Bank,2011.20 Ibid.21 Singapore and Brunei Darussalam were not included in this analysis as the former is a city-state.The majority of the population in Brunei Darussalam live in its capital.22 The Rules of the Intergovernmental Game in East Asia:Decentralisation Frameworks and Processes,World Bank,2005.23 Hutchinson,(De)centralization and the missing middle in Indonesia and Malaysia,ISEAS Economics Working Paper,2015.24 Ibid.25 World Bank Approves New Financing to Support Infrastructure Development across Indonesia,World Bank,2017.26 Urban Development Sector Assessment,Strategy,and Road Map,Asian Development Bank,2012.27 Honouring Sabahs rights in MA63,New Straits Times,2018.28 Fiscal decentralisation and national reconciliation in Myanmar,International Growth Centre,2016.29 Fiscal Decentralisation in the Philippines Asian Development Bank,2012.18ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyhealth and hygiene,education,economic productivity,culture and nature,and security and safety of the community.30 Viet Nam.Administrative reforms since 1986 have handed over regulatory control to sub-national governments.31 By the mid-2000s,state budget,investment,land and resource management and planning management,and public services were under the purview of sub-national government agencies.32 As a result of decentralisation and increasing autonomy of cities,there has been greater emphasis on promoting city networks with a view of directly engaging city leaders as the main stakeholders.The ASEAN Mayors Forum33,the ASEAN Initiative on Environmentally Sustainable Cities(AIESC)34,and the recently announced ASCN,are just some programmes that focus on engaging cities directly.TREND 3:EMERGENCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES TO TRANSFORM CITIESThe impact of digital technologies is significant across ASEAN.According to the McKinsey Global Institute(MGI),disruptive technologies(particularly Mobile Internet,big data,cloud technology,the Internet of Things,and the automation of knowledge work),have the potential to generate between US$220-US$625 billion in annual economic impact in ASEAN by 2030.35 On the downside,such technologies are estimated to potentially displace 12-17 million non-farm jobs in ASEAN from 2015 to 2030.36 Cities are typically at the frontier of new technology adoption given that their economies of scale allow providers to pilot new technology cost effectively(e.g.rolling out of fibre wire broadband or mobile data networks is more cost effective in dense population centres due to high fixed infrastructure costs).Past research has identified several major business opportunities linked to technology being applied to sustainability issues in cities;for Asia combined,the biggest opportunities include affordable housing(US$1 trillion),energy efficiency in buildings(US$770 billion),and electric and hybrid vehicles(US$320 billion).37Local governments are increasingly leveraging technologies.As cities get larger and more populous,previous operating processes especially manual delivery and monitoring of city services are no longer administratively or financially feasible.Governments are starting to recognise the role of information and communications technology to meet the needs of urban residents in an economical and socially inclusive manner.38 Several technological innovations have been widely adopted by ASEAN cities:Cloud computing.Cloud computing,which refers to the provision of remote computing power as a service,offers city governments a significant opportunity to reduce cost and optimise city services.Cloud computing could hold the potential to tackle key challenges in ASEAN cities,such as congestion(discussed later in this chapter).For example,Alicloud announced that it will be working with the city of Kuala Lumpur to deploy City 30 Huttaya Poodee,Decentralization and Local Economic Development:Case of Northeast,Thailand,Graduate School of Public Policy,University of Tokyo,2015.31 Anh Vu Thanh Tu,Vietnam:Decentralization Amidst Fragmentation,Journal of Southeast Asian Economics,2016.32 Ibid.33 Information available at:http:/ Information available at:http:/environment.asean.org/awgesc/35 Southeast Asia at the crossroads:Three paths to prosperity,McKinsey Global Institute,2014.36 No Ordinary Disruption:The Forces Reshaping Asia,McKinsey Global Institute,2015.37 Valuing the SDG prize in cities,Business&Sustainable Development Commission,2017.38 Sustainable Urbanisation,Booz&Company,2010.19ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyBrain,a cloud-based traffic management system.The system will support municipal officials to make live traffic predictions,optimise traffic flow and detect traffic incidents.39 Internet of Things(IoT).IoT refers to networks of sensors and actuators embedded in machines and other physical objects that connect with one another and the Internet.Open standard protocols(e.g.HTTP and IP)are allowing previously siloed datasets to be used in tandem with each other.This supports better monitoring of cities.IoT spending in the region is expected to grow by 34 percent annually,from an estimated US$10 billion in 2014 to US$58 billion by 2020.40 IoT has been applied across a range of applications in ASEAN cities,including waste management,detection of water leakage,and efficient public transportation.For example,Thailands water authority has implemented a state-of-the-art system to monitor and consolidate data across all of its regional water systems to track supply,losses,customer use,and water levels during flooding.It relies on IoT to capture real-time data and uses big data analytics to synthesize the information and shape their responses in real-time.41 In Singapore,dynamic electronic road pricing makes use of Radio-frequency Identification(RFID)technology to identify bottlenecks and raise congestion pricing for vehicles.42 Open data.Open data refers to data that is freely and publicly accessible(i.e.a wide range of users is permitted to access the data),machine readable(i.e.the data can be processed automatically),low cost(i.e.data can be accessed free or at negligible cost),and flexible(i.e.limitations on the use,transformation,and distribution of data are minimal).Open data has generated a great deal of excitement around the world for its potential to empower citizens,change how government works,and improve the delivery of public services.At a global level,open data can help unlock US$3-US$5 trillion in economic value annually across seven sectors.43 AMS are actively providing open data portals;at present,Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand and Viet Nam have portals with several thousand indicators and datasets.Some cities including Bandar Aceh,Bandung and Jakarta have also launched their own separate open data portals.44 The Open Data for Resilience Initiative trains stakeholders to use open data to understand the status of existing infrastructure and demographics to adapt to climate change mitigate flood risk.45 Urban communities have a crucial role to play in collecting,building,refreshing and disseminating open data.Big data analytics.Big data refers to data sets of a size beyond the ability for a typical database software tools to capture,store,manage,and analyse.46 By 2020 an estimated 1.7 megabytes of information will be created per second for every human on the planet.47 ASEAN cities are harnessing these datasets and analytics to improve the efficiency of city operations and public services.For example,the World Bank worked with the Philippine government to develop an open-source platform which collected and analysed traffic speed data from taxi drivers in Cebu to optimise traffic flows in the city.This programme has been expanded to other ASEAN cities through partnerships with ride-sharing company,GrabTaxi.48 Cities across ASEAN are also examining ways to 39 Alibaba is reshaping city traffic with artificial intelligence,Quartz,2018.40 Rapid growth of connected devices expected to drive adoption of Internet of Things(IoT)in Asia Pacific,Frost&Sullivan,2014.41 Thailands water authority to join up all data across three provinces,FutureGov,2014 and,AGT International helps Hydro&Agro Informatics Institute of Thailand develop advanced flood management system,AGT International,2012.42 See Singapore Land Transport Authority website and Ministry of Transport website.43 Open data:Unlocking innovation and performance with liquid information,McKinsey Global Institute,2013.44 Bhunia,Priyankar,Brief look at Open Government Data in 6 ASEAN Countries,2017.45 Information available at:https:/opendri.org/46 This incorporates a moving definition of how big a data set needs to be in order to be considered big data a number that varies by sector,depending on what software tools and sizes of data sets are common in an industry,and over time as technology advances.See Big data:The next frontier for innovation,competition,and productivity,McKinsey Global Institute,June 2011.47 Big Data:20 Mind-Boggling Facts Everyone Must Read,Forbes,2015.48 Open Traffic Data to Revolutionise Transport,World Bank,201620ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyuse consumption data to develop smart electricity grids which improve the reliability and distribution of electricity.49Exhibit 5 provides some additional,country specific examples of how ASEAN governments are integrating digital technologies across their cities.EXHIBIT 5:EXAMPLES OF CITY LEVEL APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ASEAN Governments across Southeast Asia are integrating digital technologies across their cities SOURCE:Desktop research;Team analysisEmergence of digital technologiesCountryCity City level actionsBandar Seri Begawan,Brunei DarussalamWorking with Ericsson to pilot 5G and IoT with full deployment expected by 2021 Phnom Penh,CambodiaICT Federation of Cambodia is constructing a SMART town near Phnom Penh.The new town will make use of ICT in various aspects in order to boost performance and convenience,optimise resource consumption,and actively connect with citizens Jakarta,IndonesiaJakarta Smart City program aims to transform Jakarta into a more transparent and liveable city.Recently the local government introduced a programme developed by QLUE to receive and process complaints from the public as well as to monitor the work of civil servantsVientiane,Lao PDRIntroduced connected CCTV system and connected household electricity meter system in VientianeKuala Lumpur,MalaysiaMalaysia Digital Economy Corporation has promoted IoT through a partnership with LoRa alliance to improve low-power Wide Area Network(WAN)in the Klang valleyYangon,MyanmarIntroduced the Yangon Payment System in 2017 which will standardise payment methods on public transport.The card system will help Yangon Region Transport Authority to ensure better bus services for the publicClark City,PhilippinesClark Green City is being developed as a smart city;aside from spatial planning,the city is in the midst of developing disaster resilience mechanisms SingaporeSingapores Smart Nation initiative includes plans to develop a national digital identity,e-payments,Smart Nation Sensor platforms,Smart urban mobility,and bundling of digital government servicesPhuket,ThailandPhuket has been designated to be part of Thailands Smart Cities programme;Some of the projects underway include smart transportation systems,smart surveillance systems,and a big data operations centre Da Nang,Viet NamDa Nang aims to be the first smart city of Vietnam by 2025,and has collaborated with IBM in their“IBM Smarter Cities”programme to develop smart city infrastructure to address issues such as air control,water management,waste management,energy,and disaster warningTREND 4:INEQUALITY AND NON-INCLUSIVE GROWTHWhile cities have been engines of growth,the benefits of this growth have not been shared equitably.In many Asian cities,including in Southeast Asia,income inequality has risen and is often higher than in rural areas.50 For example,a recent ADB report found that urban inequality has been consistently higher than rural inequality in Indonesia for the past 30 years(1990-2010).51 This is not limited to only large cities,several middleweight cities have a higher level of inequality than their capitals.For example,the Gini-coefficient in secondary cities like Chiang Mai(0.58)and Davao City(0.44)are higher than their respective capitals,Bangkok(0.48)and Manila(0.40).52 The prevalence of urban poverty and inequality has several implications for cities in ASEAN:49 Nuaimi et.al.,Applications of Big Data to Smart Cities,Journal of Internet Services and Applications,2015.50 The State of Asian Cities,United Nations Habitat,2010.51 Inequality in Asia and the Pacific:Trends,Drivers,and Policy Implications,Asian Development Bank,2014.52 Urban Poverty in Asia,Asian Development Bank,2014.The Gini coefficient is a conventional measure for assessing inequalities in a given city/country.A higher coefficient indicates a wider disparity between income groups and a lower coefficient indicates a lower income disparity between income groups within the population.21ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy Spread of slums and informal settlements.As a result of rapid rural migration,local governments can struggle with supplying sufficient infrastructure,housing and public services resulting in financial and access problems for urban migrants.53 This has resulted in the expansion of slums and/or informal settlements in and around cities.According to the World Bank,the Asia-Pacific(APAC)region has the largest slum populations in the world at 250 million people.54 In ASEAN,between 22-55 percent of the urban population live in slums(Exhibit 6).As a result of these informal settlements,the urban poor often do not have access to water and sanitation with almost 27 percent of people in ASEAN not having access to improved sanitation facilities.55 Aside from the prevalence of water borne diseases(e.g.cholera,typhoid),studies have shown that health outcomes associated with such living conditions lead to high infant and child mortality rates.56EXHIBIT 6:URBAN SLUM POPULATION IN ASEAN Proportion of urban population living in slums(2014)1%The urban slum population in several ASEAN Member States is higher than the developing world average 21222527303139415556Latin America averageIndonesiaMyanmarCambodiaSub-Saharan Africa averageThailandViet NamDeveloping world averageLao PDRPhilippinesASEAN Member States1 Data for Singapore,Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam were not reported by UN Habitat.SOURCE:UN Habitat;Team analysis Inequality and non-inclusive growth Informal employment.The urban poor also hold inadequate and unstable sources of income.The share of informal jobs as percentage of employment across sectors lies at over 70 percent in Viet Nam,over 80 percent in Indonesia and Myanmar,and over 90 percent in Cambodia.57 A large majority of the work has a high risk of injury which could prevent them from earning an income.This situation is compounded by gender discrimination in labour markets.58 Financial exclusion.According to the World Bank,financial inclusion in ASEAN is approximately 50 percent of the population much lower than the APAC average of 53 Urbanisation,ruralurban migration and urban poverty,International Institute for Environment and Development,2015.54 East Asia,Pacific have most slum dwellers,The Straits Times,2017.55 ASEAN Social Progress,ASEAN Statistics Office,2017.56 Health and health-related indicators in slum,rural,and urban communities:a comparative analysis,Global Health Action,2016.57 Based on latest available figures reported in World Employment and Social Outlook:Trends 2018,ILO,2018.58 Urbanisation,ruralurban migration and urban poverty,International Institute for Environment and Development,2015.22ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy70 percent.59 There are potential upsides from increasing financial inclusion.Based on 2014 estimates,according to the MGI,MSMEs and individuals in emerging South East Asia,had the opportunity to obtain US$295 billion in new loans from leveraging digital financial services to their full potential.60 Further,leakages in public spending and payment collection emerging South East Asia could be reduced by US$10 billion.Gender inequality.Many women in ASEAN cities work in low paid and insecure jobs in the informal sector.61 Women also face gaps in terms of access to financial services.In Southeast Asia,the MGI estimates that 49 percent of women are excluded from financial services,increasing their risk of falling below the poverty line.62TREND 5:CONGESTION DRIVEN BY URBAN SPRAWLRapid urbanisation in ASEAN has led to a large share of urban growth involving unplanned,unstructured expansion,with high rates of car use.The uncontrolled expansion of urban development is characterised by low density,segregated land use and insufficient infrastructure,i.e.urban sprawl.While many AMS have advanced legislation on regional planning designed to limit urban sprawl,the implementation of these laws is challenging due to rapid growth and poor enforcement mechanisms.63 Loose land use controls bring about several challenges such as the risk of destruction of cultural heritage in cities.In a speech in 1995,Singapores founding father,Lee Kuan Yew,reflected:In our rush to rebuild Singapore,we knocked down many old and quaint Singapore buildings.Then we realised we were destroying a valuable part of our cultural heritage.64 One of the major implications of urban sprawl is that it can lead to insufficient supply of public transport infrastructure.As a result,a substantial proportion of people in ASEAN cities rely on personal vehicles to commute.Recent research found that passenger car sales in ASEAN outpaced all other regions in the world,growing at an estimated 8 percent in 2017.65 This growth was close to 19 percent in Cambodia,the Philippines,and Viet Nam.66 However,the surge in the number of cars has not been met with adequate transport infrastructure,leading to growing congestion woes in ASEAN.The average number of hours that a commuter spends in traffic per annum in Bangkok and Jakarta is estimated to be 64 and 63 hours respectively.67 Congestion is also affecting smaller cities like Bandung and Chiang Mai,which are now experiencing longer commuting times.There is a significant economic cost to this.The ADB estimates that road congestion costs Asian economies 2-5 percent of their gross domestic product(GDP)every year due to lost time and higher transport cost.68 For example,total time-related cost of commuting in Indonesian cities is currently estimated at IDR 498 trillion(US$37 billion)per year and could increase by over 41 percent in 2020.69 New business models supported by technology can help alleviate the 59 Financial Inclusion in ASEAN-Presentation for the ASEAN Working Group on Financial Inclusion,World Bank,2016.60 Digital Finance for All:Powering Inclusive Growth in Emerging Economies,McKinsey Global Institute,2016.61 Urban poverty in Asia,Asian Development Bank,2015.62 Anu Madgavkar,Power of parity:Gender equality across ASEAN,The Straits Times,2017;and The power of parity:How advancing womens equality can add$12 trillion to global growth,McKinsey Global Institute,2015.63 Sustainable urban infrastructure transitions in the ASEAN region:a resource perspective,United Nation Environment Programme,2018.64 Speech by the Senior Minister at the world travel and tourism councils dinner on Monday 13 March 1995 at the Shangri-La hotel,National Archives,2013.65 Booming Southeast Asian vehicle sales drive urban congestion,Nikkei Asian Review,2017.66 Ibid.67 Global Traffic Scorecard 2017,INRIX,2017.68 Urban Transport,Asian Development Bank.Accessed:https:/www.adb.org/sectors/transport/key-priorities/urban-transport 69 Rethinking urban mobility in Indonesia,AlphaBeta,2017.23ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategycongestion challenge.For example,shared mobility solutions are estimated to potentially reduce travel times by 10 percent on average across Indonesian cities.70TREND 6:INCREASING RESOURCE FOOTPRINT OF CITIESAnother trend in urbanisation in ASEAN and globally has been the increasing resource footprint of cities.It is estimated that by 2025,the amount of waste volume from AMS will increase by 150 percent from 1995 levels.71 Cities occupy only 3 percent of the worlds land but consume 75 percent of natural resources,producing 50 percent of all waste and up to 80 percent of all greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.72 Urbanisation could annually consume an estimated two million hectares of land globally(equivalent to four times the size of the island of Bali)with about three-quarters of that being agricultural land.73 Some of the implications include:Greenhouse gases(GHG).According to the International Energy Agency(IEA),GHG emissions in Asia(excluding China)increased by 210 percent between 1990 to 2015.74 In the case of ASEAN,while the urban population has grown by around 3 percent annually,the rate of carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions have increased by 6.1 percent annually.75 This has been spurred by urban consumption of energy in transport and residential activities.76 Energy demand in ASEAN is expected to increase even further from 427-653 million tonnes of oil equivalent(MTOE)by 2025.77 Moreover,while AMS have made commitments to have 23 percent share of its energy demands supplied by renewable energy,the current share was only 13.6 percent in 2015.78 It is estimated that US$17 billion in investments will be needed annually in order for ASEAN to achieve its 2025 targets.79 Waste management.According to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(UNESCAP),waste generation in the APAC region will more than double,from 1 million tonnes per day in 2012 to around 2.5 million tonnes per day by 2025.80 Combining this with the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)estimate of per capita Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)generation in ASEAN,which is 1.14 kg per capita per day,means ASEAN is generating at least four times the APAC average of waste per person per day.81 Further,5 AMS are ranked amongst the top 20 countries by mass of mismanaged plastic waste in 2010,contributing around 28 percent of global annual plastic marine debris.82 There are financial burdens that result from this,at present,cities are spending between 20-30 percent of their citys budget on waste collection and management.83 Moreover,even though a large portion of a citys budget is spent on waste management,recycling rates are low.For example,in Quy Nhon(Viet 70 Rethinking urban mobility in Indonesia,AlphaBeta,2017.71 Report of ASEAN regional assessment of MDG achievement&post-2015.United Nations Development Programme,2015.72 Urbanization and sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific:linkages and policy implications,United Nations(UN)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,2016.73 Shlomo Angel,Stephen C.Sheppard,and Daniel L.Civco,The dynamics of global urban expansion,World Bank,2005.74 International Energy Agency,The Climate Change-Energy Challenge,2017.75 The effects of urbanization on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in ASEAN countries:Decomposition analysis,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,2017.76 Ibid.77 The 5th ASEAN Energy Outlook(2015-2040),ASEAN Secretariat,2017.78 Ibid.79 Ibid.80 Waste in Asia:Valuing waste,transforming cities,United Nations(UN)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,2015.81 Waste Management in ASEAN Countries,United Nations Environment Programme,2017.82 Jambeck et al.,Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean,Science,2015.83 Waste in Asia:Valuing waste,transforming cities,United Nations(UN)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,2015.24ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyNam),the city only has the capacity to convert 1 percent of its waste generated daily.84 Even Singapore,a leading city in waste management,only recycles 61 percent of its waste.85 Climate change.Many Asian cities are also highly exposed to natural disasters and environmental concerns,particularly rising sea levels as a result of climate change.Climate Central identified that four in five people living in areas that will eventually be flooded at 3 degrees Celsius of global warming,because of rising sea-levels,live in Asia.86 Cities in ASEAN are particularly at risk.For instance,Jakarta is sinking faster than any other major city on the planet.87TREND 7:EMERGENCE OF NEW PRIORITIES SURROUNDING CRIME AND THE RULE OF LAWRule of law refers to a principle of governance in which people and public institutions are accountable under clearly publicised laws.88 Weak rule of law has been identified by the UN as one of the major threats to social and economic growth as well as the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals.89 Key to ensuring a strong rule of law is ensuring a reliable and transparent judiciary,and effective public administration to regulate and enforce laws.90 A 2013 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC)study on transnational organised crime in East Asia and the Pacific estimated that the value of crime flows in the region was US$90 billion annually.Urbanised areas are particularly at risk due to high income inequality and poverty both factors have been linked to higher robbery and homicide rates.91 For example,a study of crime in Malaysia found that crime rates per capita were higher in dense,urbanised areas(like Kuala Lumpur,Johor,Penang)than in less dense ones(e.g.Sabah).92 The threat of crime reducing rule of law is compounded by the threat of terrorism in the region.This adds additional challenges to ensure safety in densely populated areas.This task will become even more daunting as another 70 million people are expected to move into urban areas by 2025.Cities in ASEAN are stepping up efforts to address this concern by increasing the number of police officers,and cooperation on trans-national crime and terrorism.93 Rapid digitisation in cities has increased the threat of cyber-security crimes.These crimes tend to target the confidentiality,integrity,and availability of data,and exacerbates traditional trans-border crimes,such as human trafficking,drug dealing,and piracy.There have been several instances of cyber-attacks in various AMS.For example,in 2017,personal data of 850 account holders were stolen from the Singapores Ministry of Defences online database.94 Similarly,68 Philippine government websites were hacked simultaneously in 2016.95A 84 Waste in Asia:Valuing waste,transforming cities,United Nations(UN)Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific,2015.85 See National Environment Agency of Singapore website for more information.86 The three-degree world:The cities that will be drowned by global warming,The Guardian,2017.87 Jakarta Is Sinking So Fast,It Could End Up Underwater,New York Times,2017.88 What is the Rule of Law?,World Justice Project,2015.89 Remarks at the Bangkok Dialogue on the Rule of Law:Investing in the Rule of Law,Justice and Security for the Post 2015 Development Agenda,United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,2013.90 Ibid.91 Crime,Violence,and Inequitable Development,World Bank,2000.92 Mazlan Bin and Che Soh,Crime and Urbanization:Revisited Malaysian Case,Social and Behaviour Science,2012.93 What did ASEAN latest transnational crime meeting achieve,The Diplomat,2017;Philippine police raising budget to deal with crime fears,The Straits Times,2015;and Malaysia steps up security to combat terror threats,Today,2017.94 Cyber-risk in Asia Pacific:The case for greater transparency,Marsh&McLennan,2017.95 Ibid.25ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategyrecent report by Microsoft found that the Asia Pacific region was among the most vulnerable to malware threats,with encounter rates(i.e.the percentage of computers running Microsoft real-time security products that report a malware encounter)across ASEAN were twice the global average.96 Furthermore,most people in the region are not fully aware of cyber-risks a recent survey found that 78 percent of internet users in Southeast Asia have not received any formal education on cyber-security.97TREND 8:EMERGENCE OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASESAs highlighted in Trend 6,cities are the primary driver of GHG emissions.Emissions from industrial activity and transportation also have a profound impact on the health of the people living in cities.Urban air pollution is projected to become the top environmental cause of premature mortality by 2050.98 Due to manufacturing and other industrial activities,Asian countries have some of the highest reported concentrations of air pollutants like PM2.5 and PM10,ozone,sulphur dioxide.99 According to the World Health Organization(WHO)Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,Southeast Asia had the highest urban ambient air pollution levels worldwide in 2016,with annual mean levels often exceeding 5-10 times WHO limits.100 Prolonged exposure to these pollutants has been linked to illnesses such as cancer,asthma and bronchitis.The change in lifestyle in urban living has also affected the health of the urban population.Cities suffer from a rising proportion of adults with obesity and elevated stress levels:Obesity.The prevalence of obesity in cities is three to four times the rate in rural areas and has been attributed to changes in diets and lack of exercise.101 Obesity has been associated with many non-communicable diseases,including colorectal cancer,type 2 diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease and stroke.In Southeast Asia,the growth in urban living has also increased the incidence rate of obesity across the region.For instance,those living in an urban environment in Malaysia or the Philippines are 1.29 times more likely to suffer from obesity,relative to someone living in a rural environment.102 Similarly,people living in an urban environment in Viet Nam and Lao PDR were 3.36 times more likely to be obese,relative to those living in rural areas.Aside from ailing health,obesity drains government resources;it is estimated that ASEAN governments spend as much as 19 percent of healthcare spending to combat the prevalence of obesity.103 Urban stress.Even though healthcare services and socioeconomic conditions are generally better in cities than in rural areas,research has shown that people in cities suffer from more stress reducing their quality of life.104 Social stress is derived from a range of factors,including income disparities,noise,pollution and living in densely populated areas,and leads to several disorders including anxiety and depression.These disorders have been shown to be more prevalent among urban adults than those living in rural areas.96 Asia Pacific countries among the most vulnerable to malware threats,Microsoft,2017.97 Cyber-risk in Asia Pacific:The case for greater transparency,Marsh&McLennan,2017.98 Green Growth Cities:Conceptual Frameworks,Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,2014.99 Ibid.100 WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,World Health Organization,2016.101 How the world could better fight obesity,McKinsey Global Institute,November 2014.102 Tackling obesity in ASEAN Prevalence,impact,and guidance on interventions,Economist Intelligence Unit,2017.103 Ibid.104 Srivastava Kalpana,Urbanization and mental health,Industrial Psychiatry Journal,2009.26ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyIII.IMPLICATIONS ON SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION FOR CITIES IN ASEANThe trends identified have several implications for sustainable urbanisation across cities in ASEAN based on the six areas of the ASUS framework(Exhibit 7).EXHIBIT 7:ALIGNMENT OF URBANISATION TRENDS AND 6 AREAS OF SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION IN ASEAN These trends have varying degrees of impact on the areas of sustainable urbanisationSustainable urbanisation areas Key trends Civic&socialHealth&well-beingSecurityQuality environmentBuilt infra-structureIndustry&innovation1.Growth of urbanisation2.Increasing city autonomy3.Technology adoption4.Inequality and non-inclusive growth5.Congestion driven by urban sprawl6.Increasing resource footprint of cities7.New priorities surrounding crime and the rule of law8.Emergence of non-communicable diseasesSOURCE:UN Habitat;Team analysis1.Areas were scored high if half or more of the sub-areas were affected by the trend,and not high if less than half of the sub-areas were affected.The impact on each sub-area was based on expert interviews and academic literature.Impact1HighNot high Civic&social.Continued urbanisation coupled with increasing autonomy of the local government increases pressure to manage social cohesion and address income inequality between recent migrants and existing city residents.Technological innovation creates an opportunity for cities to design programmes that could better target and deliver support to marginalised groups e.g.conditional cash transfers programmes through mobile wallets.105 The rapid expansion of cities has also added additional pressure for local governments to preserve their cultural and heritage sites which could be a boost for tourism.Health&well-being.Rapid urbanisation adds strain on the existing healthcare infrastructure in cities.Ensuring that healthcare facilities are adequate and well-spaced are some of the key challenges to manage additional health risks(i.e.obesity and stress),city population growth,and the geographical expansion of cities.Security.Increasing risks to maintaining the rule of law(such as cyber-security)will place additional demands on local governments and in many cases,will require new skillsets.105 Nuaimi et.al.,Applications of Big Data to Smart Cities,Journal of Internet Services and Applications,2015.27ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy Quality environment.The increasing environmental footprint of cities coupled with mounting health concerns increases the pressure for local governments to explore mechanisms and processes to maintain a cleaner environment through better management of air and water pollution(e.g.through stricter emissions codes and emissions monitoring system)and infrastructure to treat solid and liquid waste(e.g.increasing the number of sanitation facilities and landfills).106 Technological innovations,including wireless sensing,could also provide new solutions for governments to better manage their waste(e.g.using wireless sensors to monitor the level of waste in bins)and deliver access of utilities for a larger share of the citys population.107 Built infrastructure.Rapid population growth in cities will increase the importance for cities to have better planning and land-use allocation,i.e.ensuring that informal settlements do not expand further and that green spaces are maintained.There is also an opportunity for local governments to leapfrog development phases through technological innovations in urban planning(such as Geographic Information Systems planning)which help governments develop more precise spatial mapping of their cities to reduce urban sprawl and congestion woes(e.g.Aliclouds City Brain).Industry&innovation.The economic growth of cities has led to rising inequality and marginalisation of some groups in society.There is an opportunity for governments to address this through supporting entrepreneurship(among other levers).This is particularly important since over 96 percent of all enterprises in ASEAN are Micro Small and Medium Enterprises(MSMEs)and hire over 68 percent of all working adults across the region.108 Concerns over inequitable economic growth also increases pressure to enhance the workforce to promote quality employment and ensure that the skills of the workforce remain relevant.106 Yuen Belinda and Leong Kong,Climate Change and Urban Planning in Southeast Asia,Fifth Urban Research Symposium,2009.107 Omar et al.,Implementation of spatial smart waste management system in Malaysia,Earth and Environmental Sciences,2016.108 Asia SME Finance Monitor,Asian Development Bank,2014.28ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy2.STOCKTAKE OF EXISTING ACTIONS IN ASEAN TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION30ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy31ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy2.STOCKTAKE OF EXISTING ACTIONS IN ASEAN TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE URBANISATIONA comprehensive assessment of the different actions supporting urbanisation across ASEAN was conducted,drawing on extensive desktop research,analysis of Dialogue Partners and other External Partners(DPs and OEPs)and Multilateral Development Bank programmes,existing city-based networks,and interviews with key stakeholders.109 The analysis examined the focus of existing actions,the lessons learnt from their experiences to date(e.g.barriers to impact),and the opportunities to build on their efforts in the ASUS(e.g.expanding existing network coverage of cities,or topic coverage).I.EXISTING SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION ACTIONS IN ASEANSustainable urbanisation actions in ASEAN can be classified based on their geographical coverage and the sustainable urbanisation areas covered.In terms of geographical coverage,existing actions can be classified into five broad groups(see Exhibit 8 for some examples):Global/Asia:The project,programme or initiative is being implemented at a global or Asia/APAC level,meaning several cities across the globe or region are participating in it,applying the same approaches or using the same technical assistance.For example,the SWITCH-in Asia programme led by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO),aims to design sustainable concepts to manage water in many cities across Asia,including in Cambodia,Indonesia,Philippines,and Viet Nam by carrying out research,constructing demonstration sites,and building capacity and awareness.110 ASEAN:The project,programme or initiative is being implemented at an ASEAN level,meaning either it is an ASEAN-led initiative,such as the ASEAN Initiative on Environmentally Sustainable Cities(AIESC),or a multilateral effort with the same partner organisation that targets a sizeable number of ASEAN Member States(AMS)or cities across ASEAN,utilising similar approaches and technical assistance,such as the Australia-Asia Programme to Combat Trafficking in Persons.Sub-regional:Projects,programmes or initiatives are classified as sub-regional if their efforts are limited to ASEAN,but only focus on a subset of AMS.For example,the Green Cities Initiative for the Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area(BIMP-EAGA)111,is classified under sub-regional,being active in all four countries of the sub-region,and all areas of sustainable urbanisation except for health&well-being and security the action has a wide scope,aiming to achieve smart,green and liveable cities and attain sustainable urban development through the adoption of Green City Action Plans.112109 Actions refers to the various urban-focused initiatives,programmes,and projects that have been implemented,or are in the process of implementation across ASEAN cities.110 See SWITCH-in-Asia:Sustainable Water Management in Asian Cities website for additional information.111 BIMP-EAGA stands for The Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Philippines-East ASEAN Growth Area.112 The Green Cities initiative for BIMP-EAGA,Asian Development Bank,2016.32ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy National:Projects,programmes or initiatives coordinated at the national government level(i.e.national ministries),unique to an individual AMS and covers multiple cities.For example,the World Bank and Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank(AIIB)support the National Slum Upgrading Project(KOTAKU)in Indonesia which improves access to urban infrastructure and services in targeted slums.Sub-national:Projects,programmes or initiatives are classified as sub-national if their efforts are limited to one AMS but are either locally administered(i.e.not by national agencies),and/or are exclusive to a subset of cities in that country.For example,the Sunway Smart and Low Carbon Township action is classified as a sub-national action,since it is carried out only in Sunway City,Kuala Lumpur.113 EXHIBIT 8:EXAMPLES OF EXISTING ACTIONS AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LEVELS IN ASEAN Actions with relevance to sustainable urbanisation in ASEAN operate at 5 different geographical levelsSOURCE:Desk Research;Team analysisLevelExamples of existing actionsASEAN Member States/Cities involvedGlobal/AsiaGlobal Platform for Sustainable CitiesMalaysia(Melaka);Viet Nam(Ha Giang,Hue and Vinh Yen)OECD Green Cities ProgrammePhilippines(Cebu);Viet Nam(Hai Phong);Indonesia(Bandung);Malaysia(Iskandar);Thailand(Bangkok)ASEANASEAN Smart Cities NetworkAll ASEAN Member StatesASEAN Environmental Sustainable Cities Model Cities Programme41 cities across Malaysia,Indonesia,Thailand,Philippines,Lao PDR,Viet Nam,Cambodia,and MyanmarASEAN-GIZ Cities,Environment and Transport ASEAN-wide with a focus in Indonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Thailand,and Viet NamSub-regionalIMT-GT Green Cities initiativePilot cities in Malaysia,Indonesia,ThailandThe Green Cities Initiative for BIMP-EAGAPilot cities in Brunei Darussalam,Indonesia,Malaysia,PhilippinesNationalSustainable spatial planningBrunei DarussalamUNDP-UNEP Poverty Environment InitiativeLao PDRSolar Nova and Floating Solar PlatformsSingaporeIndonesias Smart City Index98 cities in IndonesiaSub-nationalCambodia-GCCI Green Urban ProgrammePhnom Penh,CambodiaBandung Citys low-carbon city planBandung,IndonesiaHeritage Green SpacesYangon,MyanmarGo-Green InitiativeKuala Lumpur,MalaysiaMetro Manila Urban Transport IntegrationManila,PhilippinesZero Baht ShopBangkok,ThailandHai Phong Green Growth Strategy Action PlanHai Phong,Viet NamNON-EXHAUSTIVEExhibit 9 provides a breakdown of these actions by geographical coverage and areas of sustainable urbanisation addressed.113 See Sunway Smart and Low Carbon Township website for additional information.33ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyEXHIBIT 9:BREAKDOWN OF ACTIONS IN ASEAN BY GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE AND AREAS OF SUSTAINABLE URBANISATIONA stocktake reveals opportunities for further implementation at the ASEAN level plus varying focus across areas of sustainable urbanisationSOURCE:Desk research;Team analysis1Over 190 actions were examined across cities in ASEAN.These actions can be categorised into four levels:national/sub-national(e.g.,NewWater programme in Singapore);sub-regional(e.g.,BIMP-EAGA);ASEAN-wide(ASEAN Smart Cities Network);and Global/Asia(e.g.,100 Resilient Cities).2A large number of actions address more than one area and/or area.For example,building monorails in Phuket helps to increase tourism(in Civic&social)and also in mobility(in Built infrastructure).We have counted these actions in both areas to ensure representation.Existing actions by geographical coverage1and sustainable urbanisation areas2666650312610Industry&innovationBuilt infrastructureQuality environmentCivic&socialHealth&well-beingSecurity10%928 percent of actions are implemented at an ASEAN(or Global/Asia)levelGlobal/AsiaASEANNationalSub-regionalSub-nationalPercent of all existing actionsBy geographical coverageBy areasStocktake of actionsThe stocktake reveals that over 70 percent of existing actions currently reside at the national and sub-national level.Only 9 percent of actions are being implemented at an ASEAN and 10 percent at the Global/Asia level.While this reflects a strong impetus to meet sustainable urbanisation needs at a national and/or sub-national level(which might better address the specific needs and national circumstances),it also reveals a potentially large opportunity for more work to be done at the ASEAN level.Actions coordinated at a regional level could support the integration of an ASEAN community and raise awareness of similar sustainable urbanisation challenges faced across the region.The majority of actions have a strong focus on built infrastructure,quality environment,and civic&social,while health&well-being and security receive less attention.Also,when actions are examined by sub-area instead of by area,significant variations between sub-areas are revealed.For example,while 31 percent of actions address issues around industry&innovation,the majority of them are in the sub-area of entrepreneurship&innovation and only 5 percent of actions are in the area of trade and commerce.The following section provides examples of actions happening across the various sub-areas in ASEAN today.In each of the areas of sustainable urbanisation,there are a number of innovative actions currently underway in ASEAN cities.CIVIC&SOCIAL Social cohesion.Actions in this sub-area aim to improve the inclusion and enfranchisement of all groups of the urban population,in particular of women,racial minorities and disenfranchised age groups.As these groups tend to be amongst the 34ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategymost vulnerable,underserved and poorer groups of society,actions in this sub-area tend to overlap with other sub-areas,such as inclusive&equitable growth,housing&home,healthcare,entrepreneurship&innovation and education but distinguish themselves by putting these groups front in centre,addressing their specific situations.Examples include,the Mekong Womens Entrepreneurship Challenge,in Cambodia,Lao PDR,and Viet Nam which tackled barriers associated with the growth and expansion of women-led businesses or the Urban Youth Empowerment and Ecological Safety Project in Phnom Penh which aims to improve youth livelihoods and access to economic opportunities,including access to green jobs through research,training,mentorship and entrepreneurship development.Inclusive&equitable growth.Actions in this sub-area range from conditional cash transfer programmes(e.g.Philippines Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Programme or the Urban Youth Empowerment and Ecological Safety Project by the UNESCO in Cambodia supporting mechanisms that increase access to finance);establishing savings for community groups(e.g.The Viet Nam Land,Services and Citizenship for the Urban Poor);to supporting local engagement in infrastructure development.An example is the Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Urban in Indonesia which utilises small grants to communities for local decision making on development priorities.The action is the largest community-driven development programme in the world covering all urban wards in the country with over 8.1 million beneficiaries.Since its inception 99 percent of urban communities reported having improved access to infrastructure and government services as a result of the action.114 Culture&heritage.Actions in this sub-area include building cultural awareness in the city(as seen by the George Town Festival in Penang)or physically retaining historical parts of the city.For example,Yangon city is working with the Yangon Heritage Trust and UNESCO to develop a Yangon Urban Heritage Conservation Law,zoning plans,and building codes to preserve heritage building across the city.115 Tourism.According to MasterCards Asia Pacific Destination Index 2017,half of the top 20 most visited destinations in APAC saw more than 10 percent growth in international overnight arrivals from 2015 to 2016.116 A large portion of actions focuses on building tourism infrastructure e.g.the introduction of a monorail system in Phuket and various airport expansion projects.117 Actions in this sub-area also include implementing digital innovations to better manage tourist flows.For example,the Mekong Business Initiative is working with local city governments in Cambodia,Lao PDR,Myanmar,and Viet Nam to develop software to better predict and manage the flow of tourists visiting their cities.118 Moreover,some actions have included the redevelopment of parts of the city in order to attract tourists;Da Nang in Viet Nam successfully rehabilitated the citys coastal area to become a popular seaside tourist destination.The citys action has generated over US$660 million in tourist revenue in 2016 alone.The city also earned the title of one of the most beautiful beaches on the planet by Forbes.119114 Indonesia:Evaluation of the Urban Community Driven Development Program,World Bank,2013.115 See Yangon Heritage Trust website for more information 116 MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index,MasterCard,2017.117 The Second National Tourism Development Plan(2017-2021),The Ministry of Tourism and Sports Thailand,2017;Why Singapore Needs Changi Airport Terminal 5 to fly higher,Channel News Asia,2018;Suvarnabhumi gears up for more expansion,Bangkok Post,2016;and Vietnam plans$5.5 bln expansion to double Hanoi airport capacity,Reuters,2016.118 Interview with Dominic Mellor from the Mekong Business Initiative.119 Coastal Tourism in Da Nang,Vietnam:Promoting a Win-win Situation for Achieving Conservation,Economic and Social Goals,ICM Solutions for Sustainable Seas,2016.35ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation StrategyHEALTH&WELL-BEING Housing&home.Actions in this sub-area mostly focus on two channels:upgrading housing or increasing home ownership.An example of the former is Indonesias ambitious US$1.5 billion slum upgrading project(known more commonly as KOTAKU)which aims to provide improved water sources,sanitation,roads,drainage,and regular solid waste collection across 154 cities.120 In the case of the latter,Singapores Housing and Development Board was created in 1960 to address an acute shortage of decent housing.Within two decades,Singapore became the first Asian city free of slums and squatters.121 More than 90 percent of the population today lives in government-subsidised housing designed to ensure access to affordable housing for all income levels,with multiple financing options and grants available to help citizens build wealth through home ownership.122 Healthcare.Actions in this sub-area include capacity training modules like the Japan-ASEAN Health Initiative which aims to provide human resource training for 8,000 people in AMS across a range of topics including promoting healthy lifestyles,preventing diseases,and raising healthcare standards.Other actions focus on improving the accessibility of healthcare services.For example,Makassar Home Care provides 24-hour healthcare in urban areas through a dedicated hotline service and emergency response team which leverages Mobile Internet to deliver rapid and efficient diagnoses to the citys 1.4 million residents.Finally,more large-scale actions include providing universal healthcare nation-wide which may not have a primary urban focus,but the impact of which is most strongly felt in dense population centres.In 2014,the Indonesian government launched Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional,a scheme to implement universal health care in Indonesia.It is expected that spending on healthcare will increase by 12 percent a year and reach US$46 billion a year by 2019.To date 70 percent of Indonesians have been covered.123 Other public services.Actions in this sub-area relate to the delivery other services that improve health and well-being,such as emergency services and nutrition.For example,in September 2016,the Ministry of Education of Education and Training,and the Ministry of Health of Viet Nam introduced the School Milk For Viet Nams Stature programme.The action aims to offer milk to all children in kindergartens and disadvantaged districts in the country by 2020.124 At a sub-national level,Dutch multinational dairy cooperative,Friesland Campina,is working with the local municipal authorities in Ho Chi Minh City to provide education on proper nutrition and other physical activities programme for 65,000 students across 100 schools in the city.125 SECURITY Personal safety&security.This sub-area is focused on actions that safeguard citizens against crime,terrorism,and natural disasters.One such action is Johors community police post initiative which constructed police posts in crime prone areas.As a result of this action,the incidence of crime in these municipalities dropped by 5 percent 120 Indonesia improving infrastructure for millions of urban poor,World Bank,2017.121 Liveable and sustainable cities:A
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a 2022Sustainable Cities towards 2025 and BeyondASEAN SUSTAINABLEURBANISATION REPORT2022Sustainable Cities towards 2025 and BeyondASEAN SUSTAINABLEURBANISATION REPORTivASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportThe Association of Southeast Asian Nations,or ASEAN,was established in Bangkok on 8 August 1967,with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration(Bangkok Declaration)by the Founding Member States of ASEAN:Indonesia,Malaysia,the Philippines,Singapore and Thailand.Brunei Darussalam joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984,followed by Viet Nam on 28 July 1995,the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic and Myanmar on 23 July 1997,and Cambodia on 30 April 1999,making up what is today the 10 Member States of ASEAN.Home to more than 661.8 million people,ASEAN is a region filled with vast opportunities.By connecting ASEAN through the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025(MPAC 2025),ASEAN Connectivity is creating a regional network of people and infrastructure to improve the way they live,work and travel.MPAC 2025,adopted by ASEAN Leaders at the 28th/29th ASEAN Summits in Vientiane,in September 2016,is aimed at achieving a seamlessly and comprehensively connected and integrated ASEAN that will promote competitiveness,inclusiveness and greater sense of community.It comprises 15 initiatives in the following strategic areas:(a)Sustainable Infrastructure;(b)Digital Innovation;(c)Seamless Logistics;(d)Regulatory Excellence;and(e)People Mobility.MPAC 2025 was developed in consultation with the relevant ASEAN Sectoral Bodies and other key stakeholders.The ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)is one of the initiatives under the strategic area of Sustainable Infrastructure of MPAC 2025.It provides ASEAN cities with a sustainable urbanisation framework based on six areas,namely civic and social;health and well-being;security;quality environment;built infrastructure;industry and innovation.ASUS consists of a report focused on urban trends and priority areas for urban development in the region,as well as two accompanying toolkits designed to assist local governments in ASEAN to advance sustainable urbanisation in their cities.ABOUT ASEANvAbout ASEANBrunei DarussalamPopulation:453,600Urbanisation rate:78.2ndar Seri Begawan:246,000CambodiaPopulation:16,338,100 Urbanisation rate:22.4%Phnom Penh:2,078,000IndonesiaPopulation:270,203,900 Urbanisation rate:59.8%Jakarta:10,771,000Lao PDRPopulation:7,261,200Urbanisation rate:36.3%Vientiane:683,000MalaysiaPopulation:32,583,800 Urbanisation rate:77.2%Kuala Lumpur:7,997,000MyanmarPopulation:54,817,900 Urbanisation rate:33.1%Naypyidaw:594,000PhilippinesPopulation:108,772,000 Urbanisation rate:47.4%Manila:13,924,000SingaporePopulation:5,685,800 Urbanisation rate:100%ThailandPopulation:68,127,800 Urbanisation rate:51.4ngkok:10,540,000Viet NamPopulation:97,582,700 Urbanisation rate:37.3%Hanoi:4,679,000SOURCE:United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division(2018).World Urbanization Prospects:The 2018 RevisionNOTE:The map used in this publication is only indicative and not drawn to scale.viASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportFOREWORD XACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIVEXECUTIVE SUMMARY XVINTRODUCTION 1ASEANS CITIES AT A CROSSROADS.3THE IMPORTANCE OF SECONDARY CITIES.6COVID-19 AND THE ROAD TO RECOVERY.11PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY:THE ASEAN SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION STRATEGY(ASUS)AND THE 2030 AGENDA.14Bridging the capacity gap.25Promoting collaborative governance.28Linking local action with global commitments.30Recommendations.32Promoting an integrated approach to planning .35Strengthening the urban-rural continuum .37Promoting sustainable urban design.41Recommendations.44Enhancing financial self-sufficiency.47Increasing bankability.49Delivering inclusive finance.54Recommendations.58Realising the benefits of smart urbanisation.61Tackling the digital divide.63Safeguarding human rights online.66Recommendations.68DYNAMIC URBAN GOVERNANCE.23INTEGRATED MASTER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT.33PARTNERSHIP AND FUNDING.45DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND APPLICATIONS.59CONTENTSENABLERS FOR ACHIEVING URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 21viiContentsPRIORITY AREAS FOR ACHIEVING URBAN SUSTAINABILITY 69Promoting nature-based resilience .73Strengthening social resilience.77Enhancing preparedness .80Recommendations.83URBAN RESILIENCE.71Tackling unaffordability and housing shortfalls.87Improving liveability.91Protecting urban land rights.94Recommendations.97HOUSING AND HOME.85Making service exclusion visible.101Addressing gaps in service provision.103Implementing a“whole system”approach.106Recommendations.109WATER,WASTE AND SANITATION.99Embracing a new vision for urban mobility.113Planning locally appropriate,inclusive transit.118Transforming urban mobility.120Recommendations.123MOBILITY.111Promoting decent employment.127Alleviating vulnerability.130Strengthening cohesion and equality.132Recommendations.135INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE GROWTH.125Creating safer streets.139Adopting smart approaches to urban safety.142Preventing online threats.144Recommendations.145PERSONAL SAFETY AND SECURITY.137Fostering lifelong learning.149Adapting to economic change.152Recommendations.155EDUCATION.147TOWARDS ASEAN 2025 157CONCLUSION:A TRANSFORMATIVE APPROACH TO ACHIEVING URBAN SUSTAINABILITY.157ENDNOTES 160viiiASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportFIGURESBOXESFigure 1:Annual urban population at mid-year(thousands),by ASEAN Member State and ASEAN total,2015-2030.4Figure 2:Annual percentage of urban population at mid-year,by ASEAN Member State and ASEAN total,2015-2030 .4Figure 3:Annual urban population at mid-year(thousands),by region in Asia,2015-2030.5Figure 4:Core and sub-areas of the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy.15Box 1:Piloting emission reduction in cities in Indonesia and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic:linking local capacity,national action and international learning .7Box 2:Cities and pandemics:towards a more just,green and healthy future.13Box 3:Supporting and protecting informal workers in Indonesian cities.29Box 4:From waste dump to urban farm:transforming disused space in Chiang Mai,Thailand.43Box 5:The growing importance of green finance.53Box 6:Urban-rural digital innovation in the Philippines:Cauayan City and the Digital Farmers programme.67Box 7:Nature-based resilience in secondary cities in Viet Nam:The benefits of water sensitive urban design.77Box 8:Achieving disaster risk reduction through inclusive partnerships in Seberang Perai,Malaysia.82Box 9:A 10-point strategy to improve housing affordability in Malaysia.90Box 10:Delivering low-cost housing in Dagon Myo Thit(Seikkan)Township,Yangon.92Box 11:Flood-resilient community upgrading in secondary cities of Viet Nam.95Box 12:An innovative approach to solid waste management in Battambang,Cambodia.101Box 13:UN-Habitats Waste Wise Cities Tool:a seven-step path to more sustainable urban waste management.107Box 14:Improving accessibility and well-being through inclusive planning in Udon Thani,Thailand.122Box 15:Banjarmasins disability-inclusive city profile:using data to guide better urban policies .134Box 16:The Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces programme:supporting the promotion of inclusive urbanisation in the Philippines.141Box 17:Celebrating educational excellence in cities:UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities.151Box 18:The benefits and limitations of economic zones.154boxes,FIGURES,infographics,and TablesINFOGRAPHICSASEAN regions estimated total urban population,by 2030.3ASEAN regions GDP growth driven by secondary urban areas.8Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic within ASEAN region.12Review of progress in implementing SDG 11 in Southeast Asia.15Progress and challenges in governance for climate action in the Philippines.25Collaboration between the NGO Kota Kita and the local government in Banjarmasin,Indonesia.28Loss of agricultural land to rapid urbanisation:a case study in Viet Nam.38Reliance on agricultural income among urban residents in Cambodia.39The 5D framework for integrated planning.42Investment gap between large metropolitan areas and smaller cities.50Microfinancing mechanisms in the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic.56ixBoxes,Figures,Infographics,and TablesTABLESTable 1:Potential challenges and opportunities for secondary cities in ASEAN.10Table 2:Global and regional sustainable development frameworks.17Table 3:Global and regional sustainable urbanisation frameworks.18Table 4:Global and regional climate adaptation and disaster resilience frameworks.20Baan Mankong(Secure Housing)programme in Thailand.57Increase in proportion of smartphone users in Cambodia.63Development of digital tools to access services in Makassar,Indonesia.64Bangkoks rapid urban expansion and growing vulnerability to flooding.74Ongoing resilience investment and projected benefits in Viet Nams coastal cities.76Increasing unaffordability of housing in Malaysia.88Soaring land prices and growing informality across Southeast Asia.94Waste pickers and urban waste management in Bangkok.103Viet Nam programme to support subsidising improved sanitation facilities for households.104Clean and Green programme to enhance community participation in reducing waste in Surabaya,Indonesia.106Bus rapid transit(BRT)system and cost comparison with other transit systems.113Percentage of population with at least one scooter or motorbike in Indonesia,Thailand and Viet Nam .114BlueSG car-sharing system in Singapore.115Philippine programme to support temporary employment during COVID-19 lockdown.128Estimated size of international migrant population in Southeast Asia.130Percentage of female urban residents not working outside the home in Myanmar.133Percentage of girls in Hanoi reporting feeling safe in the citys public spaces.139Key physical elements for improving urban safety and inclusion.139Inequality in accessing digital technologies for online learning:a case study in Brunei Darussalam and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic.150Percentage of population experiencing learning poverty in Cambodia and Viet Nam.150 xASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportSecretary-GeneralAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)DATO LIM JOCK HOIFOREWORDAs ASEAN marks its 55th anniversary this year,we recognise the important role of local governments and cities in overcoming challenges as well as building resilience towards creating better opportunities for all.Pursuing smart and sustainable urbanisation is imperative in this pursuit,and the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy was launched in 2018 to guide our work in this direction.The findings and priority actions identified in the strategy have become even more relevant today,as we embark on the regions recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.In particular,the pandemic has highlighted the barriers cities in the region face,as well as the opportunities available for them to deliver transformative change.This report aims to showcase the diversity of urban contexts found in Southeast Asia,particularly the increasing importance of small and middleweight cities as well as the need to harness their full potential through multi-sectoral collaborations that bring together different skills and perspectives.A notable feature of the case studies discussed in this publication is the meaningful engagement of communities as lead participants in these processes.Whilst acknowledging the many challenges they face,the report demonstrates that our cities are already taking concrete steps to realise a more sustainable urban development.ASEAN must build on these lessons to deliver better social and environmental outcomes for our cities.As we look towards the work on the ASEAN Community Post-2025 Vision and ASEAN Connectivity Post-2025 Agenda,this report also provides evidence on the trends and actions that cities across the region need to consider when planning for future urban development.I hope that readers and relevant stakeholders will find the observations and recommendations outlined in this publication useful,as we collectively strive towards achieving urban sustainability in the region.Indeed,promoting sustainability and building resilience must be at the heart of our cities,and the realisation of a stronger,resilient and greener ASEAN would not be possible without people-centric approaches and the prioritisation of our communities.xiForewordFOREWORDThe worlds cities are increasingly central to future sustainable development.As captured by UN-Habitats World Cities Report 2022,urbanisation is recognised as one of the twenty-first centurys mega-trends.Cities are continuing to attract new dwellers,offering countless economic,social and cultural opportunities.Cities are here to stay,and the future of humanity is undoubtedly urban.However,they also lie on the fault lines of many of the worlds most pressing development challenges,such as climate change and growing inequality.These challenges,exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic,serve as stark reminders of the need to prepare and support cities for a dynamic and unpredictable future.The opportunities and challenges presented by urbanisation are no different in the ASEAN region.In the more than 50 years since ASEAN was founded in 1967,its urban landscape has utterly transformed.By 2030,almost 56 per cent of ASEANs population is projected to live in cities,compared to 47 per cent in 2015.The increasing focus on the importance of cities as a contributor to regional prosperity and sustainable development has long been recognised by ASEAN,most importantly through the endorsement and publication of the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)in 2018.This was specifically launched as an initiative of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity(MPAC)2025,ASEANs ambitious blueprint for more cohesive and integrated development in the region.Executive DirectorUnited Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)MAIMUNAH MOHD SHARIFUrbanisation in ASEAN is taking place across the urban-rural continuum,from small communities to burgeoning megacities,and increasingly in secondary and intermediate cities.These cities in particular are experiencing rapid change and will absorb much of the regions urban growth.They require strong support to build capacity and deliver the infrastructure and services needed to ensure sustainable urbanisation within ASEAN.Though the scale and complexity of the challenges cities now face across ASEAN are great,so too are their creativity and untapped potential.There are a multitude of best practices and success stories that offer a way forward for ASEAN cities elsewhere to follow.xiiASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportThe ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Report strengthens knowledge on the regional context of urbanisation,building on the findings and recommendations provided by the ASUS.It aims to support a shared understanding of opportunities and challenges connected to urbanisation,providing experiences and best practices from ASEAN cities,and lighting the way forward for a common sustainable future.The Report seeks to promote a stronger alignment between urban policies and development strategies in ASEAN and the New Urban Agenda and the urban dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goals.The optimistic and forward-looking approach of the Report complements our global message on the positive potential of urbanisation for sustainable development,as also captured in UN-Habitats World Cities Report 2022.To facilitate sustainable,inclusive and prosperous development,it is crucial for ASEAN Member States and their cities to undertake decisive action towards the transformative commitments of the New Urban Agenda.The Report strengthens the alignment between the ASUS and the SDGs,outlining actions and practices that contribute to synergising local,regional and global urban development efforts.In this spirit of collaborative and transformative change,we must work together to achieve their shared aspirations of the ASEAN Connectivity Vision 2025 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development for a more sustainable future and better quality of life for all across ASEAN.xiiiForewordxivASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportAcknowledgemenTsThis Report is produced under the project“Accelerating the Implementation of the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy”(ASUS Project)led by the Lead Implementing Body for the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity(MPAC)2025 Strategic Area of Sustainable Infrastructure(LIB-SI)and supervised by the Connectivity Division of the ASEAN Secretariat.The ASUS Project is funded by the ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program(AADCP)Phase II and implemented under the United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat)Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific(ROAP).Programme Manager:Srinivasa PopuriProject Leader:Riccardo MarosoLead Author:Peter GrantGraphic layout and illustrations:Chanin Homdee and FoxidiaTeam:Anuradha Panigrahi,Bianca Martono,Clinton Moore,Danet Hak,Felicisimo Tejuco,Hafiz Amirrol,Hang Nguyen,Jonah Erickson,Phannisa Nirattiwongsakorn,Tam Hoang,Watchareeya Yodprathum.The Report was reviewed by members of ASEANs LIB-SI and the ASEAN Smart Cities Network(ASCN).The Report benefited during various preparatory phases from the expertise,insights and reviews provided by Atsushi Koresawa,Bharat Dahiya,Bruno Dercon,Paula Pennanen-Rebeiro-Hargrave,Rita Padawangi,Yap Kioe Sheng and from various stakeholders from across the region through online discussions and consultations.Valuable inputs were also obtained from the experts and participants of the Expert Group Meeting“Advancing the Report on Sustainable Urbanisation in ASEAN”held at the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Forum,7 October 2021:BernadiaTjandradewi,Bess Ng,Brian Roberts,Ian Ong,Hyun Bang Shin,Junichi Fujino,Kok-Chin Tay,Kris Hartley,Mary Jane Alvarez,Sa-nga Sattanun,Sunisa Soodrak,VilasNitivattananon and Wicaksono Sarosa.xvExecutive SummaryExecutive summarYOver the last few decades,the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)has urbanised at an extraordinary rate,and is set to continue doing so for years to come.While half(50.1 per cent)of the ASEAN regions population were urban in 2020,this figure is projected to rise to 55.6 per cent in 2030,a total of almost 405 million people.Within the ASEAN region,however,there is still significant variance between countries where the population is entirely urbanised and others where the majority of the population still live in rural areas.While the growth of cities across ASEAN has broadly been associated with increased prosperity and connectivity,the regions rapid urbanisation has also created a host of challenges for many communities,such as traffic congestion,pollution,environmental degradation,inequality and other symptoms of rapid or uncontrolled growth.To benefit from and realise sustainable urban development,ASEAN Member States and their cities require supportive institutions and improved urban governance,a more integrated approach to master planning and development,improved access to partnerships and funding,and the ability to implement smart urbanisation through digital infrastructure and applications.In many urban contexts particularly informal settlements and secondary cities with limited resources at their disposal these conditions are not in place.In the ASEAN region,as elsewhere,policy resources and research have until recently concentrated predominantly on larger cities and capitals at the expense of secondary urban areas.However,as the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)and other frameworks have emphasised the importance of smaller cities,more attention is now being focused on the specific challenges and opportunities presented in these cities.Secondary cities have also produced an array of positive practices and solutions that have the potential to be replicated across the region to promote sustainability,particularly with regard to a stronger urban-rural continuum and enhancing connectivity.Secondary cities can promote more balanced development,supporting the growth of more diffuse economic hubs as a counterpoint to the dominance of larger cities and capitals.Proper support,funding and infrastructure within secondary cities can reward even modest investments in order to boost sustainable urban development within cities and surrounding rural areas.Realising the full social and economic potential of secondary cities in ASEAN is therefore essential to sustainable urban development.COVID-19,however,has affected every aspect of urban life in ASEAN.Cities across the ASEAN region have suffered devastating consequences from the pandemic,and will likely contend with its impacts on demographic trends,public finance and other areas for years to come.In particular,the pandemic has deepened social divides within cities,with poor and marginalised communities typically bearing a disproportionate burden of death and illness,as well as the indirect effects of loss of livelihood.It has also highlighted a host of other problems within ASEAN cities,from lack of green space and food insecurity to gaps in digital access for work and schooling from home,that are closely tied to urban inequalities in the region.While the ASEAN regions post-pandemic challenges are likely to be protracted,achieving an environmentally sound,socially inclusive recovery is essential not only for the well-being of ASEAN cities in the short-term but also for their sustainability,including in the face of other potential crises.The response and recovery processes from the pandemic further reinforce the importance of tightening the linkages between local,regional and global efforts and agendas.ASEAN has set ambitious plans and strategies promoting greater connectivity within the region,and identified sustainable urbanisation as one of the key priorities for its Member States and cities.The ASUS,published in 2018 as one of the initiatives under the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025(MPAC 2025),not only provides cities with a framework for prioritisation and development of xviASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Reporturban interventions but also helps to guide and enable the roll-out of various influential regional initiatives,such as the ASEAN Smart Cities Network.At the same time as ASEAN rolled out MPAC 2025 and the ASUS,several landmark commitments have been approved at the global level,including the United Nations(UN)2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),and the New Urban Agenda(NUA).These initiatives offer an opportunity to harmonise development efforts,aligning local programmes with global frameworks through a shared set of aims,indicators and pathways within which different stakeholders can work.Since the publication of the ASUS,an increasing number of programmes have emerged across the ASEAN region,driven and shaped by this broader commitment to sustainable urbanisation.Within this context,there are many positive stories and lessons to share characterised by innovation and a growing commitment to achieving inclusive,liveable,environmentally sound sustainable urban development across the ASEAN region.This report builds on the key findings and frameworks of the ASUS,offering an updated perspective on development trends across the region and how potential transformations for sustainable urban development can be achieved.It focuses not only on the relatively well-documented examples of capitals and megacities,but also extends its focus to give proper consideration to the specific challenges facing secondary urban areas in the ASEAN region.The report is composed of two main sections.It begins by examining and contextualising the four overarching“enablers”for city-level action identified in the ASUS,providing an overview of their key challenges and potential benefits.The enablers are:1.Dynamic urban governance:How cities can work innovatively with different levels of government,other urban stakeholders and the communities they serve.2.Integrated master planning and development:How cities can engage planning processes across a range of scales,from territorial and regional planning to infrastructure development and neighbourhood-level urban design,to improve their sustainability.3.Partnership and funding:How cities can access the funding they need,including international loans,national financial assistance,local government revenue and community-based savings.4.Digital infrastructure and applications:How cities can leverage the opportunities of digitalisation in an inclusive and appropriate fashion for their specific context,while ensuring that human rights and privacy are respected.These are then used as cross-cutting areas of analysis for the seven“priority sub-areas identified in the ASUS:1.Urban resilience:Strengthening the ability of cities across ASEAN to weather such shocks as natural disasters has become more important as the impacts of climate change become more severe,particularly for coastal settlements where the risk of flooding,storms and sea level rise have serious social,environmental and economic implications.2.Housing and home:Rapid urbanisation in the ASEAN region has increased pressures on cities to accommodate their growing populations.Limited affordability and a widespread lack of secure tenure has contributed to the expansion of informal settlements in and around urban areas.3.Water,waste and sanitation:These essential services have strong implications for health,housing and liveability,ensuring clean,more liveable urban environments.Currently,many informal settlements lack access to these basic functions.4.Mobility:As cities have expanded,urban transportation systems have struggled to keep pace,resulting in long commute times,congestion xviiExecutive Summaryand pollution.Ensuring that inclusive,low-carbon systems are in place is therefore critical to providing safe and equitable access to the benefits of cities for all residents.5.Inclusive and equitable growth:While urban areas account for a very large share of the ASEAN regions economic productivity,this growth has not been distributed evenly.Widening inequalities,the absence of social safety nets and livelihood challenges,particularly in the wake of COVID-19,require urgent steps to ensure that the urban poor are not left even further behind.6.Personal safety and security:Ensuring the safety of all urban residents is central to their ability to engage fully in the social,economic and political life of their city.This includes not only safety from physical threats,such as crime and violence,but also emerging online cyberthreats.7.Education:Cities need to reorient learning and training programmes to respond to technological disruption,rapid rural to urban migration and other changes to ensure that urban populations have the necessary skills and knowledge in place.Digital investments,education and reskilling will support the development of productive and innovative urban areas.INTRODUCTION2 ASEANs cities at a crossroads.3To develop a more sustainable urban future,it is first necessary to understand the current trends and pressures facing cities across the ASEAN region.Besides contending with the impacts of decades of rapid urbanisation,the region is likely to be shaped by the continued growth of its cities for many years to come particularly in secondary urban areas where resources and capacity may be the most constrained.These challenges have only been exacerbated by the devastating impacts of COVID-19.However,as ASEAN begins its recovery from the pandemic,urban sustainability also offers an important pathway towards greater resilience and a better future.Statistical analysis of demographic trends over the decades and projections for the near future highlight the growing pressure cities in the region face.ASEAN has already mapped out a series of ambitious policy frameworks for development and sustainable urbanisation.Governments and cities across the region can enhance the effectiveness of their own efforts by aligning them with relevant global initiatives,such as the SDGs.Intermediate and smaller urban areas are playing an increasingly significant role across ASEAN,and are where the majority of growth is now taking place.Notwithstanding their many challenges,they also have the potential to transform urban sustainability in the region.The importance of secondary cities.6Cities have been disproportionately affected by the social and economic devastation of the pandemic.Yet as countries seek to build back better,urban sustainability offers a vital roadmap for national and local governments to follow.COVID-19 AND THE ROAD TO RECOVERY.11 PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY:THE ASEAN SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION STRATEGY AND THE 2030 AGENDA.143ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportASEANS CITIES AT A CROSSROADSOver the last few decades,the ASEAN region has undergone a period of rapid development that has seen tens of millions of people become city dwellers,through natural growth,migration and the urbanisation in situ of rural centres.While almost exactly half(50.1 per cent)of the ASEAN regions population were urban in 2020,this figure is projected to rise to 55.7 per cent in 2030.By then,the regions urban population is estimated to be almost 405 million people(figure 1)out of a total population of almost 726 million people.Within the region,however,there are striking variations between countries,with Singapore(100 per cent)and Brunei Darussalam(78.2 per cent)among the most urbanised as of 2020,while Cambodia(24.2 per cent)and Myanmar(31.1 per cent)areamong the least urbanised.Yet,some of the less urbanised countries,such as the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic(Lao PDR)(36.3 per cent urban in2020,butset to rise to 42.9 per cent per cent by 2030),will also experience very considerable urban population growth over the next decade(figure 2).The diversity of urban development within the region,from well-established megacities to emerging urban areas that until recently have been largely rural and agricultural settlements,also requires a variety of urban management solutions.Even straightforward comparisons of net urbanisation levels between countries within the region is problematic,given that the very definition of what is classified as“urban”varies significantly from country to country and By 2030,ASEANs urban population is estimated to be almost:out of a total population of almost 726 million people in the region.MILLIONPEOPLE405SOURCE:United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division(2018).World Urbanization Prospects:The 2018 Revision4IntroductionFIGURE 2FIGURE 120152020202520302015203047.250.152.955.776.778.279.781.1320,000400,000 80,00022.222.426.529.03,440,0005,460,000 2,020,00053.356.659.862.8137,630,000185,760,000 48,130,00033.136.339.642.92,210,0003,450,000 1,240,00074.277.279.781.822,800,00030,110,000 7,310,00029.931.132.835.015,650,00020,650,000 5,000,00046.347.449.050.947,080,00064,840,000 17,760,000100.0100.0100.0100.05,540,0006,320,000 780,00047.751.455.058.432,750,00040,680,000 7,930,00033.837.340.944.531,640,00047,290,000 15,650,000ASEANBRUNEI DARUSSALAMCAMBODIAINDONESIALAO PDRMALAYSIAMYANMARPHILIPPINESSINGAPORETHAILANDVIET NAMANNUAL PERCENTAGE(%)OF URBAN POPULATION AT MID-YEAR,BY ASEAN MEMBER STATE AND ASEAN TOTAL,2015-2030 ANNUAL URBAN POPULATION AT MID-YEAR,BY ASEAN MEMBER STATE 8.5 9.5 5.1 10.7 4.4 9.8 4.6 10.7 6.8 7.6 0.0SOURCE:United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division(2018).World Urbanization Prospects:The 2018 Revision%Total urban population growthTotal urban population growthLegendUrban population figure higher than 50.0%XX.XBRUNEI DARUSSALAMCAMBODIAINDONESIALAO PDRMALAYSIAMYANMARPHILIPPINESSINGAPORETHAILANDVIET NAM5ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportFIGURE 302505007501,0001,250ASEANCENTRAL ASIAEASTERN ASIASOUTHERN ASIAWESTERN ASIASOURCE:United Nations,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,Population Division(2018).World Urbanization Prospects:The 2018 RevisionANNUAL URBAN POPULATION AT MID-YEAR,BY REGION IN ASIA 2015-2030 Urban population(millions):LegendUrban population figure for the year 2015Projected urban population growth for the year 2030spans an array of different forms.1 Academic studies have also emphasised the divergent development trajectories evident across the region,including the distinct urbanisation experiences of“mainland”versus“island”Southeast Asia and the implications of this for connectivity.2 Nevertheless,across a range of countries and contexts,the process of urbanisation across the ASEAN region has been broadly associated with increased prosperity and positive developmental outcomes.In this regard,the potential of cities to support the growth of transnational economic linkages,knowledge-sharing and poverty reduction remains considerable provided that the necessary policies and political will are in place.However,the regions rapid urbanisation has also created a host of challenges.One comparative analysis exploring the relationship between urban development and economic growth in different ASEAN Member States,while finding a generally positive correlation between the two,drew attention to the debilitating costs of traffic congestion,pollution and other symptoms of uncontrolled growth.The research concluded that to continue to achieve substantial benefits from their urban development,countries will require supportive institutions,appropriate investment and the removal of barriers to migration,job access and social mobility to support inclusive growth.3 However,in many urban contexts particularly informal settlements and smaller cities with limited recognition or resources at their disposal these conditions are not in place.Instead,many communities are contending with marginalisation,limited resources and a lack of basic services to sustain them.Inequality has been a long-standing challenge in cities across the ASEAN region,made ever more visible since the pandemic,and with it a range of challenges from environmental degradation to the growth of informal settlements.Poverty,deteriorating air quality,lack of access to green space and the limited availability of fresh,nutritious food,all have driven a rise in such non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes.4 On top of this,overcrowding and unsanitary living conditions in low-income neighbourhoods have left the urban poor even more exposed to the spread of communicable illness.Despite the multitude of benefits that cities have already brought across the region,many social and environmental problems could deepen in the future unless effective action is taken.6IntroductionTHE IMPORTANCE OF SECONDARY CITIESgoods and investment of larger cities and capitals.In this regard,while secondary cities generally occupy a particular population band UN-Habitat,for example,has previously suggested a range of between 100,000 and 500,000 people7 their designation is determined primarily by their function rather than their size.There are also a variety of forms that these cities can take,including“subnational regional urban centres”focused around administration,manufacturing and agriculture,“clustered secondary cities”concentrated on the periphery of larger cities and“corridor secondary cities”that have grown along major transportation routes.8 Within ASEAN,this diversity is reflected in the different economic drivers evident among secondary cities.While cities like Chiang Mai(Thailand),Hoi An(Viet Nam)and Siem Reap(Cambodia)are sustained by international tourism and knowledge centres such as universities and various creative industries,many more are still heavily dependent on agriculture and closely connected with the rural areas surrounding them.Others are concentrated around the production of specialised goods,such as garments,electronics and processed food,or defined by their position as border towns benefiting from the flow of goods and people.The latter in particular embody the potential for the sort of regionally integrated,urban connectivity advocated Much of the focus of policy discussions and scholarship around the ASEAN regions urbanisation has been on its capitals and megacities,despite these representing only one part of its urbanisation experience.While often receiving less attention than the larger capitals and megacities in the region,secondary cities also face profound urban challenges.A significant element of focus in the ASUS is the increasing importance of secondary urban areas,while MPAC 2025 acknowledges that“many of the fastest-growing cities will be smaller middleweight cities(rather than the capital cities)”and that“these cities,with 200,000 to 2 million people,are expected to drive almost 40 per cent of the regions GDP growth through 2030.”5 Indeed,some projections predict that at a minimum,the region can expect the rise of more than 200 small cities in the next 30 years”and that ASEAN“will be a global hotspot for this type of fast-paced urban growth in small cities with populations of less than half a million people.”6Small and medium-sized cities have also been variously classified as“secondary,”“intermediate,”“intermediary”or even,as in the ASUS,“middleweight.”In many contexts,these terms may be used interchangeably.What these urban areas share is that they typically occupy a critical position in connecting smaller urban centres,towns and rural areas with the markets,7ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Reportin the ASUS and other ASEAN policy documents.One prominent example of cross-border collaboration in the region is the“growth triangle”encompassing Johor Bahru(Malaysia),Bintan/Batam(Indonesia)and Singapore.This arrangement enables the three countries to synergise knowledge,natural resources and labour to enhance their productivity and attract greater investment.9Notwithstanding their critical contribution to their national economies,secondary cities in ASEAN are often overlooked in policy and research.As a result,they are generally analysed through the lens of existing studies on megacities in the region,despite having very different demographic and governance conditions at play.10 This imbalance is mirrored in the disproportionate share of central funding that larger urban areas typically receive.11 For example,in the 2022 national budget,the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has been allocated about 28 per cent of Local Administration Organization funding despite the city comprising only 8 per cent of Thailands total population.12 Costly major infrastructure and beautification projects in national capitals,for example,may end up attracting far more investment than road improvements,street lighting and other basic upgrading in smaller cities,even though secondary urban areas often host a greater share of the urban poor than their larger counterparts.In Viet Nam,for instance,a 2012 World Bank poverty assessment found that almost a third(32.1 per cent)of the countrys urban population were living in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi but accounted for only 11.0 per cent of the urban poor.Its provincial towns(Class 4 and 5),on the other hand,together hosted 27.3 per cent of the urban population as a whole but 55.0 per cent of the urban poor.13In sum,small and medium-sized cities frequently contend with the same complex challenges documented in megacities,such as social inequality,environmental degradation and unmanaged growth,while at the same time lacking the capacity and Low emission development strategies(LEDS)are often complex and time-consuming assessments to determine a long-term path towards reduced consumption and pollution.Although the benefits are wide ranging,designing and implementing the necessary processes can be challenging for small and intermediate cities with limited capacity and resources at their disposal.With the right technical support,however,delivered through community engagement and capacity development,it is possible for national governments and international agencies to transform approaches at the local level and in the process enhance their own response through the lessons these cities provide.ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability and UN-Habitats Urban-LEDS II programme has been rolled out in more than 60 cities in eight different countries,including Indonesia and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic,with the aim of transforming their urban emissions through city-to-city knowledge exchange,strengthened coordination and technical assistance.The majority of participating cities in both countries are secondary cities,collaborating directly with the international agencies.In the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic,rather than simply importing specialists to undertake the assessment in some of the smaller participating cities,a key element of the project has been to develop the capacity of local government officials through validation workshops,seminars and trainings.Furthermore,the process of learning has gone in both directions.In Indonesia,the projects in the intermediate cities of Balikpapan and Bogor have produced an array of findings that have now been integrated into their respective urban development strategies.The insights from their research will not only be potentially replicable in other Indonesian cities,but could also enhance the roll-out of the national-level Low Carbon Development Indonesia.21BOX 1PILOTING EMISSION REDUCTION IN CITIES IN LAO PDR AND INDONESIA:LINKING LOCAL CAPACITY,NATIONAL ACTION AND INTERNATIONAL LEARNING8Introductionresources to respond to these challenges effectively.Yet,until now,national governments have not paid sufficient attention to their specific needs.There are many reasons for this,from the limited availability of local data to the weaker political connections between decision-makers and secondary cities in contexts where power and resources are concentrated in megacities.As a result,while their problems are no less real,they still tend to be sidelined by the more readily visible issues affecting larger cities.14 This is despite the fact that investments in smaller cities,particularly those projected to continue growing rapidly over the foreseeable future,can reap significant dividends.Even relatively small amounts of funding in these contexts can deliver dramatic improvements in the provision of essential services,such as clean water and education.15Secondary cities have produced an array of positive practices and solutions that have the potential to be replicated across the region to promote sustainability,particularly with regard to a stronger urban-rural continuum.They can also promote more balanced development,supporting the growth of more diffuse economic hubs as a counterpoint to the dominance of capitals and megacities.This problem is especially evident in ASEAN,with many Member States characterised by large primate cities where the overwhelming share of their urban population,investment and productivity is concentrated.One example of this phenomenon is Bangkok;with a metropolitan population many times the size of Thailands next largest city,Chiang Mai,it also enjoys a disproportionate share of the countrys political and economic resources.This is reflected in the extraordinary disparities in wealth between the capital and the poorest regions of the country,with a GDP per capita of about USD25,000 in Bangkok compared with about USD3,700 in the northeast a differential comparable to that between Poland and Zambia.Despite this,over the past two decades Bangkoks development has been outpaced by the rapid growth of Thailands secondary cities,where much of the countrys economic future will be determined.16Moreover,secondary cities also have a unique role to play in driving sustainability in ASEAN,supporting more balanced development and stronger connections between urban and rural areas.17 They also play an important intermediary function between rural areas and megacities,thus enhancing connectivity and logistics,such as food chains at the national and regional levels.18 In addition,secondary cities can offer an attractive destination for some rural migrants seeking to retain connections with their communities is expected to be driven by secondary urban areas with 200,000 to 2 million people.In the next 30 years,some projections estimate that the region could see the rise of40% 200OF ASEANS GDP GROWTH TO 2030SMALL CITIES$SOURCE:UCLG-ASPAC(2016)Asian Innovations in Financing Sustainable Urban Development,Jakarta,p.319ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Reportor engaged in seasonal work cycles that see them return to their villages for part of the year.In this regard,secondary cities may enable rural residents to remain in their area and so support local development while avoiding the“brain drain”often associated with migration to megacities.19 In other cases,they can serve as“stepping stones”for migrants seeking to develop skills and resources before moving on to larger cities.Properly supported,secondary cities can reward even relatively modest investments and boost development in surrounding rural areas by serving as local markets and economic hubs.To attract business and increase productivity,however,they need adequate funding and infrastructure themselves.Realising their full social and economic potential,in ASEAN and elsewhere,is therefore essential to sustainable urban development;as stated in a 2016 article,“Strengthening the resilience of vulnerable small and medium-sized cities is where the success or failure of the UNs New Urban Agenda will be decided.”20 However,recognising the specific needs and opportunities of smaller urban areas is vital to ensure a locally appropriate strategy:some of these are outlined in table 1.“Secondary cities have a unique role to play in driving sustainability in ASEAN,supporting more balanced development and stronger connections between urban and rural areas They also play an important intermediary function between rural areas and megacities,thus enhancing connectivity and logistics such as food chains at a national and regional level10IntroductionGovernance is often fragmented and underdeveloped in smaller cities:Linkages horizontally between agencies and vertically with higher levels of national government are frequently weak or poorly coordinated in secondary cities.CHALLENGESOPPORTUNITIESData are limited at a local level:Country-level urban statistics are often not effectively disaggregated at the local level,meaning key gaps are not easily identified to guide national and city strategies.Clear gaps in technical knowledge and resources are emerging:Smaller cities typically lack dedicated teams to undertake specialist tasks,such as geomapping and other important functions,leaving them dependent on the central government to provide these services.Mechanisms to promote participation are sometimes underdeveloped:The crucial process of engaging citizens and communities is not always properly undertaken when the necessary platforms are not in place.Poor enforcement threatens future growth:Existing regulations are often not enforced,threatening the viability of any policies put into place to improve sustainability and thus raising the risk of poorly managed urban growth.Engagement with international partners is limited:While some small and intermediate cities are working with international partners,many others lack the resources or technical know-how to do so,especially in less developed or marginalised area where local capacity gaps and language barriers can create further obstacles.Finance is difficult to come by:Small and intermediate cities generally have relatively limited capacity to access credit or international funding,leaving them unable to finance investments in urban sustainability at the local level.Agencies and multilateral organisations are increasingly focused on supporting secondary cities:There are now a range of programmes across ASEAN specifically aimed at secondary cities,whether through tailored development programmes or technical assistance to support them in accessing funding.Even a little funding can go a long way:Despite the barriers to accessing finance,even relatively modest investments can deliver significant returns,particularly in contexts where urban development is still ongoing.Secondary cities can absorb best practices to guide their development:As many smaller cities are poised to continue growing for some time,they are well placed to apply the experiences of developed cities to guide their own growth more effectively.Decentralisation and an increasing focus on localisation could drive greater civic engagement:A move towards more autonomous and empowered secondary cities could support stronger participation from residents and communities.Small and intermediate cities can contribute to knowledge and innovation:A variety of initiatives are now being piloted in smaller cities across the region,offering opportunities for experimentation at scale that can provide valuable lessons not only for city-to-city learning,but also to inform national policy approaches.Some cities are piloting innovative approaches to gather data:In particular,SDG localisation efforts,voluntary local reviews(VLRs)and social inclusion programmes are increasingly including specific components on data collection.Intermediate cities offer opportunities for greater regional integration:They are ideally placed to support strong rural-urban linkages and can also drive more balanced regional growth outside primate cities,making them effective connecting points between large cities and rural areasUrban governanceAccess to dataLocal capacityPolitical participationPlanning regulationsInternational cooperationFinancial resourcesTABLE 1POTENTIAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SECONDARY CITIES IN ASEAN11ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportCOVID-19 AND THE ROAD TO RECOVERYCOVID-19 has affected every aspect of urban life from spatial planning and poverty reduction to governance frameworks and local economies.While the first wave of the pandemic was not as devastating in Southeast Asia as elsewhere,22 the situation changed dramatically in the first months of 2021 as the more transmissible Delta variant took hold.By August,mortality levels in the region were reportedly the highest in the world,with 38,522 deaths documented in the space of two weeks.23In a fundamental way,the spread of a highly contagious communicable disease and the measures necessary to contain it,such as self-isolation and physical distancing,undermine the very principles that normally help cities thrive.Social interaction,trade and the proximity of diverse groups that urban areas generate have all been significantly curtailed,even prohibited,at different stages of the pandemic.Consequently,the knock-on effects of protracted lockdowns,not to mention the death toll and illness wrought by the coronavirus itself,have had a devastating impact on livelihoods,education,work and leisure in many cities.Although much coverage has been focused on the economic damage borne by capitals and major cities in ASEAN,many intermediate cities particularly those dependent on domestic and international tourism,a sector that has been devastated by travel restrictions are also struggling with the sudden loss of income.24 The socio-economic impact of the pandemic within the ASEAN region has been severe and is still ongoing.During 2020,the region saw an 8.4 per cent drop in working hours,a reduction of 7.8 per cent in labour income and a total loss of 10.6 million jobs.The impacts have varied considerably from country to country,however,with working-hour losses ranging from 4.3 per cent in the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic to 13.6 per cent in the Philippines.25 More than two years on,despite some improvement,the regions economic prospects in the near future remain uncertain.26 Furthermore,the impacts of the pandemic have not been evenly distributed;certain groups,including women and migrant workers,have been affected disproportionately.The effects are especially marked in urban areas where unemployment and pandemic-related destitution are typically higher;according to an assessment of the livelihood implications of COVID-19 inASEAN,“the new poor are more likely to be in cities where economic shutdowns and movement restrictions have resulted in immediate joblosses.”27 With many cities across the region being heavily dependent on tourism,the dramatic reduction in visitors arrivals in Thailand in December 2020,for example,were just 0.2 per cent of the total in December 201928 remained so for much of 2021 before picking up again in 2022;COVID-19 has affected millions of livelihoods in the hospitality,services,manufacturing 12Introductionand other areas.Although much attention has been focused on the impacts in larger cities,secondary cities are also contending with serious challenges,given their high proportion of informal employment in these urban areas,their limited connectivity with global markets and the heightened pressure on their already limited financial resources.29The fallout from COVID-19 prompted some commentators to predict an era of urban decline worldwide.30 The pandemic has certainly highlighted profound social inequalities within cities,with poor and marginalised communities typically bearing a disproportionate burden of death and illness,as well as the indirect effects of loss of livelihood.From lack of such basic services as clean water and sanitation to inadequate housing and overcrowded slums,many risk factors associated with the spread of the virus are also closely correlated with poverty and exclusion.31 In many ways,COVID-19 has only made more visible the symptoms of inequality in cities,evident in the elevated mortality rates among the urban poor.While data on public health are often limited,particularly in informal settlements and low-income communities,what information is available suggests that the urban poor“consistently display lower levels of education and health awareness,and poorer health outcomes than their non-poor urban counterparts,demonstrating a vicious circle of poverty,exclusion,and poor health.”32 Beyond the immediate health impacts,however,the pandemic has drawn attention to a host of other problems within ASEAN cities,from lack of green space and food insecurity to gaps in digital access for work and schooling at home,that are closely tied to urban inequalities in the region.It has also underlined how effective planning,built on participation and targeted investment,can help act as a“spatial vaccine”or risk mitigation strategy to minimise future outbreaks in ASEAN cities.33 While overcrowded settlements without such basic services as clean water and sanitation have faced an elevated risk of infection and morbidity,the primary problem is not so much density per se(which may be the result of efficient land use)as overcrowding(a reflection of inequality and exclusion);compact but well-designed urban areas,with adequate facilities and appropriate housing standards around living spaces and ventilation,have fared better.34 This was evident in Singapore where,despite high urban density,citizens experienced relatively low levels of infection while the coronavirus spread rapidly through the cramped dormitories where most migrant workers were housed.Nevertheless,rather than simply signalling the end of city life,the current crisis has highlighted the importance of well-planned,equitable urban development.35 While Southeast Asias post-pandemic challenges are likely During 2020,the economic fallout of the pandemic within ASEAN has been severe and is still ongoing.The impacts of the pandemic have not been evenly distributed:certain groups,including women and migrant workers,have been hit disproportionately.8.4%7.8.6M$Fall in working hoursReduction of labour incomeTotal jobs lost“While Southeast Asias post-pandemic challenges are likely to be protracted,achieving a green and inclusive recovery is essential not only for the well-being of ASEAN cities in the short term but also for their sustainability,including in the face of other potential emergencies SOURCE:ADB(2021)Asian Development Outlook Update:Transforming Agriculture in Asia,Manila,p.25;ILO(2021)“COVID-19 and the ASEAN labour market:Impact and policy response”,August,p.313ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportBesides being severely affected by COVID-19 and the effects of protracted lockdowns,cities also have a pivotal role to play in driving recovery and positive transformation across the region.UN-Habitats 2021 publication,Cities and Pandemics:Towards a More Just,Green and Healthy Future,41 not only offers an assessment of the global response to the crisis but also presents a road map of actions that cities can take to ensure that their recovery is equitable,sustainable and resilient.The key pathways include:Rethinking the form and function of the city:Identifying how urban areas can be better designed at different scales,from the territorial to the neighbourhood level,to support more diverse,accessible and efficient physical forms.From protected greenbelts and public transport to parks and housing regulations,better planning will not only provide cities with greater resilience to current and future public health threats but also deliver substantial long-term benefits in terms of liveability,well-being and inclusion.Addressing systemic poverty and inequality in cities:The uneven spread of the virus and the disproportionate economic impacts on poor and marginalised urban communities have reinforced the need for targeted social welfare and universal service provision.The acute divisions in housing quality,access to clean water,job security and other areas are likely to continue long after the worst of the pandemic is over without a sustained commitment to a pro-poor urban recovery.Rebuilding a“new normal”urban economy:Cities can support smaller and potentially more vulnerable businesses in their recovery through targeted financial assistance,training programmes and investments in the development of more inclusive,green urban economies.Among other areas,this approach affords local governments with the opportunity to positively reset their relationship with informal sector workers.Clarifying urban legislation and governance arrangements:Worldwide,the outbreak of COVID-19 has had wide-ranging and at times contradictory impacts on urban governance frameworks.With some cities waiving elements of their autonomy to align with national-level policies,while others took on more responsibilities to lead their response,the variety was striking yet,most had in common a commitment to effective coordination and partnership across different levels of governance.BOX 2CITIES AND PANDEMICS:TOWARDS A MORE JUST,GREEN AND HEALTHY FUTUREto be protracted,36 achieving a“green and inclusive recovery”37 is essential not only for the well-being of ASEAN cities in the short term but also for their sustainability,including in the face of other potential emergencies.As countries across the ASEAN region seek to navigate the social and economic roadblocks created by the pandemic,cities have a central role to play in reinvigorating economies and strengthening the resilience of societies to other challenges,in particular climate change.However,it is vital that larger cities,where public and private investments in infrastructure and services have until now been disproportionately allocated,are not prioritised at the expense of secondary cities where resources are already strained and will be greatly needed to assist their recovery.38 While the principles of urban sustainability are even more relevant now as cities navigate their path towards recovery,there are concerns that a narrow focus on delivering a rapid economic recovery could undermine any potential progress if these principles come at the expense of the environment and widening social inequality.39 On the other hand,through more integrated governance structures,targeted investment in underserviced areas,better planning and financial assistance for struggling businesses,COVID-19 could serve as a catalyst for cities to“build back better”by aligning their post-pandemic strategy with other challenges,including climate change adaptation,social inclusion and poverty reduction.4014IntroductionPLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY:THE ASEAN SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION STRATEGY(ASUS)AND THE 2030 AGENDAASEAN has developed a series of ambitious strategies over the years to promote greater cohesion and cooperation within the region.The Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025,approved by ASEAN Member States in 2016,outlines a broad vision for the regions development over the next decade,focused on sustainable infrastructure,digital innovation,seamless logistics,regulatory excellence and people mobility.It seeks to create a regional framework to align policies across the region and boost stakeholder engagement,with a total of 15 initiatives rolled out across these five strategic areas.One of the key goals emphasised in MPAC 2025 is to“Develop sustainable urbanisation strategies in ASEAN cities.”42 It also identified“riding the urbanisation wave in the region through development of efficient and sustainable infrastructure solutions”as one of three areas“with the highest potential for productivity and growth across ASEAN over the next 15 years.”43 Following MPAC 2025,the ASUS was drafted with the aim of supporting the realisation of sustainable urbanisation in the region.Finalised in 2018,it details six core areas and 18 sub-areas of focus,including seven identified as priorities for ASEAN cities through extensive consultations with urban stakeholders in the region.The ASUS provides an overview of urbanisation trends in the region,outlining the challenges as well as the opportunities that cities present in strengthening the broader aim of connectivity in ASEAN.This document provides a comprehensive framework of action for ASEAN cities to pursue in following their particular paths towards sustainability.The ASEAN Smart Cities Framework was published by the ASEAN Smart Cities Network in the same year as the ASUS to provide guiding principles for the design and development of smart urban areas.Its vision echoes the language of the 2030 Agenda,“promoting economic and social development alongside environmental protection through effective mechanisms to meet the current and future challenges of its people,while leaving no one behind.”44 It also aligns closely with the ASUS and its emphasis on three core objectives(“competitive economy,”“sustainable environment”and“high quality of life”),delivered through“integrated What do we mean by sustainable urbanisation?Sustainable urbanisation strategic outcomes High quality of life Competitive economy Sustainable environmentCivic&socialQualityenviron-mentBuiltinfra-structureHealth&well-beingSecurityIndustry&innovationIntegrated Master planning and developmentDynamic urban governanceDigital infrastructure and applicationsPartnership and funding10.Water,waste&sanitation11.Energy12.Food13.Mobility14.Building&construction15.Urban resilience16.Entrepreneurship&innovation17.Trade&commerce18.Education5.Housing&home6.Healthcare7.Other public services1.Social cohesion2.Inclusive&equitable growth3.Culture&heritage4.Tourism8.Personal safety&security9.Cyber-securitySOURCE:Centre for Liveable Cities(CLC),Team analysis 415ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Reportmaster planning and development”and“dynamic and adaptive urban governance.”Both documents share a vision of a holistic and integrated approach to cities that echoes the language of several key international commitments approved at around the same time.There are also many synergies between the ASUS and other ASEAN strategies,documents and initiatives,with sustainable urbanisation offering a major entry point for efforts to improve other areas,such as mobility and disaster risk reduction(table 2).These initiatives offer an extraordinary opportunity to synergise development efforts,linking local actions with global frameworks and providing a common set of core aims,indicators and pathways within which different stakeholders can work.In particular,the SDGs and the subsequent Decade of Action,which was designed to accelerate efforts to realise its ambitious targets between 2020 and 2030,provide a clear framework that balances global cooperation,local initiatives and what UN Secretary-General Antnio Guterres described as“people action”the engagement of civil society,businesses,academics and other actors,aided by flows of innovative sustainability-focused finance.45 There is also significant overlap between the aims and processes of the UN 2030 Agenda and the ASEAN 2025 Community Vision,most notably“a common drive towards balanced economic,social and environmental development.”46 With a recent review of sustainable development in the region describing progress towards SDG 11(”Make cities inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable”)in Southeast Asia as“very slow”and“stagnant,”47 there is clearly an urgent need to accelerate efforts in this area.FIGURE 4ASUS CORE AND SUB-AREASWith a recent review of sustainable development in the region describing progress towards SDG 11(”Make cities inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable”)in Southeast Asia as“very slow”and“stagnant”,there is clearly an urgent need to accelerate efforts in this area.SOURCE:ESCAP(2021)Asia and the Pacific:SDG Progress Report 2021,Bangkok,pp.17-18SOURCE:ASEAN(2018),ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy16Introduction“There is significant overlap between the aims and processes of the UNs 2030 Agenda and ASEANs 2025 Community Vision,most notably a common drive towards balanced economic,social and environmental development17ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportTABLE 2This presents a comprehensive framework of 17 SDGs for all Member States to achieve by 2030.Although all of these are relevant in different ways to urbanisation,the most relevant provision is SDG 11,“Make cities inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable.”This outlines an ambitious set of five core aims that includes sustainable infrastructure,alongside digital innovation,seamless logistics,regulatory excellence and people mobility.“The aim of this strategy is to coordinate existing resources to deliver support across the full life cycle of infrastructure projects in ASEAN,including project preparation,improving infrastructure productivity,and capability building.This strategy also includes exchanging lessons on smart urbanisation models across ASEAN Member States that can simultaneously deliver economic growth and a good quality of life.”GLOBAL INITIATIVESASEAN INITIATIVESThe SDGs serve as a framework for sustainability-oriented financing,such as SDG Accelerator Bonds,to provide cheaper sources of funding for projects that will drive sustainable development in the ASEAN region.Some regional and national examples include the following:TheASEAN Catalytic Green Finance Facility(ACGF),established in April 2019,is aimed at supporting the mobilisation of private funding through an innovative financing structure.With a total of about USD1 billion from various multilateral donors to support green investments in transportation,water and energy,it has already provided funding to a number of projects in the ASEAN region,including a major loan to fund the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue Greenways Project in the Philippines;this involves the construction of elevated walkways in a congested area of Manila to provide safe and accessible pedestrian routes for residents,including pregnant women,children,older persons and people with disabilities.Thailandlaunched asovereign sustainability bondin August 2020 that combined environmental and social objectives with post-COVID-19 recovery efforts.The USD950 million that it raised was channelled towards the development of Bangkoks mass transit network and other projects that will help the country to achieve its SDG and climate resilience targets under the Paris Agreement.Sustainable Development Goal Indonesia One-Green Finance Facility Phase 1has been designed as an intermediary loan to channel government and Asian Development Bank finances to promote funding from private and institutional sources by minimising risks for investors.The programme is aimed at backing activities that support an inclusive post-COVID-19 economic recovery while also strengthening environmental sustainability.The Addis Ababa Action Agenda,to which all ASEAN Member States are signatory,was designed as“a global framework for financing development post-2015.Although separate from the 2030 Agenda,it was developed in parallel with the aim of supporting sustainable development by mobilising different forms of finance.The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development(2015)The Addis Ababa Action Agenda(2015)Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025(2016)GLOBAL AND REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS18IntroductionTABLE 3GLOBAL INITIATIVESASEAN INITIATIVESThe New Urban Agenda(NUA)was adopted at Habitat III,which was held in Quito,Ecuador,in October 2016.Following a series of landmark international agreements,the NUA outlined in detail the specific contribution that cities could make to securing global sustainability.The commitments span a breadth of social,economic and environmental issues,including provisions on spatial integration,physical upgrading,compact design,accessibility,environmental resilience and public safety.If implemented,these measures would greatly enhance sustainable urban planning in the ASEAN region,particularly in the context of disaster preparedness and climate-resilient planning.This framework,built on extensive consultations with cities and urban stakeholders in the region,provides a blueprint of priorities and action points for cities to follow to strengthen their sustainability,with additional toolkits and sample indicators as guidance.This presents a broad set of principles to guide smart city development across the region.Many of these are closely aligned with the principles of both the ASUS and the NUA.This ASEAN-EU collaboration aims to promote sustainable and smart solutions to a range of challenges such as energy-efficient construction and urban mobility.New Urban Agenda(2016)ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)(2018)ASEAN Smart Cities Framework(2018)Smart Green ASEAN Cities Programme(2021)Since the publication of the ASUS,the focus has been on translating its provisions into practical actions at the local level through city engagement.Encouragingly,the Master Plan on Connectivity 2025:Mid-term Review,published in 2020,identified sustainable urbanisation as one of the initiatives where good progress had been made.Efforts were also made following its publication to improve uptake of the ASUS,with two socialisation forums held in Jakarta in November 2019 and February 2020.Nevertheless,following the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic,there is a need for renewed momentum to ensure that national and local governments are engaged in the principles of and opportunities offered by the ASUS.GLOBAL AND REGIONAL SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION FRAMEWORKS19ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportTABLE 3“Accelerating the Implementation of the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy,”a collaboration with UN-Habitat,was designed to support the uptake of the ASUS and align its principles with other international development frameworks,such as the NUA and the SDGs.The first stage of the project was to deliver technical support to eight cities in different ASEAN Member States,identifying key priorities and actions at the local level in line with the ASUS.This was followed by the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Forum in October 2021,bringing together a wide range of city stakeholders and other partners from across the region.The final output of the project is the present report.Output 1:8 City Techinical ProposalsASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy(ASUS)Output 2:ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Forum(6-8 Oct 2021)Output 3:ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportThe NUAs emphasis on the agency of local governments and decentralised decision-making means it is especially relevant for secondarycities seeking to navigate a path towards greater sustainability.Organisations such as United Cities and Local Governments have been active in ASEAN and elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific in engaging cities and municipalities in the design and implementation of policies to support the NUA.There have been a number of initiatives by ASEAN Member States to support the realisation of the NUA,including:InCambodia,UN-Habitat and ESCAP have partnered on the project,“Inter-regional cooperation for the implementation of the New Urban Agenda,”which is aimed at supporting the government in achieving the commitments of the NUA.Importantly,in response to COVID-19,it also includes a component on urban pandemic preparedness to support policymakers at the national and local levels.Indonesia,following the passage of the NUA,has prioritised spatial planning as a key component of urban governance across the country.By doing so,it seeks to adopt the NUA provisions and achieve greater urban sustainability.InThailand,in 2019 the government rolled out an information programme in selected cities across the country to raise awareness about the NUA and associated tools to support urban sustainability.A series of workshops,entitled“Local is the Key,”were launched in Chiang Mai and Songkhla provinces to engage local government officials with practical ways to implement improvements in their own cities.ACCELERATING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ASEAN SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION STRATEGY?Accelerating the Implementation of the ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation Strategy City Technical Proposal City Sustainable Transport Master Plan Kaysone,Lao PDR?April 2022 20IntroductionThe concerns of the Paris Agreement overlap with the priorities of the Sendai Agreement,ratified in 2015 to strengthen disaster risk preparedness and resilience.The Sendai Framework,while not explicitly addressing cities,has nevertheless significant implications for them.Under its provisions,urban development should seek to minimise vulnerabilities and exposure to potential disaster risk.The context for Sendais uptake in ASEAN was aided by the fact that ASEAN had itself approved a legally binding document for the region,namely the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response(AADMER),signed in July 2005 and entering into force in December 2009.In 2018,ASEAN adopted the Guidebook for Urban Resilience:Building Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities in ASEAN and developed the ASEAN Urban Resilience Checklist tool.The guidebook provides practical measures for local governments and relevant national institutions to reduce local risks and mainstream disaster risk reduction in urban planning and development plans.The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction(SFDRR)2015-2030(2015)The ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response(AADMER)The AADMER Work Programme 2021-2025,developed with the support of UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR),supports the realisation of the Sendai Framework as well as AADMER.In fact,the latter explicitly“aligns with key provisions of the SFDRR and its seven targets while maintaining the ASEAN identity and pursuing the goals set by the ACDM”(ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management).The Paris Agreement,approved in December 2015,is a landmark international agreement that commits governments to take steps to limit global temperature rises to no more than 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.While representing a bold global response to the climate crisis,brokered at an international level between national governments,much of its success will depend on concrete local action in cities.The Paris Agreement has inspired a variety of urban-focused initiatives,including Indonesias Sustainable Urban Transport Programme,implemented by government ministries in urban areas.Yet,there are also many examples of locally led urban initiatives.For example,a coalition of cities organised by C40 Cities has committed to develop action plans to bring themselves into line with the targets of the Paris Agreement.These cities include Hanoi,Ho Chi Minh City,Jakarta,Kuala Lumpur and Quezon City in the ASEAN region;they joined the coalition in June 2019.The ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change(established in 2009)coordinates with agencies and across the region to communicate ASEAN climate change priorities at the international level.Various ministerial environment-related bodies under the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community pillar also engage in climate change issues.The ASEAN Working Group on Environmentally Sensitive Cities was established to create a regional body focusing on challenges relating to urban environmental management.Among other initiatives,it launched the SDG Frontrunner Cities programme,with 24 model cities across the region supported in order to upscale green and sustainable policies that will aid in SDG localisation.48The Paris Agreement(2015)The ASEAN Working Group on Climate ChangeThe ASEAN Working Group on Environmentally Sensitive CitiesGLOBAL INITIATIVESASEAN INITIATIVESGLOBAL AND REGIONAL CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RESILIENCE FRAMEWORKSTABLE 4ENABLERS FOR ACHIEVING URBAN SUSTAINABILITY22Responding to the challenges outlined in the previous section requires a multipronged approach that engages the tools of governance,planning,finance and digitalisation.This chapter presents four overarching“enablers”for city-level action identified in the ASUS that are applicable across the different thematic areas which follow in the next chapter.49 Together,these comprise a comprehensive toolkit for cities to achieve greater sustainability through strong coordination,effective land use,targeted financial investments and smart technologies.The chapter provides a detailed exploration of each enabler in the context of ASEAN,outlining the key challenges and opportunities that they offer cities across the region,as well as selected best practices and a series of recommendations for cities to strengthen their capacity in these areas.How cities can work effectively with different levels of government,other national,urban and rural stakeholders,and the communities they serve.Among other areas,this section examines capacity gaps and coordination challenges,the value of collaborative decision-making and the opportunities to align local efforts with global development initiatives.How cities can engage planning processes across a range of spatial scales,from territorial and regional planning to neighbourhood-level urban design,to improve their sustainability.The scope of this section ranges from the importance of an integrated approach to the urban-rural continuum to the potential of inclusive,sustainable urban design to deliver better outcomes for cities.How cities can access the funding they need,including international loans,national financial assistance,local government revenue and community-based savings,in collaboration with communities,businesses and international donors.Besides exploring how local governments can boost their own revenue and design more“bankable”development projects to attract loans and investment,this section also highlights the need for stronger pro-poor mechanisms to increase financial access among low-income and marginalised communities.How cities can leverage the opportunities of information and communications technologies(ICTs)in an inclusive and appropriate fashion for their specific context,while ensuring that human rights and privacy are respected.While emphasising the many ways that smart technologies can support sustainability,this section also discusses the problem of the growing“digital divide”excluding a significant portion of the urban population from these benefits,as well as the necessity of having strong safeguards in place to protect privacy and other rights.DYNAMIC URBAN GOVERNANCE.23 INTEGRATED MASTER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT.33 PARTNERSHIP AND FUNDING.45 DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND APPLICATIONS.5923ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportDYNAMIC URBAN GOVERNANCE 25.Bridging the capacity gapMulti-level coordination and implementation 28.Promoting collaborative governanceThe value of“co-produced”solutions 30.Linking local action with global commitmentsThe 2030 Agenda as a governance roadmap 32.RecommendationsGiven the complex,interconnected systems that underpin the everyday functioning of cities across the ASEAN region,the need for well-integrated and collaborative urban governance structures is especially important.Yet,cities are still struggling with institutional divisions,lack of communication and limited participation with other stakeholders,meaning that government actions can be fragmented and poorly coordinated.Ongoing decentralisation,while an important step towards more accountable and locally led decision-making,has also placed further pressure on local governments with limited capacity and resources.Collaborative governance,however,engaging a range of stakeholders through knowledge exchange,resource sharing and partnerships,offers cities a means to overcome these barriers and achieve more sustainable urban outcomes.24Dynamic Urban GovernanceBoth the ASUS and the NUA are focused closely on governance as a key priority.While the ASUS highlights“dynamic urban governance”as one of the four enablers of urban sustainability,it also highlights a number of ongoing issues and barriers currently relating to this field.On the other hand,the NUA is concerned with aspirational pathways to enhance urban governance for the future.Consequently,with their complementary focus on challenges and ways forward,the two strategies are closely aligned and together comprise a useful road map for cities to follow.The table below highlights some of these synergies.Knowledge and information gapsGrowing inequalityPoor internal coordinationCompeting aims and prioritiesIncreasing urban autonomyASUS AND NUAASEAN SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION STRATEGYNEW URBAN AGENDAMeaningful decentralisationIntegrated policymakingCollaborative governance structuresClear regulationsInclusive structures“.many national governments are increasingly shifting the responsibility of public services to local city governments,granting them increased autonomy.”50“ensuring the involvement of subnational and local governments in decision-making and working to provide them with the necessary authority and resources to manage critical urban,metropolitan and territorial concerns.”51 “These relate to a misalignment of incentives between key stakeholders(e.g.national,regional and local government or regulators,investors/donors,implementation agencies,private sector and local residents).”52“coherence between goals and measures of sectoral policies at different levels and scales of political administration,across administrative borders and considering the appropriate functional areas,in order to strengthen integrated approaches to urbanization.”53 This relates to a lack of alignment with other actions where there may be important inter-dependencies(such as road infrastructure and public transport initiatives);and alignment across government departments,at the national,sub-national and crosscutting level.It is indispensable to clarify differences in role of each organisation and to let them cooperate with each other when necessary.54“stronger coordination and cooperation among national,subnational and local governments,including through multilevel consultation mechanisms and by clearly defining the respective competences,tools and resources for each level of government.”55“While cities have been engines of growth,the benefits of this growth have not been shared equitably.In many Asian cities,including in Southeast Asia,income inequality has risen and is often higher than in rural areas.”56“promote participatory age-and gender-responsive approaches at all stages of the urban and territorial policy and planning processes.rooted in new forms of direct partnership between Governments at all levels and civil society.”57“This occurs when stakeholders do not have sufficient or adequate information about the availability of actions,the true costs and benefits of actions,or the nature of the technology involved.Often this is tied to a lack of available robust data.”58“establish legal and policy frameworks,based on the principles of equality and non-discrimination,to enhance the ability of Governments to effectively implement national urban policies,as appropriate.”59 25ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportBRIDGING THE CAPACITY GAPMulti-level coordination and implementationThere is now widespread recognition of the central role that urban areas have to play in realising sustainable development.Allowing cities the policy space and resources to guide their own destinies,rather than simply enacting top-down policies from national government on the ground,is key.In principle,this transformation has been occurring across the ASEAN region since the late 1980s:while governance arrangements vary widely between Member States,with local governments afforded different degrees of financial and political control over their own decision-making,the general trend has been towards greater decentralisation.In the context of many ASEAN cities,however,where local budgets are still largely dependent on central funding,this has created significant challenges as well as benefits.60 Indeed,while increasing local autonomy can encourage more responsive and informed decision-making,currently many cities are burdened with greater responsibilities but lacking the funds or resources to support these expanded duties.Given the limited capacity of many local governments,particularly in smaller urban areas,they are often still dependent on the support of central governments in such specialised areas as disaster preparedness planning.Consequently,the need for clear,effective communication between these different levels of government remains.However,poor coordination and communication barriers between central and local governments continue to be a significant roadblock in urban governance,isolating smaller cities from decision-making,particularly when entrenched political siloes are in place.The balance in supporting an effective urban governance framework is identifying where national governments,regional bodies or international organisations can usefully provide resources and technical assistance to cities while ensuring that those areas which should be led by municipal authorities are properly devolved to them.Even when supportive policies are put into place to devolve power to cities,lack of capacity and resources at the local level can undermine these efforts.In the Philippines,for example,local governments previously overlooked in national climate policies were placed at the forefront of the countrys adaptation efforts with the passage of the ground-breaking Philippine Climate Change Act of 2009.However,while providing cities with more power to design appropriate strategies to meet their specific needs,the shift also laid bare significant capacity and informal gaps at the local level,meaning a great deal of ongoing support is needed.61 In practice,while there has been some improvement in collaboration between the array of national agencies engaged in climate change adaptation,including the Climate Change Commission,the Department of Interior and Local Government,the Housing and Land Use Regularity Board and the National Economic and Development Authority,vertical coordination between these bodies and the more than 1,500 cities and municipalities in need of support remains a work in progress.62However,the governance barriers in cities can be horizontal as well as vertical,with different local departments failing to communicate adequately between each other.This can make for disconnected,inefficient service provision and conflicting policies when different priorities are not properly reconciled.To take the example of urban transport,the challenges are In the Philippines,local governments were placed at the forefront of the countrys adapta-tion efforts with the passage of the Philippine Climate Change Act of 2009.in practice,has seen some improvement.however,remains a work in progress.VERTICAL COORDINA-TION BETWEEN NATIONAL BODIES AND 1,500 CITIESHORIZONTAL COORDI-NATION BETWEEN NATIONAL AGENCIESSOURCE:Uy Epistola,R.,Landesman T.and Adrizola,P.(2020)Local Climate Action Planning in the Philippines:The Case of Ormoc City,Berlin:adelphi,p.726Dynamic Urban Governanceoften not only a lack of integration with other relevant sectors,such as housing and infrastructure,but also the“siloisation”of different transit types,such as bus,rail and road,within separate agencies.This problem is especially evident in the area of data collecting and sharing:it is not uncommon that information collected by one department may not be readily available even to other government agencies,let alone to citizens,NGOs and other stakeholders.The most effective way to prevent this is to ensure that relevant datasets are published transparently and can be easily sourced online by any user,including members of the general public.In Thailand,for instance,the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council(NESDC)launched the Thai People Map Analytic Platform to enable anyone to view and download locally disaggregated data on poverty,health,living conditions,education,income and other variables.This serves as an important tool to strengthen the ability of citizens to access public data and promote active Rather than competing against each other,secondary cities can work creatively to develop partnerships,resource sharing frameworks and other forms of cooperation This means moving away from rigid,hierarchical systems where relations are primarily structured between the centre and individual cities to one where smaller cities are themselves organised into integrated clustersparticipation.63 Provided that the platform continues to be updated and accessible,it should also support cities in improving their own evidence base to inform policy.Horizontal engagement can also extend to the development of intercity partnerships,particularly secondary cities in countries traditionally dominated by primate cities.Rather than competing against each other,secondary cities can work creatively to develop partnerships,resource-sharing frameworks and other forms of cooperation.This means moving away from rigid,hierarchical systems where relations are primarily structured between the centre and individual cities to one where smaller cities are themselves organised into integrated clusters.64 While the formation of such collective organisations as municipal associations do in principle perform this function,in practice these typically lack sufficient power or resources.“27ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportWhile the absence of data is a major challenge to effective decision-making,a related problem is that what limited data are available is often not communicated effectively between agencies.By removing institutional barriers and establishing clear processes to improve accessibility,national and local governments can ensure that potentially valuable data are not overlooked or unavailable.In the Philippines,for instance,a central element of the Safe Philippines project a national programme launched in 2019 in partnership with selected local governments was to encourage integrated data collection to support safer roads,more responsive disaster management and lower levels of crime.65Ongoing efforts to localise the SDGs,in particular,have already provided an important tool to drive sustainable urban development across ASEAN.The SDG Frontrunner Cities programme,for example,is operating in 24 cities across the region and has involved a range of activities in waste management,low-carbon development and other areas rolled out by local partners.66 Part of the rationale for the programme is that,while there is limited awareness in secondary cities of the SDG processes themselves,some cities are nevertheless taking steps to achieve sustainable development outside the formal framework of the 2030 Agenda.67Transnational urban networks across the ASEAN region have significant potential to strengthen responses to shared challenges.For example,the new Smart Green Cities programme,launched in partnership with the EU,will support dialogue and exchange of best practices among ASEAN Member States,as well as between ASEAN and the EU,through trainings and urban forums.Another action proposed in the ASEAN Comprehensive Recovery Plan is to establish a platform for ASEAN cities to share knowledge and lessons learned to improve their response to future outbreaks of COVID-19 and other challenges,with a particular focus on the use of digital technologies to improve tracking and tracing.68Improving urban safety through better data sharing in the PhilippinesLocalising the SDGs to promote urban innovation Fostering regionwide knowledge sharing and city-to-city collaborationBEST PRACTICES IN GOVERNANCE28Dynamic Urban GovernancePROMOTING COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCEThe value of“co-produced”solutionsAs important as the ability of cities to operate effectively across different departments and multiple tiers of government is their willingness to engage a broad range of stakeholders in decision-making.Until recently,urban governance across much of the region was characterised by inflexible,top-down decision-making structures that afforded little space in which local communities,civil society organisations and other stakeholders could participate meaningfully.Despite progress in recent decades and the creation of more open spaces for collaboration,cities are still visibly struggling to coordinate and manage resources effectively,particularly in response to the shifting economic and technological realities of the twenty-first century.As the challenges facing cities become ever more complex,balancing the demand for further economic development with environmental protection and liveability,the need for a multistakeholder approach to urban governance has become increasingly urgent.69 Cities that commit fully to a participatory approach in this fashion are able not only to draw effectively on the diverse resources of their residents,but also to promote more inclusive governance.Well-implemented partnerships with community groups can provide officials with a much clearer sense of local needs,particularly in informal settlements and slums that may not even be officially recognised.Residents can themselves support key activities,such as data collection and community-based planning,thus giving greater visibility to specific challenges and ensuring that any policy responses are appropriate to their context.Community involvement also ensures a stronger commitment to transparent,accountable governance processes.The power of this approach is illustrated by Data Kota,a collaboration between the Indonesian NGO Kota Kita and the Banjarmasin local government were created through Data Kota,a collaboration between the NGO Kota Kita and the local government in Banjarmasin,Indonesia,to create an integrated,accessible database on basic services,poverty and land tenure with the participation of citizen volunteers to support data collection efforts.52NEIGHBOURHOOD“MINI ATLASES”SOURCE:Kota Kita(undated)“Data Kota Kota Banjarmasin”to provide an integrated,publicly accessible database for the city.Working across different departments and engaging a team of citizen volunteers to gather inputs at the community level,the information was then synthesised into neighbourhood“mini atlases”that provided detailed neighbourhood-level profiles on basic services,poverty,land tenure and other areas.70The value of co-produced solutions,especially in contexts where significant governance gaps exist,has been evident during the pandemic as community groups,businesses and other constituencies have worked together to contain the impacts of COVID-19.This was again illustrated in the Philippines by the activities of the Philippines Homeless Peoples Federation in cities across the country;the organisation was able to play an instrumental role in the first weeks of the outbreak,working with local governments to identify vulnerable 29ASEAN Sustainable Urbanisation ReportIn Indonesia,a years-long trend of declining urban poverty levels was reversed in 2020,following the outbreak of COVID-19;by September that year,urban poverty levels had risen to 7.4 per cent,up from 6.7 per cent in 2019.Almost four fifths(79 per cent)of those who fell into poverty over the year,some 2.2 million people,were living in urban areas a reflection of the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on cities.Unemployment rates in urban areas rose sharply from 6.3 per cent to 9.0 per cent during the same period.Inequality also increased during the pandemic,with some of the most significant impacts in regions that were dependent on tourism or labour-intensive activities.74 Even before the pandemic,the challenges facing millions of informal sector workers were already formidable.However,their precarity and lack of official recognition left them particularly vulnerable to the pandemic and the social restrictions imposed to contain it.Despite the success of digital platforms,such as ride-sharing and delivery applications,the informal and uncontracted nature of this employment leaves workers especially exposed to unexpected market fluctuations and downturns.This is demonstrated by the fact that,in the wake of the pandemic,urban gig workers have been among the worst affected.Their experiences reinforce the need for national and local governments to build a clear framework of protection and assistance to provide greater security to self-employed and informal sector workers.75 This should not only address the immediate vulnerabilities brought on by the pandemic,but also support their long-term security and strengthen their resilience to future economic shocks.Among other measures,informal sector workers should be included in labour legislation;currently,the Law on Manpower and its various provisions are extended only to those in formal employment.Authorities should also work with pro-poor urban organisations to support the reskilling of informal workers in the worst-affected sectors and their integration into other areas where demand for labour is still high,such as health care and logistics.76BOX 3SUPPORTING AND PROTECTING INFORMAL WORKERS IN INDONESIAS CITIEShouseholds,disseminate information and distribute emergency food assistance.71 For secondary cities in particular,local governments need to enable and support the innovative self-organising systems that emerge from coalitions of different urban stakeholders to meet local challenges.This is crucial not only from a rights-based perspective,given the long legacy of top-down decision-making in many ASEAN cities,but also as a way to address the challenges that many municipalities face in providing their most marginalised populations with support and services.In particular,the informal sector offers a huge and largely untapped source of potential with which municipalities can engage productively to strengthen capacity.From small-scale water providers and waste recyclers to jeepneys and motorbike taxis,informal operators play an essential role in meeting the needs of informal settlements and other low-income neighbourhoods excluded from formal services.However,national and local governments have often been reluctant to even recognise,let alone collaborate with,informal sector actors.This represents a significant missed opportunity;even when there may be concerns around the quality of services provided by some informal operators,the most effective approach to improve their regulation is through training,capacity-building and targeted financial assistan
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