2023 年中国 5G 产业全景图谱报告 2023 年中国 5G 产业全景图谱报告 专家寄语专家寄语 AIoT 作为人工智能技术与物联网在实际应用中的落地融合，伴随着人工智能技术不断提升在 IoT .
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公众号：5G业应吴冬升 博士2022年11月30日公众号：5G业应全球市场篇一国内市场篇二技术篇三01 5G的前世今生02 全球5G最新进展03 主要国家（韩/美/欧/日）5G最新进展应用篇四01 中.
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公众号：5G业应吴冬升 博士2022.03.23微信公众号：5G行业应用微信公众号：5G行业应用微信公众号：5G行业应用微信公众号：5G行业应用微信公众号：5G行业应用微信公众号：5G行业应用微信公众.
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公众号：5G行业应用公众号：5G业应全球5G进展公众号：5G业应5G网络商用区域5G网络规划区域公众号：5G业应41248736038040042044046048050020202021全球投资5G.
2022-12-07
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1面向面向 6 6G G 的智能交互的智能交互技术技术白皮书白皮书（20222022 年）年）中国移动通信集团有限公司中国移动通信集团有限公司前前言言随着未来 6G 网络技术的发展，移动网络的性能进一.
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2022-12-07
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价值驱动价值驱动 6G 发展发展白皮书白皮书（2022）中国移动通信研究院前前言言科技创新是 2030+经济社会发展的核心驱动力，6G 将成为其中的主导创新技术之一。数字经济的加速发展、数字鸿沟的消弭.
2022-12-07
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Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 1ContentsExecutive Summary.31.Introduction.42.Evolution of XR.53.XR Key Facilitators and Use Cases .63.1 XR Key Facilitators.63.2 VR Use Cases.73.3 AR Use Cases.84.XR Service Characteristics and Delivery Requirements.114.1 VR Wireless Requirements .114.2 AR Wireless Requirements .134.3 MR and Beyond Wireless Requirements .135.XR Key Enablers.155.1 Split Computing/Rendering Architecture.155.2 Edge Computing.165.3 Spectrum Considerations.166.XR in 3GPP Standards .176.1 XR in Rel-15/Rel-16.176.2 XR in Rel-17.186.3 XR in Rel-18.226.4 XR in Rel-19.23Conclusion .24Acronyms.25Acknowledgments.27Endnotes.28 Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 3Executive SummaryExtended Reality(XR)enhances our lived experiences with Augmented Reality(AR),Virtual Reality(VR)and Mixed Reality(MR).It creates either fully virtual,immersive environments or blends those virtual landscapes and features with the“real”world.Its use cases are not limited to consumer applications like gaming,but also include enterprise,institutions,and manufacturing.XR will influence the way people play,work,learn,and interact with each another.VR,but particularly AR,requires significant development in multiple areas including but not limited to multi-media,artificial intelligence,computing,display systems,and communication to provide experiences that incorporate XR into our daily lives.Low latency,high reliability,lower power consumption and high capacity are key service requirements for the success of XR.5G New Radio(NR)developed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)is designed to support emerging XR uses cases that require such Key Performance Indicators(KPI).While 5G NR benefits XR,potential enhancements for 5G and balanced KPIs require further end-to-end optimizations.This white paper describes potential use cases with service delivery requirements.It also details how 5G can enable an end-to-end XR system,including how split computation architecture across various system components provides benefits for lower latency,higher reliability,higher rates,and less device computation.Rel-15/Rel-16 offers a decent foundation for XR but has not been specifically designed or optimized for XR support.The paper examines the evolution of 5G systems from Rel-15 and 16 that can be leveraged for XR,before describing potential enhancements recognized by 3GPP in Rel-17 through Rel-18 that are expected to optimize XR support including XR awareness,power optimizations,and capacity enhancements.The paper concludes by describing anticipated studies of localized mobile metaverse services in Rel-19.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 41.IntroductionExtended Reality(XR)is an umbrella term for Virtual Reality(VR),Augmented Reality(AR),and Mixed Reality(MR),as shown in Figure 1.XR will be the next-generation computing platform dictating our future relationship with the digital world by creating virtual experiences that are indistinguishable from reality.XR will majorly influence the way people play,work,learn,and connect.Figure 1:Different types of XR services1VR is a digital render designed to mimic visual and audio sensory stimuli of the real world as naturally as possible to an observer or user as they move within the limits defined by the application.With VR,a user usually wears a head-mounted display(HMD)which completely replaces the users Field of View(FoV)with a simulated visual component.The VR user may also wear headphones for accompanying audio.In addition,head and motion tracking of the user in VR allows the simulated visual and audio components to be updated to ensure that items and sound sources remain synced with the users movements.2VR is gathering momentum,but much research is still needed to enhance the users immersive experience.Advances include but are not limited to higher resolution,wider FoV,depth,haptic gloves,and audio propagation.With AR,artificially generated visual and audio content are overlaid on the users current environment.Their observation of their current environment may be direct with no intermediate sensing,processing,rendering,or indirect,where their perception of their environment is relayed using sensors.With MR,virtual elements are inserted into the physical environment to provide the illusion that these elements exist in the real scene.VR,and especially AR,remains in its early stages and needs immense research,innovation,and development before they are implemented practically in daily lives.These technologies include optics,projectors,display systems,graphics,audio,hand tracking,eye tracking,face tracking,body tracking,world mapping and reconstruction,and Artificial Intelligence(AI).VR headsets provide visual input contained to the HMD,whereas AR glasses allow users to observe and use virtual objects overlayed in reality to annotate our world and interact with others.AR glasses and VR headsets operate within tight power and thermal budgets.AR glasses generally have small form factors and must operate within narrow budgets(lightweight,low power)to enable long sessions or all-day usage.Cloud gaming(CG)is a closely related XR application that utilizes the edge server to render graphics on mobile devices.Game controller information is transmitted on the uplink,and the graphics rendered do not change on user movement and are generally with lower resolution compared to other XR systems.XR and CG3 are currently one of the industrys most important 5G media applications under consideration.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 52.Evolution of XRXR application enhancements need greater consideration as we move toward 6G.5G technology improved access to high-quality video,but 5G-Advanced will offer more immersive user experiences,and 6G development is working to provide more holographic experiences.Digital twins,localization,and sensing are also being enhanced as these technologies move towards 6G.Factors like ecosystem support and strong communication between device and network manufacturers cannot be overlooked.Communication and collaboration are necessary to enhance variables such as battery life,optics,power savings,and congestion control.Immersive media,3D mapping,sensing,and content development drive the development of XR which needs lower latency and higher bandwidths.The journey to 6G is steadily progressing.Between now and 2030,consumers will continue to see optical improvements,more vivid images,and enhanced VR headset features like tracking for hands,full body,and facial expressions(see Figures 2 and 3).Figure 2:XR is a long journey,consumer XR Devices Timeline4Figure 3:XR evolution on the networks level Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 63.XR Key Facilitators and Use Cases XR services are complex and mandate many novel functionalities.While complex,XR services will transform the way we communicate,learn,and play.XR services will be the cornerstone of enterprise applications,consumer applications,and everything in between.The metaverse and digital twins can successfully enable the deployment of future multi-sensory XR.3.1 XR Key FacilitatorsThe Metaverse blends physical and digital worlds into one where XR users,content,and digital entities interact.The metaverse will bring XR to consumer homes,enterprise,and industrial realms.Users can see their physical actions reflected in the digital world and their virtual actions reflected in the physical world56.In essence,the metaverse can be a fictious world(e.g.,video game realm)that mimics day-to-day life in a virtual and digital domain(e.g.,a virtual replica of a power plant area).Figure 4:Metaverse landscapeThe metaverse could potentially usher in some form of blockchain technologies,crypto currencies or Non-Fungible Token(NFT)over a new iteration of the world wide web,i.e.,decentralized web.This could be a fundamental pillar enabling the world of distributed applications(dApps)as it reinvents how data moves through the overall network backbone.Essentially,it is an infrastructure layer that can transform the flexibility of dynamic data.This new modus-operandi presents challenges with operational and energy efficiencies,but also provides new opportunities to make users a central part of this new internet and economy.Digital Twins:Digital twins constitute the fundamental link between the real world and the metaverse,and have been made possible largely by the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT).Digital twins guarantee end-to-end digitization of complex physical assets,and consist of a physical and cyber twin.Tuneable,corresponding XR content for complex physical assets necessitates a digital twin.Artificial Intelligence(AI),Machine Learning(ML),and Autonomy:AI and ML have influenced almost every industry by reshaping the limits of high-tech.Service and operational intelligence are necessary to guaranteeing the successful and efficient performance of XR services and for providing XR via wireless access.Service intelligence is used within the application itself like ML pertaining to rendering,actions related to the VR scene,and coordination of multiple holograms.Operational intelligence provides the network with intelligent mechanisms to perform optimization and self-sustainability in Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 7complex services like XR7.Ensuring end-to-end digitization of complex physical assets necessitates utilizing Internet of Things(IoT)devices and sensors.IoT devices with limited compute power are seeing developments that promise to unleash their true potential with edge compute capabilities that enable decision making,pre-emptive maintenance,and more.Enterprises can also benefit from smarter IoT ecosystems with advanced building management systems that encourage sustainability.Ultimately,successful deployment of the metaverse and digital twins guarantees successful emergence of XR services that are expected to penetrate versatile sectors and verticals,as shown in Table 1.Table 1:XR Use Case TypesUse Case Types Industry VerticalsCloud Gaming/SportsVirtual Events/CollaborationEducationPublic Safety/HealthcareAI/IOTConsumerXXXXPublic InstitutionsXXXEnterpriseXXManufacturingXFMCGXSimulationsX3.2 VR Use CasesVR was first renowned for the way it transforms screen-limited video games into fully immersive experiences.As a result,VR has catalysed significant evolution in the gaming industry leading to a paradigm shift in various industry verticals.3.2.1 Online Immersive GamingUsers can teleport from their living room to places like sporting stadiums,fantasy realms,or simulated battlefields to experience seamless multi-player gaming experiences.Cloud-native applications and cloud gaming have opened the door for this new avenue of game engagement.While this concept is still developing,VR gaming will propel a novel gaming metaverse and online ecosystems.For instance,games like Roblox and Minecraft have 10 x in-app usage vs.Twitter and Facebook;its influence is undeniable8.3.2.2 Virtual Event ParticipationIt was not so long ago that the idea of instantly teleporting to another place seemed like science fiction.However,with the available VR technology,maturity of the metaverse,and robust network,participating in highly immersive virtual events in near real-time is becoming a reality.Virtual events are vastly inclusive,encompassing a wide spectrum from concerts and fashion shows to team collaboration.Users can attend virtual concerts or host their own virtual events for customers,friends and family across states and countries,e.g.,a virtual open house.Enterprises also have opportunities to collaborate globally.For instance,a user could attend an immersive,virtual town hall meeting and after,“walk out”and order a pizza within the same virtual environment and pay with cryptocurrency.The user could consume the pizza virtually,but also once delivered to their physical location.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 8Figure 5:Virtual open house use case3.2.3 Educational ExperiencesThe COVID-19 pandemic made it evident that educational resources and mediums backbone should not be limited to classrooms and in-person settings.Education must be accessible remotely from anywhere,at anytime.Throughout the pandemic,many users were inhibited by connectivity constraints and the inability to solicit their physical senses to understand learning modules and seamlessly engage in classroom discussions.A VR classroom experience enables users to erase the boundaries between in-person and remote boundaries.The“360 camera”allows remote students to experience the classroom setting in a more immersive manner9.In addition,the virtual world can usher in access to remote areas that go beyond online classes through virtual museum visits,virtual lab or company visits,and more hands-on approaches to learning.Research by Stanford University suggests that XR-enabled methods can lead to a 76%increase in learning efficiencies10.Access to customized study plans and learning material significantly benefits not only students,but also teachers.Figure 6:Mixed physical and virtual classes use caseWhile mission-critical services have a larger reach with AR services(described in Section 3.3.2),VR can further revolutionize public safety response education through voice-driven training,and re-imagined,low-cost,remote Advanced Cardiac Life Support(ACLS)training for first responders.It also allows for early testing and calibration in simulated scenarios that can reduce the possibilities of error in actual emergencies.11 123.3 AR Use CasesVR and AR share common denominators and use cases,but with varying methods of delivery.AR supplements our day-to-day life with virtual components rather than immersing the user in a virtual world.3.3.1 Mobile AR Video GamingLike immersive gaming experiences in VR,AR can leverage mobile phones,wearables,and AR glasses to supplement AR content in our daily lives(e.g.,Pokmon Go).Ensuring the smooth flow of AR contents and their synchronization with the real world is ensured with the advancement of wireless networks that deliver reliable low latency while guaranteeing an extremely high rate.One facilitating approach is the migration of cloudification of versatile interfaces and edge-enabled access13.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 93.3.2 Mission Critical ServicesAR services are expected to exert major influence over multiple mission-critical services,from public safety applications to healthcare and industrial manufacturing.AR is a portal to a new avenue of tunability,engineering,and intervention.A medical doctor can perform remote surgery on teleported patients,and engineers can fine-tune machinery cyber-twins.The navy can execute missions with overlaid AR content.XR enables transcending mission-critical tasks to be operated in the metaverse.That said,it is necessary to ensure that the goal of each service is attained within adequate safety measures.To do so,the end-to-end latency needs to be minimal to mitigate any risks and ensure a seamless execution of the task.Ultimately,this kind of feature promises access to healthcare from remote places without needing emergency transport.Figure 7:Remote healthcare3.3.3 Online ShoppingThe COVID-19 pandemic impacted many businesses and owners,leading to the closure of many shops,particularly small businesses.During that time,stores with online shopping venues faced less economic backlash,but the online shopping sphere still lacks some crucial features,like feeling the material,trying clothing on,and examining the size of the objects.AR can provide users with an immersive browsing experience in their favourite stores,and examine the texture,size,and real color of their purchase from the comfort of their home.3.3.4 Spatial-Audio Multiparty Calls/ConferencesConference and multiparty calls have always lacked the human-centric component when relying solely on a screen,camera,and microphone.However,AR can remedy users device limitations with holograms that solicit their senses to communicate and converse with each other.Here,the role of body language,gestures,and facial expressions will ensure a smoother human interaction that mimics real-time face-to-face experiences.Figure 8:Avatar virtual collaboration spaces Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 103.3.5 Digital Co-designCo-design systems are designed to aid in creating innovative products and incorporating them into a virtual-real environment.This process allows designers to focus on the practical design and its relationship with the external environment by integrating context awareness.Spatial computing may be emphasized by capturing data using spatial mapping and imaging technology.Capturing movement,emotions,and facial expressions are vital with co-design,so using new forms of man-machine interactions is just as vital to measurements of the human body.Coupling the creativity of co-design with advanced user equipment and wearables will transform the next generation of Industrial IoT,because designers and practitioners require real-time shared platforms to work on projects simultaneously and make progress.Many enterprises,not limited to manufacturing,are experimenting with this concept.While the benefits of Co-design vary by project and vertical,early indications show substantial benefits.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 114.XR Service Characteristics and Delivery Requirements5G services consists of three main thrusts:enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB),massive machine-type communications(mMTC),and ultra-reliable and low latency communications(URLLC).eMBB is designed to cater to the additional capacity needed to accommodate higher peak data rates for big crowds and mobile user equipment.Examples include high resolution multi-media services and 3D content.mMTC services are characterized by a massive number of sensors or connected devices,typically necessitating a considerably low volume of non-delay sensitive data(e.g.,smart grids,smart cities,etc.).URLLC services refer to services that are expected to have exceptionally low latency and extreme high reliability.Such services are predominantly seen in mission-critical services like IoT devices used in surgeries or traffic safety.Figure 9:5G services thrustsXR traffic characteristics include quasi-periodic traffic in large chunks,irregular intervals and variable size,high data rate including uplink(UL)for ARservices,simultaneous transmission of 3Dvideo stream,and control data overthe same e2e connection.In addition,other key characteristics include low power consumption to extend battery life and minimize heat dissipation for user comfort,and tight delay and reliability constraints to meet user Quality of Experience(QoE).XR services do not easily fall exclusively under any of the three main thrusts of 5G because they simultaneously necessitate the delivery requirements of eMBB and URLLC.The next sections delve into details of wireless delivery requirements of VR,AR,MR,and beyond XR,delivery limitations of current 5G systems,and network aspects that require a major overhaul to fulfill the requirements of future XR services.5G-Advanced is set to evolve 5G Systems to its fullest capabilities from 3GPP Rel-18 onwards.The innovations from a large number of 3GPP 5G-Advanced items will offer improvements to:daily experiences for people and machines,extensions for new services,and expansions to offer new functionalities.In addition,these technological innovations will provide operational excellence.Among others,it will continue to improve coverage and capacity,enhance end-user experience,and expand 5G capabilities beyond connectivity.144.1 VR Wireless Requirements VRs ultimate goal is metaverse immersion:a state of deep involvement,absorption or engagement.Simulating an experience of“actually being there”can be achieved if the network satisfies the application-level metrics such as display(or content)resolution,FoV angles,and application“lag”.Consequently,VR services must first immerse the user in a high-fidelity visual component.Guaranteeing the successful delivery of this visual component requires the wireless network to deliver extremely high data rates.Second,VR services must immerse the user in a multi-sensory experience predominantly through the haptic component.Guaranteeing the successful transmission of the haptic component requires taming the reliability and the latency of the end-to-end system.Here,it is important to note that for early generations of VR,a multi-sensory experience was not necessary.Additionally,the fidelity of the visual component was not as significant as in current and future XR generations.Wireless service requirements are therefore dependent on the current VR generation.Early deployments of VR only consisted of 360 videos or 360 videos with simple haptic feedback.This simple generation of VR services,categorized as“Advanced VR”15,requires a video resolution of full-view 12K video,and transmission data in the range of 796 Mb/s-11.94 Gb/s.The data rate range varies based on the compression technique performed on VR content.A lossy compression would require a less stringent data rate but would lead to a generation loss.Meanwhile,lossless data compression is more efficient but would impede the wireless network with a more stringent data rate.Here,given that 5G downlink and uplink targets could possibly be more than 50 Mb/s almost everywhere,it will be hard to implement this on a large scale(wide area network)via a 5G network.The maximum downlink data rates can be Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 12up to 1 Gb/s,and one can roughly use 5G to satisfy advanced VR requirements.However,such VR experiences would not be multi-sensory and would suffer from a lossy data compression process.Here,such VR services would benefit from eMBBs high data rate capability.Figure 10:Quality of Service(QoS)requirements for VR phasesThe captured data curve inFigure 11depicts the rising data rate at the acquisition side for various established and emerging video formats on a logarithmic scale.The human perceived data curve inFigure 11shows the amount of data for various video formats that is perceived by a viewer at a particular moment in time,taking into account the natural limitations of the human eye.16Figure 11:Human perceived data rate while streaming video versus captured data rate.Current 5G systems fall short in supporting tactile intensive VR experience.In essence,multi-sensory VR services require high data rates,high reliability,and low latency simultaneously.Here,this experience mandates what eMBB and URLLC can deliver simultaneously.Pertaining to the latency requirements,VR poses an instantaneous requirement on the wireless network compared to the traditional average latency KPI.17 This showcases that 5G falls short in delivering an“Ultimate VR”experience where data rates in the range of 6.37-95.5 Gb/s(the range varies based on the compression technique)need to be attained and a maximum end-to-end latency of 5 ms needs to be achieved.The end-to-end latency KPI stems from motion-to-photon(MTP)latency.In essence,reducing the motion-to-photon latency is a key metric for reducing motion sickness when immersed in a VR experience.It is the delay between the action and reaction of a VR user depicted by the movement of the users head and the changes in the VR content observed.Another key metric regarding motion sickness that needs maintenance is jitter,or the difference in the latency perceived by the user over time.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 13Enabling high data rates,high-reliability,and low latency simultaneously for VR can be achieved by resorting to versatile avenues,but the tradeoff between diversity and multiplexing is inevitable.For instance,the data rate issue can be resolved by resorting to more abundant bandwidth at higher millimeter wave(mmWave)bands.The sub-THz range can indeed fulfill the rate needs,but such bands are highly susceptible to factors like blockage and molecular absorption,and lack robusticity for mobility,significant communication range,and beam misalignment.Relying on ultra-massive multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO)base stations can enhance data rates,and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces(RIS)can improve the reliability of line-of-sight(LoS)links.However,such bands and techniques are inherently unreliable and cannot guarantee consistent dependability.Tiling scheme-based streaming strategies exist for the generations older than entry-level VR that limit the size of transmitted content and reduce data rates and delay requirements imposed on the wireless network.Such tiling schemes implement a useful trade-off between bandwidth consumption and coding efficiency and can be utilized in settings where bandwidth is limited to more evolved VR generations.However,such tiling-based streaming strategies limit the 360 quality of VR video perceived.While such streaming schemes are useful,they are limited in their applicability to more evolved VR generations.AI and ML mechanisms that can enable enhanced real-time network optimization must be considered to tame high reliability an achieve low end-to-end latency.18 Processes occurring at multiple layers,ranging from beam-tracking to resource block allocation and VR field-of-view optimization,need to be governed by low-latency aware AI mechanisms.Nonetheless,current ML and AI mechanisms face multiple challenges with delivering stringent wireless requirements.Their predictive capability provides the network with more awareness and robustness towards processes occurring at various layers;however,their performance relies on large datasets and requires lengthy training times or exploration periods.Evidently,this nascent,open problem is fundamentally important to guarantee a robust network performance when delivering XR services.VR services predominantly occur in indoor areas,and this key advantage can benefit from fixed wireless access using higher frequency bands.Here,the reliability and low latency of the overall performance can be better controlled in an indoor environment.4.2 AR Wireless Requirements ARs goal seeks to overlay the users reality with virtual components that are up and running in the metaverse,or with cyber twins of a physically complex asset in real-time.Like VR,AR mandates a high data rate,reliability,and low latency simultaneously when granted in a multi-sensory setting.AR requires less immersion for a supplementation of objects in users daily lives compared to full immersion into the metaverse,so rate requirements can be slightly lower than VR.AR mainly depends on the users interaction with the AR components in real time,so such components must actively update and accompany the correct spatial-temporal constraints of the users daily life.In addition to minimizing the end-to-end latency,outdated information in an AR network can potentially lead to tremendous risks when deployed in mission-critical services.The freshness of information can be quantified by the concept of Age of Information(AoI).19 AoI depends on generating and transmitting AR content while capturing the freshness of receiver information.Given that AR depends on the users input more than VR,AR necessitates a high-rate bidirectional(downlink and uplink).Therefore,it is important to propose novel,AI-oriented network optimization frameworks that can guarantee a wireless AR service with high-rate,reliable,and low-latency bidirectional links.4.3 MR and Beyond Wireless Requirements The concept of MR is not concretely defined by academia or industry.Nevertheless,MRs main objective is to combine the capabilities of AR and VR in the same device.MR uses Figure 12:Example of view-port dependent virtual reality streaming Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 14pose information with up to six degrees of freedom(6DoF)20(position x,y,z,and rotation yaw,pitch,roll)to minimize data rates by only sending the visible field of view,known as“view-port dependent VR streaming”.MR is evolving alongside 3D imaging technology to create the highly coveted holographic teleportation application domain.Holographic teleportation is the evolution of ultimate extended reality,whereby the user needs to solicit their senses.In addition to stringent XR wireless requirements,holographic teleportation requires massive data rates in the range of 5 Tbps.19 Immersing the user in the metaverse requires tight synchronization between the holographic flows when considering user sense solicitation.Therefore,the risk of putting the user in a motion-sickness state grows substantially as the requirements for delivering this service are more stringent than in previous XR generations.On top of connectivity requirements,different types of sensing modalities are necessary to deploy multi-sensory XR over wireless networks.Effectively,high-precision and high-resolution tracking feedback are necessary to provide information about the 6DoF of each users head and body with a cognizant situational awareness of the XR users surroundings.Empowering a wireless network with such capabilities can also be done by leveraging higher frequency bands(similarly to the high data rate requirement).19 These bands can provide a high-resolution sensing capability with their large bandwidth if properly deployed.Fully multi-sensory XR and holographic teleportation has not been realized yet and requires a lot of technological advancements on the device,network,and technology level.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 155.XR Key Enablers5.1 Split Computing/Rendering ArchitectureWhile the long-term vision to the metaverse is 5G powered AR glasses(Figure 13.1)that connect directly to the cloud,a near-time solution are Wi-Fi-powered AR glasses that communicate to the cloud via a 5G enabled phone or laptop(Figure 13.2).In the future,a 5G AR glass may utilize either 5G or Wi-Fi as available(Figure 13.3),and a seamless experience between Radio Access Technologies(RATs)is preferred for the best user experience.One option to realize low power consumption modem is through the Release 17 Reduced Capability(RedCap)features by limiting the bandwidth to 20MHz and the number of antennas to two,again,as an option.Figure 13.1:Direct ConnectFigure 13.2:Phone-to-GlassFigure 13.3:5G AR glass utilizing 5G or Wi-FiIn the Edge-to-Phone-to-Glass AR system of Figure 13.2,the glasses communicate with the phone over Wi-Fi,and the phone communicates with the server over 5G.In split XR architecture the users pose and video information flow from the glasses to the phone to the server.The server processes the data and sends the encoded graphics back via the phone to be displayed onto the glasses.The split XR system leverages computing power from the edge compute server for graphics rendering.The Round-Trip Time(RTT)for this entire process is called Motion to Render to Photon latency(M2R2P),as illustrated in Figure 14.The Wi-Fi and 5G RTT are key components of this M2R2P.This 5G round-trip includes the time required to transport a complete video frame and the pose information between the server to the device along with scheduling,queuing delay,and propagation delay in core networks.Different XR devices may differ in tethering between the device carrying the 5G Uu modem and the XR device,the placement of the 5G Uu modem,the XR engine and localization support,the power supply,and the typical maximum available power.Sensors are placed on all device types.The XR engine can be broadly divided into:21 External:The device only supports display.Any scene recognition,if applicable,is not on the device.Split:The device performs viewport pre-rendering and post-rendering.With split rendering,the computation between the server and the device may deliver truly immersive and enhanced experiences.Varying types of architectural splits differ by the functional split of main tasks between the XR servers and XR devices.With split compute/rendering,network functions run an XR engine to support processing and pre-rendering of immersive scenes,and the delivery is split into more than one connection,e.g.,Split rendering,Edge Computing,etc.The latency and interaction requirements depend on the use case and the architecture implementation.XR device:A device that does full rendering of the viewport in the device.Figure 14:Split XR architecture with M2R2P latency=5G RTT Device processing Server Processing Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 165.2 Edge Computing5G NR multi-access edge computing(MEC)brings applications,storage,switching,and control functions closer to the location where they are needed,which improves data processing and reduces latency.Moving on-device processing to the cloud allows for faster response times and lower battery usage,potentially transforming industries such as manufacturing,transportation,entertainment,and more.With edge computing,User Equipment(UE)can access services hosted close to the serving Base Station(BS).Lower latencies can improve end-user experience,while reduced backhaul transport requirements can improve network efficiency.Hosting services close to the serving BS means that there is User Plane Function(UPF)and DN(Data Network)of Local Area Data Network(LADN)at a location which is geographically close to the serving BS.The UPF and the DN/LADN could be co-located with the base station,or they could be co-located with a router within the transport network.Figure 15:Cloud and edge processing22The role of edge computing as a network architecture is an important consideration for enablement of XR and CG.For example,a museum could use AR to provide visitors with additional information as they tour the venue.The edge computing application could run on a local server which recognizes and tracks the visitors location and provides relevant location information.As such,edge computing may provide several benefits,such as lower latency,higher bandwidth,and reduced backhaul traffic.The SA6 Study on application architecture enabling Edge Applications23 defines the necessary modifications to 5G System architecture to enhance edge computing.XR edge applications are expected to take advantage of the low latencies enabled by 5G and the Edge network architecture to reduce the end-to-end Application-level latencies.In addition,3GPP TR 23.758 and 3GPP TS 23.558 identify a new set of application layer interfaces for edge computing that are potentially useful for the integration of edge computing.Specifically,the interfaces will enable application-layer discovery of Edge Application Servers,capability exposure towards the Edge Application Server,and procedures for onboarding,registration,and lifecycle management of Edge Applications.5.3 Spectrum ConsiderationsA good XR user experience requires high data rates,high-reliability,and low/ultra-low latency simultaneously.Although reliable and ideal for mobility,FR1 has capacity restrictions due to limited bandwidth.The mmWave and sub-THz bands can fulfill data rates and latency requirements but have limited range and mobility.Overcoming the spectrum challenges utilizing AI and ML technology to bring in high reliability and data rates will be crucial to the overall consumer experience 24.Figure 16:Showcasing spectrum capacity vs.coverage considerations Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 176.XR in 3GPP Standards XR is a service between URLLC and eMBB requiring a balance among KPIs which include high reliability,low latency,low power consumption and high capacity.3GPP introduced 5G NR in Rel-15,which is mainly for eMBB with some support for URLLC.XR can leverage 5G NR as a basis with further XR specific enhancements.The following sections outline XR in 3GPP releases.6.1 XR in Rel-15/Rel-16Rel-15/Rel-16 introduced features for URLLC and power savings that provide higher reliability,lower latency,and larger power savings,but these features have not been specifically designed and optimized for XR.For example,these features do not account for XRs periodic traffic that comes in larger burst sizes.Moreover,some features may trade reliability and latency for throughput.Consequently,this decreases network capacity and the number of XR users that can be reliably served.Rel-17 XR Study Item(SI)and current Rel-18 targets XR-specific enhancements,but some Rel-15 and Rel-16 features that support low latency and/or power savings could be baseline features for XR.Rel-15 enhancements such as mini-slot transmissions,downlink preemption,grant-free transmissions,and frontloaded DMRS(Demodulation Reference Signals)enable low latency and are useful for XR applications.At the physical layer,enhancements for providing higher reliability and lower latency included the support of new Downlink Control Information(DCI)formats:DCI format 0_2,DCI format 1_2,and DCI format 2_4.Additionally,the legacy DCI formats include new fields.Priority Indicator is a one-bit indicator that signals High Priority or Low Priority to facilitate the intra-UE prioritization to resolve traffic conflicts.XR applications can potentially benefit from these features given the tight latency requirement and the need to prioritize low latency XR traffic to meet delay budgets.With dynamic power boosting introduced in Rel-16,a UE with enhanced power control may be boosted over eMBB,i.e.,transmitting a low latency traffic transmission power.Rel-16 also introduced uplink cancellation that allows a UE to get uplink resources for latency-sensitive services which may be previously assigned to another UE.All these features benefit XR services requiring low latency.XR devices have a small form factor and may benefit from lower power consumption to save battery life.Rel-16 introduced enhancements to save UE power that may be considered baseline schemes for XR devices.The key features include a Physical Downlink Control Channel(PDCCH)wakeup signal(PDCCH-WUS),which indicates to the UE whether PDCCH is to be transmitted in the Connected Mode Discontinuous Reception(CDRX)OnDuration.If no indication is present,the UE can continue to sleep through CDRX OnDuration and save battery power.Some features that are useful for XR scheduling could be the use of uplink configured grant(ULCG)for the UL XR video data transmission.When compared to a dynamic grant(DG),ULCG reduces the overhead of a scheduling DCI.Moreover,the UE does not need to transmit Scheduling Request(SR),monitor PDCCH for UL grant,transmit a Buffer Status Report(BSR)and then finally transmit UL data.This reduces latency and allows UL packet transmission to meet the PDB.However,the configuration of resource allocation of ULCG is semi-static,and enhancements might need to be adapted to the variable packet size.The UE may use the UE Assistance Information(UAI)to indicate its preferred power savings parameters,such as providing preference on the parameters of the CDRX configuration.This allows a UE to adapt to different applications and bandwidth,thus saving more power.Furthermore,the maximum number of multiple input multiple output(MIMO)layers,maximum aggregate bandwidth,and the maximum number of component carriers may also be adapted based on UAI.Specific work for XR was initiated in Rel-1625,where the SA4 Work Group(WG)introduced XR by providing definitions,core technology enablers,and a summary of device form factors.It further identified the relevant client and network architectures,application programming interface(API)s,and media processing functions that support XR use cases.In addition,the media formats,including audio and video,accessibility features,and interfaces between client and network are required to offer such an experience were identified.Also considered were key performance indicators and QoE metrics for relevant XR services.While XR services can build on 5G NR,there are key issues that have been recognized in 3GPP as part of the“Study on XR enhancements for NR”in Rel-17,and the 5G system is expected to evolve to address the issue through Rel-18 and beyond.The next sections provide a system level overview of the 5G evolution to better support XR.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 186.2 XR in Rel-17This section provides an overview of the XR Study in Rel-17,“Study on XR enhancements for NR”.Table 2 summarizes relevant 3GPP Rel-17 efforts in the context of XR.The Rel-17 SI in RAN1 was coordinated with SA4,and the adopted statistical traffic model for CG/AR/VR traffic for downlink and uplink is shown in Table 3 and Table 4.The video frame size is assumed to be generated from Truncated Gaussian Distribution with standard deviation,min,max of 10.5%,50%,150%of mean data rate.Jitter for frame arrivals into 5G systems is also assumed to be Truncated Gaussian with standard deviation,min,max of 2,-4,4 msec.On the uplink,all XR services contain the uplink flow that carries frequent small control packets such as from UL pose/control of the HMD.The delay bound for this type of flow is small(10 msec).The SI considered the evaluation methodology for capacity,power,coverage,and mobility.Performance evaluations were presented,as such,for these aspects.The study resulted in the Technical Report(TR)38.838.The SI TR 38.838 includes the potential enhancements with the evaluation results for increasing XR capacity and decreasing power consumption.The evaluations were based on multi-cell system level simulation.The evaluation methodology includes the XR traffic model,deployment scenarios,UE configurations,BS configurations,TDD UL-DL slot format pattern,etc.In addition,it was agreed that UE power and capacity are jointly evaluated to avoid adopting any power enhancement that can cause a decrease.The most major issues and design challenges for XR are discussed in the following sections.Power Savings Enhancement:The power study aims to understand the NR UE power consumption performance for XR applications,and identify any issues and performance gaps which could be useful for understanding the limitation of current NR systems in supporting XR applications,and the potential directions for necessary future enhancements to improve power efficiency.The main power savings issues are:Mismatch between the CDRX cycle and XR traffic periodicity:A tempo mismatch exists between the Rel-15 and Rel-16 CDRX cycle values and the XR DL frame arrival periodicity.The typical XR DL frame rates are 60,120 frames per seconds(fps),of which frame periodicities are 16.67ms,8.33ms while the configurable Rel-15/Rel-16 CDRX long cycle values are 10,20,32,40ms,etc.and short cycle values are 2,3,5,6,7,8,10,14,16,20,30,32,35ms,etc.Since CDRX cycle values support only integer multiples of 1ms,no matter which cycle periodicity is chosen from currently available values from 38.331,it cannot be exactly aligned with DL frame arrival timing.The following figure illustrates the mismatch between 60fps and CDRX cycles of 16ms and 17ms.This mismatch would lead to XR capacity loss due to larger latency and/or larger UE power consumption to keep the same latency performance.Figure 17:Mismatch between XR DL traffic(60fps)and R15/16 CDRX periodicityWGSI/WI TRSA1XR(and Cloud Gaming)use cases are outlined in SA1 study item on Network Controlled Interactive Services(TR 22.842)SA2Work item on 5G System Enhancement for Advanced Interactive Services(SP-190564)proposes to introduce new 5Q1s to identify the requirements on traffic from SA1 NCISSA4Feability Study on Traffic Models and Quality Evaluation Method for Media and XR Services in 5G Systems(TR 26.926)SA6Edge Computing is a network architecture to enable XR and Cloud Gaming and is under study in the SA6 Study on application architecture for enabling Edge Application(TR 23.758)RAN1Study on XR Enhancements for NR(TR 38.838)Table 2:XR Rel-17 Study Items and Work Items Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 19Table 3:Traffic models and QoS constraints used to evaluate XR applications in DL directionTable 4:Traffic models and QoS constraints used to evaluate XR applications in UL directionApplicationCGVRARTraffic modelVideo single-streamVideo single-streamVideo single-streamBitrate30 Mbps30 Mbps30 MbpsPacket rate60 fps60 fps60 fpsPacket Delay Budget(PDB)15 ms10 ms10 msPacket Error Rate(PER)1%1%1%Number of streams111ParametersVR/AR/CG(UL pose or controller)AR(scene video)Audio Data(all use cases)Periodicity (ms)41/60*1000 (=60fps)10Success (90,95 optional)9999Packet size(bytes)100Derived from data rate&distributionDerived from data rate&distributionDelay Bound(ms)1030 (10,15,60 optional)30Data rate (Mbps)Derived from packet size&periodicity10(20 optional)1 Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 20Handling the mismatch is currently being discussed in Rel-18.Possible solutions may include allowing multiple CDRX configurations,non-integer periodicity,configuring cycle pattern,and dynamic indication for adjusting the start offset.Mismatch between the PDCCH monitoring periodicity and XR traffic periodicity:Similar to the CDRX issue above,the misalignment in time causes capacity loss or consumes additional power due to frequent PDCCH monitoring.Jitter handling:The XR DL traffic arrival has jitter,which makes exact frame arrival timing random even after the tempo mismatch problem is solved.For example,if the DL burst arrives later than the expected time of arrival(where potentially CDRX On duration start is configured),as shown in Figure 18,the UE should wait for the DL burst arrival while performing unnecessary PDCCH monitoring.This unnecessary PDCCH monitoring increases UE power consumption.The variable XR frame size also results in high power consumption since the configuration is inefficient and usually based on the maximum packet size.Capacity Savings Enhancements:Similar to power savings enhancements,the purpose of the capacity study is to understand the performance of NR systems for XR applications and identify any issues and performance gaps that limit the current NR systems in supporting XR applications.In addition,such a study provides potential directions for necessary future enhancements to better support XR.Enhancement to semi-persistent scheduling:As the traffic generated by the XR application is quasi-periodic,it is suitable to use ULCG for the UL XR video data transmission.Compared to dynamic grant(DG),ULCG reduces the overhead of a scheduling DCI.Moreover,the UE does not need to transmit SR,monitor PDCCH for UL grant,transmit a BSR and then finally transmit UL data.This reduces latency and allows UL packet transmission to meet the PDB.The configuration of resource allocation of CG is semi-static.Therefore,the ULCG configuration cannot adapt to the XR traffic packet sizes.Moreover,A tempo mismatch exists between the Rel-16/Rel-17 Semi-Persistent Scheduling(SPS)/ULCG cycle values and the XR UL/DL frame arrival periodicity.The typical XR traffic periodicities are 60,120 frames per second(fps)or Hz;frame periodicities are 16.67ms and 8.33ms.Since ULCG/SPS periodicity values support only integer multiples of slot,no matter which periodicity is chosen from currently available values from TS 38.331,it cannot be exactly aligned with UL/DL traffic arrival timing.Figure 19 illustrates the XR periodicity mismatch between 60fps XR traffic and ULCG/SPS periodicity of 16 slots and 17 slots in 15kHz SCS.This would lead to XR capacity loss due to the packet delay caused by the timing difference between ULCG/SPS resources and actual XR traffic.Current discussions in Rel-18 include considerations for SPS/ULCG enhancements using either semi-static or dynamic approaches.Figure 19:Mismatch between XR UL/DL traffic(60fps)and Rel-16/Rel-17 ULCG/SPS periodicity(16 slots or 17 slots)Figure 18:Late DL packet(burst)arrival with positive jitter with respect to the expected arrival time Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 21Other enhancements useful for XR capacity include(and are not limited to):delay-aware scheduling,enhancements to multi-PDSCH/PUSCHs scheduling using single DCI,WUS,Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request(HARQ-ACK)enhancements,and enhancements to measurement gaps.Moreover,given the large transport block sizes and the PDB that allows for a couple of HARQ retransmissions,Code Block Group(CBG)-based HARQ can be beneficial for XR use cases as current link adaptation mechanisms and the corresponding UE CQI feedback designs are suboptimal for CBG-based transmissions.XR Awareness at RAN:The latency and reliability QoS parameters in 5G systems are specified for traffic in terms of“packets”(e.g.,PDB,PER).On the downlink,the packets correspond to the packet data unit on the N6 interface inbound towards the UPF.These packet data units are typically(Internet Protocol)IP packets,so the packets correspond to the IP payload.XR(and CG)application traffic,however,on the downlink typically consists of encoded video or scene information.Typically,the applications require a certain minimum granularity of application data to be available on the client side before the next level of processing can start.For example,in certain configurations,application client processing can start only if all bits or a certain percentage of bits of a video frame are available.Although this information is packetized into IP payloads,the minimum granularity of traffic consumption on the application client side will require a certain minimum set of IP packets available before the next level of processing can start.We refer to this minimum granularity of information that a given application requires as a Packet Data Unit Set“PDU Set”.XR(and CG)traffic consists of bursts of traffic that can carry one or more PDU Sets,where the PDU set is composed of one or more PDUs carrying the payload of one unit of information generated at the application level(e.g.,a frame or video slice)26.The QoS parameters specified in packets do not adequately capture the application requirements,typically in terms of PDU Sets.First,applications can have a certain PDU Set error rate PS-ER requirement,where PS-ER is the percentage of PDU Sets in error in a specified measurement window.Specifying the PER does not adequately specify the PS-ER.If multiple IP packets in a PDU Set are in error,then the system can operate at a point where PER is met,but PS-ER is not satisfied.Therefore,it is observed that specifying PS-ER to the 5G system as a QoS parameter can be beneficial.Second,applications can have a certain delay requirement on a PDU Set that cannot be adequately translated into packet delay budget requirements.For example,if the PDU Set delay budget(PSDB)is 10ms,then PDB can be set to 10ms only if all packets of the PDU Set arrive at the 5G system simultaneously.If the packets are spread out,then PDU Set delay budget is measured either in terms of the arrival of the first packet of the PDU Set or the last packet of the PDU Set.In either case,a given PSDB will result in different PDB requirements on different packets of the PDU Set.It is observed that specifying the PSDB to the 5G system can be beneficial.As such,signalling new 5G QoS Identifier(5QI)attributes(delay budget,error rates,etc.)based on the PDU Set on the control plane is useful.On the user plane,the application server may mark the IP packets to differentiate packets which belong to the same set and/or bursts.Third,not all bits within a PDU Set are equally significant.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 22For example,if the application implements an application-level error correction,then the application client only consumes a certain fraction of the bits of a PDU Set,and the remaining bits need not be transmitted to improve capacity.If an application implements error concealment techniques,it can tolerate a certain percentage of bits of a PDU Set in error.Certain video encoder configurations can consume all bits of a PDU Set up to the first bit in error.All subsequent bits after the first bit in error can be discarded since the corresponding decoder cannot consume it.The treatment of bits within a PDU Set can be specified via a QoS parameter called PDU Set content policy.Specifying this content policy to the 5G system as a QoS parameter can be beneficial.In addition to PDU set awareness,the 5G system can benefit from an awareness of the bursts that can constitute multiple PDU Sets.For example,if the 5G system is aware of the end of the burst,then it can ensure that UE can be sent to sleep without having to implement inactivity timers,resulting in additional power savings.Other useful attributes that may be useful to the 5G system and currently being discussed as part of the Rel-18 SI may include(and may not be limited to):PDU set periodicity,priority,size,or number of PDUs in a PDU set,jitter characteristics,etc.6.3 XR in Rel-185G-Advanced standardization is currently in the early stage,with Release 18 work started in RAN in Spring 202227 and further evolving28 in 3GPP Rel-19 and Rel-20.The 3GPP related XR SI and Work Items(WI)in Rel-18 are summarized in Table 5.Table 5:XR Rel-17 SI/WIsWGSI/WI TRSA2Study on architecture enhancement for XR and media services(SP-211646)RAN1/RAN2Study on XR enhancements for NR(RP-213587)In December 2021,a new Study Item,“Study on XR Enhancements for NR,”was approved 29.The agreed timeline discussed in RAN1#109-e is shown in Figure 20.From the RAN perspective,the two important milestones are the provision of the TR for information at RAN#97 in September 2022 and the provision of the TR for approval at RAN#98 in December 2022.The task is for RAN1 and RAN2 to complete the work in November 2022.The study in Rel-18 is to be based on Rel-17 TR 38.838,on corresponding Rel-17 work from SA430,and on Rel-18 work from SA231.The objectives are summarized into XR-awareness,XR-specific Power Saving,and XR-specific capacity improvements32.The main enhancements include the ones described in Section 5.2.Figure 20:XR TU across working groups for Rel-1833 Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 236.4 XR in Rel-19To support the XR KPIs requirements,prediction of,or fast adaptation to,RF conditions changes is critical.This is especially true in mmWave and higher frequencies systems which experience higher propagation losses and are more susceptible to blockage.These channel conditions are exacerbated by use cases that require high speed of rotation and motion.Perception assisted beam selection is useful for such scenarios/use cases.SA1 approved a study on Localized Mobile Metaverse Services in Study Item Description(SID)34.These metaverse services would involve coordinating input perception/sensing data from different user devices(such as sensors and cameras)and coordinating output data to different devices at different destinations to support the same application.This study will investigate specific use cases and service requirements for 5GS support of enhanced XR-based services.XR-based services are an essential part of“Metaverse”services considered in this study,and potentially other functionality to offer shared and interactive user experience of local content and services,accessed either by users in the proximity or remotely.In particular,the following areas will be studied:Support of interactive XR media shared among multiple users in a single location,including:Performance aspects;e.g.,latency,throughput,connection density Efficiency and scalability aspects for large numbers of users in a single location.Identification of users and other digital representations of entities interacting within the metaverse service.Acquisition,use,and exposure of local(physical and digital)information to enable metaverse services,including:Acquiring local spatial/environmental information and user/UE(s)information(including viewing angle,position,and direction);Exposing local acquired spatial,environmental,and user/UE information to 3rd parties to enable metaverse services.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 24Conclusion Extended Reality(XR)will be the next-generation computing platform to determine our relationship with the digital world today and in the coming years.XR will influence how people play,work,and connect.XR will impact all aspects of consumer life,industrial and manufacturing verticals,education,emergency response,and healthcare.Digital Twins,AI/ML,IoT,are integral to the evolution and implementation of XR.Digital twins link reality and the metaverse by guaranteeing end-to-end digitization of complex physical assets.Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning connect almost every industry with XR services,and provide the necessary service via wireless access.Furthermore,using IoT devices and sensors with edge computing capabilities will enable pre-emptive decision-making maintenance.Verticals can benefit from a smarter ecosystem of IoTs while encouraging sustainability.Verticals include,but are not limited to,Enterprise,Public Safety,NFTs,Consumers Verticals,and Manufacturing.VR is renowned for its capacity to transform screen-limited video games into fully immersive experiences.Even though AR and VR share common virtual components in our daily lives,AR supplements our day-to-day life with virtual components rather than immersing the user in a virtual world.XR service characteristics and delivery requirements incorporate 5G services like eMBB,mMTC,and URLLC.5G NR MEC brings applications,storage,switching,and control functions closer to where they are needed,improving data processing,and reducing latency.Increased efficiency allows for faster response times and lower battery usage,potentially transforming industries such as manufacturing,transportation,entertainment,and more.Certain aspects of edge computing help improve the end-user experience and network efficiency.The paper also discusses the role of split rendering/architecture for the phone to glass topology.3GPP is considering various enhancements for the support of XR including enhancements for power savings,capacity and XR awareness in Rel-17 and Rel-18.Finally,the paper discusses some future directions 3GPP is targeting XR-specific enhancements in Rel-19.Aside from advancements in technologies not limited to optics,projectors,display systems,graphics,audio,tracking and AI;from communications perspective,the standards enhancements and design aspects that are discussed and recommended in this paper together with the split rendering/computation architecture make it more likely to realize the promised benefits of XR,for example,low power,low latency high reliability with a small form factor device that provides XR services in a wide area.In the future,advances in beam perception,machine learning and artificial intelligence can further bring benefits and make the XR dream a reality.3GPP and the growing 5G mobile wireless industry ecosystem are entering a new era of 5G innovation and should continue to collaborate to focus on the key areas as described in this white paper to progress XR to reach its full potential as it affects the way we live,play and work.Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 25Acronyms5QI:5G QoS Identifier6DOF:Six Degrees of FreedomACLS:Advanced Cardiac Life SupportAI:Artificial IntelligenceAPI:Application Programming InterfaceAR:Augmented RealityBS:Base StationBSR:Buffer Status ReportCBG:Code Block GroupCDRX:Connected Mode Discontinuous ReceptionCG:Cloud gamingDCI:Downlink Control InformationDL:DownlinkDMRS:Demodulation Reference SignalsDN:Data NetworkFoV:Field of ViewHARQ:Hybrid Automatic Repeat RequestHMD:Head-mounted displayIIoT:Industrial Internet of ThingsIoT:Internet of ThingsIP:Internet ProtocolKPI:Key Performance IndicatorLADN:Local Area Data NetworkLoS:Line-of-sightM2R2P:Motion to Render to PhotonMEC:Multi-access edge computingMIMO:Multiple-input-multiple-outputML:Machine LearningmmWave:Millimeter wave MR:Mixed RealityMTP:Motion-to-PhotonNFT:Non-Fungible Token Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 26NR:New RadioPDB:Packet Delay BudgetPDCCH:Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDU:Packet Data UnitPER:Packet Error RatePSDB:PDU Set delay budgetPUSCH:Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQoE:Quality of ExperienceQoS:Quality of ServiceRAN:Radio Access NetworkRAT:Radio Access TechnologiesRel:ReleaseRIS:Reconfigurable Intelligent SurfacesRTT:Round-Trip TimeSA:System ArchitectureSCS:Sub-Carrier SpacingSI:Study ItemSID:Study Item DescriptionSPS:Semi-Persistent SchedulingSR:Scheduling RequestTR:Technical ReportUAI:UE Assistance InformationUE:User EquipmentUL:UplinkULCG:Uplink configured grantUPF:User Plane FunctionURLLC:Ultra-reliable and low latency communicationsVR:Virtual RealityWG:Work GroupWI:Work ItemXR:Extended RealityAcronyms Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 27Acknowledgments5G Americas Mission Statement:5G Americas facilitates and advocates for the advancement and transformation of LTE,5G and beyond throughout the Americas.5G Americas Board of Governors members include Airspan Networks,Antel,AT&T,Ciena,Cisco,Crown Castle,Ericsson,Intel,Liberty Latin America,Mavenir,Nokia,Qualcomm Incorporated,Samsung,Shaw Communications Inc.,T-Mobile USA,Inc.,Telefnica,VMware and WOM.5G Americas would like to recognize the significant project leadership and important contributions of group leader Orlett Pearson,Senior Specialist Standardization at Nokia and Diana Maamari Staff Engineer at Qualcomm,along with many representatives from member companies on 5G Americas Board of Governors who participated in the development of this white paper.The contents of this document reflect the research,analysis,and conclusions of 5G Americas and may not necessarily represent the comprehensive opinions and individual viewpoints of each particular 5G Americas member company.5G Americas provides this document and the information contained herein for informational purposes only,for use at your sole risk.5G Americas assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document.This document is subject to revision or removal at any time without notice.No representations or warranties(whether expressed or implied)are made by 5G Americas and 5G Americas is not liable for and hereby disclaims any direct,indirect,punitive,special,incidental,consequential,or exemplary damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this document and any information contained in this document.Copyright 2022 5G Americas Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 28Endnotes1 TR 26.928,“Extended Reality(XR)in 5G”2 M.Abrash,“Creating the future:Augmented reality,the next human machine interface,”in IEDM Tech.Dig.,San Francisco,CA,USA,Dec.2021,pp.919.3 https:/www.bell- 5G Americas Member Company5 https:/ https:/www.bell- Chaccour,C.,Saad,W.(2021).Edge Intelligence in 6G Systems.In:,et al.6G Mobile Wireless Networks.Computer Communications and Networks.Springer,Cham.https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72777-2_128 Intro to the Metaverse,Newzoo Trend Report 20219 https:/www.bell- Accenture 2020,https:/ Education TEDxCERN-https:/ https:/www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr/augmented-reality-public-safety12 https:/ https:/ https:/ 15 F.Hu,Y.Deng,W.Saad,M.Bennis and A.H.Aghvami,“Cellular-Connected Wireless Virtual Reality:Requirements,Challenges,and Solutions,”in IEEE Communications Magazine,vol.58,no.5,pp.105-111,May 2020,doi:10.1109/MCOM.001.190051116 K.Doppler,E.Torkildson,J.Bouwen,“On wireless networks for the era of mixed reality”,EUCNC 201717 C.Chaccour,M.N.Soorki,W.Saad,M.Bennis and P.Popovski,“Can Terahertz Provide High-Rate Reliable Low-Latency Communications for Wireless VR?,”in IEEE Internet of Things Journal,vol.9,no.12,pp.9712-9729,15 June15,2022,doi:10.1109/JIOT.2022.3142674.18 C.Chaccour,M.N.Soorki,W.Saad,M.Bennis,P.Popovski and M.Debbah,“Seven Defining Features of Terahertz (THz)Wireless Systems:A Fellowship of Communication and Sensing,”in IEEE Communications Surveys&Tutorials,vol.24,no.2,pp.967-993,Secondquarter 2022,doi:10.1109/COMST.2022.3143454.19 Chaccour,C.,&Saad,W.(2020,December).On the ruin of age of information in augmented reality over wireless terahertz(THz)networks.In GLOBECOM 2020-2020 IEEE Global Communications Conference(pp.1-6).IEEE.20 https:/ TR 26.928,Extended Reality(XR)in 5G22 TR 26.928,Extended Reality(XR)in 5G23 TR 23.758 Study on application architecture for enabling Edge Applications24 VR Wireless Requirements25 TR 26.928 Extended Reality(XR)in 5G26 S2-220185127 3GPP,New SID for Release 18“Study on XR Enhancements for NR”,RP-213587,Dec.2021 Extended Reality and 3GPP Evolution 2928 Petrov,Vitaly&Gapeyenko,Margarita&Paris,Stefano&Marcano,Andrea&Pedersen,Klaus.(2022).Extended Reality(XR)over 5G and 5G-Advanced New Radio:Standardization,Applications,and Trends.29 3GPP,New SID for Release 18“Study on XR Enhancements for NR”,RP-213587,Dec.202130 SP-21004331 SP-21116632 https:/ R1-220505334 SP-220353
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5G Mid-Band Spectrum:The Benefits of Full Power,Wide Channels,and Exclusive Licensing Copyright 2022 Rysavy Research,LLC.All rights reserved.https:/ 2 Table of Contents NOTICE.2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.3 5G USE CASES.3 EXTENDED REALITY,CLOUD GAMING,AND THE METAVERSE.4 FIXED WIRELESS ACCESS.5 INDUSTRIAL IOT.6 UNITED STATES MID-BAND SPECTRUM BLOCKS.7 BENEFITS OF EXCLUSIVELY LICENSED SPECTRUM.7 QUALITY OF EXPERIENCE.8 ECONOMIC BENEFITS.11 BENEFITS OF FULL POWER.11 CBRS COMPARED TO C-BAND.12 ENABLING MASSIVE MIMO ADVANTAGES.14 5G BENEFITS OF WIDER CHANNELS.15 5G WIDE CHANNEL CAPABILITY.16 CARRIER AGGREGATION.18 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS.19 BENEFITS OF SUFFICIENT SPECTRUM AND FULL POWER.19 BENEFITS OF 5G-ENABLED USE CASES.19 LOWER 3 GHZ CASE STUDY.20 CONCLUSION.21 SPONSORSHIP.23 ABOUT RYSAVY RESEARCH.23 APPENDIX A:GLOBAL MID-BAND SPECTRUM BANDS.24 Notice Rysavy Research provides this document and the information contained herein to you for informational purposes only.The conclusions and analysis presented in this report are the opinions of Rysavy Research and are subject to risks.Although Rysavy Research has exercised reasonable care in providing this information to you,Rysavy Research does not warrant that the information is error-free.Rysavy Research disclaims and in no event shall be liable for any losses or damages of any kind,whether direct,indirect,incidental,consequential,or punitive,arising out of or in any way related to the use of the information.3 Executive Summary Mid-band spectrum is the key to unlocking the benefits of 5G for American consumers,enterprises,and innovators.This spectrum constitutes a sweet spot,delivering a balance of coverage and deep capacity essential to 5G services.Certain technical aspects of this spectrum are essential for mobile operators to leverage these bands to unleash the full power of 5G and to ensure dependable,high-performance service.These include exclusive licensing,wide spectrum bands of hundreds of megahertz,and full power radio base stations.These attributes are essential for mid-band spectrum to be deployed on a widespread basis,covering most Americans,with reasonable capital efficiency.As policy makers consider additional mid-bands for 5G and successive generations,it is essential that these key technical attributes,which were used in C-band and 3.45 GHz,are maintained in order for the United States to continue to lead and innovate with 5G.Mobile data consumption has increased by more than one hundred times since 2010,1 and the Ericsson Mobility Report predicts that smartphone usage alone will increase to 52 GB/month in 2027 compared to 15 GB in 2021.2 Technology enhancements,site densification,and new spectrum brought to market have allowed the United States to keep pace with traffic growth up to this point.However,only the delivery of hundreds of megahertz of additional mid-band spectrum with the right technical attributes will provide the capacity necessary to deliver on the 5G promise and to keep pace with the nations that are leading 5G today.This paper highlights several key 5G use cases:extended reality and the metaverse,industrial IoT,and fixed wireless services,all of which require high performance,low latency,high capacity,and high reliability.In turn,the paper explains in detail how and why exclusively licensed,full power,and wide swaths of spectrum are needed to power robust 5G networks.Finally,the paper notes economic and environmental benefits of such spectrum.5G Use Cases Three illustrative use cases demonstrate the benefits of 5G,including its speed and low latency,and how 5G networks need to be able to support hundreds of users in a coverage area with typical speeds of 1“U.S.Wireless Investment Hits Five Year High,CTIA Annual Survey Finds,”Jul.2021.https:/www.ctia.org/news/u-s-wireless-investment-hits-five-year-high-ctia-annual-survey-finds.2 Ericsson,Ericsson Mobility Report,Jun.2022.https:/ hundreds of Mbps.The first use case is extended reality,cloud gaming,and the metaverse;the second use case is fixed wireless access;and the third use case is the industrial internet of things(IoT).Extended Reality,Cloud Gaming,and the Metaverse The dominant application consuming mobile data in 4G networks is video.But developers are now turning their attention to new applications,such as extended reality,which includes virtual reality and augmented reality,cloud gaming,and the metaverse.As Table 1 elaborates,these new applications will consume far more data and require far greater speeds and capacity.A video on a smartphone today consumes 13 Mbps,but immersive virtual reality with six degrees of freedom will consume in excess of 200 Mbps,3 a factor of one hundred times greater.5G needs wide radio channels to deliver these high throughput rates,along with full power for achieving the high spectral efficiency needed for high aggregate cell capacity supporting multiple simultaneous high-bandwidth users.3 Qualcomm,“VR and AR pushing connectivity limits,”Oct.2018.https:/ Table 1:Throughput Requirements and Data Consumption of Applications Fixed Wireless Access The United States is encouraging the extension of fiber networks,but especially in less dense population areas,a wireless connection is often more practical.Consequently,operators in the United States,and globally,are increasingly using 5G for fixed broadband access.This adds another competitive home broadband option4 and gives consumers greater broadband choices.Ericsson 4 Rysavy Research,5G Network PlanningCapacity,Performance,Wireline Competitiveness.https:/ forecasts 100 million FWA connections globally by the end of 2022.5 During Q2,2022,U.S.cable companies lost 60,000 subscribers whereas wireless operators gained 816,000 subscribers.6 FWA,however,must accommodate the much higher data usage of fixed broadband subscribers.Whereas mobile broadband users in North America consumed an average of 15 GBytes per month in 2021,7 average fixed broadband usage reached 536 GBytes.8 This level of data consumption demands much greater network capacity.FWA users also expect consistent service and sufficiently fast download speeds for video and streaming applications.Operators are using a combination of mmWave and mid-band for FWA in the United States,with mid-band the more effective solution in non-urban areas.Exclusive-use spectrum with its predictable qualities is essential for consistent FWA service.Full power operation enables realization of massive Multiple Input Multiple Output(MIMO)capabilities,therefore either extending FWA coverage in rural areas or increasing FWA capacity in denser population areas.Finally,wide radio channels provide the needed high FWA throughput rates at the lowest possible cost.Industrial IoT 5G has multiple features to address industrial IoT needs,including support for a high density of devices in the environment,high reliability,low latency,network slicing,9 precise positioning,edge computing,high security,and high throughput.Many IoT applications will require high bandwidth.Consider,for example,ultra-high-definition cameras monitoring manufacturing processes,or deployed on mobile robots,coupled with AI to analyze the video streams.For IoT,exclusive-use,licensed spectrum is necessary for consistent and reliable connections.Simultaneously,power boosts capacity to the 5 Ericsson,Ericsson Mobility Report,Jun.2022.https:/ Next/TV,“Cable Finally Loses Broadband Market Share in Q2 with First Negative Growth Quarter Ever,”Aug.2022.https:/ Ibid.8 Light Reading,“Average data consumption eclipses half a terabyte per month OpenVault,”Mar.2022.https:/ With network slicing,users will benefit from the network being configured to precisely address different use cases,such as AR/VR.For further details,see 5G Americas,“Commercializing 5G Network Slicing,”Jul.2022.https:/www.5gamericas.org/commercializing-5g-network-slicing/.7 needed levels for multiple simultaneous high-bandwidth connections in environments such as factories,and wide radio channels yield the necessary high throughput rates.In order to provide these key new 5G use cases of extended reality/cloud gaming/metaverse,fixed wireless access,and Industrial IoT,operators first need full power.Second,they need wide swaths of licensed spectrum to provide high-quality,dependable,and low-latency services in a robust and efficient manner.Beyond these examples,many future innovative use cases for 5G will require licensed,exclusive use spectrum.Following sections explore the technical reasons for these spectrum attributes.United States Mid-Band Spectrum Blocks The United States has been working hard on delivering mid-band spectrum to fuel the 5G revolution.As of today,the United States is able to deploy 200 MHz of full power licensed spectrum in the 3 GHz band.The 34503550 MHz band was auctioned this year,and coordination procedures with federal incumbents will become available in late 2022.In the C-band,only the lowest hundred megahertz is cleared for use in forty-six Partial Economic Areas(PEAs),with the remaining 180 MHz of spectrum becoming available in 2023.While 70 MHz of Citizens Broadband Radio Service(CBRS)licensed Priority Access License(PAL)spectrum is available today,it is shared with federal incumbents and restricted to low-power levels.The United States will eventually reach 450 MHz(counting the 70 MHz of low-power CBRS PAL spectrum)by the end of 2023 when C-band clearing is complete,but this progress lags a number of other nations by several years.10 U.S.regulators will need to free up hundreds of megahertz of additional mid-band spectrum for the United States to regain a competitive footing on the global stage.Future spectrum allocations must also consider the spectrum characteristics that have been successful in the past and that will create the greatest future benefit to the economy and societyexclusive access to wide channels at full power with sufficiently large license boundaries to facilitate rapid deployment.Benefits of Exclusively Licensed Spectrum Operators continue to expand capacity by densifying networks,deploying more efficient technology,and harnessing more spectrum.Between 2016 and 2020,operators increased the number of cell sites by 35%.11 Meanwhile,5G with massive MIMO is more than three times as efficient as 4G without massive MIMO.But densification and new technology alone are not sufficient to address the growing demand.As 10 As of June 2022,U.S.operators have access to up to 70 MHz of licensed CBRS spectrum with an authorized power level more than 300 times less than the U.S.C-band.The 100 MHz of C-band spectrum is only available within forty-six PEAs,for a total of 170 MHz.In addition,T-Mobile has about 160 MHz of spectrum at 2.5 GHz.11 CTIA,2021 Annual Survey Highlights.https:/www.ctia.org/news/2021-annual-survey-highlights.8 shown in Figure 1,additional spectrum with the appropriate characteristics is an essential third element in building the networks of the future.Figure 1:Increasing Capacity Needs Efficiency,Densification,and More Spectrum Only with exclusively licensed spectrum can operators provide a consistent and high quality user experience.As one wireless organization that represents the worldwide mobile communications industry states,“Exclusively licensed spectrum over wide geographic areas is vital to the success of 5G.”12 Licensed spectrum also produces economic benefits,including licensing revenue for the U.S.government,elevated levels of network investment,and jobs growth.Licensed spectrum is indeed the foundation of the wireless ecosystem.Furthermore,high-performing 5G networks enable other products and services,such as smartphone apps,efficient manufacturing,safer and autonomous vehicles,and smart cities.Quality of Experience Consumersand increasingly enterprise customers leveraging 5G connectivityexpect a consistent experience in terms of reliability,throughput,and ability to accomplish their tasks in a predictable manner.Operators make this possible by operating networks that have ample capacity and signal quality across the coverage area.Table 2 shows the complex set of objectives associated with delivering a high quality of experience and the associated challenges the operator must address.Given these challenges,exclusively licensed spectrum is optimal for operators to provide,and consumers to receive,a consistent high quality of experience.Exclusively licensed spectrum provides a predictable,12 GSMA,Vision 2030-Insights for Mid-band Spectrum Needs,Jul.2021.https:/ dependable,and interference-free resource that not only benefits users with a high quality of experience,but also allows operators to scale their networks most quickly.Table 2:Operator Objectives and Variables Operator Must Manage Operator Objectives for High Quality of Experience High average data throughput Low latency Few dropped calls Reliable handoff between cells Support for fixed and mobile users Congestion avoidance Ability to scale capacity to address growing demand Deploying new spectrum quickly Challenges Operator Must Address to Deliver a High Quality of Experience Number and location of macro cell sites and small cells Generations of cellular technology supported Varying demand due to moving subscribers Capabilities of subscriber devices,such as frequency bands supported Amount of spectrum deployed,and different bands supported Whether and how to use radio carrier aggregation Interference from co-channel(e.g.,shared spectrum scenarios)and adjacent channel users Whether spectrum is licensed,unlicensed,or shared Key Resource Exclusively licensed spectrum,which provides a fast-to-deploy,predictable,dependable,and interference-free resource In contrast,shared spectrum can take multiple forms,including CBRS,other database-approaches,geographic sharing,and temporal-based sharing.These sharing regimes can augment cellular network capacity but may not necessarily be relied upon to address all of the operator objectives.For example,CBRS incumbents may deny use of the spectrum at any time.In contrast to exclusively licensed spectrum,spectrum sharing poses the following issues:Sharing complexity.Methods,such as sensing or central database control,are needed to implement the sharing approach.In some cases,such as the Environmental Sensing Capability 10 (ESC)in CBRS,the existence of sensors precludes use of the spectrum in certain geographic areas,reducing the utility and value of the spectrum.13 Deployment delays.Developing new,innovative sharing approaches takes considerable research and development.The National Telecommunications and Information Administration(NTIA)estimated a ten-year development time for dynamic spectrum technologies;14 CBRS took eight years.The complexity of the sharing solution,even once specified,further delays deployment.Simpler coordination approaches,such as geographic sharing,as is being used for the 3.45 GHz band,15 requires coordination through a portal that will be maintained by the Department of Defense(DOD)and does not require a Spectrum Access System(SAS)or sensor network.16 This type of approach enables spectrum to be put to use more quickly in commercial networks.Unpredictable resource.Incumbents may have higher priority and can remove the spectrum resource at any time.If spectrum cannot be relied upon at peak times,then more spectrum must be shared,relative to exclusive use,to provide the same capacity.17 13 WinnForum,WINFF-20-IN-0065,CBRS Incumbent Protections and Encumbrances Overview,Mar.2020,p.24:“This protection can impact the availability of spectrum across all PAL channels,and some GAA frequencies,in the area.”https:/ NTIA,Lessons Learned from the Development and Deployment of 5 GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure(U-NII)Dynamic Frequency Selection(DFS)Devices,Dec.2019.https:/www.ntia.doc.gov/report/2019/lessons-learned-development-and-deployment-5-ghz-unlicensed-national-information.“Lesson 1:The development time for dynamic spectrum technologies,even when government and industry work closely and cooperatively together on the necessary technical and regulatory framework,can be something on the order of a decade.This is because innovation requires considerable advance work in the absence of existing implementations.The more innovative and technically challenging the new sharing scheme,the longer the advance-work timeline can be expected to be.”15 This approach in the 3.45 GHz band is sometimes referred to as AMBIT(Americas Mid-Band Initiative Team).16 FCC and NTIA,Coordination Procedures in the 3.453.55 GHz Band,Jun.2021.https:/www.fcc.gov/document/joint-public-notice-announcing-345-ghz-coordination-details.17 Sharing over larger amounts of spectrum to achieve a reliable level of capacity requires more base station equipment to cover the larger spectrum span,at a higher capital,deployment,and operating cost relative to exclusive licensing.This reduces the value of shared spectrum,while increasing the cost to operators and ultimately to consumers.11 Unpredictable sharing return on investment(ROI).An example of the lower quality of shared spectrum is the CBRS General Authorized Access(GAA)spectrum.New GAA users can be added to an area indefinitely.The new GAA stations increase the co-channel interference in the area and reduce the coverage and capacity available to existing sites.Sites that were built to serve a given area may no longer provide the same coverage and capacity as GAA density increases,reducing the ROI of the deployed infrastructure.Of particular concern with spectrum sharing is that no general-purpose sharing technology exists(nor has any solution been proposed,given the inherent extreme difficulty of sharing among disparate systems),mandating approaches customized for the systems that must interact with each other.For example,CBRS,TV White Spaces,and Wi-Fi Automatic Frequency Coordination(AFC)are all solutions for specific frequency bands.The development process for new spectrum sharing approaches can delay deployments by multiple years.18 Economic Benefits Licensed spectrum has economic benefits that permeate the economy.The C-band auction raised$80.9 billion in auction revenue for 280 MHz of spectrum.In contrast,the market valued 70 MHz of licensed CBRS spectrum at$4.6 billion.On a per MHz basis,this is only one quarter of C-band,demonstrating the much higher value of licensed spectrum using full power.The more recent auction of 3.453.55 GHz spectrum raised$21.8 billion,also much higher than CBRS on a per MHz basis.These auction revenues can finance important federal initiatives such as providing funding to modernize DOD equipment as part of relocation efforts,in the process upgrading capabilities while improving the spectral efficiency of federal systems.By having a dependable spectrum foundation on which to build their networks,U.S.operators are investing$275 billion over seven years in building out 5G,while creating 4.5 million jobs and adding$1.5 trillion to U.S.GDP.19 Benefits of Full Power For cost-effective network coverage over large coverage areas,especially in rural areas,being able to transmit at full power is essential because it reduces the number of required cell sites.To understand the importance of power,one can compare CBRS and its FCC-mandated low-power operation with C-band 18 For further discussion,see Rysavy Research,“Spectrum Sharing Insights and Resources.”https:/ 5G Economy.”https:/ctia.org/the-wireless-industry/the-5g-economy#section-4.Boston Consulting Group,5G Promises Massive Job and GDP Growth in the US,Feb.2021.https:/api.ctia.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/5G-Promises-Massive-Job-and-GDP-Growth-in-the-US_Feb-2021.pdf.12 operating at much higher power.Full power also increases spectral efficiency,directly translating to greater network capacity and ability to support new use cases.This section refers exclusively to the benefits of full power versus other more restrictive power limits and does not suggest any changes should be made to the existing CBRS power limits,given the FCC auctioned the spectrum with those conditions.CBRS Compared to C-Band Table 3 compares the non-rural and rural power levels for a 20 MHz channel.Table 3:Power Limits for CBRS and C-Band Base stations in C-band can transmit with 2528 dB more power than the low-power CBRS band,equating to a factor of 327654 times more power.As a consequence,the coverage area of a CBRS base station is much smaller than that of a full-power cell.To fully overlay a high-power cells coverage area with CBRS sites,57 times more CBRS cells would be required.20 Such a huge increase in the number of cell sites would make deployment economically unfeasible in many rural areas.As an example,an engineering analysis for a suburban area in northern Jackson,Mississippi,shown in Figure 2,reveals that a CBRS deployment would require at least five times as many sites to match the higher-powered C-band coverage.The C-band sites,shown in red,are overlaid on a grid of PCS base stations.The blue circles show the number of CBRS sites that would be required to provide similar coverage,given their much lower power levels.20 Rysavy Research,5G Mid-Band Spectrum Deployment,Feb.2021.https:/ Figure 2:CBRS versus C-Band Site Counts in a Suburban Area Especially in rural areas,operators are likely to take advantage of full-power operation so they can maximize coverage and provide cost-effective service.Figure 3 illustrates how,in a coverage-limited rural deployment,a theoretical network using CBRS power limits will result in seven times as many cell sites.In suburban and rural areas,an operator is unlikely to find the number of CBRS site locations with electrical power,backhaul,and suitable antenna mounts necessary to provide the density required by the low power base stations.High power cell sites are essential to cover these areas.14 Figure 3:CBRS versus C-Band Site Counts in a Rural Area21 Enabling Massive MIMO Advantages Massive MIMO,involving multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas,has been one of the most important innovations for realizing the power of 5G.Massive MIMO can not only increase spectral efficiency by exploiting multiple radio propagation paths in the environment,but can also increase coverage by focusing radio beams into narrower paths.The simultaneous transmissions from multiple antennas,however,results in greater base station power transmission.The maximum coverage and capacity benefits occur only if cell towers can transmit at power levels comparable to conventional cellular bands.22 21 The rural C-band site coverage assumes eight simultaneous beams to different users,versus a single user for the CBRS site.Thus,the rural analysis shows not only a seven times increase in sites for CBRS,but a huge capacity advantage for C-band.As a benchmark,if the C-band site emphasized coverage over capacity and supported four beams simultaneously instead of eight,then the C-band coverage range would increase,and CBRS would require up to ten times as many sites to fill in the C-band coverage.22 A 5G base station achieves much greater capacity and throughput relative to prior generations,reducing the electrical power footprint and thus the carbon emissions of wireless systems.Accenture,5G Connectivity:A Key Light Blue:Full Power 3.5 GHz Red:Low Power 3.5 GHz 15 Without the coverage benefit of massive MIMO,C-band would require far more cell towers than a frequency band like Advanced Wireless Service(AWS)at 1.7 GHz/2.1 GHz.But with the increased coverage from massive MIMO,operators can deploy mid-band 5G using much of their existing macro tower infrastructure.One leading operator,for example,stated that by using 64T64R massive MIMO,23 it achieves coverage equivalent to the AWS band with non-massive-MIMO technology.24 This advantage is enabling the operator to quickly rollout C-band nationwide,benefiting millions of subscribers.In denser deployment areas where coverage is not the primary consideration,full-power massive MIMO increases spectral efficiency.In this mode,the base station communicates with multiple devices simultaneously on the same frequency subchannels using separate radio beams.The multiple beams,however,add up to greater cell power and achieve their greatest efficiency with full-power operation.One reason is that full power improves signal to noise and interference ratios(SINR),enabling higher-order modulation and lower overhead in error correction coding.The resulting threefold or greater improvement in spectral efficiency yields proportionally greater data capacity per cell site,necessary for the types of high-bandwidth applications discussed in the section on 5G use cases above.5G Benefits of Wider Channels Wider radio channels provide distinct advantages for 5G.Wide channel sizes can be accomplished via opportunities to acquire multiple blocks of adjacent spectruman advantage of sufficient mid-band spectrum being made available.Sufficient spectrum must be brought to the marketplace to enable all wireless operators to achieve 60100 MHz of mid-band spectrum today,and later,increase to 200300 MHz per operator in a few years as 5G applications grow.These wider spectrum band needs vary depending on the size of the customer base,usage profiles,and growth rates.With wide radio channels,operators can improve the user experience with high throughputs and high-capacity networks,while enabling bandwidth-intensive applications not possible before.Enabling Technology to meet Americas Climate Change Goals,January 26,2022,at 16:“5G can reduce carbon emissions through a more efficient use of energy per bit of data transmitted.”https:/api.ctia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/5G-Connectivity-A-Key-Enabling-Technology-to-meet-Americas-Climate-Change-Goals-2022-01-25.pdf.23 64T64R means 64 transmit radios and 64 receive radios at the base station.24 Fierce Wireless,“Verizon ramps C-band speeds with Massive MIMO,”Mar.2022.https:/ 5G Wide Channel Capability 5G standards define the use of wide radio channels.Whereas 4G LTE is limited to a maximum radio channel size of 20 MHz,5G standards specify use of radio channels up to 100 MHz in frequency bands below 7 GHz and up to 400 MHz in mmWave radio channels at 24 GHz and higher.25 Beyond these wide channels,5G can aggregate radio channels for a total bandwidth of 800 MHz.Just as the Wi-Fi industry considered wide channels26 essential in the creation of the 6 GHz unlicensed band,so too does 5G depend on wide channels for the full realization of its capabilities.5G vendors have corroborated the need for wide radio channels,such as 100 MHz,in mid-band frequencies.27 With a 100 MHz radio channel,an operator can deliver peak throughput rates of 1 Gbps and average throughput rates of 100s of Mbps.Organizations globally agree with the need for wide channels.The European CEPT28 Electronic Communications Committee states,“Large bandwidths of 80100 MHz contiguous spectrum are considered by industry as important to deliver high throughput 5G services in the 34003800 MHz frequency band.”29 Looking into the future,an international wireless organization states that for 5G success,operators should have access to multiple contiguous 100 MHz channels in the 20252030 timeframe.30 25 3GPP Technical Specification 38.104,NR;Base Station(BS)radio transmission and reception.https:/portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3202.26 IEEE 802.11be(Wi-Fi 7)will support channels up to 320 MHz.See Wi-Fi Alliance,Wi-Fi 6E and 6 GHz Update,Mar.2021.https:/www.wi-fi.org/download.php?file=/sites/default/files/private/202103_Wi-Fi_6E_and_6_GHz_Update.pdf.27 Ericsson,Comments,In the Matter of Expanding Flexible Use in Mid-Band Spectrum Between 3.7 and 24 GHz,GN Docket No.18-122.https:/www.fcc.gov/ecfs/file/download/Ericsson Comments to 3.7 to 4.2 NPRM (102918) (final).pdf?folder=1029090668540.Nokia,Comments,In the Matter of Expanding Flexible Use in Mid-Band Spectrum Between 3.7 and 24 GHz,GN Docket No.18-122.https:/www.fcc.gov/ecfs/file/download/DOC-58edf196f7800000-A.pdf.28 European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations.https:/www.cept.org/.29 CEPT Electronic Communications Committee,ECC Report 287,Guidance on defragmentation of the frequency band 3400-3800 MHz,Oct.2018.https:/docdb.cept.org/download/1363.Page 36.30 GSMA,Estimating the mid-band spectrum needs in the 2025-2030 time frame,Jul.2021.https:/ Given a certain amount of overhead in using any radio channel,including guard bands as shown in Figure 4,the wider the radio channel,the smaller the percentage of radio resource that the overhead consumes.Thus,wider channels are spectrally more efficient.Figure 4:Transmission Bandwidth and Guard Bands31 Due to the guard band overhead,Table 4 shows how a 5G 100 MHz radio channel uses 98.3%of the radio resource whereas a 20 MHz radio uses only 91.8%.32 Table 4:Radio Resource Utilization as Function of Channel Bandwidth Channel Bandwidth Transmission Bandwidth Efficiency 100 MHz 98.28 MHz 98.3 MHz 78.12 MHz 97.7 MHz 58.32 MHz 97.2P MHz 47.88 MHz 95.8 MHz 38.16 MHz 95.4 MHz 18.36 MHz 91.8%The same increased utilization of the radio resource is true in 4G LTE,in which a 20 MHz radio channel is more efficient than lower bandwidths.31 3GPP Technical Specification 38.104,NR;Base Station(BS)radio transmission and reception.https:/portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3202.32 CEPT Electronic Communications Committee,ECC Report 287,Guidance on defragmentation of the frequency band 3400-3800 MHz,Oct.2018.https:/docdb.cept.org/download/1363.18 Figure 5:LTE Efficiency Relative to 20 MHz Bandwidth33 The inherent high efficiency of wider channels combined with avoiding the overhead of carrier aggregation(discussed below)decreases the cost per bit.One analysis shows that the cost per MHz of 100 MHz can be 70%lower than with a 20 MHz wide channel.34 Consumers and enterprises both benefit from the resulting more affordable broadband services.Carrier Aggregation Carrier aggregation(CA)combines multiple radio channels to deliver higher bandwidth to users.Not only does CA increase throughput rates,but it can also increase coverage.For example,by combining mid-band with a low band for control signals and uplink data,one vendor calculates that inter-band carrier aggregation in 5G can improve population coverage by 50%compared to using only the mid-band frequency.35 CA is thus a valuable tool for operators with multiple spectrum bands.CA,however,is not a good substitute for wider radio channels in the same band.A single 100 MHz radio channel,in mid-band 33 Rysavy Research,Global 5G:Rise of a Transformational Technology,Sep.2020.https:/ GSMA,Estimating the mid-band spectrum needs in the 2025-2030 time frame,Jul.2021.https:/ Ericsson,“What,Why and How:The Power of 5G Carrier Aggregation,”Jun.2021.https:/ for instance,is more efficient than the aggregation of two 50 MHz radio channels,as shown above in Table 4.Similarly,aggregating five 20 MHz radio channels is not as efficient as two 50 MHz channels.Additional disadvantages of intra-band carrier aggregation include:36 Intra-band carrier aggregation requires highly linear power amplifiers along with high-isolation switches,further adding to expense relative to a single wider channel.Base station and device equipment manufacturers must perform complex test and measurement procedures to verify correct operation.Environmental Benefits Larger amounts of spectrum being able to operate at full power results in greener 5G networks.In addition,5G-enabled use cases will substantially lower carbon emissions.Benefits of Sufficient Spectrum and Full Power The analysis above shows that being able to operate at full power reduces the number of necessary cell sites by almost an order of magnitude.In addition,without adequate spectrum,operators have no choice but to increase capacity by densifying their networks.In both situations,the larger number of sites has a negative environmental impact by consuming more energy.Mobile network energy consumption can be 1.8 to 2.9 times higher without sufficient spectrum.37 Benefits of 5G-Enabled Use Cases An Accenture report projects that 5G-enabled use cases will lower U.S.carbon emissions by up to 20%by 2025,abating 331 million metric tons of carbon dioxide by then,equivalent to removing 26%of all passenger vehicles from the road for a year.38 5G innovation across transportation,manufacturing,energy,agriculture,and other sectors will transform American life and reduce emissions.For example,by 2025,5G-enabled manufacturing use cases will be able to reduce carbon emissions by 67.4 million 36 RF Wireless World,“Advantages of Carrier Aggregation|Disadvantages of Carrier Aggregation.”https:/www.rfwireless- May 5,2022.37 GSMA,Vision 2030-Insights for Mid-band Spectrum Needs,Jul.2021.https:/ Accenture,“5G-Enabled Technologies Could Solve for One-Fifth of U.S.Climate Change Target by 2025,New Study Finds,”Jan.2022.https:/ metric tons.39 Manufacturing use cases include 5G-enabled factories that monitor production processes in real time and use predictive maintenance tools,increasing efficiency and productivity.The transportation sector is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases,accounting for 27%of total emissions in 2020,according to the EPA.40 5G is helping evolve the transportation sector to be more sustainable and safe,which helps consumers and companies alike save on gas costs.By 2025,use cases in this sector will help reduce emissions by the amount removed from 106 million acres of U.S.forests each year.41 Logistics companies are“platooning”trucks together,so they function as a single unit,which has safety and efficiency benefits.5G-powered drone delivery and other last-mile logistics options can also minimize the number of trucks needed.And for consumers,5G-enabled connected vehicles can lower costs at the gas pump thanks to real-time data that communicates information about the cars environment and by enabling driverless transportation.The agriculture industry will see the benefits of precision agricultural tools enabled by 5G,which will save water resources,limit fertilizer applications,and save farmers time and energy going to and from the fields.More productive and healthy crops will also result.In the energy sector,5G-powered sensors can be used to better predict and manage energy supply and demand.Use cases like these exist across multiple industries and will help U.S.companies and sectors become more efficient and sustainable.Lower 3 GHz Case Study Government and industry are jointly analyzing mid-band 3.13.45 GHz,currently used by DOD,for additional 5G use.The Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)has defined specific 5G bands to facilitate global harmonization and to ensure support from both infrastructure and device vendors.Specifically,band 39 Ibid.40 EPA,“Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions,”https:/www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions.Viewed Sep.5,2022.41 CTIA on Twitter,https:/ n77 is 3.34.2 GHz.42 Multiple countries around the world,as detailed in Appendix A,have licensed bands in the 3.33.45 GHz range for exclusive-use,high power,5G networks.A logical approach would be for the United States to make at least 200 MHz,including 150 MHz with the 3.33.45 GHz portion,which has a global allocation,available for exclusive-use licenses.Incumbent military systems that need to operate in 3 GHz could tune or relocate below 3.3 GHz and coordinate or share 50 MHz of spectrum with commercial networks.However,given the lengthy time periods to develop sharing approaches,freeing up 200 MHz would make critical new mid-band spectrum available in the needed timeframe and would be consistent with the Spectrum Innovation Act of 2021.43 In addition,consumers would benefit from global economies of scale that produce lower-cost service and lower-cost devices.Conclusion The wireless industry has repeatedly demonstrated that it can efficiently and effectively use wireless spectrum for the benefit of consumers,enterprises,government,and the economy.A consistent high quality of experience,including high throughputs,high capacity,high reliability,and low congestion,requires careful management of multiple factors,including device capabilities,infrastructure,wireless technology used,and spectrum resources.Only exclusive-use licensed spectrum,with its dependable,predictable,and interference-free characteristics,can provide the desired high quality of service.Countries with which the United States competes have come to the same conclusion and continue to base their spectrum allocations on this approach.In addition,given the high bandwidth requirements of emerging applications,whether extended reality or fixed wireless access,and given the need to support these applications over wide coverage areas,the allocated spectrum must consist of wide radio channels being able to propagate at high power.Mid-band spectrum remains the most important band for realizing the full capabilities of 5G.Future allocations in mid-band should follow the spectrum approach that has been so successful in other mid-band frequencies,such as C-band and 3.45 GHz blocks.This approach has been the most efficient and effective by leveraging full power capabilities to maximize coverage with reasonable capital expenditures.Today,the United States lags a number of countries in delivering licensed,exclusive use mid-band spectrum for 5G.The United States has kept pace with traffic growth by using new generations of technology,densifying networks,and deploying new spectrum.But the country needs hundreds of 42 3GPP Technical Specification 38.101,NR;User Equipment(UE)radio transmission and reception;Part 1:Range 1 Standalone.https:/portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3283.43 U.S.Congress,H.R.5378-Spectrum Innovation Act of 2021.https:/www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5378?s=1&r=6.22 megahertz of additional,exclusive use mid-band spectrum at high power to remain competitive globally and to deliver on the 5G promise.23 Sponsorship This is a Rysavy Research report sponsored by CTIA.About Rysavy Research Rysavy Research LLC is a consulting firm that has specialized in computer networking,wireless technology,and mobile computing since 1993.Projects include spectrum and capacity analysis,reports on the evolution of wireless technology,network security assessment,strategic consultations,system design,articles and reports,courses and webcasts,network performance measurements,and working as a testifying expert in patent-litigation.Peter Rysavy has written more than 190 articles and reports.Clients include more than one hundred organizations.From 2000 to 2016,Peter Rysavy was the executive director of the Wireless Technology Association,an industry organization that evaluated wireless technologies,investigated mobile communications architectures,and promoted wireless-data interoperability.Peter Rysavy graduated with BSEE and MSEE degrees from Stanford University in 1979.More information is available at https:/.24 Appendix A:Global Mid-Band Spectrum Bands Country Spectrum Band(s)Authorized Power Andorra 3400-3600 MHz(To be confirmed)TBC Australia 3400-3700 MHz TRP 48 dBm/5 MHz Austria 3410-3800 MHz No power limit Bahrain 3600-3850 MHz TBC Bangladesh 3500-3560 MHz TBC Bulgaria 3500-3800 MHz No power limit Chile 3300-3400 MHz 3600-3650 MHz TBC China 3400-3600 MHz 4800-5000 MHz TBC Croatia 3400-3800 MHz No power limit Cyprus 3400-3800 MHz No power limit Czech Republic 3400-3800 MHz TRP 47 dBm/5 MHz Denmark 3410-3800 MHz TRP 47 dBm/5 MHz Finland 3410-3800 MHz TRP 47 dBm/5 MHz France 3400-3800 MHz No power limit Germany 3400-3700 MHz 3700-3800 MHz No power limit Local licensing Greece 3400-3670 MHz 3700-3770 MHz No power limit Hong Kong 3400-3600 MHz TBC Hungary 3490-3800 MHz No power limit Iceland 3500-3800 MHz No power limit Ireland 3410-3435 MHz 3475-3800 MHz TRP 47 dBm/5 MHz Israel 3500-3800 MHz TBC Italy 3400-3800 MHz No power limit 25 Country Spectrum Band(s)Authorized Power Japan 3400-4100 MHz 4500-4600 MHz EIRP 60.8 dBm/MHz per 3 sectors Kuwait 3400-3800 MHz TBC Latvia 3400-3450 MHz 3550-3600 MHz 3650-3700 MHz TBC Luxembourg 3420-3750 MHz No power limit Malaysia 3400-3600 MHz TBC Malta 3500-3800 MHz No power limit Mauritius 3400-3600 MHz TBC New Zealand 3410-3750 MHz No power limit Norway 3400-3800 MHz TBC Oman 3400-3700 MHz TBC Peru 3450-3475 MHz 3550-3575 MHz TBC Philippines C-Band TBC Portugal 3400-3800 MHz TBC Qatar 3500-3800 MHz No power limit Romania 3600-3800 MHz No power limit San Marino C-Band TBC Saudi Arabia 3400-3800 MHz TBC Singapore 3400-3600 MHz TBC Slovakia 3400-3800 MHz No power limit Slovenia 3420-3800 MHz No power limit South Africa 50 MHz in band TBC South Korea 3400-3700 MHz TBC Spain 3420-3800 MHz No power limit Sri Lanka C-Band TBC Sweden 3400-3720 MHz TRP 47 dBm/5 MHz Switzerland 3500-3800 MHz TBC 26 Country Spectrum Band(s)Authorized Power Taiwan 3340-3610 MHz TBC United Arab Emirates 3300-3800 MHz No power limit United Kingdom 3400-3800 MHz 58 dBm/MHz United States 3700-3800 MHz 62 dBm/MHz Uzbekistan C-Band TBC Copyright 2022 Rysavy Research,LLC.All rights reserved.http:/.
2022-11-29
26页
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