1、National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2025-71NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARDScience&Engineering IndicatorsR&DDiscovery:R&D Activity and Research PublicationsNSB-2025-7|July 23,2025The National Science Board(Board)is required under the National Science Foundation(NSF)Act,42 U.S.C.1863(j)(1

2、)to prepare and transmit the biennial Science and Engineering Indicators(Indicators)report to the President and Congress every even-numbered year.The report is prepared by the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics(NCSES)within NSF under the guidance of the Board.It is subject to ext

3、ensive review.National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2025-72Table Of ContentsExecutive Summary5Overall R&D Scale and Growth5Sectoral Performance and Funding Distribution5Industry Concentration and Key Focus Areas6Global Research Publications6Introduction7Trends in U.S.R&D Performa

4、nce and Funding8U.S.Total R&D and R&D Intensity8R&D-Performing Sectors13Sources of Funding and Type of R&D14U.S.Business R&D20Industries That Perform the Most U.S.Business R&D20U.S.Business R&D by Technology Focus23Academic R&D26Funding Sources of Academic R&D26Academic R&D by Type of R&D27Academic

5、R&D by S&E Field29Federal Support for U.S.R&D34Federal Obligations for R&D and R&D Plant by Major Agency36Federal Obligations by Performer and Type of R&D37Federal Obligations for Research by S&E Fields38Global R&D and International Comparisons41Publication Output by Geography and Scientific Field55

6、Output by Geography,S&E Field,and Sector55Impact of Published Research60International Collaboration in Published Research63Conclusion71Glossary72Definitions72Key to Acronyms and Abbreviations73References74National Science Board|Science&Engineering Indicators|NSB-2025-73Notes81Acknowledgments and Cit