1、JULY 2025Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from passenger cars in the European UnionA 2025 update and key factors to consider MARTA NEGRI AND GEORG BIEKERACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work is generously supported by the European Climate Foundation.We thank Jane OMalley,Pierre-Louis Ragon,Chelsea Baldino,and

2、 Yuanrong Zhou with the International Council on Clean Transportation and Anne Bouter and Giuseppe Di Pierro(Joint Research Centre),Nikolas Hill and Marco Raugei(Ricardo),and Gerfried Jungmeier(Joanneum Research)for their critical reviews on an earlier version of this paper.International Council on

3、Clean Transportation 1500 K Street NW,Suite 650 Washington,DC 20005communicationstheicct.org|www.theicct.org|TheICCT 2025 International Council on Clean Transportation(ID 392)iICCT REPORT|LIFE-CYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM PASSENGER CARS IN THE EUROPEAN UNIONEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report is a l

4、ife-cycle assessment(LCA)of the global warming potential of passenger cars sold in the European Union(EU).It compares sales-weighted average medium segment gasoline,diesel,and natural gas internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs),hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs),plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs

5、),battery electric vehicles(BEVs),and hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles(FCEVs).The analysis covers the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from vehicle and battery production and recycling,fuel and electricity production,fuel consumption,and maintenance.This analysis is an update of previous ICCT vehicl

6、e LCAs.Given the variability in results of life-cycle analyses in the literature and in the context of current efforts by the European Commission and at the United Nations(UNECE)level to harmonize methodologies for reporting vehicle life-cycle emissions,this analysis highlights the impact of key met