1、OVERCOMING THE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP AND ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTOctober 2024OVERCOMING THE MIDDLE-INCOME TRAP AND ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTOctober 2024ivEconomic Commission for AfricaSubregional Office for North Africa,Rabat,Tel.:(+212)537 717 829 www.uneca.orgOxford Economics AfricaC

2、ecilia Square,100 Cecilia Street,Paarl,South Africa,Tel.:(+270)218 636 200 2024 Economic Commission for Africa,Oxford Economics AfricaAll rights reserved.Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted.Acknowledgement is requested,together with a copy of the publication.The designatio

3、ns used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Economic Commission for Africa or Oxford Economics Africa concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning the de

4、limitation of its frontiers or boundaries,or its economic system or degree of development.Designations such as“developed”,“industrialized”and“developing”are intended for statistical convenience and do not always express a judgment about the stage reached by a specific country or area in the developm

5、ent process.vCONTENTSForeword viiAcknowledgements viiiExecutive summary ix1 Introduction and context 12 Middle-income status:An alternative view 52.1 Cost of living.52.2 Purchasing power.63 Climate change and the middle-income trap 113.1 Direct and indirect links.114 Africas prospects of escaping th

6、e middle-income trap 14 4.1 Current growth trajectories .144.2 What escaping the middle-income trap would look like.184.3 The changing nature of growth.204.4 Exogenous considerations:Climate change.245 Leveraging efforts to combat climate change 275.1 Africas developmental Achilles heel:Funding.275.