1、U.S.Department of the InteriorU.S.Geological SurveyMINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2025SiliconSilverSoda AshStoneStrontiumSulfurTalcTantalumTelluriumThalliumThoriumTinTitaniumTungstenVanadiumVermiculiteWollastoniteYttriumZeolitesZincZirconiumMercuryMicaMolybdenumNickelNiobiumNitrogenPalladiumPeatPerlite

2、Phosphate RockPlatinumPotashPumiceQuartzRare EarthsRheniumRubidiumSaltSand and GravelScandiumSeleniumFluorsparGalliumGarnetGemstonesGermaniumGoldGraphiteGypsumHafniumHeliumIndiumIodineIron and SteelIron OreIron Oxide PigmentsKyaniteLeadLimeLithiumMagnesiumManganeseAbrasivesAluminumAntimonyArsenicAsb

3、estosBariteBauxiteBerylliumBismuthBoronBromineCadmiumCementCesiumChromiumClaysCobaltCopperDiamondDiatomiteFeldsparCover:Photograph of 1 of the 66 antennas that make up the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array(ALMA)pointed at the moon.ALMA,which is operated by the European Southern Observator

4、y(ESO),was constructed in 2013 and is located at an elevation of 5,000 meters on the Chajnantor Plateau in the Andes Mountains in Chile because of the locations low humidity and atmospheric interference.ALMAs dishes are not mirrors but have surfaces of metallic panels.The panels were constructed fro

5、m materials such as aluminum(p.32),carbon fiber reinforced polymer,and steel(p.94).In addition,the receivers and motion-control devices contain many other mineral commodities.The long wavelengths that ALMAs antennas detect mean that the surfaces are accurate to within 25 micrometersmuch less than th

6、e thickness of a sheet of paper.Not only are the dish surfaces carefully controlled,but the antennas can be steered precisely and pointed to an angular accuracy of 0.6 arcseconds(1 arcsecond is 1/3600 of a degree).This is accurate enough to detect a golf ball at a distance of 15 kilometers.Photograp