2020人工智能芯片的重要性 - 美国安全与新兴技术中心（英文版）（72页）.pdf

1、 APRIL 2020 AI Chips: What They Are and Why They Matter An AI Chips Reference AUTHORS Saif M. Khan Alexander Mann Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 2 Table of Contents Introduction and Summary 3 The Laws of Chip Innovation 7 Transistor Shrinkage: Moores Law 7 Efficiency and Speed Improve

2、ments 8 Increasing Transistor Density Unlocks Improved Designs for Efficiency and Speed 9 Transistor Design is Reaching Fundamental Size Limits 10 The Slowing of Moores Law and the Decline of General-Purpose Chips 10 The Economies of Scale of General-Purpose Chips 10 Costs are Increasing Faster than

3、 the Semiconductor Market 11 The Semiconductor Industrys Growth Rate is Unlikely to Increase 14 Chip Improvements as Moores Law Slows 15 Transistor Improvements Continue, but are Slowing 16 Improved Transistor Density Enables Specialization 18 The AI Chip Zoo 19 AI Chip Types 20 AI Chip Benchmarks 2

4、2 The Value of State-of-the-Art AI Chips 23 The Efficiency of State-of-the-Art AI Chips Translates into Cost-Effectiveness 23 Compute-Intensive AI Algorithms are Bottlenecked by Chip Costs and Speed 26 U.S. and Chinese AI Chips and Implications for National Competitiveness 27 Appendix A: Basics of S

5、emiconductors and Chips 31 Appendix B: How AI Chips Work 33 Parallel Computing 33 Low-Precision Computing 34 Memory Optimization 35 Domain-Specific Languages 36 Appendix C: AI Chip Benchmarking Studies 37 Appendix D: Chip Economics Model 39 Chip Transistor Density, Design Costs, and Energy Costs 40

6、Foundry, Assembly, Test and Packaging Costs 41 Acknowledgments 44 Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 3 Introduction and Summary Artificial intelligence will play an important role in national and international security in the years to come. As a result, the U.S. government is considering