1、Chester Holland,Ph.D.Mary M.OewelCasey A.CrewsKyuna SimsAkisha Osei Sarfo,Ph.D.Brian GarciaRay Hart,Ph.D.PANDEMIC-ERA CHANGES IN URBAN SCHOOL LEADERSHIP:Superintendent Characteristics,Turnover,and Salaries2|Pandemic-Era Changes in Urban School Leadership:Superintendent Characteristics,Turnover,and S

2、alariesCONTENTS 3 Introduction Background4 Research Questions Methodology5 Executive Summary of Findings6 Results Superintendent Demographics Superintendent Turnover8 Superintendent Turnover9 Race/Ethnicity Gender10 Pre-Superintendency Role11 District Leader Salary Superintendent Salary by Student P

3、opulation Size12 Superintendent Salary by Student FRPL Rate13 Superintendent Salary by Gender Superintendent Salary by School Board Type District Leader Turnover Superintendent Turnover by Student Population Size14 Superintendent Turnover by Student Population Racial/Ethnic Demographics Superintende

4、nt Turnover by Student FRPL Rate15 Superintendent Turnover by Gender and Race 16 Superintendent Turnover by School Board Type Superintendent Turnover by Salary17 Summary18 Limitations Conclusion19 References20 Appendix A:Supplementary Tables and FiguresPandemic-Era Changes in Urban School Leadership

5、:Superintendent Characteristics,Turnover,and Salaries|3INTRODUCTIONThe COVID-19 pandemic,which began in the 2019-2020 academic year,continues to challenge school district operations across the United States.Much of the conversation regarding the pandemics impact on schools and learning focuses on th

6、e work being done in classrooms.Some discussions have emphasized the role of testing and curricula as key components of gauging student success,as well as other district inputs such as educator hiring and retention and the availability of technology for internet-based remote learning.BACKGROUNDThe C