1、Trade,Agriculture,and Development:Meeting Global Challenges to Commonwealth CountriesMICHAEL G.PLUMMER JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,SAIS EUROPEHINRICH-IMD SUSTAINABLE TRADE INDEX DEEP DIVE2HINRICH FOUNDATION REPORT TRADE,AGRICULTURE,AND DEVELOPMENT:MEETING GLOBAL CHALLENGES TO COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIESCopy

2、right 2024 Hinrich Foundation Limited and Commonwealth Secretariat.All Rights Reserved.The author would like to thank Chuin Wei Yap(Hinrich Foundation)and Brendan Vickers,Salamat Ali,and Kyle De Klerk(Commonwealth Secretariat)for their invaluable input and excellent comments at all phases of this pr

3、oject.Any views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat.Acknowledgments3HINRICH FOUNDATION REPORT TRADE,AGRICULTURE,AND DEVELOPMENT:MEETING GLOBAL CHALLENGES TO COMMONWEALTH COUNTRIESCopyright 2024 Hinrich Foundation Limited and Common

4、wealth Secretariat.All Rights Reserved.3ContentsI.INTRODUCTION4II.COMMONWEALTH AGRICULTURAL TRADE IN THE7 CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CHALLENGESA.Commonwealth food trade at a glance7 B.Agricultural trade,poverty,risk,and climate change16III.THE IMPORTANCE OF TRADE POLICY IN PROMOTING18 DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY

5、 REDUCTIONIV.ORIGINS AND TOOLS OF AGRICULTURAL PROTECTION20 A.The political economy of protectionism20 B.Types of policy instruments applied in agriculture:A brief review22C.Climate-related issues:CBAM and beyond23V.AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION:EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENTS24 A.Regional trade agreement

6、s:Case studies of CPTPP,RCEP,and AfCFTA27 B.Commodity-leveleffectsofliberalization:Newestimates34VI.POLICY IMPLICATIONS:TOWARD BETTER COOPERATION38 IN AGRICULTURERESEARCHER BIO:MICHAEL G.PLUMMER 41ENDNOTES 42REFERENCES 45APPENDICES 494HINRICH FOUNDATION REPORT TRADE,AGRICULTURE,AND DEVELOPMENT:MEETI