1、 SUSTAINABILITY&SMART CITIES GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES THE DRIVING FORCE OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY Whitepaper GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES THE DRIVING FORCE OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY 1 SUSTAINABILITY&SMART CITIES 1.1 Electric Vehicles,Charging,&Batteries 1.1.1 Electric Vehicles EVs(Electric Vehicles)have been a concep

2、t since 1984,but they have only become a realistic option for consumers within recent years.Issues of usability and price are gradually fading,with improvements being made to the available technology and manufacturing process.Paired with an increasing concern being placed on climate change and the e

3、nvironment,EV adoption is becoming more prevalent,coupled with government legislation and incentives around the world aimed at reducing carbon emissions.The average CO2 emissions from new passenger cars registered in Europe have been falling steadily in recent years;representing a growth in EV adopt

4、ion.1.1.2 EV Charging The EV charging market can be broadly broken down into these four elements:Figure 1.1:EV Charging Market Landscape Source:Juniper Research EV/PHEV(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle)User:This is the user of the EV/PHEV who must access the charging service in order to charge their

5、vehicle.Charging Service:This is the service that EV/PHEV drivers utilise in order to charge their vehicle.In some cases,users are able to access any of the following models of charging:a)Direct to Non-OEM Charging Provider:This is where users are able to access a charging service directly from a pr

6、ovider who is not a manufacturer of vehicles.Usually,an app or card is needed in order to gain access to these features.Energy tariffs are also available under this section;offering users with home charging capabilities the option to integrate their charging costs into their electric bill.These gene