1、IN-DEPTH 1 Aviation contrails and their climate effect Aviation contrails and their climate effect Tackling uncertainties and enabling solutions 30 April 2024 This report was developed with the following organizations and companies:The aviation community,formed by industry,governments,universities,a

2、nd research institutions are actively researching ways to minimize the warming impacts of contrails.This report addresses the urgent need to further understand and mitigate the formation of persistent warming contrails.IN-DEPTH 2 Aviation contrails and their climate effect Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3、.3 1.INTRODUCTION.5 2.CONTRAILS AND ISSR.6 2.1.Contrails explained.6 2.2.The climate impact of contrails.8 2.2.1 Current approaches to mitigate the warming impact of contrails.9 2.2.2 ISSR and persistent contrails characterization.10 2.2.3 Contrails characterization.12 2.2.4 Contrail avoidance:lesso

4、ns learned from airline trials.12 3.Humidity sensors to increase the understanding of contrails.15 3.1.Aircraft as atmospheric research laboratories.15 3.2.Number of aircraft required.17 3.3.Implications on aircraft performance.17 3.3.1 Performance penalties due to extra drag.17 3.3.2 Performance im

5、plications due to the sensors weight.18 3.3.3 Power required by the sensors.18 4.Data transfer.18 5.Costs.19 6.Benefits of water vapor measurements to airlines and to the scientific community.20 7.Next Steps and Recommendations.21 APPENDIX 1 Using civil aircraft as airborne climate laboratories.23 A

6、PPENDIX 2 List of humidity sensors and their characteristics.26 8.References.32 List of figures Figure 1 Photograph of a non-persistent contrail.6 Figure 2 Photograph of a single persistent contrail.6 Figure 3 Photograph of a large region of sky with multiple persistent contrails.7 Figure 4 Illustra