1、1 Artificial Intelligence in Wargaming An evidence-based assessment of AI applications June 2023 Anna Knack and Rosamund Powell Anna Knack and Rosamund Powell 2 About CETaS.4 Acknowledgements.4 Executive Summary.5 Recommendations.8 1.Introduction.9 1.1 Research aims and methodology.11 1.2 Caveats an

2、d limitations.12 1.3 Structure of this report.13 2.Progress Towards Implementing AI-enabled Wargaming.14 2.1 A renewed interest in automated wargaming.14 2.2 Case studies in AI-enabled wargaming.17 2.3 Opportunities in non-defence applications of AI.21 3.Promising Applications of AI in Wargaming.26

3、3.1 AI in narrow and specialised applications.26 3.2 High-risk,high-reward AI applications in game execution and data analysis.28 4.Technical Challenges and Requirements.31 4.1 Development of a valid methodology.31 4.2.Over-trust.32 4.3.Ensuring trustworthiness.33 4.4.Establishing causality.34 4.5.A

4、I with contextual awareness.34 4.6.Data and AI system sovereignty.35 5.Policy and Ethical Challenges.36 5.1.Accountability and liability.36 5.2.Reduction of decision-making pressure on players.36 5.3.Psychologically preparing players for human-machine teaming in wargaming.37 5.4.Efficient defence pr

5、ocurement and approvals processes.37 Artificial Intelligence in Wargaming 3 6.Conclusions and Recommendations.39 Recommendations.39 Appendix A.Long-list of AI-enabled Techniques.41 A.1 Game design.42 A.2 Game execution.45 A.3 Game analysis.49 A.4 Game logistics.52 Appendix B.Glossary.54 B.1 Wargamin

6、g lexicon.54 B.2 AI lexicon.56 About the Authors.58 Anna Knack and Rosamund Powell 4 About CETaS The Centre for Emerging Technology and Security(CETaS)is a research centre based at The Alan Turing Institute,the UKs national institute for data science and artificial intelligence.The Centres mission i