1、2022/23 European Regional ReportResearch insights for policymakers2022/23 European Regional ReportAUTHORSNiels Bosma,Utrecht UniversityStephen HillRolf Sternberg,Institute of Economic and Cultural Geography,Leibniz University of HannoverWith contributions from:Mark Hart,Aston Business SchoolDonato I

2、acobucci,Universit Politecnica delle MarcheFrank Lasch,Montpellier Business SchoolAna Fernndez Laviada,Facultad de CCEE y Empresariales,Universidad de CantabriaKarim Messeghem,Montpellier Business SchoolIaki Pea,Universidad de DeustoStephan Pohl,CartographerAnna Tarnawa,Polish Agency for Enterprise

3、DevelopmentJustine Valette,Montpellier Business SchoolAlthough GEM data were used in the preparation of this report,the interpretation and use of the data are the sole responsibility of the authors.Published by the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association,London Business School,Regents Park,Lond

4、on NW1 4SA,UK Please cite as:GEM(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)(2023).Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/22 European Regional Report.London:GEM.Cover image:Designed by FreepikDesign and production:Agnieszka Skopiska/RebelZOO.eu 2023 The authors and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Associatio

5、n(GERA)12022/23 European Regional ReportContentsForeword 2Acknowledgements 4Figures 5Tables 6Maps 7About GEM 9Executive Summary 11 Chapter 4 Conditions for Entrepreneurship and Country Cases 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The French economy and its regions 4.3 The German economy and its regions 4.4 The Italia

6、n economy and its regions 4.5 The Polish economy and its regions 4.6 The Spanish economy and its regions 4.7 The United Kingdom economy and its regions 4.8 Conclusions Chapter 5 Deepening the local analysis using the GEM Ecosystem Index tool 5.1 The GEM Ecosystem Index(ESI)5.2 The entrepreneurial ec