1、Global Energy and Climate ModelDocumentation-2023The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil,gas and coal supply and demand,renewable energy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand side management and much more.Through its work,the IEA advocat

2、es policies that will enhance the reliability,affordability and sustainability of energy in its 31 member countries,13 association countries and beyond.This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation of interna

3、tional frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory,city or area.Source:IEA.International Energy Agency Website:www.iea.orgIEA member countries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNether

4、landsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TrkiyeUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEAIEA association countries:Argentina BrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingapore South Africa Thailand U

5、kraineINTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYTable of Contents 1 Table of Contents 1 Overview of model and scenarios.5 1.1 GEC Model scenarios.6 1.2 Selected developments in 2023.9 1.3 GEC Model overview.12 2 Cross-cutting inputs and assumptions.17 2.1 Population assumptions.17 2.2 Macroeconomic assumptions.18 2

6、.3 Prices.19 2.4 Policies.22 2.5 Techno-economic inputs.23 3 End-use sectors.25 3.1 Industry.25 3.2 Transport.30 3.3 Buildings.39 3.4 Hourly electricity demand and demand-side response.42 4 Electricity generation and heat production.45 4.1 Electricity generation.45 4.2 Value-adjusted Levelised Cost