1、 Report for Meta Full-fibre networks in Europe:state of play and future evolution Final version for publication 3 May 2023 Ref:706675597-183 Ref:706675597-183.Contents Executive summary 1 1 Introduction 4 2 Fibre coverage is being funded by a strong pipeline of investments from operators,governments

2、 and investors 5 2.1 Many countries in Europe have already deployed widespread fibre networks,and full-fibre networks are now available to a majority of European households 5 2.2 Established telecoms operators and their shareholders have been upgrading existing fixed networks to full-fibre,spurred i

3、n part by competition 7 2.3 Public funding and financial investors are contributing significantly to new fibre build,and also enable the entry of new competitors that apply pressure to incumbents 8 3 Full-fibre network investment spans long-and short-lived assets,and will lead to more efficient netw

4、orks 10 3.1 Deploying full-fibre networks involves investments in various network segments,in passive infrastructure and active equipment,by incumbents and challengers 10 3.2 Passive infrastructure attracts the vast majority of upfront investment,while active equipment accounts for a smaller portion

5、 but requires periodic replacement 13 3.3 Fibre networks are able to deliver better performance and lower running costs than legacy networks and offer potential routes for significant future savings 16 4 Full-fibre networks are designed to handle future capacity requirements at relatively limited in

6、cremental costs 18 4.1 Demand for traffic continues to grow,but at a declining rate,and there is uncertainty on future demand levels and the resulting impact on network bandwidth requirements 19 4.2 Current fibre networks are capable of supporting yet-to-emerge applications and sustained growth in t