1、White Paper Diabetes Drug Discovery Utilizing in vitro panels and in vivo animal models to evaluate diabetes drug candidates1Diabetes mellitus is a serious chronic disease in which blood glucose levels rise due to the bodys inability to produce enough insulin or to use it effectively.The global prev

2、alence of diabetes continues to grow.Over 535 million adults(age 20-79)have diabetes,according to the International Diabetes Federation,that in 2021 caused 6.7 million deaths 1 death every 5 seconds.The number of people suffering from diabetes is projected to grow to 643 million by 2030,and reach 78

3、3 million by 2045.1 Among all diabetics,over 90%have Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM or T2D);however,Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM or T1D)is the most common form of diabetes in children(19 years of age),and over 1.2 million children have T1D in 2021.2T1D,insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM),is pr

4、imarily a chronic autoimmune disease with potential autoantigens identified.It is characterized by progressive autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction and loss of insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cells,leading to deficient secretion of insulin and hyperglycaemia.3,4 A combination of genetic,immun

5、ologic,and environmental factors contributes to the onset and progression of T1D.Treatment of T1D focuses on managing blood sugar levels with insulin replenishment,diet,and lifestyle to prevent further complications.5 The research effort is underway to develop a treatment to prevent-cell loss and/or

6、 preserve-cell function.T2D,noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM),is due to a progressive loss of adequate-cell insulin secretion and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin,which is known as insulin resistance(Figure 1).6 The pathogenesis of T2D involv