1、EXOSOMES INSIGHT REPORT|1EXOSOMES:THE RISING STAR IN DRUG DELIVERY AND DIAGNOSTICS For a long time,synthetic drug nanocarriers such as lipid nanoparticles(LNPs)have held a recognized position in mainstream drug delivery systems.However,despite the advantages of drug delivery via LNPs,their clinical

2、application has seen substantial difficulties,including low bioavailability,toxicity,clearance from the bloodstream,off-target accumulation,and triggering of innate immune responses.1 Considering these limitations,researchers are increasingly turning their attention towards exosomes,which are a type

3、 of membrane-contained nanosized extracellular vesicle(EV)released from cells as part of their normal physiology or under certain pathologies.2,3 Exosomes are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells and are subsequently released into the extracellular space by fusion with the

4、plasma membrane.Upon release from the parent cell,exosomes have been shown to provide a means of efficient intercellular communication and signaling.4,5 Crucially,exosomes are also able to transport bioactive molecules such as proteins,lipids,and nucleic acids between cells and across biological bar

5、riers.4,5As a natural carrier system,exosomes have the potential to overcome several of the limitations associated with other drug delivery systems:they can be readily metabolized,elicit minimal immune responses,exhibit minimal tumorigenicity,6 and can cross the blood-brain barrier(BBB).7 Due to the

6、se properties,exosomes have emerged as a contender to lipid nanoparticles(LNPs)as prospective drug carriers.In addition to their promise in drug delivery,exosomes are an attractive tool in clinical diagnostics and biomarker discovery.Additionally,prospective applications of exosomes in cosmetics and