1、Technology of IoT SystemsMichael Hamilton and Cedric B.DSouzaWHITE PAPER2This paper discusses the technology and usages of Internet of Things(IoT)systems in general,as well as specific concerns with respect to human factors,interoperability and resiliency.We present a general overview of IoT systems

2、,followed by a more in-depth examination of smart cities with a focus on smart grids,bridge monitoring and drones as they relate to the smart city and IoT systems.This paper then examines the IoT services UL Solutions currently offers,followed by a systems-oriented approach to complex IoT system eva

3、luation and how the system development life cycle(SDLC)may be used to approach such a complex evaluation by applying the V-model.Finally,this paper looks at some of the future growth areas in IoT namely,security and interoperability.Executive summaryWHITE PAPER3Table of contentsOverview 04Characteri

4、stics 05Human factors 05Interoperability 05Resilience and reliability 06Smart city 06Example of an IoT ecosystem 06Smart grid 08Smart parking 09Bridge monitoring 10Drones 11Present capabilities 12V-model application for IoT systems 15Future of IoT and UL Solutions 17Conclusion 19Sources 20Glossary 2

5、2WHITE PAPER4Overview The term Internet of Things was coined in 1999;in its broadest definition,it is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate,sense or interact with their internal states and the external environment(Gartner,2019).Simply put,these“things,”i.e.,

6、devices,can send and receive data and connect to the internet via various protocols:Wi-Fi,LPWAN,Zigbee,Bluetooth,GSM/5G,proprietary networks and others(Badii et al.,2020).A typical IoT system consists of components such as devices,network connections,data management(cloud or premises)platforms and a