1、1WORLD HEARTREPORT 2023CONFRONTING THE WORLDS NUMBER ONE KILLERWORLD HEART REPORT 20232CONTENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is an official publication of the World Heart Federation(WHF).The World Heart Federation would like to thank all authors and reviewers for their contributions:Authors:Mariachiara Di Ce

2、sare,Honor Bixby,Thomas Gaziano,Lisa Hadeed,Chodziwadziwa Kabudula,Diana Vaca McGhie,Jeremiah Mwangi,Borjana Pervan,Pablo Perel,Daniel Pieiro,Sean Taylor,Fausto Pinto.Reviewers:Victor Aboyans,lvaro Avezum,Rick Chazal,Jean-Luc Eisel,Naomi Herz,Andre Pascal Kengne,Angela Koh,Amam Mbakwem,Jagat Narula,

3、Gregory Roth,Saate Shakil.Editor:Edward Fox.The World Heart Report 2023 was made possible through support from Novartis Foundation.Executive Summary 3Introduction 4Global burden of cardiovascular disease mortality 5Cardiovascular disease deaths by sex 9Cardiovascular disease deaths by cause 10Relati

4、onship between cardiovascular disease mortality and health expenditure 11Cardiovascular disease premature mortality 12Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases 14-Physical activity 16-Sodium intake 18-Alcohol consumption 20-Tobacco smoking 22-Obesity 26-Raised blood pressure 28-Diabetes 30-Lipids 32-

5、Ambient air pollution 34Comparative levels of risk factors by country and region 36The WHF Policy Index 37Key findings 39Key recommendations 40Appendix Supplementary Figures 41 Suggested citation:World Heart Report 2023:Confronting the Worlds Number One Killer.Geneva,Switzerland.World Heart Federati

6、on.2023.3CONFRONTING THE WORLDS NUMBER ONE KILLERMore than half a billion people around the world continue to be affected by cardiovascular diseases,which accounted for 20.5 million deaths in 20211 close to a third of all deaths globally and an overall increase on the estimated 121 million CVD death