1、 INTEROPERABILITY IN CONSUMER IOT A Study for Huawei 16 MARCH 2022 WWW.FRONTIER-ECONOMICS.COM CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 1.1 Why interoperate?4 1.2 Interoperability implies costs as well as benefits 5 1.3 Interoperability involves trade-offs in competition and innovation 6 1.4 How is interoperabil

2、ity achieved?6 1.5 Historical case studies demonstrate benefits and costs of interoperability 7 1.6 The current state of interoperability in consumer IoT 7 1.7 Summary conclusions 8 2 Introduction 9 2.1 Why interoperate?9 2.2 When to intervene to promote interoperability?10 2.3 Conclusion 13 3 What

3、is meant by interoperability?14 3.1 Defining interoperability 14 3.2 Which parties should interoperate?16 3.3 The scope of interoperability can be defined by different“layers”19 3.4 The degree of interoperability 22 3.5 Interoperability can apply at different“locations”26 3.6 Technical design and sp

4、ecification of interoperability 27 3.7 Ex-ante obligations-neutrality alongside interoperability 29 3.8 Conclusion 31 4 Costs and trade-offs of interoperability 32 4.1 The application of interoperability implies trade-offs 32 4.2 Interoperability can affect innovation 33 4.3 Costs of increased inter

5、operability 38 4.4 Digital platforms weigh up opposing incentives to interoperate 40 5 Interoperability as a policy tool to promote competition and positive economic outcomes 41 5.1 Paths to interoperability 41 5.2 Examples of where interoperability has been used as a policy tool 43 5.3 Conclusions

6、51 6 Lessons on interoperability from historical case studies 52 6.1 Overview of Case Studies 52 6.2 Case Study 1:The Development of the Telephone Standard 55 6.3 Case Study 2:The Development of Shipping Containers 59 6.4 Case Study 3:The Development of the USB standard 63 7 Current issues and chall