1、Migration and Development Brief 37 November 2022 Remittances Brave Global Headwinds Special Focus:Climate Migration Migration and Remittances Team Social Protection and Jobs World Bank 2 Contents 1 Trends in Remittance Flows.8 1.1 Following a Surge in 2021,Remittance Flows Continued to Grow in 2022.

2、8 1.2 Reasons for Sustained Growth of Remittances in 2022.10 1.3 Remittances Outlook for 2023.17 1.4 Remittance Costs.18 2.Migration Trends.20 2.1 Developments in Migration.20 2.2 Refugee Movements.21 2.3 Developments in Migration Policy.23 3.Special Focus:Climate Migration.25 3.1 Climate Impacts on

3、 Mobility.25 3.2 Migration Drivers and Climate Risks.26 3.3 Policy Recommendations.27 Appendix A.Regional Trends in Migration and Remittance Flows.30 A.1 East Asia and Pacific.30 A.2 Europe and Central Asia.34 A.3 Latin America and the Caribbean.39 A.4 Middle East and North Africa.45 A.5 South Asia.

4、49 A.6 Sub-Saharan Africa.55 References.60 Endnotes.70 List of Figures Figure 1.1a Remittances,Foreign Direct Investment,Portfolio Flows,and Official Development Assistance Flows to Low-and Middle-Income Countries,19902023f.9 Figure 1.1b Remittances,Foreign Direct Investment,Portfolio Flows,and Offi

5、cial Development Assistance Flows to Low-and Middle-Income Countries,Excluding China,19902023f.9 Figure 1.2 Top Recipients of Remittances among Low-and Middle-Income Countries,2022e.10 Figure B1.1.1 After Surging to Record Highs,Commodity Prices Have Eased.11 Figure B1.2 Inflation Ramps Up Across Hi

6、gh-Income Countries and EMDEs.12 Figure B1.1.3 US and Euro Area Wages Compressed by Inflation.13 Figure 1.3 Remittance Flows by LMIC Region,20212023f.14 3 Figure 1.4 A Stronger Ruble against the US Dollar has Increased the Value of Remittance Flows in Many Countries of Europe and Central Asia.14 Fig