能源环境

ACIH：2019年全球碳纤维复合材料市场报告（47页）.pdf

第 1 页共 47 页 广州赛奥碳纤维技术有限公司 2019 全球碳纤维复合材料全球碳纤维复合材料 市场报告市场报告 2019 Global Carbon Fiber Composites Mark.

2019-12-02 47页 5星级

2019年PAN基碳纤维产业发展专题研究报告（28页）.pdf

1 PAN 基碳纤维基碳纤维产业发展产业发展专题专题研究研究报告报告 一、PAN 基碳纤维产业基碳纤维产业发展现状发展现状 （一一）国际国际 PAN 基基碳纤维产业碳纤维产业发展状况发展状况 1、国.

2019-12-02 28页 5星级

中国工业节能与清洁生产协会：绿色工厂典型案例2019年1.0版（83页）.pdf

点击查看更多中国工业节能与清洁生产协会：绿色工厂典型案例2019年1.0版（83页）.pdf精彩内容。

2019-12-02 88页 5星级

BP：2019世界能源统计年鉴（62页）.pdf

BP世界能源统计年鉴2019 | 第68版目录更多在线资源请登录 , 纸质版统计年鉴的所有图表均可在线上获取， 另有补充资源， 包括： ? 绘图工具： 根据能源类型、 区域、 国家和年份查看预制报告或.

2019-12-02 62页 5星级

生态环境部：2019年全国大、中城市固体废物污染环境防治年报（44页）.pdf

点击查看更多生态环境部：2019年全国大、中城市固体废物污染环境防治年报（44页）.pdf精彩内容。

2019-12-01 44页 5星级

中英金融机构气候与环境信息披露试点2019年度进展报告（中文版）（77页）.pdf

1中英金融机构气候与环境信息披露试点 2019年度进展报告 中英金融机构 气候与环境信息披露试点 2019年度进展报告 2中英金融机构气候与环境信息披露试点 2019年度进展报告 试点参与机构 试点牵.

2019-12-01 77页 5星级

埃克森美孚：2019年能源展望报告：展望2040年（英文版）（58页）.pdf

由于能源对人类发展至关重要，社会面临着双重挑战：向不断增长的人口提供可靠和负担得起的能源，同时减少环境影响，包括气候变化的风险。世界上相当一部分人口仍然缺乏能源，面临着被发达国家大多数人视为可怕的生活条件。获得现代能源可以提高社区的生活质量;它与提高预期寿命、减少贫困和营养不良以及提高儿童教育水平密切相关。随着越来越多的人口获得更多的能源，世界许多地区生活水平的提高将创造有史以来最大规模的全球中产阶级扩张，这意味着对住房、交通、电力、消费品和能源的需求将增加。我们面临的挑战是如何满足这一日益增长的需求，同时降低气候变化的风险。前景提供了2040的能源需求的投影，使用国际能源机构(IEA)和其他可靠的第三方来源作为基础。该预测基于技术、政策、消费者偏好、地缘政治和经济发展的可能趋势。虽然这些个人趋势可能会随着时间的推移而变化，但展望提供的快照有助于评估社会在应对双重挑战的两个方面所取得的进展。随着这些趋势的发展，我们将继续与众多利益相关者团体、经济学家和政策专家讨论我们的方法和结论。展望团队还考虑了同行评审工作中的各种敏感性和第三方场景，以提高我们对能源前景的理解。解决这一双重挑战将对每个国家的经济、能源安全和环境目标产生影响。通过与公众分享我们的观点，我们寻求扩大对世界能源系统的理解，并丰富关于切实可行的解决方案的对话。关于气候变化的巴黎协定宣布了各国政府在各自国家确定贡献(NDCs)中概述的减少温室气体(GHG)排放的意图。包括埃克森美孚在内的许多州、城市和企业都表示支持该协议的目标。我们自己的气候变化风险管理策略在埃克森美孚能源与碳总结中有描述，可在埃克森美孚网站上找到。根据展望和第三方报告，包括联合国环境规划署的2018年排放差距报告，我们预计世界有可能通过持续的重点努力，总体上达到2030年巴黎协议的承诺，但世界需要进一步努力，以加快朝着二氧化碳排放途径迈进。

2019-12-01 58页 5星级

鲸准研究院：2019年循环电商产业白皮书(66页).pdf

目录 报告作者 鲸准研究院-研究总经理 潘 航 18500330845 鲸准研究院-高级分析师 孙 继 文 13683026230 鲸准研究院-高级分析师 赵 悦 彤 13811607171 鲸准出.

2019-12-01 66页 5星级

保利投顾研究院：2019宏观形势及行业环境研究报告(15页).pdf

创 造 行 动 变 无 止 境 Make Change With Innovation 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 95% 96% 97% 98% 99% 100% 101% 1.

2019-12-01 15页 5星级

国际能源署（IEA）：2019年全球能源效率报告（英文版）（110页）.pdf

国际能源署将能源效率视为所有能源转换的“第一燃料”。我们的高效世界战略发表在去年的这份报告中，它提供了一份蓝图，说明仅凭能源效率就可以使能源部门的温室气体排放在2020年之前达到峰值，从而实现可持续发.

2019-12-01 110页 5星级

2019年太阳能可利用等级报告 -Berkeley Lab（英文版）（75页）.pdf

Empirical Trends in Project Technology, Cost, Performance, and PPA Pricing in the United States 2019 Edition Authors: Mark Bolinger, Joachim Seel, Dana Robson Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory December 2019 Table of ContentsTable of Contents List of AcronymsList of Acronyms . i i Executive SummaryExecutive Summary . ii ii 1. Introduction1. Introduction .5 5 2. Utility2. Utility- -Scale Photovoltaics (PV)Scale Photovoltaics (PV) . 1010 2.1 Installation and Technology Trends (690 projects, 24.6 GWAC) 11 Florida was the new national leader in utility-scale solar growth 11 Tracking c-Si projects continued to dominate 2018 additions 13 More projects at lower-insolation sites, fixed-tilt mounts crowded out of sunny areas 14 Developers continued to favor larger array capacity relative to inverter capacity 16 Utility-scale PV battery projects are becoming more common 17 2.2 Installed Project Prices (641 projects, 22.9 GWAC) 18 Median prices fell to $1.6/WAC ($1.2/WDC) in 2018 18 The price premium for tracking over fixed-tilt installations seemingly disappeared 20 Evidence of economies of scale among our 2018 sample 21 System prices vary by region 22 2.3 Operation and Maintenance Costs (48 projects, 0.9 GWAC) 25 2.4 Capacity Factors (550 projects, 20.0 GWAC) 27 Wide range in capacity factors reflects differences in insolation, tracking, and ILR 27 Since 2013, competing drivers have reduced average capacity factors by project vintage 30 Performance degradation is evident, but is difficult to assess and attribute at the project level 31 2.5 Power Purchase Agreement Prices (290 contracts, 18.6 GWAC) and LCOE (640 projects, 22.9 GWAC) 34 PPA prices have fallen dramatically, in all regions of the country 36 An increasing number of PPAs (and projects in general) are including battery storage 39 The incremental PPA price adder for storage depends on the size of the battery 42 Despite record-low PPA prices, solar faces stiff competition from both wind and natural gas 44 Levelized PPA prices track the LCOE of utility-scale PV reasonably well 46 2.6 Wholesale Market Value 49 Solar curtailment is a function of market penetration and transmission constraints 49 In most regions of the United States, solar provides above-average market value 51 Reduced by the ITC, solar PPA prices are generally comparable to solars market value 54 3. Utility3. Utility- -Scale Concentrating SolarScale Concentrating Solar- -Thermal Power (CSP)Thermal Power (CSP) . 5757 3.1 Technology and Installation Trends Among the CSP Project Population (16 projects, 1.8 GWAC) 57 3.2 Installed Project Prices (7 projects, 1.4 GWAC) 58 3.3 Capacity Factors (13 projects, 1.7 GWAC) 60 3.4 Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Prices (6 projects, 1.3 GWAC) 61 4. Conclusions and Future Outlook4. Conclusions and Future Outlook . 6363 ReferencesReferences . 6666 Data Sources 66 Literature Sources 67 AppendixAppendix . . 7070 Total Operational PV Population 70 Total Operational CSP Population 71 O with some limited exceptions (including Figure 1 and Chapter 4), the report does not discuss forecasts or seek to project future trends. The home page for this reportutilityscalesolar.lbl.gov houses an Excel workbook that provides all of the publicly available data for each of the reports figures, as well as a number of interactive data visualizations that enable one to explore the data in different ways. The Federal Investment Tax Credit (“ITC”) The business energy investment tax credit, or ITC, in Section 48 of the U.S. tax code has been available to commercial solar projects for many years. Though originally a 10% credit, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 temporarily increased the size of the credit to 30% starting in 2006. In October 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 extended the 30% credit through the end of 2016, and in December 2015, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2016 extended it once again, through 2019. This most-recent extension brought several other changes as well. For commercial projects, the prior requirement that a project be “placed in service” (i.e., operational) by the reversion deadline was relaxed to enable projects that merely “start construction” by the deadline to also qualify. Moreover, rather than reverting from 30% directly to 10% in 2020, the credit will instead gradually phase down to 10% over several years: to 26% in 2020, 22% in 2021, and finally 10% for projects that start construction in 2022 or thereafter. Moreover, in June 2018, the IRS issued “safe harbor” guidance clarifying that any project that qualifies for the 30%, 26%, or 22% ITC by starting construction in 2019, 2020, or 2021, respectively, will have until the end of 2023 (i.e., up to 4 years for projects that start construction in 2019) to achieve commercial operations without having to demonstrate a continuous work effort. In practice, this safe harbor guidance likely means that most utility-scale solar projects deployed through 2023 will continue to benefit from the full 30% ITC. Finally, as of October 2019, there were ongoing efforts including bills introduced in both the U.S. House and Senateto extend the 30% ITC for another five years, before the step- down begins. The 30% ITC has aided the utility-scale solar market over the years by enabling lower PPA prices that make solar more affordable, leading to greater deployment. One visible testament to its importance, at least historically, is 2016s record spike in deployment (see Figure 1), which was driven by the scheduled end-of-2016 reversion of the ITC to 10% (though, as noted above, that reversion was ultimately deferred by the late-December 2015 extension through 2019). Barring yet another extension, similar high deployment levels are expected over the next few years, in advance of the step down to 10% (Figure 1). 9 Defining “Utility-Scale” Determining which electric power projects qualify as “utility-scale” (as opposed to commercial- or residential-scale) can be a challenge, particularly as utilities begin to focus more on distributed generation. For solar PV projects, this challenge is exacerbated by the relative homogeneity of the underlying technology. For example, unlike with wind power, where there is a clear difference between utility-scale and residential wind turbine technology, with solar, very similar PV modules to those used in a 5 kW residential rooftop system might also be deployed in a 100 MW ground-mounted utility-scale project. The question of where to draw the line is, therefore, rather subjective. Though not exhaustive, below are three differentand perhaps equally validperspectives on what is considered to be “utility-scale”: Through its Form EIA-860, the Energy Information Administration (“EIA”) collects and reports data on all generating plants of at least 1 MW of capacity, regardless of ownership or whether interconnected in front of or behind the meter (note: this report draws heavily upon EIA data for such projects). In their Solar Market Insight reports, Wood Mackenzie and SEIA (“Wood Mackenzie/SEIA”) define utility-scale by offtake arrangement rather than by project size: any project owned by or that sells electricity directly to a utility (rather than consuming it onsite) is considered a “utility-scale” project. This definition includes even relatively small projects (e.g., 100 kW) that sell electricity through a feed-in tariff (“FiT”) or avoided cost contract (Munsell 2014). At the other end of the spectrum, some financiers define utility-scale in terms of investment size, and consider only those projects that are large enough to attract capital on their own (rather than as part of a larger portfolio of projects) to be “utility-scale” (Sternthal 2013). For PV, such financiers might consider a 40 MW (i.e., $50 million) project to be the minimum size threshold for utility-scale. Though each of these three approaches has its merits, this report adopts yet a different approach: utility-scale solar is defined herein as any ground-mounted solar project that is larger than 5 MWAC (separately, ground-mounted PV projects of 5 MWAC or less, along with roof- mounted systems of all sizes, are analyzed in LBNLs annual Tracking the Sun report series). This definition is grounded in consideration of the four main types of data analyzed in this report: installed prices, O Fiorelli and Zuercher - Martinson 2013). This report uses inverter loading ratio, or ILR. 16 This is analogous to the boost in capacity factor achieved by a wind turbine when the size of the rotor increases relative to the turbines nameplate capacity rating. This decline in “specific power” (W/m2 of rotor swept area) causes the generator to operate closer to (or at) its peak rating more often, thereby increasing capacity factor. 17 Power clipping, also known as power limiting, is comparable to spilling excess water over a dam (rather than running it through the turbines) or feathering a wind turbine blade. In the case of solar, however, clipping occurs electronically rather than physically: as the DC input to the inverter approaches maximum capacity, the inverter moves away from the maximum power point so that the array operates less efficiently (Advanced Energy 2014; Fiorelli and Zuercher - Martinson 2013). In this sense, clipping is a bit of a misnomer, in that the inverter never really even “sees” the excess DC powerrather, it is simply not generated in the first place. Only potential generation is lost. 17 projects, the median ILR has increased over time, from around 1.2 in 2010 to 1.33 in 2018. Fixed- tilt projects commonly feature higher ILRs than tracking projects, consistent with the notion that fixed-tilt projects have more to gain from boosting the ILR in order to achieve a less-peaky, “tracking-like” daily production profile. Since 2013, however, the median ILR of tracking and fixed-tilt projects has been nearly the same, and in 2016 and 2017 tracking projects even outpaced fixed-tilt installations (1.33 vs. 1.31). 2018 projects reverted again to the traditional relationships (1.41 for fixed-tilt, 1.31 for tracking), pushed by high-ILR projects in Florida and the Northeast. The overall ILR range among all projects in 2018 remains quite large (1.14 to 1.59), pointing to continued diversity in design practices. Figure 7. Trends in Inverter Loading Ratio by Mounting Type and Installation Year Utility-scale PV battery projects are becoming more common Despite an increasing number of announcements about new PV battery projects in the pipeline (see, for example, Table 3, Figure 37, and Figure 38), relatively few projects have been built to date. In 2018, seven new projects featuring batteries connected to utility-scale PV plants came online (see Figure 3). Three of these new batteries were added to existing PV-only projects that came online in 2016 (foreshadowing the potential for a large retrofit market) while the other four were installed concurrently with new PV projects. All seven of these new storage projects use lithium-ion batteries, sized to match 5-135% of the corresponding PV capacity (in MWAC terms). Most focus predominantly on the ability to shift energy for later use (up to 5 hours at full capacity), while the primary purpose of one system is the provision of grid reliability services in a region that is home to many large renewable energy projects. 18 2.2 Installed Project Prices (641 projects, 22.9 GWAC) This section analyzes installed price data from a large sample of the overall utility-scale PV project population described in the previous section.18 It begins with an overview of installed prices for PV projects over time, and then breaks out those prices by mounting type (fixed-tilt vs. tracking), project size, and region. A text box at the end of this section compares our top-down empirical price data with a variety of estimates derived from bottom-up cost models. Sources of installed price information include the Energy Information Administration (EIA), the Treasury Departments Section 1603 Grant database, data from applicable state rebate and incentive programs, state regulatory filings, FERC Form 1 filings, corporate financial filings, interviews with developers and project owners, and finally, the trade press. All prices are reported in real 2018 dollars. In general, only fully operational projects for which all individual phases were in operation at the end of 2018 are included in the sample19i.e., by definition, our sample is backward-looking and therefore may not reflect installed price levels for projects that are completed or contracted in 2019 and beyond. Moreover, reported installed prices within our backward-looking sample may reflect transactions (e.g., entering into an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction or “EPC” contract) that occurred several years prior to project completion. In some cases, those transactions may have been negotiated on a forward-looking basis, reflecting anticipated future costs at the time of project construction. In other cases, they may have been based on contemporaneous costs (or a conservative projection of costs), in which case the reported installed price data may not fully capture recent fluctuations in component costs or other

2019-12-01 75页 5星级

360安全：2019年上半年度安卓系统安全性生态环境研究(25页)(25页).pdf

2019 年上半年度 安卓系统安全性生态环境 研究 2019 年 8 月 13 日 摘 要 此报告数据来源为 “360 透视镜” （360 团队发布的一款专业检测手机安全漏洞的 APP, 62 万份.

2019-12-01 25页 5星级

CEEP-BIT：2019年光伏及风电产业前景预测与展望（13页）.pdf

平价时代即将到来，风电也将开始通过竞价倒逼行业降成本和技术进步，上游供给受钢价和技术创新影响。2018 年 11 月，钢价指数下滑至 118.5，且技术进步带来毛利。叶片方面中材科技的市占率第一，发明.

2019-12-01 13页 5星级

世界自然基金会（WWF）：中国若干典型海岸垃圾简称研究报告2019[57页].pdf

评审专家：评审专家： 安立会安立会 中国环境科学研究院水环境研究所 研究员 硕士生导师 陈泓哲陈泓哲 自然资源部海洋三所海洋生态研究中心研究员 邓义祥邓义祥 中国环境科学研究院水环境研究所 研究员 .

2019-12-01 57页 5星级

维多利亚州可持续发展局：2019-2020维多利亚垃圾处理和回收利用-当地政府垃圾服务报告（英文版）（52页）.pdf

Recycling Victoria 正在改变我们的回收行业，减少浪费，创造就业机会，并为维多利亚州的可持续发展未来做好准备。维多利亚州回收计划已经在维多利亚州实现了更多的本地材料回收和加工。一年之内，从垃圾填埋场转移到当地加工的材料数量创历史新高。总共回收了 1105 万吨，国家能够在当地再加工这些资源的 91%。通过对这些资源进行再加工在国内使用材料，我们能够发展当地工业、创造就业机会并推动创新和新技术，同时减少我们对出口市场的依赖。在 2019-20 年期间，由于维多利亚州居民在家的频率更高，地方议会收集的路边垃圾、可回收物和有机物比以往任何时候都多 - 240 万吨。其中包括 57 万吨有机物。由于在 2019-20 年期间提供了路边食物和花园有机废物收集服务(从 13% 到 26%)的维多利亚州家庭增加了一倍，或者提供了由市议会管理的接送服务，因此收集到创纪录数量的有机物是可能的。将有机物与其他废物分开收集可以帮助我们减少温室气体排放，将更多的有机物转化为堆肥，并使我们能够将它们用作替代能源。

2019-12-01 52页 5星级

【研报】电力设备新能源行业：2019国内电动化之黎明时分-20200122[34页].pdf

2019国内电动化之黎明时分 长江证券研究所电力设备新能源研究小组 分析师：邬博华SAC执业证书编号：S0490514040001 分析师：马军SAC执业证书编号：S0490515070001 分析师.

2019-12-01 34页 5星级

2019年太阳能可利用等级报告PPT -Berkeley Lab（英文版）（41页）.pdf

BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Utility-Scale Solar Empirical Trends in Project Technology, Cost, Performance, and PPA Pricing in the United States 2019 Edition Mark Bolinger, Joachim Seel, Dana Robson Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory December 2019 This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energys Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) Agreement Number 34158 and Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Presentation Outline 1. Solar deployment trends (and utility-scales relative contribution) 8. Future outlook 2 Key findings from analysis of the data samples (first for PV, then for CSP): 2.Project design, technology, and location 3.Installed project prices 4.Operation and maintenance (O c-Si modules led thin-film 7 PV project population: 690 projects totaling 24,586 MWACContinued dominance of tracking projects (69% of newly installed capacity) relative to fixed-tilt projects (31%). Thin-film projects are nearly exclusively using tracking now. c-Si modules continue their clear lead (72% of newly installed capacity) relative to thin-film modules (28%). Hanwha had the highest market share among c-Si modules in our sample, followed by Jinko, and Canadian Solar. First Solar provided 85% of all thin-film modules in 2018, the remainder supplied by Solar Frontier. BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Florida is the new national leader in utility-scale solar growth 8 PV project population: 690 projects totaling 24,586 MWAC The Southeast is the new growth engine of the US utility-scale solar market. It is led by Florida, now the largest annual market at 1010 MWACor 25% of national additions. Established player North Carolina added 472 MWAC. For the first time since 2011, California is not the state with the most capacity growth (981 MWAC). But it still accounts for 40% of the cumulative installed capacity of the country. Texas continues its solar growth with another year of 650 MWACand is the state with the third-most additions in 2018. The Southwest only added 160 MWACin 2018, and was surpassed by new installations in the Northwest (181 MWAC). BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Floridas growth was driven by the regulated utilities FPL and TECO, which added many fixed-tilt projects ( ). California only completed 10 projects, but these were large (up to 252 MWAC) and added a respectable 981 MW. Northwestern additions in 2018 were predominantly tracking projects ( ). In 2018, storage ( ) was added to already existing (3) and new (4) PV projects. 6 of these were built in high penetration/transmission-constrained regions in HI, CA, AZ and TX, while the 7this in relative newcomer state MN. 4 new states added their first utility-scale PV projects: Connecticut, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming. 9 Florida is the new national leader in utility-scale solar growth BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Utility-Scale Solar has become a growing source of electricity in all regions of the United States 10 Utility-Scale PV is now well-represented throughout the nation with the exception of Midwestern states in the “wind belt.” Fixed-tilt projects (in particular c-Si ) have been built in lower-insolation regions, primarily along the east coast. Tracking projects ( ) started out in the Southwest but have increasingly spread throughout the country, north to Washington, Idaho, and Minnesota, and northeast to Virginia. BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Utility-Scale Solar is increasingly built at lower-insolation sites 11 The median solar resource (measured in long-term global horizontal irradiance GHI) at new project sites has decreased since 2013 as the market expands to less- sunny states but stabilized in 2018. Fixed-tilt PV is increasingly relegated to lower-insolation sites (note the decline in its 80th percentile), while tracking PV is pushing into those same areas (note the decline in its 20th percentile). Exceptions are fixed-tilt installations in either windy regions (Florida) or on brown- fields / landfill sites. All else equal, the buildout of lower-GHI sites will dampen sample-wide capacity factors (reported later). BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov The median inverter loading ratio (ILR) continued to climb, especially for fixed-tilt projects 12 As module prices have fallen (faster than inverter prices), developers have oversized the DC array capacity relative to the AC inverter capacity to enhance revenue and reduce output variability. The median inverter loading ratio (ILR or DC:AC ratio) increased to 1.33 in 2018, though considerable variation remains (ranging from 1.14 to 1.59). Fixed-tilt PV has more to gain from a higher ILR than does tracking PV, and 2018 showed a new record lead for fixed-tilt installations (1.41 vs. 1.31 - driven by high ILR projects in Florida, CT, and MD). All else equal, a higher ILR should boost capacity factors (reported later). BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Median installed price of PV has fallen by nearly 70% since 2010, to $1.6/WAC($1.2/WDC) in 2018 13 PV price sample: 641 projects totaling 22,886 MWAC The lowest 20th percentile of project prices fell from $1.7/WAC($1.3/WDC) in 2017 to $1.3/WAC($0.9/WDC) in 2018. The lowest projects among the 60 data points in 2018 was $1.0/WAC ($0.7/WDC). Historical pricing sample is robust (99% of installed capacity through 2017). 2018 data covers 64% of new projects or 62% of new capacity. This sample is backward-looking and does not reflect the price of projects built in 2019/2020. BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Pricing distributions have narrowed and continuously moved towards lower prices over the last 7 years 14 Both medians and modes have continued to fall (i.e., shift towards the left) each year. Share of relatively high-cost systems decreases steadily each year while share of low-cost systems increases. Price spread is the smallest in 2018, pointing to a reduction in underlying heterogeneity of prices across all installed projects. PV price sample: 641 projects totaling 22,886 MWAC BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Within our sample, projects with trackers now have lower average upfront costs than fixed-tilt projects 15 PV price sample: 640 projects totaling 22,880 MWAC Through 2016, projects with tracking were regularly more expensive (though by varying amounts) than fixed-tilt projects in our sample on average. But in both 2017 and 2018, this historical relationship seemingly reversed, with average pricing in 2018 at $1.7/WAC ($1.3/WDC) for fixed-tilt projects vs. $1.6/WAC($1.2/WDC) for tracking projects. This apparent reversal may be driven by challenging construction environments for fixed-tilt projects (e.g., high wind loads, sensitive brown-field sites) as well as sampling issues. However, for any individual project, using trackers still likely has a higher CapEx than mounting at a fixed-tilt. Trackers can sustain some amount of higher upfront costs because they deliver more generation. BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Within our 2018 sample, large projects enjoy a 30% cost advantage over smaller projects 16 PV price sample for 2018: 60 projects totaling 2,499 MWAC Differences in project size could potentially explain pricing variation we focus only on 2018 for this analysis. Median price for the first and second size bin (5-50MWAC) is larger than for third and fourth size bin (50-200MWAC) - $1.74/WACvs. $1.32/WAC. In $/WDCterms cost decline is even more obvious over first three bins: $1.42/WDCfor 5-20MW $1.21/WDCfor 20-50MW $1.04/WDCfor 50-100MW BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Project prices vary by region, newcomers have lower prices 17 Price differences could be driven in part by technology ubiquity; other factors may include labor costs and share of union labor, land costs, terrain, soil conditions, snow and wind loads, and balance of supply and demand. The Northeast, Northwest and Southwest seem to be priced above the national median, while the Midwest, Southeast and Texas appear to be lower priced. Sample size outside of Southeast is very limited (Hawaii and California are excluded due to few observations), so these rankings should be viewed with some caution. Note: The regions are defined in the earlier slides with a map of the United States PV price sample for 2018: 60 projects totaling 2,499 MWAC BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Bottom-up models estimate lower prices than all-in cost reports 18 LBNLs top-down estimates reflect a mix of union and non-union labor and span a wide range of project sizes and prices ($0.7-$2.3/WDC). The median of our fixed-tilt price sample is higher than other price estimates, whereas the median of our tracking price sample falls within the range of other estimates. Some of the price delta may be due to differences in the defined system boundaries and time horizon (e.g. under construction vs. operation date). For example, GTM (Wood Mackenzie) represents only turnkey EPC costs and excludes interconnection, and transmission costs, as well as developer overhead, fees, and profit margins. Note: Prices are presented in $/WDCto enable comparison with estimates by NREL, BNEF, and GTM PV price sample for 2018: 60 projects totaling 2,499 MWAC BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs broaden in range 19 11 utilities report solar O&M costs for projects with 1 full operational year by 2018 and a mix of technologies (tracking vs. fixed tilt, module type). Average O&M costs for the cumulative set of PV plants have declined from about $32/kWAC-year (or $20/MWh) in 2011 to about $18/kWAC-year ($10.6/MWh) in 2018. Overall cost range among utilities has spread relative to earlier years as our sample has grown in 2018, perhaps reflecting different reporting practices by utilities. O&M Cost sample: 48 projects totaling 919 MWAC Cost Scope (per guidelines for FERC Form 1): Includes supervision and engineering, maintenance, rents, and training Excludes payments for property taxes, insurance, land royalties, performance bonds, various administrative and other fees, and overhead BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov 25.0% average sample-wide PV net capacity factor (cumulative), but with large project-level range from 12.1%-34.8% 20 Project-level variation in PV capacity factor driven by: Solar Resource (GHI): Strongest solar resource quartile has a 9 percentage point higher capacity factor than lowest resource quartile Tracking: Adds 2-5 percentage points to capacity factor on average, depending on solar resource quartile Inverter Loading Ratio (ILR): Highest ILR quartiles have on average 3 percentage point higher capacity factors than lowest ILR quartiles 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 1 ILR 2 ILR 3 ILR 4 ILR 1234123412341234123412341234 Fixed-TiltTrackingFixed-TiltTrackingFixed-TiltTrackingFixed-TiltTracking 1st Quartile Solar Resource2nd Quartile Solar Resource3rd Quartile Solar Resource4th Quartile Solar Resource Cumulative Net AC Capacity Factor Median Individual Project 32 projects, 369 MW 12 projects, 139 MW 19 projects, 326 MW 8 projects, 122 MW 9 projects, 124 MW 7 projects, 151 MW 11 projects, 367 MW 22 projects, 858 MW 20 projects, 478 MW 14 projects, 622 MW 31 projects, 808 MW 4 projects, 96 MW 5 projects, 855 MW 26 projects, 903 MW 43 projects, 2,336 MW 13 projects, 634 MW 12 projects, 684 MW 24 projects, 242 MW 6 projects, 152 MW 26 projects, 732 MW 6 projects, 153 MW 41 projects, 1,843 MW 28 projects, 1,514 MW 24 projects, 523 MW 3 projects, 336 MW 3 projects, 626 MW 12 projects, 160 MW 29 projects, 1,374 MW 6 projects, 973 MW 20 projects, 601 MW Sample includes 550 projects totaling 20.0GWACthatcame online from 2007-2017 ILR QuartileILR QuartileILR QuartileILR QuartileILR QuartileILR QuartileILR QuartileILR Quartile 25 projects, 649 MW 9 projects, 275 MW BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Tracking boosts net-capacity factors by up to 5% in high-insolation regions 21 PV Performance sample: 550 projects totaling 20,024 MWAC Not surprisingly, capacity factors are highest in California and the Southwest, and lowest in the Northeast and Midwest. Although sample size is small in some regions, the greater benefit of tracking in the high-insolation regions is evident, as are the greater number of tracking projects in those regions. Note: The regions are defined in the earlier slides with a map of the United States 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% NortheastMidwestSoutheastTexasNorthwestHawaiiSouthwestCalifornia Average Cumulative Net AC Capacity Factor Fixed-Tilt Tracking 37 projects, 351 MW 1 project, 6 MW 17 projects, 242 MW 17 projects, 243 MW 2 projects, 44 MW 24 projects, 1,166 MW 72 projects, 1,912 MW 16 projects, 1,319 MW 4 projects, 43 MW 1 project, 28 MW 35 projects, 2,566 MW 140 projects, 6,041 MW 92 projects, 3,479 MW 21 projects, 407 MW 70 projects, 2,169 MW 1 project, 10 MW BerkeleyLabEMP Utility-Scale Solar 2019 Edition http:/utilityscalesolar.lbl.gov Since 2013, competing drivers have gradually reduced average capacity factors by project vintage 22 Recent flat-to-declining trend is not necessarily negative, but rather a sign of a market that is expanding geographically into less-sunny regions (as indicated by changes to GHI, portrayed both numerically and via shading intensity) Average capacity factors increased from 2010- to 2013-vintage projects due to an increase in: ILR (from 1.17 to 1.28) tracking (from 14% to 55%) average site-level GHI (from 4.97 to 5.32 kWh/m2/day) But trends in tracking and GHI were at odds from 2013- to 2016-vintage projects, resulting in capacity factor stagnation (on average) 2017-vintage projects match 2016- vintage on both ILR and tracking, but GHI has declined further, resulting in a 2 percentage point drop in average capacity factor (from 25.6% down to 23.6%) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 2010 7 0.14 2011 31 0.45 2012 37 0.89 2013 47 1.71 2014 52 2.78 2015 83 2.76 2016 155 7.56 2017 126 3.57 2018 Cumulative Mean Net AC Capacity Factor ILR: 1.17 Tracking: 14% GHI: 4.97 ILR: 1.23 Tracking: 49% GHI: 5.13 ILR: 1.18 Tracking: 52% GHI: 5.13 ILR: 1.28 Tracking: 55% GHI: 5.32 ILR: 1.29 Tracking: 63% GHI: 5.21 ILR: 1.32 Tracking: 75% GHI: 4.96 ILR: 1.30 Tr

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