电子商务或电子商务是通过电子/数字平台购买和/或销售产品或服务的交易过程。经济组织合作与发展 (OECD) 将电子商务定义为：“通过计算机网络进行的商品和服务的销售或购买通过专门设计用于接收或下订单的.
2021-10-27
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本指南旨在概述各国在农业和粮食安全(农业)部门的需求和循证规划经验。它旨在指导绿色气候基金在2020-2023年第一个充实期的投资标准。农业部门在气候适应和减缓工作中的重要性世界正面临前所未有的、相互.
2021-10-04
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粮农组织是联合国21项可持续发展目标指标的指定托管机构，也是另外5项指标的贡献机构占整个可持续发展目标全球指标框架的近10%。这一扩大的作用反映了粮农组织在支持各国监测可持续发展目标方面的重要参与。在.
2021-09-27
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由于各种破坏性天气事件影响了主要生产国西班牙、意大利、希腊和法国的产量，预计欧盟的棉花产量将下降60多万吨，至350万吨，而去年的供应量接近历史最高水平。过去几年桃子产量过剩，导致西班牙、意大利和法国.
2021-09-15
7页
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2020年冲击世界的卫生危机对大多数国家的经济产生了极其负面的影响。然而，对拉丁美洲的农业部门来说，今年的情况和往常一样，至少表面上是这样。该地区许多国家，如巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、秘鲁和厄瓜多尔，报.
2021-08-27
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中国的玉米产量预计将从去年的雪灾中反弹，增加100万吨至1600万吨。尽管供应增加，但出口预计将减少2.3万吨，至5.5万吨。再加上来自顶级市场越南的需求疲软，尽管由于发现检疫害虫而取消了对中国核果的.
2021-08-04
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预计供应增加将推高对加拿大和墨西哥的出口，达到7.5万吨。2019年初来自智利的出货量减少，预计将使总进口量减少到3.5万吨。欧盟产量预计增加近26万吨，至410万吨，为9年来第三高水平，从前几年因春.
2021-08-04
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农业和农村发展一直是我们社会的重要组成部分。从欧盟成立之初确保粮食供应、粮食自主和稳定农民收入，到最近的欧盟共同农业政策(CAP)的粮食质量和防止农村地区人口减少，CAP是欧盟实施时间最长的政策，也是.
2021-07-30
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昆虫和蜜蜂等传粉者每年为全球作物产量和质量提供的服务估计达3510亿美元(Lautenbach等人，2012年)。超过四分之三的商业化种植的植物依靠授粉。然而，联合国最近发起的一项评估指出，生物多样性.
2021-06-18
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印度在保留其古老的医疗体系的同时，已经走过了漫长的道路，成为全球医疗行业中被称为整体医疗服务提供商的国家。中国是全球最大的仿制药生产国，拥有最多训练有素的医学专业人才，已成为亚洲和西方同行的竞争替代品.
2021-06-11
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支撑农业的监管和补贴体系正在发生根本性变化。此外，诸如土壤健康、净零和农场自然价值等问题也越来越受到公众的关注。预期的一个关键变化是向基于结果的支付方式过渡，而不是传统的农业资产负债表。一个重要的结果可能是通过改变耕作方式来实现碳封存。在碳封存的情况下，付款将需要基于永久进入土壤的碳量，这将需要廉价、准确的测量。目前，如果没有人工取样和集中实验室分析，这是不可能的。本报告展示了如何利用在其他行业得到验证的现代技术，结合现代数据科学技术，以经济可行的方式测量总体碳吸收。这样做的好处是将这些测量方法民主化，将它们开放给足够数量的农场，从而产生真正的影响。届时，农业技术产业将能够领导这些新市场，销售符合这些新金融体制的产品和服务。农业是唯一一个可以轻松地从大气中大量吸收碳而不需要发展庞大的新基础设施的行业。植物自然地做到这一点吸收二氧化碳并将其储存在细胞中。如果植物材料能进入土壤，那么碳就可以从大气中去除，既能改善土壤，又有助于实现碳减排目标。如果土壤中的碳吸收能够用可靠的、可接受的方法来衡量，那么农民就可以参与碳市场，进而获得额外收入。这些收入可以用来支付改进的土地管理实践，从而创造出其他符合未来补贴制度的“公共产品”。碳固存包括多种做法，如生物炭(富含碳的产品用于改善土壤)和增强风化，即在土壤中添加玄武岩等采石场产品。更令人感兴趣的是利用现代土地和土壤管理实践来提高植物生命周期从大气中吸收碳并将其保留在地下的自然能力。接受至少半永久性地清除碳的付款将需要详细的测量、审计和令人信服的论据，这些好处无论如何都不会发生。这些衡量标准自然符合农业的另一个变化转向基于结果的金融模式。
2021-06-08
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受猪肉价格上涨的推动，中国2020年和2021年肉类进口总量预测分别上调4%和1%。虽然猪肉进口增长在2020年第四季度放缓，但仍超出预期，导致2021年的前景更加乐观。非洲猪瘟(ASF)的影响预计将.
2021-05-11
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2021AFUNDERystomxFRESCOAgFunderAgriFoodTechInvestmentReport#page#AFUNDERAgFunder is a digitally-nati.
2021-04-22
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基线是基于2021年1月已知的数据， 包括美国农业部，中国对2020年农作物产量的最终估计等。 但它不包括2月或3月美国农业部的报告，其他最近的新闻。 例如，中国今年购买的粮食可能比1月份预期的要多。 目前的政策通常被认为会继续下去。 纳入2018年农业法案，条款无限期延续。 2020年批准的救济计划被纳入其中，包括2020年12月批准的20美元/英亩的付款，并于3月24日由美国农业部正式宣布。 但不包括3月初批准的和解法案，玉米和大豆展望幻灯片将显示最新信息。 2020年经济活动大幅减少，复苏正在进行中，但就业率、GDP仍低于大流行前的水平。但流感并不是影响市场的唯一因素。近几个月来，作物价格大幅上涨，原因是2020年的作物产量比之前估计的要少，而且出口需求非常强劲，特别是来自中国的需求。这场大流行导致2020年驾驶和燃料使用减少。由于大多数乙醇与汽油的混合比例为10%，这也减少了乙醇在国内的使用。展望未来，更正常的驾驶模式可能会导致更多地使用乙醇，更多地采用E-15和E-85也是如此。2020/21年的估计值应与美国农业部3月份的WASDE相匹配。预计的种植面积增长和趋势线，产量将达到3.4亿，预计2021年产量增加。然而，初期库存的大幅减少意味着2021/22年的预计总供应量实际上小于2020/21年。
2021-04-20
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丘陵、高地和耕地小组的任务是提出建议，不仅减少有害的温室气体排放，增强我们环境中的生物多样性，而且继续提供我们在苏格兰习惯的高质量食物。我们小组的成员代表了广泛的利益，不仅从农业和农牧业的背景，而且从环境和学术的一个。由于涉及到各种各样的主题，例如泥炭地恢复、鹿的管理、林地的创建和野生动物走廊，以及涉及土壤健康、动物健康和精确农业的效率改进，很明显，该小组面临着一个相当具有挑战性的任务，特别是考虑到只有十周的时间安排。也就是说，每个人都接受了这一挑战，并充分认识到提出切实可行、有意义的解决方案的重要性，整个行业都可以落后。所有涉及的主题都进行了详细的讨论，使我们都能了解许多选择的利弊。专家组成员非常注意正在作出的决定可能产生的意外后果，特别是关于离岸排放和有关租佃和耕种部门土地使用变化的问题。非常清楚的是，所有决定都应以人民为中心，因为人民，特别是在更具挑战性的地区，不仅对维持我们农村社区的社会经济结构至关重要，而且我们还将依靠谁来实现我们面前确定的目标。这导致专家组很早就决定了一项关键原则，即确保今后通过农业预算提供的任何资金都必须以活动为目标，而且活动必须涉及应对气候变化和加强环境的措施。如果我们选择正确的道路，我们对未来非常乐观。苏格兰在全球范围内已经处于一个良好的开端，但是，如果我们遵循这一组织和其他农民领导的组织的建议，我们就有可能领导世界，展示苏格兰作为在可持续粮食生产方面树立标杆的地方。我们真诚地希望，本报告中的建议将得到充分采纳，并尽早得到执行，使山区、高地和耕地部门能够在实现我们在粮食生产和环境方面的宏伟目标方面发挥作用。
2021-04-20
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Supported bythe World oforganic agricultureAFRICA 2 MILLION HASTATISTICS&EMERGING TRENDS 2021 NORTH AMERICA 3.6 MILLION HAOCEANIA 35.9 MILLION HALATIN AMERICA 8.3 MILLION HAASIA 5.9 MILLION HAEUROPE 16.5 MILLION HAFiBL&IFOAM ORGANICS INTERNATIONALFrom its Roots,organic inspires life.SAVE THE DATESFRANCESEPTEMBER 6th TO 10th 2021 IN RENNESCOUVENT DES JACOBINS CONFERENCE CENTRE90 minutes from Paris#OWC2021 CONGRS MONDIAL BIO 2021 IFOAM ORGANIC WORLD CONGRESS 2021contactowc.bio|www.owc.ifoam.bio6-7 SEPTEMBER7 SEPTEMBER8-10 SEPTEMBERPRE-CONFERENCESOPENING CEREMONY (IN THE EVENING)CONFERENCES2021 Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2021 Edited by Helga Willer,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier and Bernhard Schlatter For the PDF version,corrigenda,supplementary material see http:/www.organic- All of the statements and results contained in this book have been compiled by the authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,authors,and publishers are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or advice contained therein.Authors are responsible for the content of their articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views of FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit)and NrnbergMesse.The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of SECO,ITC,Coop Switzerland,or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be published at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- inquiries regarding this book and its contents should be sent to Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of table and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier and Bernhard Schlatter(Eds.)(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2021.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn(v20210301)Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2021.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Ackerstrasse113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel. 41 62 865 72 72,Fax 41 62 865 72 73,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel. 49 228 926 50-10,Fax 49 228 926 50-99,e-mail contactifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Association Register no.8726 Language editing:Lauren Dietemann and Laura Kemper,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Simone Bissig,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout:Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter,Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Maps:Jan Trvnek,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Graphs(if not otherwise stated):Jan Trvnek,Bernhard Schlatter,Olivia Keller,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Infographics:Jan Trvnek,Kurt Riedi,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Flight above organic farm,Velk Hostrdky(VH),located in the South Moravia region,Czech Republic,May 2020.Background:VH Agroton s.r.o.is a 367 ha organic arable farm located in the heart of Southern Moravia.Despite the scenic surroundings,the farm is prone to excessive erosion due to its hilly landscape.These challenges are being overcome and the knowledge gained is shared with others via demonstrations of suitable practices for profitable and sustainable organic production in arid and erosion threatened areas for the benefit of people and nature.It is a pleasure to inspire others on this challenging but rewarding journey.Picture:Martin Matj,Czech Republic.Printed by Plump Druck&Medien GmbH,Rolandsecker Weg 33,53619 Rheinbreitbach,Germany Price:30 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Euros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM Organics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org ISBN Print Version 978-3-03736-393-5 ISBN PDF Version 978-3-03736-394-2 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 3 Table of Contents Glossary 10 Foreword from SECO and ITC 11 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 12 Foreword from the Editors 13 Acknowledgements 14 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries 19 THE WORLD OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE 2021:SUMMARY 20 Helga Willer,Claudia Meier,Bernhard Schlatter,Lauren Dietemann,Laura Kemper and Jan Trvnek ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 31 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators and Market 32 Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier,Olivia Keller and Helga Willer General notes on the data 35 Organic land 37 Organic producers and other operator types 56 Retail sales and international trade data 64 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 69 Land use and key commodities in organic agriculture 71 Organic Cotton 130 Lisa Barsley,Evonne Tan,Suet Yin,Amish Gosai and Liesl Truscott GLOBAL MARKET -ORGANIC IMPORTS 135 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 136 By Amarjit Sahota Imports of Organic Agri-food Products into the European Union Summary of the EU Agricultural Market Brief on EU Organic Imports 2019 140 STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION,POLICY SUPPORT 151 Organic Agriculture Regulations Worldwide:Current Situation 152 Cornelia Kirchner,Joelle Katto-Andrighetto and Joelle Katto-Andrighetto and Flvia Moura e Castro Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2020 158 Flvia Moura e Castro,Sara Anselmi,Cornelia Kirchner and Federica Varini Demeter International Current Statistics 165 Christoph Simpfendrfer and Sarah Fischer The Power of Public Food Procurement:Fostering Organic Production and Consumption 170 Federica Varini and Xhona Hysa AFRICA 179 Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 180 David M.Amudavi,Venancia Wambua,Alex Mutung1,Moses Aisu and Olugbenga O.Adeoluwa Table of Contents 4 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Africa:Current Statistics 189 ASIA 197 Developments in the Organic Sector in Asia in 2020 198 Shaikh Tanveer Hossain,Jennifer Chang and Vic Anthony Joseph Fabre Tagupa Asia:Current statistics 208 EUROPE 217 Organic in Europe:Recent Developments 219 Helga Willer,Bram Moeskops,Emanuele Busacca,Lna Brisset,Maria Gernert and Silvia Schmidt Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2019 228 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 229 Jan Trvnek,Helga Willer and Diana Schaack LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 267 Latin America:An Insight into the Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture 268 Patricia Flores The Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture(CIAO)272 Graciela Lacaze&Juan Manuel Gmez Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 274 NORTH AMERICA 283 US Organic Sales Break Through 55 billion Dollar Mark 284 Barbara Fitch Haumann Canada 289 Tia Loftsgard North America:Current statistics 291 OCEANIA 297 Australia 298 Nicole Ford and Owen Gwilliam The Pacific Islands 302 Karen Mapusua Oceania:Current statistics 305 OUTLOOK 309 Building Resilience 310 Louise Luttikholt KEY INDICATORS BY COUNTRY AND REGION 313 DATA PROVIDERS AND DATA SOURCES 317 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 5 Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2019.33 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2019.37 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2019(sorted).39 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of total agricultural land by region 2019.41 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2019(sorted).43 Table 6:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2018-2019 and 10 years growth.45 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2018-2019.47 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2019.52 Table 9:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by country 2019.52 Table 10:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region 2018 to 2019.56 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2019.58 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2019.65 Table 13:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and exports by country 2019.67 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2014-2019.70 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2019.74 Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2019.74 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2018 and 2019 compared.75 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2018 and 2019 compared.77 Table 19:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2018 and 2019 compared.79 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2019.79 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2019.81 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2019.86 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2019.87 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2019.89 Table 25:World:Selected key crop groups and crops area in organic agriculture 2019 (overview including conversion areas).90 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2019.93 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2019.97 Table 28:Cocoa beans:Organic area by country 2019.100 Table 29:Coffee:Organic area by country 2019.103 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2019.106 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2019.110 Table 32:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2019.114 Table 33:Grapes:Organic area by country 2019.118 Table 34:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2019.121 Table 35:Olives:Organic area by country 2019.125 Table 36:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2019.128 Table 37:Organic cotton farmers,area and production 2018/2019,.132 Table 38:Organic cereals,oilseeds and sugar import volumes for key product categories,2018 and 2019(thousand MT).142 Table 39:Organic fruit and vegetables import volumes by product category,2018 and 2019.144 Table 40:Organic permanent crops(excl.fruit and nuts)import volumes by product category,2018 and 2019.144 Table 41:Organic animal product import volumes by product category,2018 and 2019.145 Table 42:European Union:Imports by Member State 2019.145 Table 43:Organic import volumes by exporting country,2018 and 2019.146 Table 44:Organic import volumes by product category,2018 and 2019.149 Table 45:Status of organic agriculture regulation:Number of countries by region 2020.152 Table of Contents 6 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Table 46:Status of organic agriculture regulations.155 Table 47:PGS statistics 2020.163 Table 48:Certified Demeter operations in member countries with a certifying organisation(July 2020).167 Table 49:ICO-certified Demeter operations in other countries.167 Table 50:Demeter certified vintners and grape area worldwide*.169 Table 51:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2019.194 Table 52:Africa:All organic areas 2019.195 Table 53:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2019.196 Table 54:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2019.196 Table 55:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of farmland,producers 2019.213 Table 56:Asia:All organic areas 2019.214 Table 57:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture 2019.215 Table 58:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2019.215 Table 59:Europe:Organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 2019.231 Table 60:Europe and the European Union:Land use 2019.237 Table 61:Europe and the European Union:Key crops/crop group 2019.240 Table 62:Europe and the European Union:Organic livestock 2019.243 Table 63:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2019.245 Table 64:Europe and the European Union:Organic retail sales 2019:Key data.248 Table 65:Organic shares for retail sales values(euros)for selected products 2019.254 Table 66:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2019.260 Table 67:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2019.261 Table 68:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country 2019.262 Table 69:Europe:Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2019.263 Table 70:Europe:Organic livestock by country 2019.264 Table 71:Europe:Organic producers,processors,and importers by country 2019.265 Table 72:Europe:The organic food market 2019.266 Table 73:Brazil:Organic producers in Brazil according to the certification system.269 Table 74:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2019.279 Table 75:Latin America:All organic areas 2019.280 Table 76:Latin America:Land use in organic agriculture 2019.281 Table 77:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2019.281 Table 78:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2019.295 Table 79:North America:All organic areas 2019.295 Table 80:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2019.295 Table 81:Australia:Fire extent area during 201920 summer bushfire season in southern and eastern Australia.299 Table 82:Pacific Islands:Main certified organic products.302 Table 83:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2019.307 Table 84:Oceania:All organic areas 2019.308 Table 85:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2019.308 Table 86:Key indicators by region 2019.313 Table 87:Key indicators by country 2019.313 Table 88:Development of the number of producers and the organic area according to the Ministry of Agriculture,Livestock and Food in Brazil.336 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2019.38 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2019.38 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural land of at least 10 percent 2019.42 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2019.42 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 7 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 1999-2019.46 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2010 to 2019.46 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2019.47 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2019.Total:107.4 million hectares.51 Figure 9:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2019(Total:3.1 million producers).57 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2019.57 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2019.65 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2019.65 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2019.66 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2019.66 Figure 15(left):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2019.70 Figure 16(right):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2019.70 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2019.72 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and key crop categories 2019.73 Figure 19:World:Development of organic arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2019.73 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2019.76 Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2019.76 Figure 22:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2019.78 Figure 23:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2019.78 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2019.80 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2019.80 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2019.85 Figure 27:World:Development of the organic beehives 2008-2019.85 Figure 28:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2019.88 Figure 29:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2019.88 Figure 30:Cereals:Organic area 2019.91 Figure 31:Cereals:Organic area 2019.92 Figure 32:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2019.95 Figure 33:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2019.96 Figure 34:Cocoa:Organic area 2019.98 Figure 35:Cocoa:Organic area 2019.99 Figure 36:Coffee:Organic area 2019.101 Figure 37:Coffee:Organic area 2019.102 Figure 38:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2019.104 Figure 39:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2019.105 Figure 40:Temperate Fruit:Organic area 2019.108 Figure 41:Temperate Fruit:Organic area 2019.109 Figure 42:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2019.112 Figure 43:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2019.113 Figure 44:Grapes:Organic area 2019.116 Figure 45:Grapes:Organic area 2019.117 Figure 46:Oilseeds:Organic area 2019.119 Figure 47:Oilseeds:Organic area 2019.120 Figure 48:Olives:Organic area 2019.123 Figure 49:Olives:Organic area 2019.124 Figure 50:Vegetables:Organic area 2019.126 Figure 51:Vegetables:Organic area 2019.127 Figure 52:Development of organic cotton fibre production in metric tons.131 Figure 53:Growth in Global Organic Food Sales by Leading Regions,2000-2019.137 Figure 54:Organic agri-food import volumes by import country.140 Table of Contents 8 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 55:Share(%)of total organic agri-food import volumes by product groups(left)and export country(right)2019.141 Figure 56:Development of PGS certified producers worldwide.159 Figure 57:Development of the number of Demeter-certified farms.166 Figure 58:Development of the Demeter-certified area.166 Figure 59:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2019.191 Figure 60:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2019.192 Figure 61:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2019.192 Figure 62:Africa:Use of organic agricultural land 2019.193 Figure 63:Africa:The ten countries with the largest number of organic producers 2019.193 Figure 64:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2019.211 Figure 65:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2019.211 Figure 66:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 1999 to 2019.212 Figure 67:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2019.212 Figure 68:European Union:European Union:Growth of organic farmland and retail sales 2000-2019 compared.220 Figure 69:Europe:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2019.231 Figure 70:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2019.232 Figure 71:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2019.234 Figure 72:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 1985-2019.235 Figure 73:Europe:Growth rates for organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 1985-2019.235 Figure 74:Europe:The ten countries with the highest growth in organic agricultural land in hectares and percentage in 2019.236 Figure 75:Europe and the European Union:Conversion status of organic land in Europe and the European Union 2019.236 Figure 76:Europe and European Union:Distribution of land use in organic agriculture 2019.237 Figure 77:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by top 10 countries 2019.238 Figure 78:Europe:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2019.239 Figure 79:European Union:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2019.239 Figure 80:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic cows milk production 2008-2019.244 Figure 81:Europe and the European Union:Development of the number of organic producers in 2000-2019.246 Figure 82:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2019.246 Figure 83:Europe:Number of organic producers by country 2019.247 Figure 84:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2019.248 Figure 85:Europe:Retail sales by country 2019.249 Figure 86:Europe:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2019.250 Figure 87:Europe:The countries with the highest organic market growth 2019.251 Figure 88:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2019.252 Figure 89:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2010-2019.252 Figure 90:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2019.253 Figure 91:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2019.256 Figure 92:Europe:Growth of marketing channels for organic products 2017-2019 in selected countries.256 Figure 93:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2019.277 Figure 94:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2019.277 Figure 95:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2019.278 Figure 96:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2019.278 Figure 97:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2019.293 Figure 98:North America:Organic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2019.293 Figure 99:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2019.294 Figure 100:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2019.294 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 9 Figure 101:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2019.306 Figure 102:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2019.306 Figure 103:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2019.307 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2019.31 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2019(in hectares).179 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2019.197 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2019(in hectares).217 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2019(in hectares).267 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2019.283 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2019.297 Infographics Infographic 1:Key indicators 2019.30 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2019.36 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2019.55 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2019.63 Infographic 5:Organic agriculture in Europe:Key indicators 2019.218 Glossary 10 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AfrONet:African Organic Network AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany AOC:African Organic Conference AU:African Union AUC:African Union Commission CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CAADP:Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes CNCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union CSC:Continental Steering Committee of the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa(EOA-I)EFTA:European Free Trade Association EOA(-I):Ecological Organic Agriculture(Initiative for Africa)EU:European Union EU-28:Member countries of the European Union(from 2020 onward:EU-27)EU-NACOA:EU/North-African Conference on Organic Agriculture Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard ha:Hectares Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation Programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network hosted by CIHEAM Bari,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agriculture,Australia NOARA:Network of Organic Agriculture Researchers in Africa OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SDC:Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of Agriculture Foreword from SECO&ITC FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 11 Foreword from SECO and ITC In the dynamic field of organic agriculture,access to good quality data on organic farming helps to measure success toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and serves as a resource for further analysis and informed decision-making by researchers,policymakers,industry actors and other stakeholders along the whole value chain.Data can also support the development of a favourable policy environment,reliable regulations and standards,as well as transparency in the organic sector,which has proven to be particularly important over the past year.COVID-19 is having a deep impact on all of us,highlighting the need to understand what is happening in the sector in order to mitigate the negative impacts of the crisis and reduce the vulnerability of supply chains.For the organic sector,it was a special year,as consumer demand for organic foods increased substantially during the pandemic.Evidence shows that retail sales have risen by up to 30 percent in some countries.This report,which looks at the consolidated data from 2019,shows that once again,increasing demand for organic products stimulated growth in the organic sector with organic food sales heading towards the 110 billion euro mark.Double-digit growth rates were recorded in many advanced markets for organic products.The production side is also keeping pace:The latest data shows that organic farmland grew in many countries,and the total organic area increased to more than 72 million hectares,representing 1.5 percent of agricultural land worldwide,managed by more than three million producers.By providing dynamic and easy access to organic market and production data,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)and the International Trade Centre(ITC)aim to support decision-makers in governmental administrations,development agencies,NGOs,and other actors of the international organic industry.Considering the latest figures and the continuous and sustainable growth over many years,the organic movement can look confidently to the future.Dr.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Joseph Wozniak Head,Trade for Sustainable Development Programme(T4SD)International Trade Centre(ITC)Geneva,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL&IFOAM Organics International 12 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International With the 22nd edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International proudly present a new edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Data collection as such is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided over more than two decades in this publication serve as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,and the industry,as well as for researchers and extension professionals.It has also proven useful for development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets,and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The publication also shows our ongoing engagement with transparency in the organic sector;the method of collecting the data has been refined over time to reflect the global status of organic as much as possible.“The World of Organic Agriculture”has become one of the most frequently quoted pieces of literature in scientific,technical,and descriptive articles and reports on organic agriculture.This publication also demonstrates the contribution of organic agriculture to overarching sustainability strategies like the Sustainable Development Goals,the EU Farm to Fork Strategy and the upcoming UN Food Systems Summit.Given that organic agriculture contributes substantially to all of the goals and strategies,this book not only shows the land area,number of producers,and market figures;it also highlights the contribution of organic agriculture to tackling climate change,ensuring food and nutrition security,halting biodiversity loss,and promoting sustainable consumption,to name a few.Overall,“The World of Organic Agriculture”shows the potential organic farming has to contribute to a sustainable future!We are grateful to the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Coop Sustainability Fund and Nrnberg Messe for supporting this publication.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information and figures on their region,their country,or their field of expertise.Lastly,we would like to thank the editorial team for their dedication and engagement,and we would also like to express our thanks to the other members of the FiBL team,who support the activities surrounding the data collection.Frick and Bonn,February 2021 Prof.Dr.Knut Schmidtke Director Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Louise Luttikholt Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 13 Foreword from the Editors In the 22nd edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”,we present the latest available data on organic agriculture.Again,many experts have provided valuable data,and we are very grateful to our data and information suppliers from all over the world!Knowledgeable authors once again contributed articles about their regions,their countries,or their fields of expertise,including the global market report,public standards and legislation,Participatory Guarantee Systems,policy support with a focus on organic food service,organic cotton,the European Unions organic import data as well as the statistics of Demeter International.Like for the 2020 edition,we did not provide texts in the crop chapters,but instead,we are presenting graphs:A map on the global distribution by country for a given crop/crop group,its development,the top countries in terms of organic area and organic share of the total area,the distribution by continent and,in the case of crop groups,the breakdown by crop.All of these graphics are based on interactive Power BI graphs,which you can explore at https:/statistics.fibl.org/visualisation.html.Finally,we wish to announce that the Chinese edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”will be published for the 10th time by the Organic and Beyond company.We want to express our warm gratitude to everyone who makes this report possible!Helga Willer,Jan Trvnek,Claudia Meier and Bernhard Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Acknowledgements 14 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their supporters for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2021 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,the International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland,the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),Basel,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this work.The editors are very grateful to all those listed below,without whom it would not have been possible to produce this yearbook.Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,Network of Organic Agriculture Research in Africa(NOARA),University of Ibadan,Nigeria,www.unaab.edu.ng;Marcelle Agius,Ministry for the Environment,Sustainable Development and Climate Change,Malta,Moises Aisu,Network of Organic Agriculture Research in Africa(NOARA),University of Ibadan,Nigeria,Ibadan,Nigeria,www.unaab.edu.ng;Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh,Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,Dubai,United Arab Emirates,www.moew.gov.ae;David Amudavi,Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Sara Anselmi,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany,www.ifoam.bio;Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria,;Lidya Ariesusanty,Indonesia Organic Alliance IOA,Bogor,Indonesia,www.organicindonesia.org;Angela Atallah,CCPB Middle East,Beirut,Lebanon,www.ccpb.it;Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Ganja City,Azerbaijan,www.gaba.az;Nouhoun Barro,Ecocert SA West Africa Office,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso,;Lisa Barsley,Textile Exchange,London,United Kingdom;Elif Bayraktar ktem,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey,Ankara,Turkey,Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Ambientale(ICEA),Bologna,Italy,www.icea.info;Albrecht Benzing,CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany,Olena Berezovska,Organic Ukraine NGO of organic producers,Kyiv,Ukraine;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein,www.kba.li;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,LIsle Jourdain,France,;Rommel Anbal Betancourt Herrera,Agencia de Regulacin y Control Fito y Zoosanitario-AGROCALIDAD,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera MAG,Quito,Ecuador,www.agrocalidad.gob.ec;Sandeep Bhargava,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India,www.onecertasia.in;Olivera Bicikliski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Skopje,North Macedonia;Simone Bissig,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse,Nuremberg,Germany;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA),Vientiane,Lao PDR;Lorcan Bourke,Bord Bia-Irish Food Board,Dublin 2,Ireland,www.agriculture.gov.ie;Lna Brisset,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium,www.ifoam-eu.org;Danila Brunner,Nrnberg Messe;Marie Reine Bteich,CIHEAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein,www.kba.li;Emanuele Busacca,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium,www.ifoam-eu.org;Myroslava Bzhestovska,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Liliana Calmaui,Asociaia Educaie pentru Dezvoltare(AED),Chiinu,Republica Moldova;Celia Carave,Ecocert Group,Sevilla,Spain;Geisel Carvalho de Menezes,Ministry of Finance,Commerce and Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 15 Blue Economy,Sao Tom and Prncipe;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Seoul,Republic of Korea,www.kfsao.org;Dong-Geun Choi,Korean Federation of Sustainable Agriculture Organizations,Namyangju City,Gyeonggi Province,South Korea;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany,www.ifoam.bio;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas(SENAVE),Asuncin,Paraguay,www.senave.gov.py;Finn Cottle,Soil Association,Bristol,United Kingdom;Eduardo Cuoco,Technology Platform Organics,Brussels,www.tporganics.eu;Joy Daniel,Institut for Integrated Rural Development(IIRD),Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia,www.ecoglobe.am;Wahyudi David,Universitas Bakrie,;Monique Decker,Administration des services techniques de lagriculture(ASTA),Luxembourg,www.asta.etat.lu;Giorgia DeSantis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Rome,Italy;Lauren Dietemann,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Priyanga S.Dissanayake,Sustainable Agriculture Research and Development Centre,Department of Agriculture;Dra Drexler,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary,www.biokutatas.hu;Gita urkovi,Ministry of Agriculture Croatia,Croatia,www.dzs.hr;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Santiago Centro,Chile,www.odepa.gob.cl;Pauline Eid Saad,Ministry of Agriculture,Lebanon;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Stanley,Falkland Islands(Malvinas),www.agriculture.gov.fk;Carlos Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Conexion Ecologica,Cali,Colombia,;Vic Anthony Joseph Fabre,IFOAM Asia,Philippines;Nawal Farkacha,Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries,Rural development and Forests,Rabat,Morocco;Ditta Fekete,Control Union Certifications B.V.,Zwolle,The Netherlands,;Li Feng,IFOAM Asia China Office;Sara Fischer,Demeter-International e.V.,Office Echterdingen,Echterdingen,Germany;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Nrnberg,Germany,www.bcs-oeko.de;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),Brattleboro,United States of America,;Dorian Flchet,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France,www.agencebio.fr;Patricia Flores Escudero,Latin American Office of IFOAM-Organics International,Lima,Peru;Alexandra Forbord,Norwegian Agriculture Agency Landbruksdirektoratet,Oslo,Norway,www.slf.dep.no;Nicole Ford,Australian Organic Ltd,Nundah,Australia;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Walhain,Belgium,www.certisys.eu;Sergiy Galashevskyy,Organic Standard,Kyiv,Ukraine;Juan Manuel Gmez,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina,;Osvaldo Garcia,IMOcert Latinoamerica LTDA,Cochabamba,Bolivia,www.imocert.bio;Maria Gernert,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium,www.ifoam-eu.org;Maheswar Ghimire,Kathmandu,Nepal;Juan Gilardoni,LETIS S.A.,Santa Fe,Argentina;Laurent C.Glin,Benin;Amish Gosai,Textile Exchange,Bangalore,India;R.P.N.Gunaratne,Department of Agriculture,Sustainable Agriculture Research and Development Centre,Makandura,Sri Lanka;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland,www.tun.is;Owen Gwilliams,Australian Organic Ltd,Nundah,Australia;Zuhair Hasnain,PMAS Arid Agriculture University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan;Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP;Dohuk City,Dohuk,Iraq:Jan Heusser,Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit,Basel,Switzerland;Serhii Hlushchenko,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus,Wien,Austria,www.bmlfuw.gv.at;Lee Holdstock,Soil Association,Bristol UK;Tanveer Hossain Shaikh,Asian Productivity Organization(APO),Tokyo,Japan,;Andrea Hrabalov,CTPOA,Brno,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org;Dang Huong,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association VOAA,Vietnam;Xhona Hysa,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,www.ifoam.org;Barbara Jggin,Swiss State Secretariat for Acknowledgements 16 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Economic Affairs SECO,Bern,Switzerland;Hakkyun Jeong,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Chungnam Province,Republic of Korea,www.kfsao.org;ManChul Jung,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Chungnam Province,Republic of Korea,www.kfsao.org;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany,www.ifoam.bio;Olivia Keller,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Liudmyla Khomichak,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Cornelia Kirchner,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany,www.ifoam.bio;Natalie Kleine-Herzbruch,FiBL Deutschland,Frankfurt;Lyubomyr Klepbach,Center for Environmental Solutions(CES),Minsk,Belarus;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria,www.ama-marketing.at;Milana Kosanovic,Ecocert Balkan,Belgrad,Serbia,;Marja-Riitta Kottila,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland,www.luomu.fi;Danil Kotz,Ecocert South Africa,Stellenbosch,South Africa,;Eva Lacarce,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France,www.agencebio.fr;Graciela Lacaze,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina,;Nicolas Lampkin,Organic Policy,Business and Research Consultancy;Julia Lernoud,IFOAM Board of Directors Argentina;Francesca Lilliu,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium,www.ifoam-eu.org;Aurora Josefina Lobato Garca,Subdirectora de Autorizacin y Aprobacin de Organismos de Coadyuvancia,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad,Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria(SENASICA),Secretara de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural(SADER),Ciudad de Mxico,Mxico;Tia Loftsgard,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada,;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Madrid,Spain,www.provotec.es;Marly Cristina Lpez Rengifo,Direccin General Agrcola(DGA-MINAGRI),Lima,Peru;Anna Lubovedskaya,Union Organic Farming,Moscow,Russian Federation,www.soz.bio;Virginija Luksiene,Ekoagros,Kaunas,Lithuania,www.ekoagros.lt;Martin Lund,Statistics Denmark,Copenhagen,Denmark,www.dst.dk;Louise Luttikholt,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunis,Tunisia,;Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,Velenjak,Evin,Tehran,Iran;Fernando Maldonado Cestona,Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal,El Salvador;John Manhire,The AgriBusiness Group,Lincoln,New Zealand,;Karen Mapusua,Pacific Community,SPC,Suva,Fiji,www.spc.int;Flix Oswaldo Maquera Cuayla,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria(SENASA),Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego(MINAGRI),Lima,Peru;Roberto Maresca,Controllo e Certificazione Prodotti Biologic CCPB,Bologna;Ayumi Matsuura,Cambodian Organic Agriculture Association(COrAA),Phnom Penh,Cambodia,www.coraa.org;Virgnia Mendes Cipriano Lira,Ministrio da Agricultura,Pecuria e Abastecimento(DTECSDAMAPA),Brasilia,Brazil;Manoj Kumar Menon;International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture ICCOA,Rajarajeshwarinagar,Bangalore,India;Dorota Metera,BIOEKSPERT,Warszawa,Poland,www.bioekspert.waw.pl;Merit Mikk,Centre of Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Tartu,Estonia,www.ceet.ee;Jelena Milic,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,Belgrade,Republic of Serbia;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine,.ua;Rodrigo Misiac,Argencert,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Satoko Miyoshi,Global Organic Textile Standard(GOTS)Japan,Tokyo,Japan,www.oci2010.org;Nadejda Mocanu,Cultivating New Frontiers in Agriculture,Chisinau,Moldova,fa.org;Bram Moeskops,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium,www.ifoam-eu.org;Carolin Mller,NASAA Certified Organic,Stirling,Australia;Flvia Moura e Castro,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany,www.ifoam.org;Arijana Mui,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia&Herzegovina;Mohammed Mutarad Aloun,Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates,Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 17 www.moccae.gov.ae;Alex Mutung,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;T Th Tuyt Nhung,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Hanoi,Vietnam,www.vietnamorganic.vn;Urs Niggli,Agroecology.Science,Frick,Switzerland,www.agroecology.science;Ramn Ernesto Noguera Garca,Instituto de Proteccin y Sanidad Agropecuaria IPSA,Departamento de Inspeccin Certificacin Fitosanitaria,Managua,Nicaragua;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of Environment and Water of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Sharon Ong,Ecocert South-East Asia,Singapore;Susanne Padel,Thnen Institute,Germany;Amresh Pandey,Ecocert;Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Elena Panichi,European Commission,Agriculture&Rural Development,Brussels,Belgium;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Bangkok,Thailand,www.greennet.or.th;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Copenhagen,Denmark,www.lf.dkOekologi.aspx;Eliza Petrosyan-Sudzilovskaya,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia,www.ecoglobe.am;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Padova,Italy;Ritu Priya,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India,;Natalie Prokopchuk,SECO-FiBL-SAFOSO Swiss-Ukrainian Program“Higher Value Added Trade from the Organic and Dairy Sector in Ukraine”,Kyiv,Ukraine,www.qftp.org;Andrijana Rakoevi,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Podgorica,Crna Gora,Montenegro;Brayne Ramanantsoa,Ecocert,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Juan Carlos Ramirez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina,www.senasa.gov.ar;Hans Ramseier,Bio Suisse,Basel,Switzerland,www.bio-suisse.ch;Pia Reindl,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria,www.ama-marketing.at;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France,;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France,www.agencebio.fr;Christian Robin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Bern,Switzerland;Fermn Vicente Romero Houlstan,Direccin Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal;Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario(MIDA),Panam,Repblica de Panam,www.mida.gob.pa;Monica Rubiolo,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Bern,Switzerland;Cecilia Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Olle Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Ecovia Intelligence,London,United Kingdom,;Gregory Sampson,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Sisigu Arsne Sanou,Ecocert Burkina Faso,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso;Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Bonn,Germany,www.ami-informiert.de;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg,www.oikopolis.lu;Silvia Schmidt,IFOAM Organics Europe,Brussels,Belgium,www.ifoam-eu.org;Knut Schmidtke,Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau FiBL,Frick,www.fibl.org;Claudine Schmit,Administration des services techniques de lagriculture(ASTA),Luxembourg,www.asta.etat.lu;Bernhard Schulz,CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany,www.ceres-;Hana ejnohov,Institute of agricultural economics and information,Brno,Czech Republic,www.uzei.cz;Andreas Selearis,Department of Agriculture(MOA),Nicosia,Cyprus,www.moa.gov.cy;Dheeraj Sharma,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India,www.onecertasia.in;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia,www.elkana.org.ge;Christoph Simpfendrfer,Demeter-International e.V.,Office Echterdingen,Echterdingen,Germany;Harpreet Singh Sondh,Control Union Certifications B.V.,Zwolle, ;Anamarija Slabe,Institut za trajnostni razvoj,Lubljana,Slovenia,www.itr.si;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Feres,Greece;Manjo Smith,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia,www.noa.org.na;Francesco Solfanelli,Universit Politecnica Marche,Ancona,Italy,www.univpm.it;Michael Stadler,Acknowledgements 18 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany,www.ceres-;Marcela Stahil,Ministry of Agriculture,Regional Development and Environment of Moldova,Department for Organic Production and Products of Origin,Chiinu,Moldova;Franziska Staubli,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland,www.bio-inspecta.ch;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;Ilse Timmermans,Departement Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Thanh Trinh,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association VOOA,Hanoi,Vietnam;Bence Trugly,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary,www.biokutatas.hu;Liesl Truscott,Textile Exchange,Bath,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,Ecocert SAS,LIsle Jourdain,France,;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Thimphu,Bhutan,www.moa.gov.bt;Daava Tungalag,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Light industry of Mongolia,Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia;Tal Weil Tzameret,Ministry of Agriculture&Rural Development,Plant Protection&Inspection Services(PPIS),Israel;Francesco Tubiello,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Rome,Italy;Ray Tzeng,Organic Center,National Ilan University(NIU),Yilan City,Taiwan;Edgardo Uychiat,Negros Island Sustainable Agriculture Research&Development,The Philippines;Miriam van Bree,Bionext,JC Ede,The Netherlands,bionext.nl;Marijke van Schagen,European Commission,Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development,Bruxelles,Belgium;Frederica Varini,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,www.ifoam.org;Jelena Vasiljevic,Ministry of Agriculture Serbia,Belgrade,Serbia,www.minpolj.gov.rs;Airi Vetemaa,Estonian Organic Farming Foundation EOFF,Tartu,Estonia,www.lzuu.lt;Rita Villarreal,Direccin Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal;Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario(MIDA),Panam,Repblica de Panam,www.mida.gob.pa;Venancia Wambua,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Joseph Wozniak,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;P.I.Yapa,Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka;David Yavruyan,Eco Consulting Group;Suet Yin Siew,Textile Exchange,India;Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,Beijing,China,zihuan;Valentyna Zaiets,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Ancona,www.univpm.it;Jos Zapata,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Direccion de Certificacion de Productos Agropecuarios(DICERT-RD),Santo Domingo,Republica Dominicana,www.agricultura.gob.do;Diana Zeidan,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada,;Lisha Zheng,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Zhejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China,www.ifoam.org;Darko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Zagreb,Croatia;Silvia Zucconi,Nomisma-Economic Research Institute,Bologna,Italy Statistics Key Indicators FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 19 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2019:187 countries Organic agricultural land 2019:72.3 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(35.7 million hectares)Argentina(3.7 million hectares)Spain(2.4 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2019:1.5%Liechtenstein(41.0%)Austria(26.1%)So Tom and Prncipe(24.9%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2019:35.1 million hectares (1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(4.6 million hectares)Zambia(3.2 million hectares)Namibia(2.6 million hectares)Producers 2019:3.1 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(1366226)Uganda(210353)Ethiopia(203602)Organic market2 2019:106.4 billion euros(2000:15.1 billion euros)US(44.7 billion euros)Germany(12.0 billion euros)France(11.3 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2019:14.0 euros Denmark(344 euros)Switzerland(338 euros)Luxembourg(265 euros)Number of countries with organic regulations 2019:108 countries Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2020:719 affiliates Germany:79 affiliates India:52 affiliates USA:48 affiliates Italy:46 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2021,based on national data sources,data from certifiers and IFOAM Organics International 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories,see UNSTAT website http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached over 112 billion US dollars in 2019.One euro corresponded to 1.1195 US dollars in 2019 according to the European Central Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 20 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn The World of Organic Agriculture 2021:Summary HELGA WILLER,1 CLAUDIA MEIER,2 BERNHARD SCHLATTER,3 LAUREN DIETEMANN,4 LAURA KEMPER5 AND JAN TRVNEK6 The latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide show that the year 2019 was another good year for global organic agriculture.According to the latest FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide,the organic farmland and organic retail sales continued to grow and reached another all-time high,as shown by the data from 187 countries(data as of the end 2019).Consolidated data for 2020,which were not available at the time of writing this report,are expected to show the first impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on organic markets.This data will be released by the countries during 2021 and made available in the 2022 edition of this report.More than 72.3 million hectares of organic farmland In 2019,72.3 million hectares of organic agricultural land,including in-conversion areas,were recorded.The regions with the largest organic agricultural land areas are Oceania(35.9 million hectares,which is half the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(16.5 million hectares,23 percent).Latin America has 8.3 million hectares(11 percent)followed by Asia(5.9 million hectares,8 percent),North America(3.6 million hectares,5 percent)and Africa(2 million hectares,3 percent).Australia has the largest area The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia(35.7 million hectares),Argentina(3.7 million hectares)and Spain(2.4 million hectares).Globally,1.5 percent of the farmland is organic Currently,1.5 percent of the worlds agricultural land is organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,are in Oceania(9.6 percent)and Europe(3.3 percent;European Union 8.1 percent).Liechtenstein has the highest organic share with 41.0 percent Some countries reach far higher shares than the global share:Liechtenstein(41.0 percent)and Austria(26.1 percent)have the highest organic shares.In sixteen countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land is organic.1 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Claudia Meier,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 Lauren Dietemann,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 5 Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 6 Jan Trvnek,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 21 Growth in organic farmland-Increase of 1.1 million hectares or 1.6 percent Organic farmland increased by 1.1 million hectares or 1.6 percent in 2019.Many countries reported a significant increase,for instance,India(18.6 percent increase;over 0.36 million hectares more)and Kazakhstan(18.6 percent increase;almost 0.1 million hectares more).Increase of organic farmland in almost all regions In 2019,organic agricultural land increased in Africa,Europe,Latin America,and Northern America(Table 6).The agricultural area decreased in Asia(-7.1 percent,-0.45 million hectares),mainly due to a drop in organic areas reported from China,and Oceania(-0.3 percent,-0.12 million hectares).The highest absolute growth was in Europe( 5.9 percent, 0.9 million hectares),followed by Northern America( 9.1 percent, 0.30 million hectares)and Latin America( 3.5 percent, 0.28 million hectares).Apart from land dedicated to organic agriculture,there are further areas of organic land dedicated to other activities.The largest part of these is wild collection areas and areas for beekeeping.Further non-agricultural areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.These areas totalled 35.0 million hectares,and all the organic areas together summed up to 107.4 million hectares.Growth in most major crop groups Land use and crop details were available for over 92 percent of the organic agricultural land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Brazil and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 75).Over two-thirds of the organic agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(almost 49 million hectares),which increased in 2019 by 1.2 percent.With over 13.1 million hectares,arable land constitutes 18 percent of the organic agricultural land.A decrease of 1.7 percent since 2018 was reported,mainly due to a decrease of organic arable land reported from China.Most of this category of land was used for cereals including rice(5.1 million hectares),followed by green fodder from arable land(almost 3.2 million hectares),oilseeds(1.7 million hectares),dry pulses and vegetables.The significant growth in organic cotton production seen in 2017/18,when global fibre volumes rose 56 percent,continued into 2018/19 with a further 31 percent growth,according to the Textile Exchange.Global production reached 239787 metric tons.Estimates show that the current growth trend will continue next year,though to a slightly lesser degree,with a ten percent growth expected.Globally,an estimated 222134 farmers were growing certified organic cotton in 2018/19,spread across 19 countries and 418935 hectares of certified land.For more information,see Barsley et al.on page 130.Permanent crops account for seven percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to over 4.7 million hectares.Compared to the previous survey,an increase of more than 17000 hectares,or 0.4 percent,was reported.The most important crops are olives,with nearly 0.9 million hectares or 19 percent,coffee(over 0.7 million The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 22 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn hectares or 15 percent of the organic permanent cropland),nuts(0.6 million hectares or 13 percent),grapes(0.5 million hectares or 10 percent)and cocoa(almost 0.4 million hectares or 8 percent)(see page 71).Organic producers on the rise 3.1 million producers in 2019 There were at least 3.1 million organic producers in 2019.1 Fifty-one percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(27 percent),Europe(14 percent)and Latin America(7 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(1366226),Uganda(210353)and Ethiopia(203602)(page 58).There has been an increase in the number of producers of more than 347000,or 12.5 percent,compared to 2018.Global market and EU organic imports Global market reached more than 100 billion euros Organic food and drink sales reached more than 106 billion euros,according to FiBL(page 64)2,3 in 2019.In 2019,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(44.7 billion euros),Germany(12.0 billion euros),and France(11.3 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(42 percent of the global market),followed by the European Union(41.4 billion euros,39 percent)and China(8.5 billion euros,8.0 percent).The highest per-capita consumption in 2019,with 344 euros,was found in Denmark.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(12.1 percent),Switzerland(10.4 percent)and Austria(9.3 percent)(See the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 64).Effect of the pandemic on the global organic market Although North America and Europe generate most sales,their share of the total market is shrinking(Sahota(page 136).The coronavirus crisis is predicted to accelerate this trend as more regional markets for organic foods develop.In particular,the share of developing countries,such as China,India,Brazil and Indonesia,is likely to grow at a fast rate in the coming years.The pandemic,which began in spring 2020,has had a profound impact on our daily lives,as well as on the organic food industry.Consumers are turning to organic foods as they look more closely at personal health,wellness and nutrition.Organic is likely to benefit as the food industry transitions to a post-COVID world,writes Sahota(page 136).According to him,the coronavirus pandemic is likely to change the global organic food industry with several trends affecting the further 1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.The number of producers should,therefore,be treated with caution,and it may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached over 112 billion U.S.dollars in 2019.3 One euro corresponded to 1.1195 U.S.dollars in 2019 according to the European Central Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 23 development of organic agriculture in various ways.Examples of such changes include the de-globalisation of food supply chains,increasing importance of food security,more government support;move towards traceability and transparency in food supply chains,changing consumer behaviour and increased importance of online retailing.Organic imports in the European Union The European Union,which is the second-biggest organic market,provided data on its organic imports,showing the key import products and key importing countries(based on volume in metric tons).In 2019,the EU imported a total of 3.2 million tonnes of organic agri-food products.Imports of tropical fruit(fresh or dried),nuts and spices represented the single biggest category,totalling 885930 tonnes or 27.3 percent of total imports,followed by oilcakes,cereals other than wheat,as well as rice,and wheat.China is the biggest supplier of organic agri-food products to the EU,with 433705 tonnes;13.4 percent of the total organic import volume.Ukraine,the Dominican Republic,and Ecuador each have a 10 percent share of the total organic import volume.For more information,see the contribution about the EU organic imports on page 140.Standards,regulations,policy support According to the latest IFOAM survey on organic regulations,72 countries had fully implemented organic regulations as of 2020.Twenty-two countries had regulations,which were not fully implemented,while 14 unregulated countries were drafting legislation.Among the countries that newly passed organic regulations in 2020 are Madagascar and Egypt.Some countries are majorly revising their existing regulations,among these are the European Union and the United States.Countries that have concluded significant amendments of their existing regulations in 2020 include the Philippines and Peru.For more information,see the chapter by Kirchner et al.,page 152.Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are locally focused quality assurance systems.PGS have proven to be an affordable alternative to third-party certification,an effective tool to develop local markets for organic produce and are particularly appropriate for small-scale farmers.Despite the difficulties related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020,the number of PGS initiatives and producers involved and certified by them has been growing worldwide.They represent today a well-established guarantee system for organic agriculture in many countries.The overall trend towards an increase in the number of PGS initiatives and producers certified is maintained.To date,IFOAM Organics International has recorded in its PGS database 235 PGS initiatives in 77 countries,with at least 1153220 producers involved and 1110964 producers certified.It is estimated that these producers manage over 755000 ha of land(area under organic management that is PGS certified is not available for all PGS initiatives and countries).For more information,see the chapter by Moura e Castro et al.on page 158.Statistics provided by Demeter International show that there are more than 4400 Demeter farmers worldwide with over 220000 hectares in 62 countries(July 2020).Demeter International was founded in 1997 and currently has 19 members and four The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 24 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn guest members from Europe,America,Africa,New Zealand and India.For details,see the article by Simpfendrfer and Fischer,page 165.When it comes to fostering organic production and consumption,of particular interest to the organic sector is adopting sustainability-oriented public food procurement policies and standards applied to food and catering services in public institutions.Such measures can shift buying power to support environmental,health and socio-economic objectives in line with the principles of organic agriculture.As shown with several examples from all contents,public food procurement can help create new and stable markets for organic products,stimulate changes in food habits and foster conversion to organic agriculture.For more information,see the article by Varini and Hysa,page 170.Organic in the Continents Africa There were more than 2 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2019.Compared to 2018,Africa reported 177054 hectares more,a 9.5 percent increase.There were at least 850000 producers.Tunisia was the country with the largest organic area(with almost 287000 hectares in 2018),and Uganda had the largest number of organic producers(more than 210000).The country with the highest organic share of the total agricultural land in the region was the island state So Tom and Prncipe,with 24.9 percent of its agricultural area being organic.The majority of certified organic products in Africa are destined for export markets.Key crops are coffee,olives,cocoa,nuts,oilseeds,and cotton(see page 189).Five countries in Africa have legislation on organic agriculture,and five countries are drafting legislation.Six countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.In Africa,the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative realised several achievements during 2020.Geographical coverage expanded to include Rwanda as the ninth country.The value chains and market development approach was adopted with all participating partners in nine countries in East and West Africa.An important current project is the Knowledge Center for Organic Agriculture in Africa,which aims at ensuring knowledge hubs in West,Eastern,North and Southern Africa and later also in Central Africa.These hubs are successfully introduced as an innovative strategy for promoting organic agriculture with actors in Africa.The African Organic Network AfrONet as custodian of the African organic movements and organic sector development aims to strengthen and support national,regional and continental networks,overseeing the development and growth of the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa.AfrONet has been bringing together all the networks,partners and other stakeholders under the African Organic Conference platform.Morocco will be hosting the 5th Conference in Marrakesh in November 2021.Furthermore,planning for the 6th West African Organic Conference(WAOC)to be held in Burkina Faso from October 13 to 16,2021.For more information,see the chapter by Amudavi,page 180.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 25 Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was more than 5.9 million hectares in 2019.There were 1.4 million producers,most of which were in India.The leading countries by area were India(2.3 million hectares)and China(over 2.2 million hectares).Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(8.5 percent)(page 189).Twenty-one countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and seven countries are drafting legislation.Together with the rest of the world,Asia has suffered much due to the effects of COVID-19,write Hossain et al.(page 198).As traditional markets were closed and schools,offices and other establishments were shut down,every stakeholder across the supply chain was affected in one way or another.However,the resiliency of many countries in Asia was highlighted,as they searched for ways to mitigate the effects of the pandemic.In South Korea,the closure of schools meant the cessation of school meals,which was a significant source of income for many organic farmers.In response,a Countermeasures Committee for COVID-19 was established,providing thousands of food packages of environmentally-friendly farm products to more than 6000 self-quarantined people.In Japan,there was a major development in the Basic Plan for Agriculture and Management,aiming to triple the number of organic farmers and organic lands by 2030.In Indonesia,the National Medium-Term Development Plan IV(2020-2024)will increase the policies related to organic agriculture.Finally,the Philippines had one of the most significant milestones in organic agriculture with the amendment of the Organic Act of 2010,including Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)under the countrys national organic standards.In 2020,IFOAM Asia expanded the networking activities of the Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture(ALGOA),which celebrated its 5th anniversary.The 6th ALGOA Summit was a historic occasion as ALGOA took the initiative in linking up with the International Network of eco-regions and other European partners,to launch the Global Alliance of Organic Districts(GAOD).Another significant activity was that the Asian Organic Youth Forum took the initiative to expand its organic youth network globally and launched the Young Organics Global Network in September 2020.More information can be found in the chapter by Hossain et al.,page 198.Europe As of the end of 2019,16.5 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union:14.6 million hectares)were managed organically by over 430000 producers(European Union:almost 344000).In Europe,3.3 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:8.1 percent).Organic farmland has increased by over 0.97 million hectares compared to 2018.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were Spain(2.4 million hectares),France(2.2 million hectares)and Italy(2.0 million hectares).In twelve countries,at least 10 percent of the farmland was organic:Liechtenstein has the lead(41.0 percent),followed by Austria(26.1 percent)and Estonia(22.3 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled 45.0 billion euros in 2019(European Union:41.4 billion euros),an increase of 8.0 percent since 2018.The largest The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 26 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn market for organic products in 2019 was Germany,with retail sales of 12.0 billion euros,followed by France(11.3 billion euros)and Italy(3.6 billion euros)(see the article by Trvnek et al.,page 229).In December 2019,the European Commission unveiled the European Green Deal,a new growth strategy aiming for Europe to be the first climate-neutral continent by becoming a modern,resource-efficient economy.The Farm to Fork(F2F)strategy,which was published in April 2020,is part of the European Green Deal and includes a target of increasing the total of the EUs agricultural land under organic farming to least 25%by 2030 and a significant increase in organic aquaculture.As part of the F2F strategy,the Commission pledged to review the EU promotion programme for agricultural and food products to enhance its contribution to sustainable production and consumption.For more information about the Farm to Fork strategy,the Common Agricultural Policy and research updates,see the article by FiBL and IFOAM Organics Europe on page 219.Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,over 224000 producers managed almost 8.3 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2019.This constituted 11 percent of the worlds organic land and 1.2 percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(3.7 million hectares),Uruguay(2.1 million hectares)and Brazil(1.3 million hectares).The highest organic shares of total agricultural land were in Uruguay(15.3 percent),French Guiana(11.3 percent)and the Dominican Republic(5.5 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as coffee,cocoa,and bananas.In Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commodities.Nineteen countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and two countries are drafting legislation.Brazil has the largest market for organic products in Latin America.Like Asia,demand is coming from a growing middle class seeking healthy,nutritious foods.In the last 20 years,the organic agriculture sector has developed,especially organised export-oriented family farmers focused on international trade to supply markets in the European Union,the United States,Canada and Japan.Organic production of coffee,cocoa,tropical fruits(banana,mango),ginger,turmeric and Andean grains stand out.This is especially noteworthy in the industry of fine aroma cacao and chocolate here the cacao value chain has been developed based on native genetic resources and the organisation of cacao growers giving special attention to the quality of the final product.Notable developments which took place in 2020 included the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding on Organic Products between Chile and Brazil,and in Mexico,the competent Mexican authority SENASICA is also developing equivalence agreements with its main trade partners,the United States,Canada and the EU.The equivalence will allow the free flow of Mexican organic products that hold the National Organic Seal to the worlds most competitive markets.For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 268.The Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture(CIAO),which comprises Competent Authorities for Control of Organic Agriculture in the region,is a technical The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 27 entity created in July 2008 with the aim of contributing to the development of organic agriculture and organic trade in countries in the Americas.In May 2020,CIAO and IFOAM-Organics International signed a Memorandum of Understanding to strengthen the collaboration among the parties.Since 2019,CIAO and the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL have been working together to collect statistical data on organic production.For more information,see the article by Lacaze&Gmez,page 272.North America In North America,over 3.6 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2019.Of these,2.3 million were in the United States and 1.3 million in Canada,representing 0.8 percent of the total agricultural area in the region(see page 291).New records were achieved in both the US organic food market and organic non-food market.Organic food sales reached 50.1 billion US dollars(approx.44.7 billion euros),an increase of 4.5 percent compared to 2018.Sales of organic non-food products jumped by 8.7 percent to 6 billion US dollars.Almost six percent of the food sold in the United States is now organic.In the United States(although 2020 numbers are not yet available),the COVID-19 pandemic has had dramatic consequences for the organic sector.As shoppers searched for healthy,clean food to feed their families,organic proved to be the food of choice for home consumption.Demand for organic fresh produce grew substantially from March onward as consumers continued at-home eating in the face of restaurant closures.In fact,the Organic Produce Network predicted double-digit growth of fresh produce sales in its analysis during the year.Fresh fruit and vegetable sales averaged 18 percent year-over-year growth in each of the first three quarters.Another notable development were the Organic Trade Associations Organic Fraud Prevention Solutions programme and a fraud-fighting training package from USDA.Furthermore,the USDAs National Organic Program(NOP)published its Strengthening Organic Enforcement and Oversight proposed rule to support the continued growth of the organic market and improve oversight at critical links in the supply chain.For more information,see the article by Haumann on page 284.Canadas total organic market(including food and non-food items)reached 6.93 billion Canadian dollars(approx.4.7 billion euros),up from 3.5 billion in 2012,with a compound annual growth rate of 8.7 percent.Statistics indicate the market share of organic food and beverages sold through mainstream retailers has grown from 2.6 to 3.2 percent(2019).In Canada,the most recent State of Organic Performance Report outlines the current forms of support for the organic sector from Federal,Provincial and Territorial jurisdictions and provides a broad set of summarised recommendations for each level of government.One finding includes that while there is great consumer confidence in the Canada Organic Regime,and recognition is growing for the Canadian Organic Logo,the lack of comprehensive programming assistance at the provincial/territorial level leaves a patchwork of provincially applied standards for intra-provincial trade.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 28 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn There is also a need for the federal government to provide more robust and comprehensive data on production,imports,exports and consumption,which are paramount for good decision making on government objectives related to climate change.For more information,see the chapter by Loftsgard on page 289.Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Island states.Altogether,there were over 18000 producers,managing almost 36.0 million hectares.This constituted 9.7 percent of the regions agricultural land and half of the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(35.7 million hectares,most of which is extensive grazing land),followed by New Zealand(almost 89000 hectares)and Samoa(over 41000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all national agricultural land were in Samoa(14.5 percent),followed by Australia(9.9 percent),Fiji(5.5 percent),Vanuatu(4.5 percent),Solomon Islands(3.5 percent)and French Polynesia(3.4 percent).Four countries in Oceania have legislation on organic agriculture,and twelve countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.In Australia,fueled by years of drought,hot summer temperatures and an abundance of fuel loads,such as dry leaf litter,over ten million hectares of bushland were incinerated.For some of the hardest-hit regions,re-establishing their organic status will take much time,and some have lost entire orchards and native tea tree plantations.Many of these operators will be without production for years.Due to the drought and shortages of available feed for many livestock producers,the year 2020 has seen the largest demand for organic hay and grain for at least a decade with livestock fodder.Following on from the improvements to the regulatory system for exports,in December 2020,the Australian Minister for Agriculture,Water and the Environment has requested his Department appoint an Organics Industry Advisory Group to investigate the creation of a nationwide regulatory framework for the production and sale of organic products domestically.The group will review whether the current domestic regulatory framework is fit for purpose and better understand the potential of improving current regulations to facilitate the organic industrys development and growth.For more information about Australia,see the report by Ford on page 298.While generally,certification continues to expand across the Pacific,some countries are reflecting a drop in certified land in recent years.This can be attributed to natural disasters affecting perennial crops,such as coconuts,causing the licensees to suspend or leave certification programs until their crops produce again.Governments are becoming more and more interested in creating a supportive policy environment.A significant development is regional and national agencies and development partners increasingly recognising the value of organic agriculture as a development tool for the Pacific islands context.The local market for organic products is expected to continue to expand as the tourism and hospitality industries in the Pacific Islands develop their brand for organic and sustainability(see the chapter by Mapusua,page 302).The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 29 Outlook The year 2020 will be remembered for the global COVID-19 pandemic,the impact of which is likely to be felt for a much longer time,writes Louise Luttikholt,executive Director of IFOAM Organics International.According to her,the crisis revealed the vulnerability of global food systems and that the transition to sustainable and resilient food systems is needed;in COVID times,it almost looked as if food was regarded as medicine.It remains to be seen if the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit,aiming to launch bold and new actions to transform the way the world produces and consumes food,will take these signals seriously.For more information,see the chapter by Luttikholt on page 310.IFOAM Organic World Congress and Statistics pre-conference The 20th Organic World Congress(OWC),originally scheduled to take place in 2020,will be held from September 6 to 10,2021 in Rennes,France.In the days leading up to the congress,delegates have the opportunity to participate in one of eight,topic-specific pre-conferences,one of them focusing on statistics.More information is available at OWC 2021 website https:/owc.ifoam.bio/2021/.Next FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2021;data will be published in February 2022 and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We will contact all relevant experts and would be very grateful if data could be sent to us.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2022 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Corrections will also be posted on www.organic-.Contact:helga.willerfibl.org.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 30 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide-key indicators 2019 Source:FiBL survey 2021 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 31 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2019 Source:FiBL survey 2021 Statistics Introduction 32 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators and Market BERNHARD SCHLATTER,1 JAN TRVNEK,2 CLAUDIA MEIER,3 OLIVIA KELLER4 AND HELGA WILLER5 Introduction The 22nd survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL in collaboration with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.The survey was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),6 the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland,7 and NrnbergMesse.8 Data providers In total,data were provided by more than 200 experts.Governments,private sector organizations,certifiers,and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on several countries:ACO Certification,BioInspecta,CCPB,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,Ecoglobe,Ekoagros,ICEA,Imocert,Kiwa BCS Oko-Garantie GmbH,LACON,LETIS,NASAA Certified Organic(NCO),Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand(ACT),Organizacin Internacional Agropecuaria(OIA),OneCert and Quality Certification Services(QCS).Our collaboration with the Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture(CIAO)eased data collection in Latin American and the Caribbean substantially.Data from the Mediterranean countries were supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari).Data from the Pacific Islands was provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade 1 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Jan Trvnek,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Claudia Meier,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 Olivia Keller,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 5 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 6 Since 2014,data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and on further voluntary standards has been funded by the International Trade Centre(ITC)and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)under the project“T4SD Global Platform for Market Data on Organic Agriculture and Sustainability Standards”.For more information on this project,see www.vss.fibl.org 7 Since 2019,the data collection on organic agriculture has been supported by the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland.8 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Introduction FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 33 Community(POET.com).Another important source covering many countries is Eurostat.A list of all data sources and contacts is provided in the annex.Countries covered In total,data from 187 countries/territories were available.Updated data on the organic area was available for 142 countries;however,for some countries,updates were only available for the total organic area and not necessarily for the number of farms,land use,or other indicators.For the countries for which FiBL compiles the data among certifiers,not all certifiers provided updated data.When no new data was available,data from the previous survey were used.Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2019 Region Countries*with data on organic agriculture Countries per region1 Share of countries that provided data(%)Africa 47 60 77%Asia 42 50 82%Europe 48 52 94%Latin America and the Caribbean 35 52 73%North America 3 5 75%Oceania 12 29 50%World 187 249 78%Source:FiBL survey 2021*Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries or territories,see UNSTAT website.2 Indicators covered Data on the following indicators were collected:organic area and production including breakdown by crop;livestock numbers;production data(volumes and values);producers and further operator types;domestic market data(total retail sales and food service sales values and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);international trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by product).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.,production,livestock numbers,breakdown by product for the domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analysis process is available in our metadata,which can be found on Organic Eprints https:/orgprints.org/36848/).1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics Introduction 34 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Challenges with the 2021 survey With the 2021 survey,we experienced a number of challenges:We had data in our database,for which we had not received updates or confirmation for several years.We decided not to continue using this data after a certain point of time(e.g.from 2015 onwards),which resulted in a substantial drop in area and producers for some countries.We revised some of the crop data for some countries,as the data seemed implausible.We received some major data revisions for some countries,sometimes resulting in a drop of area and producers or change of crop data compared to what we had communicated previously.More information on statistics.fibl.org Interactive tables and graphs with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data can be found on FiBLs statistics website statistics.fibl.org.Contact:Enquiries related to the data should be sent to Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail helga.willerfibl.org.Statistics General Notes FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 35 General notes on the data Area:Data represents certified organic land that is already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany,and Switzerland)and because land under conversion is under organic management.For a definition of organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Area share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,based on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.Producer data:Some countries report the number of smallholders,while others report only the number of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise several producers.This applies in particular to many African countries.The number of producers is,therefore,probably higher than the number communicated in this report.Market data:It should be noted that for market and trade data,comparing country statistics remains very problematic due to differing methods of data collection.Furthermore,for market and trade values fluctuating exchange rates must be kept in mind.PGS:For some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Moura e Castro et al.on page 158).Country definitions:For countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.In most cases,countries are groups by region according to the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division.Sources:Data was gathered from private sector organizations,governments,and certification bodies.For detailed information on the data sources,please check the annex at the end of this volume(page 317).Direct year-to-year comparison:A direct year-to-year comparison is not possible for all data,as the data sources may change,data may not be provided on an annual basis,data may have been revised or corrected,data access may improve,or exchange rates might change from year to year.Completeness of data:For some countries,either no current data were available,or the data provided may not be complete.For others,no data were available.It may,therefore,be assumed that the extent of organic agriculture is larger than documented in this publication.Data revisions:Data revisions and corrections are communicated at statistics.fibl.org.Metadata:Metadata for the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide are available on Organic Eprints at https:/orgprints.org/36848.1 The definition of organic agriculture is available at the website of IFOAM Organics International www.ifoam.bio/en/organic-landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture 36 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2019 Source:FiBL survey 2021 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 37 Organic land Organic agricultural land In 2019,72.3 million hectares were under organic agricultural management worldwide.1 The region with the most organic agricultural land is Oceania,with 35.9 million hectares,followed by Europe with 16.5 million hectares,Latin America(8.3 million hectares),Asia(5.9 million hectares),North America(3.6 million hectares)and Africa(2.0 million hectares).Oceania has half of the global organic agricultural land.Europe,a region that has had a very constant growth of organic land over the years,has over 23 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land followed by Latin America with 12 percent(Figure 1,page 38).Australia is the country with the most organic agricultural land(increased by 200 percent in the last decade);it is estimated that 97 percent(increased by 200 percent in the last decade)of the farmland is extensive grazing areas.Argentina is second,followed by Spain in third place(Figure 2,page 38).The 10 countries with the largest organic agricultural areas have a combined total of 56.5 million hectares and constitute almost 80 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there are further organic areas such as wild collection areas.These areas constitute approximately 35 million hectares.Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2019 Region Organic agricultural land hectares Regions shares of the global organic agricultural land Africa 2030830 2.8%Asia 5911622 8.2%Europe 16528677 22.9%Latin America 8292139 11.5%Northern America 3647623 5.0%Oceania 35881053 49.6%World*72285656 100.0%Source:FiBL survey 2021.Note:Agricultural land includes in-conversion areas and excludes wild collection,aquaculture,forest,and non-agricultural grazing areas.*Includes correction value for French overseas departments.1 Data provided both for the fully converted and in conversion area are included in this work.However,some countries provided only data on the fully converted area,others only on the total organic agricultural land,and thus the conversion area is not known for many countries.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 38 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2019 Source:FiBL survey 2021,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 317 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2019 Source:FiBL survey 2021,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 3171.611.992.142.222.242.302.332.353.6735.69010203040GermanyItalyUruguayChinaFranceIndiaUSASpainArgentinaAustraliaMillion hectaresThe ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2019Source:FiBL survey 2021Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 39 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2019(sorted)For an alphabetical country list,see page 313.Country Hectares Australia 35687799 Argentina 3672350 Spain 2354916 United States of America 2326551 India 2299222 France 2240797 China 2216000 Uruguay 2143640 Italy 1993225 Germany 1613785 Canada 1321072 Brazil 1283054 Russian Federation 674370 Austria 669921 Sweden 613964 Czech Republic 540986 Greece 528752 Turkey 518435 Poland 507637 Ukraine 467980 United Kingdom 459275 Romania 395228 Finland 306484 Hungary 303190 Mexico 301891 Kazakhstan 294289 Portugal 293213 Latvia 289796 Tunisia 286623 Denmark 285526 Tanzania United Republic of 278467 Indonesia 251619 Lithuania 242118 Peru 235592 Ethiopia 221189 Estonia 220737 Slovakia 197565 Thailand 188451 Uganda 183598 Switzerland 172713 Philippines 168352 Sierra Leone 157531 Kenya 154488 Bolivia(Plurinational State of)144231 Dominican Republic 134375 Bulgaria 117779 Country Hectares Egypt 116000 Croatia 108127 Belgium 93119 New Zealand 88871 Democratic Republic of the Congo 88727 Guatemala 88178 Burkina Faso 87490 Madagascar 76530 Ireland 73952 Sudan 73903 Sri Lanka 70436 Netherlands 68068 Cte dIvoire 66728 Pakistan 64885 Viet Nam 61901 Paraguay 57566 Nigeria 55047 Slovenia 49638 Ecuador 47836 Norway 45312 Nicaragua 42952 Samoa 41083 Togo 38506 Azerbaijan 37630 Timor-Leste 32472 Falkland Islands(Malvinas)31937 Ghana 31199 Colombia 30447 South Africa 30214 Republic of Korea 29711 Honduras 29274 Moldova 27833 Cambodia 25757 Papua New Guinea 24696 Saudi Arabia 24517 Fiji 22612 Serbia 21266 Chile 20897 Syrian Arab Republic 19987 Kyrgyzstan 19054 Benin 15164 Myanmar 12948 Malawi 12294 Iran(Islamic Republic of)11916 Mali 11300 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 40 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2021):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Country Hectares So Tom and Prncipe 10934 Japan 10792 Tajikistan 10340 Morocco 9917 Taiwan 9536 Ne
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Supported bythe World oforganic agricultureAFRICA 1.8 MILLION HASTATISTICS&EMERGING TRENDS 2018 NORTH AMERICA 3.1 MILLION HAOCEANIA 27.3 MILLION HALATIN AMERICA 7.1 MILLION HAASIA 4.9 MILLION HAEUROPE 13.5 MILLION HAFiBL&IFOAM ORGANICS INTERNATIONALFiBL&IFOAM ORGANICS INTERNATIONAL THE WORLD OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE 2018 STATISTICS GLOBAL POLICY TOOLKITON PUBLIC SUPPORTTO ORGANIC AGRICULTUREAVAILABLE AT:WWW.IFOAM.BIO/POLICY-TOOLKITSLooking for professional information?FiBLs online shop has more than 400 publications!It is an invaluable source of information on organic farming,sustainable agriculture,animal husbandry and nature conservation.Publications are available in English,German,French and several other languages.Most publications are free to download!Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL.Reducing the use of copper in potatoes.OK-Net Arable Practice Abstract.O K-N E T A R A B L E P R A C T I C E A B S T R A C TPRACTICE ABSTRACT NR.011 Commercial organic fertiliser as supplementary fertilisers in potato crop productionProblem During the first 35-50 days after emergence,potatoes require an optimal nitrogen supply in order to develop a good haulm and tuber growth.Manure and slurry cannot meet the demand of the crop during its growth stage.High or late fertiliser inputs lead to a late nitrogen supply,which delays the maturing of the plants,complicated the removal of the haulm and decreases tuber quality.Solution Effective commercial organic N fertilisers can optimally complement the basic supply for potatoes in spring,which consists of the preceding crop,rotted manure and slurry.Outcome Commercial organic N fertilisers allow a relatively accurate dosage of the nitrogen supply without increasing the in-festation risk of Rhizoctonia.Due to the relatively high costs,commercial fertilisers are,however,only eco-nomically viable as an addition to farm manure.Practical recommendation The nitrogen requirement varies depending on variety and usage.The conventional fertilisation amounts to 120 kg of N per ha in table potatoes and potatoes for processing.Early potatoes and seed potatoes re-quire slightly less nitrogen at about 100 kg of N per ha.Figure 1:Nitrogen requirement and composition of nitrogen supply during the different growth stages of potatoes The nitrogen supply strongly depends on the conditions for N mineralisation(weather,humus content of the soil,preceding crop residues).Thus,optimising the N supply is complex(Figure 1).Applicability box Theme Nutrient availability,pest and disease control,crop-specific measures Geographical coverage Potato cultivation areas Application time After emergence Required time Additional fertiliser application Period of impact Potato crop Equipment Standard fertiliser spreader Best in Potatoes Reducing the use of copper in potatoes.Commercial organic fertiliser as supplementary.Due to the relatively high costs,commercial fertilisers are,however,only eco-varies depending on variety and usage.The conventional fertilisation amounts to 120 kg of N per ha in table potatoes and potatoes for processing.Early potatoes and seed potatoes re-Figure 1:Nitrogen requirement and composition of nitrogen supply during the different growth stages of potatoes The nitrogen supply strongly depends on the conditions for N mineralisation(weather,humus content of the soil,preceding crop residues).Thus,optimising the N supply is complex(Figure 1).Nutrient availability,pestspecific measurescal coveragecultivation areasAdditional fertiliser applicationPeriod of impactser spreaderArtgerechte Klbermast und Aufzucht von MastremontenAlternativen zur herkmmlichen Mast von Klbern aus MilchwirtschaftsbetriebenMerkblatt2017|Ausgabe SchweizArtgerechte Klbermast und Aufzucht Alternativen zur herkmmlichen Mast von Klbern aus Milchwirtschaftsbetrieben2017TECHNICAL GUIDEOrganic potatoesPotatoes are very suitable for direct marketing due to their popularity and versatility.But good yields are needed for commercial production to cover the high costs of cultivation and mechanisation.The very high quality requirements at every stage of market-ing require the highest care from seed Cultivating qualitystep by steppreparation to plant protection,nutri-ent and water supply to harvest and storage.This guide provides a good basis for achieving high-quality products.Com-mercial potato farms complement their knowledge with the help of experts and further arableThis publication results from the Organic Knowledge Network Arable project funded by the Horizon 2020 programme of the European Union.Looking for professional information?cover the high costs of cultivation and mechanisation.The very high quality requirements at every stage of marketing require the highest care from seed achieving high-quality products.Com-mercial potato farms complement their knowledge with the help of experts This publication results from the Organic Knowledge Network Arable project funded by the Horizon 2020 programme of the European Union.IMPROVING HEALTH AND WELFARE OF PIGSA handbook for organic pig farmersshop.fbl.org Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL.Reducing the use of copper in potatoes.OK-Net Arable Practice Abstract.O K-N E T A R A B L E P R A C T I C E A B S T R A C TPRACTICE ABSTRACT NR.011 Commercial organic fertiliser as supplementary fertilisers in potato crop productionProblem During the first 35-50 days after emergence,potatoes require an optimal nitrogen supply in order to develop a good haulm and tuber growth.Manure and slurry cannot meet the demand of the crop during its growth stage.High or late fertiliser inputs lead to a late nitrogen supply,which delays the maturing of the plants,complicated the removal of the haulm and decreases tuber quality.Solution Effective commercial organic N fertilisers can optimally complement the basic supply for potatoes in spring,which consists of the preceding crop,rotted manure and slurry.Outcome Commercial organic N fertilisers allow a relatively accurate dosage of the nitrogen supply without increasing the in-festation risk of Rhizoctonia.Due to the relatively high costs,commercial fertilisers are,however,only eco-nomically viable as an addition to farm manure.Practical recommendation The nitrogen requirement varies depending on variety and usage.The conventional fertilisation amounts to 120 kg of N per ha in table potatoes and potatoes for processing.Early potatoes and seed potatoes re-quire slightly less nitrogen at about 100 kg of N per ha.Figure 1:Nitrogen requirement and composition of nitrogen supply during the different growth stages of potatoes The nitrogen supply strongly depends on the conditions for N mineralisation(weather,humus content of the soil,preceding crop residues).Thus,optimising the N supply is complex(Figure 1).Applicability box Theme Nutrient availability,pest and disease control,crop-specific measures Geographical coverage Potato cultivation areas Application time After emergence Required time Additional fertiliser application Period of impact Potato crop Equipment Standard fertiliser spreader Best in Potatoes IMPROVING HEALTH AND WELFARE OF PIGSshop.fbl.orgIMPROVING HEALTH AND WELFARE OF PIGSshop.fbl.org Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2018 Edited by Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud For PDF version,corrigenda and supplementary material see http:/www.organic- All of the statements and results contained in this book have been compiled by the authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,authors,and publishers are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or advice contained therein.Authors are responsible for the content of their own articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),and NrnbergMesse.The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of ITC,SECO,or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be published at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- enquiries regarding this book and its contents should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of table and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga and Julia Lernoud(Eds.)(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2018.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn.Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2018.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Ackerstrasse113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel. 41 62 865 72 72,Fax 41 62 865 72 73,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel. 49 228 926 50-10,Fax 49 228 926 50-99,e-mail headofficeifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Association Register no.8726 Language editing:Laura Kemper and Simon Moakes,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Kurt Riedi,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout:Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Maps:Simone Bissig and Julia Lernoud,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Graphs(if not otherwise stated):Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Infographic:Kurt Riedi,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Certified organic cattle property in Australia.Arcadian Organic&Natural Meat Co.Printed by Medienhaus Plump,Rolandsecker Weg 33,53619 Rheinbreitbach,Germany Price:30 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Euros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM Organics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the IFOAM Organics International website at www.ifoam.bio or the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org Printed version ISBN 978-3-03736-067-5 PDF version ISBN 978-3-03736-068-2 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 3 Table of contents Glossary 12 Foreword from SECO and ITC 13 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 14 Foreword from the Editors 15 Acknowledgements 16 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries 21 The World of Organic Agriculture 2018:Summary 22 Helga Willer,Julia Lernoud,and Laura Kemper ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 32 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market 34 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer General notes on the data 36 Organic land 38 Organic agricultural land 38 Organic share of total agricultural land 42 Growth of the organic agricultural land 46 Further organic areas 53 Organic producers and other operator types 60 Retail sales and international trade data 67 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 72 Land use and key commodities in organic agriculture 74 Land use 74 Arable land 78 Permanent crops 80 Wild collection and beekeeping areas 82 Beehives 86 Aquaculture 88 Statistics on selected crops 91 Cereals 92 Citrus fruit 96 Cocoa beans 99 Coffee 101 Dry pulses 103 Fruit:Temperate fruit 106 Fruit:Tropical and subtropical fruit 110 Grapes 114 Oilseeds 116 Olives 120 Vegetables 122 Table of Contents 4 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn COMMODITY CASE STUDIES 127 The State of Sustainable Markets:Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017 128 Julia Lernoud,Jason Potts,Gregory Sampson,Salvador Garibay,Matthew Lynch,Vivek Voora,Helga Willer and Joseph Wozniak Organic Cotton 137 Liesl Truscott,Evonne Tan,Lisa Emberson,Nicole Lambert,and Amish Gosai Global Trends 137 Outlook 138 Geography of production 138 Organic Farm and Textile Standards 142 Conclusion 143 GLOBAL MARKET 145 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 146 Amarjit Sahota Introduction 146 North America 146 Europe 147 Other regions 147 The organic consumer 148 Challenges&growth outlook 149 STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 151 Standards and Regulations 152 Beate Huber,Otto Schmid,and Verena Batlogg Organic legislation worldwide:current situation 152 The Codex Alimentarius Guidelines:Recent developments 157 Import requirements of major economies 158 PGS in 2017 Trends and Latest Figures 161 Flvia Moura e Castro and Federica Varini Processed with care?Comparing Different Organic Regulations and Standards for Major Markets 165 Verena Batlogg,Otto Schmid,and Beate Huber The First Global Compilation of Policies Supporting Organic Agriculture 170 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto AFRICA 173 Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 174 Jordan Gama The African Organic Network(AfrONet)174 Organic agriculture conferences 175 Strategic Plan(2015-2025)for the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative(EOAI)for Africa 175 Outlook 176 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 5 Africa:Current Statistics 177 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Africa:Graphs 179 Organic Agriculture in Africa:Tables 182 ASIA 187 Asia Sector Report 188 Compiled by IFOAM Asia Summary 188 Achievements of IFOAM Asia in 2017 196 Contributors by country 197 Working in Partnership with Local Governments-the ALGOA Project 198 Jennifer Chang Asia:Current statistics 200 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Asia:Graphs 202 Organic Agriculture in Asia:Tables 204 EUROPE 208 Organic in Europe:Prospects and Developments 210 Helga Willer,Stephen Meredtih,Bram Moeskops,and Emanuele Busacca EU policy and regulatory framework for the organic sector 211 Research 213 OK-Net platforms for farmers to exchange knowledge 214 Science Day 2017 at Biofach 214 TP Organics 215 FiBL Europe 215 Organic Roadmap for Sustainable Food and Farming 215 Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2016 217 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 218 Helga Willer,Diana Schaack,and Julia Lernoud 1 Production and market highlights 219 2 Organic agricultural land 220 3 Land use and crops grown in organic agriculture 227 4 Organic livestock 233 5 Producers,processors,importers,and exporters 236 6 Organic retail sales 239 7 Conclusion 248 8 Acknowledgements 248 9 References and further reading 249 Organic Agriculture in Europe:Tables 250 Organic in Ukraine 256 Olga Trofimtseva and Natalie Prokopchuk Table of Contents 6 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES 261 Organic Agriculture in the Mediterranean Region:Recent Data Outline 262 Marie Reine Bteich,Patrizia Pugliese,Lina Al-Bitar,and Suzana Madari Latest figures 262 Organic share of the agricultural area 264 A focus on processors 264 A focus on data collection 265 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 267 Latin America and the Caribbean 268 Patricia Flores Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture(CIAO)268 Country reports 269 Regional meetings of the agroecological and organic movement 272 Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 275 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Graphs 277 Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Tables 279 NORTH AMERICA 283 U.S.organic sales set new records 284 Barbara Fitch Haumann Consumer trends 284 Production growth 285 Integrity of imports 285 Animal welfare 286 Advocating for organic 286 Rallying check-off support 287 Advocating for organic research 287 International trade 288 Canada 289 Tia Loftsgard and Jill Guerra Data collection 289 Expansion of organic operations and acreage 290 Research and innovation 291 Market growth and trends 291 Canada organics on the global stage 292 Challenges ahead 293 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 7 North America:Current statistics 296 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in North America:Graphs 298 Organic Agriculture in North America:Tables 300 OCEANIA 301 Australia 302 Andrew Lawson,Andrew Monk,and Amy Cosby Introduction 302 Primary producers and area of farmland 302 Exports 303 Regulatory framework 305 Competitive exports 306 A new peak structure and voice for organics in Australia?306 Review of export regulations 307 Common voluntary organic logo for Australia 307 The Pacific Islands 309 Karen Mapusua Recent developments 309 Third-party certification 310 Market&trade 311 Legislation 312 Government and international support 312 Outlook 312 Oceania:Current statistics 314 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Graphs 315 Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Tables 317 ACHIEVEMENTS AND OUTLOOK 319 A new narrative for the organic movement and IFOAM Organics International 320 Markus Arbenz The umbrella 320 The new narrative 321 The institutional context 322 ANNEX 325 Key Indicators by Country and Region 326 Data Providers and Data Sources 330 Table of Contents 8 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2016 35 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2016 38 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2016(sorted)40 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of total agricultural land by region 2016 42 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2016(sorted)44 Table 6:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2015-2016 46 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2013-2016 48 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2016 54 Table 9:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by country 2016 54 Table 10:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region 2015 to 2016 60 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2016 62 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2016 68 Table 13:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and exports by country 2016 70 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2011-2016 73 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2016 77 Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2016 77 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2015 and 2016 compared 78 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2015 and 2016 compared 80 Table 19:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2015 and 2016 compared 82 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2016 82 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2016 84 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2016 87 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2016 88 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2016 90 Table 25:World:Selected key crop groups and crops in organic agriculture 2016(overview):Land under organic management(including conversion areas)91 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2016 94 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2016 98 Table 28:Cocoa beans:Organic area by country 2016 100 Table 29:Coffee:Organic area by country 2016 102 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2016 104 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by crop 2016 106 Table 32:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2016 108 Table 33:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by crop 2016 111 Table 34:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2016 112 Table 35:Grapes:Organic area by country 2016 115 Table 36:Oilseeds:Organic area by crop 2016 116 Table 37:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2016 118 Table 38:Olives:Organic area by country 2016 121 Table 39:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2016 123 Table 40:Organic cotton farmers,area and production 2015/2016 139 Table 41:Countries with regulations on organic agriculture 2017 154 Table 42:Countries in the process of drafting regulations 2017 156 Table 43:Countries with a national standard but without a national legislation 2017 156 Table 44:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2016 182 Table 45:Africa:All organic areas 2016 183 Table 46:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2016 184 Table 47:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2016 185 Table 48:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2016 204 Table 49:Asia:All organic areas 2016 205 Table 50:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture(fully converted and in conversion)2016 206 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 9 Table 51:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2016 207 Table 52:Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2016 217 Table 53:Europe:Organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 220 Table 54:Europe and the European Union:Land use 2016 227 Table 55:Europe and the European Union:Key crops/crop group 2016 230 Table 56:Europe and the European Union:Organic livestock 2016 233 Table 57:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2016 236 Table 58:Europe and the European Union:Organic retail sales 2016:Key data 239 Table 59:Organic shares for retail sales values(euros)for selected products 2016 246 Table 60:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2016 250 Table 61:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2016 251 Table 62:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country 2016 252 Table 63:Europe:Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2016 253 Table 64:Europe:Organic producers processors and importers by country 2016 254 Table 65:Europe:The organic food market 2016 255 Table 66:Organic statistics in EU Med,Candidate and Potential Candidate(CPC)and Southern and Eastern Mediterranean(SEM)countries,2016 263 Table 67:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2016 279 Table 68:Latin America:All organic areas 2016 280 Table 69:Latin America:Land use in organic agriculture 2016 281 Table 70:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2016 282 Table 71:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2016 300 Table 72:North America:All organic areas 2016 300 Table 73:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2016 300 Table 74:Estimated certified organic primary production operations and area ha in Australia 2002-2016 303 Table 75:Pacific region:Main products,which are currently organically certified 311 Table 76:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2016 317 Table 77:Oceania:All organic areas 2016 317 Table 78:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2016 318 Table 79:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas):Key indicators by region 2016 326 Table 80:Organic agricultural land,share of total agricultural land,number of producers,and retail sales 2016 326 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2016 39 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2016 39 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural land of at least 10 percent 2016 43 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2016 43 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 1999-2016 47 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2008 to 2016 47 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2016 48 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2016.Total:97.5 million hectares 53 Figure 9:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2016(Total:2.7 million producers)61 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2016 61 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2016 68 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2016 68 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2016 69 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2016 69 Figure 15(left):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2016 73 Figure 16(right):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2016 73 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2016 75 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and key crop categories 2016 76 Figure 19:World:Development of organic arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2016 76 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2016 79 Table of Contents 10 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2016 79 Figure 22:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2016 81 Figure 23:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2016 81 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2016 83 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2016 83 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2016 86 Figure 27:World:Development of the organic beehives 2007-2016 87 Figure 28:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2016 89 Figure 29:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2016 89 Figure 30:Cereals:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 93 Figure 31:Cereals:Distribution of global organic area by cereal type 2016 93 Figure 32:Citrus fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 and distribution of the organic citrus area by citrus type and by region 2016 97 Figure 33:Cocoa beans:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 99 Figure 34:Coffee:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 101 Figure 35:Dry pulses:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 104 Figure 36:Temperate fruit:Use of organic temperate fruit area 2016 107 Figure 37:Temperate fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 107 Figure 38:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Distribution of global organic area by crop 2016 111 Figure 39:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 112 Figure 40:Grapes:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 114 Figure 41:Oilseeds:Development of the global organic oilseed area 2004-2016 117 Figure 42:Oilseeds:Use of organic oilseed area by crop 2016 117 Figure 43:Organic olive area:Distribution by region and top 10 producing countries 2016 120 Figure 44:Olives:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 121 Figure 45:Vegetables:Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 123 Figure 46:Development of the VSS compliant area worldwide,2008-2015 (eight selected commodities,minimum possible)129 Figure 47:Total certified area per VSS,2015(only agriculture)130 Figure 48:Bananas:Development of the area by VSS,20082015 133 Figure 49:Cocoa:Development of the area by VSS 20082015 133 Figure 50:Coffee:Development of the area by VSS,20082015 134 Figure 51:Cotton:Development of the area by VSS,20082015 134 Figure 52:Oil palm:Development of the area by VSS,20082015 135 Figure 53:Soybeans:Development of the area by VSS,20082015 135 Figure 54:Sugarcane:Development of the area by VSS,20082015 136 Figure 55:Tea:Development of the area by VSS,20082015 136 Figure 56:Organic cotton:Global trend in organic cotton production 138 Figure 57:Growth of GOTS and OCS certified facilities 2013-2016 143 Figure 58:Growth in organic food&drinks sales and farmland,2001-2016 149 Figure 59:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2016 179 Figure 60:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2016 179 Figure 61:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2016 180 Figure 62:Africa:Use of organic agricultural land 2016 180 Figure 63:Africa:The ten countries with the largest number of organic producers 2016 181 Figure 64:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2016 202 Figure 65:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2016 202 Figure 66:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2016 203 Figure 67:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2016 203 Figure 68:Europe and the European Union:Cumulative growth of organic farmland and retail sales compared 2000-2016 210 Figure 69:Europe:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2016 220 Figure 70:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2016 221 Figure 71:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2016 223 Figure 72:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 1985-2016 224 Figure 73:Europe:Growth rates for organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 1985-2016 224 Figure 74:Europe:The ten countries with the highest growth of organic agricultural land in hectares and percentage in 2016 225 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 11 Figure 75:Europe and the European Union:Conversion status of organic land in Europe and the European Union 2016 226 Figure 76:Europe:Distribution of land use in organic agriculture 2016 227 Figure 77:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by top 10 countries 2016 228 Figure 78:Europe:Growth of organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2016 229 Figure 79:European Union:Growth of organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2016 229 Figure 80:Europe:Growth of selected arable and permanent crop groups in Europe 2007 to 2016 232 Figure 81:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic cows milk production 2007-2016 235 Figure 82:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic producers in 2000-2016 237 Figure 83:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2016 237 Figure 84:Europe:Numbers of organic producers by country 2016 238 Figure 85:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2016 239 Figure 86:Europe:Retail sales by country 2016 240 Figure 87:Europe:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2016 241 Figure 88:Europe:The countries with the highest organic market growth 2016 242 Figure 89:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2016 243 Figure 90:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2000-2016 243 Figure 91:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2016 244 Figure 92:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2016 247 Figure 93:Ukrainian state organic logo 259 Figure 94:Share of organic operators involved in processing in the EU Med,candidate and potential candidate(CPC),and southern and eastern Mediterranean(SEM)countries,2016 265 Figure 95:Ecuador:Agrocalidad organic seal 271 Figure 96:Chile:National organic seal 272 Figure 97:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2016 277 Figure 98:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2016 277 Figure 99:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2016 278 Figure 100:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2016 278 Figure 101:Canada organic logo 291 Figure 102:Canada:Tracked certified organic imports by volume and value,2009-2016 292 Figure 103:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2016 298 Figure 104:North America:Organic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2016 298 Figure 105:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2016 299 Figure 106:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2016 299 Figure 107:Estimated percentage of certified export volume from Australia destined for global regions 2016 304 Figure 108:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2016 315 Figure 109:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2016 315 Figure 110:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2016 316 Figure 111:The theory of change of IFOAM Organics International 322 Figure 112:The institutional context 323 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2016 33 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2016 173 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2016 187 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2016 209 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2016 267 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2016 283 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2016 301 Glossary 12 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes CNCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COROS:Common Objectives and Requirements of Organic Standards(COROS)are the Standards Requirements of COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union EFTA:European Free Trade Association EOA:Ecological Organic Agriculture;Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa EU:European Union EU-28:Member countries of the European Union EU-Med:European Mediterranean Countries Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland FYROM:The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GMO:Genetically Modified Organisms GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard Ha:Hectares Hivos:Dutch Humanist Institute for Cooperation Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes IAMB:LIstituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari Mediterranean Agronomic Institute Bari,Italy IFAD:International Fund for Agricultural Development IFOAM EU Group:European Union Group of IFOAM Organics International IISD:International Institute of Sustainable Development,Canada ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland Mio.:Million MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agriculture,Australia NASS:USDAs National Agricultural Statistics Services,United States of America OCS:Organic Content Standard OrganicDataNetwork:Data network for better European organic market information OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SEM:Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany SSI:State of Sustainability Initiatives,Canada SOAAN:Sustainable Organic Agriculture Action Network TIPI:Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM Organics International TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of Agriculture VSS:Voluntary Sustainability Standards Foreword from SECO and ITC FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 13 Foreword from SECO and ITC This book provides a clear statement on the resilience of the organic market trend.On the consumer side,organic products with a total value of almost 90 billion US dollars were sold globally in 2016.Double-digit rates were recorded in many advanced markets for organic products,and a growth rate of even 20 percent and more of the organic retail sales value was noticed for Ireland and France in 2016.In Switzerland,where the market has been evolving over several years with high growth rates,it grew by 8.4 percent.The production side is also keeping pace:The latest data shows that organic farmland has grown in many countries,and the total organic area increased to almost 58 million hectares,managed by over 2.7 million producers.In particular,for some crops such as citrus fruit,dry pulses,grapes,area growth rates of 15 percent and more were reached in 2016.On the other hand,the importance of other sustainability standards is increasing.Data on the performance of these Voluntary Sustainability Standards(VSS)are still scarce;therefore,collecting timely and accurate market data to facilitate policy and investment decisions is important for policymakers,market actors,and donors.The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),the State of Sustainability Initiatives(SSI)of the International Institute of Sustainable Development(IISD),and the International Trade Centre(ITC)have partnered with the support of SECO in a joint data publication effort to ensure continuous,accurate,and relevant reporting.Since 2014,this partnership has been collecting data from 14 VSS with a special focus on nine selected commodities.The new data will be published in May 2018,in the new edition of The State of Sustainable Markets.It is essential for the organic community to gather relevant information on organic market trends in order to continue attracting various stakeholders.Transparent information enables credibility and informed decisions on the costs and benefits of organic production for both the producer and the buyer.This book makes a major contribution to such transparency.Considering the latest figures and the continuous and sustainable growth over many years,the organic movement can look confidently to the future.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Joseph Wozniak Manager of the Trade for Sustainable Development(T4SD)Programme International Trade Centre(ITC)Geneva,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 14 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International Data collection is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided in this publication serve as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,and the industry,as well as for researchers and extension professionals.It has also proven useful in development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets,and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The data collection on organic farming worldwide has become one of the most frequently quoted pieces of literature in scientific,technical and descriptive papers and reports on organic agriculture.With this edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are presenting“The World of Organic Agriculture”for the 19th time and the good news continues:more area,more producers,and a continuously growing global market.Growing markets also mean higher added value on millions of farms.And it means 57.8 million hectares of increased soil fertility,farm and field diversity and billions of farm animals raised under animal welfare standards.This is an important contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information and figures on their region,their country or their field of expertise.We are grateful to Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)and the International Trade Centre(ITC)for their support.Frick and Bonn,February 2018 Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli Director Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Markus Arbenz Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 15 Foreword from the Editors In the 19th edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture,”we are presenting,like in the past,the latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide data on area,operators,and retail sales.This data is provided by a large number of data suppliers from all over the world,to whom we are very grateful!Knowledgeable authors have contributed articles on their regions,their countries,or their fields of expertise.As in the past,we have the global market report from Ecovia Intelligence,regional reports on Africa,Asia,Europe,the Mediterranean,Latin America and the Caribbean,and the Pacific Region,as well as country reports on Australia,Canada,Ukraine,and the United States.Furthermore,we have included an article on organic cotton from the Textile Exchange and a chapter on Voluntary Sustainability Standards.In our section“Standards and Regulations,”in addition to the annual update on organic regulations and Participatory Guarantee Systems,we also present a comparison of different organic processing standards and regulations for major markets.We maintain our Organic-W website,where information on organic agriculture worldwide is available as well as the statistical yearbook on“The World of Organic Agriculture.”The news section of the website offers information about major developments in the field of organic agriculture,and via our Twitter account at keep our readers informed about the latest data on organic agriculture.Furthermore,we have created the statistics website statistics.fibl.org,where the key data are available as interactive tables.Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Acknowledgements 16 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their supporters for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2018 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this work.The editors are very grateful to all those listed below,without whom it would not have been possible to produce this yearbook.Ibrahim Abdalhamid,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development;Mohamed Salih Abdalla,Organic Farming Project,GIZ International Services,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia;Hadjira Houria Abdellaoui,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Algeria;Gyorgyi Acs Feketene,Control Union Certifications,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria;Iskenderbek Aidaraliev,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan;Florence Aillery,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Forestry,France;Lina Al Bitar,CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Valenzano,Italy;Mazen Al Madani,Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform,Damascus,Syria;Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,Dubai,United Arab Emirates;Asan Alymkulov,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Kyrgyzstan;Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Markus Arbenz,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Mohammad Reza Ardakani,IFOAM-IRAN,Karaj,Iran;Lidya Ariesusanty,Indonesia Organic Alliance IOA,Bogor,Indonesia;Estevan Assi,Toledo Cacao Growers Association,Belmopan,Belize;Pranita Aswale,Ecocert Romania,Bucuresti,Romania;Angel Atallah,CCPB/IMC,Beirut,Lebanon;Mustafa Avci,ECOCERT IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Izmir,Turkey;Elhag Meki Ali Awouda,Federal Ministry of Agriculture&Irrigation,Sudan;Roberto Azofeifa,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera,San Jos,Costa Rica;Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Ganja City,Azerbaijan;Christian Bez,Agrocalidad,Quito,Ecuador;Ebba Barany,Eurostat,Luxembourg;Verena Batlogg,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Andrew Bayliss,Soil Association,Bristol,United Kingdom;Elif Bayraktar ktem,Ministry of Food,Agriculture and Livestock,Ankara,Turkey;Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica e Ambientale(ICEA),Bologna.Italy;Olena Berezovska,Reform Support Team at the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,LIsle Jourdain,France;Paulina Betancourt,Agrocalidad,Quito,Ecuador;Dang Thi Bich Huong,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Vietnam;Olivera Bicikliski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Skopje,Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia;Simone Bissig,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Marian Blom,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse/BIOFACH,Nuremberg,Germany;Nathalie Boes,Certisys,Walhain;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA),Vientiane,Lao PDR;Lorcan Bourke,Bord Bia-Irish Food Board,Dublin,Ireland;Claudius Bredehoeft,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Bonn,Germany;Trevor Brown,Jamaica Organic Agriculture Movement JOAM,Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 17 Kingston,Jamaica;Marie Reine Bteich,CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Andreas Brkert,University of Kassel,Witzenhausen,Germany,Emanuele Busacca,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Roberta Cafiero,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Policies,Rome,Italy;Ana Paula Cardona,LETIS S.A.,Santa Fe,Argentina;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Seoul,Republic of Korea;Tich Charova,Zimbabwe Organic Producers and Promoters Association ZOPPA,Zimbabwe;Eugene Chebotariov,Reform Support Team at the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Allal Chibane,Ministre de lAgriculture et de la Pche Maritime,Rabat,Morocco;Stanley Chidaya,Malawi Organic Growers Association(MOGA),Lilongwe,Malawi;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas SENAVE,Asuncin,Paraguay;Amy Cosby,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Armidale,Australia;Finn Cottle,Soil Association,Bristol,United Kingdom;Catarina Crisostomo,Portugal;Predrag Cvjetianin,Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries Production Statistic Department-Agriculture,forestry,fishery and environment Directorate,Croatia;Thomas Damm,ABCert GmbH,Esslingen,Germany;Joy Daniel,Institut for Integrated Rural Development(IIRD),Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE-Organic,Yerevan,Armenia;Giorgia DeSantis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Rome,Italy;Zoltn Dezsny,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary;Famara Didhiou,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,This,Senegal;Dra Drexler,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary;Toma Duban,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Food,Ljubljana,Slovenia;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Santiago Centro,Chile;Pauline Eid Saad,Ministry of Agriculture,Lebanon;Brun Elhousseine,AMABIO,Casablanca,Morocco;Zaoui Elhousseine,AMABIO,Casablanca,Morocco;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Stanley,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Sandra Elvir Sanchez,Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadera SENASA,Tegucigalpa,Honduras;Lisa Emerson,Textile Exchange,London,United Kingdom;Encheng,Certification and Accreditation Administration of the Peoples Republic of China CNCA,Haidian district,Beijing,China;Richard Escobar,Ecocert Colombia,Bogota,Colombia;Carlos Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Cali,Colombia;Addisu Alemayehu Ferede,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EIAR,Akaki,Ethiopia;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Nrnberg,Germany;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),Brattleboro,United States of America;Dorian Flchet,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Patricia Flores Escudero,Latin American Office of IFOAM-Organics International,Lima,Peru;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Walhain,Belgium;Sergiy Galashevskyy,Organic Standard,Kyiv,Ukraine;Carlos Galo,SENASA Honduras,Tegucigalpa,Honduras;Jordan Gama,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Salvador Garibay,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Claudine Gengler,Ministre de lAgriculture,de la Viticulture et de la Protection des consommateurs,Luxembourg;Maheswar Ghimire,Kathmandu,Nepal;Laurent C.Glin,FiBL Regional Office for West Africa,Benin;Camille Godard,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Denise Godinho,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Ana Goloborodco,Ecocert,Bucuresti,Romania;Jos Miguel Gonzlez,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Environment,Spain;Victor Gonzlvez Prez,Spanish Society for Organic Agriculture SEAE,Catarroja,Spain;Amish Gosai,Bangalore,India;Katharina Gssinger,BIO AUSTRIA,Wien,Austria;Catherine Greene,Economic Research Service USDA,Washington DC,United States of Americas;Simone Groh,CERES,Happurg,Germany;Rannveig Guleifsdttir,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Jill Guerra,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Sabahat Glloglu,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock,Ankara,Turkey;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Acknowledgements 18 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Arnaud Guyou,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Cristina Hagatong,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Rural Development,Portugal;Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP,Dohuk,Iraq;Stephen Hazelmann,Pacific Community SPC,Pacific Islands;Sampsa Heinonen,Evira,Helsinki,Finland;Shelly Hermon,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Israel;eljko Herner,Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Rural Development,Zagreb;Brett Hickson,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Israel;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Land-und Forstwirtschaft,Wien,Austria;Tanveer Hossain Shaikh,Friends in Village Development Bangladesh(FIVDB)/Vice-President IFOAM Asia,Dhaka,Bangladesh;Andrea Hrabalov,CTPOA,Brno,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Lee Hyejin,Korea Rural Economic Institute KREI,Joellanam-do,Republic of Korea;Basri Hyseni,Initiative for agricultural development of Kosovo(IADK),Mitrovica,Republic of Kosovo;Barbara Jggin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Bern,Switzerland;Edmundo Janco Mita,Asociacin de Organizaciones de Productores Ecolgicos de Bolivia(AOPEB),La Paz,Bolivia;Jorge Leonardo Jave Nakayo,Ministerio de Agricultura-SENASA-Per,Lima,Peru;gnes Juhsz,National Food Chain Safety Office nbih,Budapest,Hungary;Jack Juma,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Nairobi,Kenya;ManChul Jung,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Chungnam Province,Republic of Korea;Edith Kalka,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia;Joelle Kappeler,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Thilak Kariyawasam,Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement(LOAM),Nawinna,Maharagama,Sri Lanka;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Laura Kemper,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Pravin Khare,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Tamam Khawalda,Ministry of Agriculture,Jordan;Cornelia Kirchner,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Bernisa Klepo,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Evgeniy Klimov,Kazakhstan Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements-KAZFOAM,Kazakhstan;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Marja-Riitta Kottila,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Olena Kovaliova,Deputy Minister,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Heinz Kuhlmann,ABC Enterprises,Tokyo,Japan;Manoj Kumar Menon,International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture ICCOA,Bangalore,India;Nicole Lambert,Textile Exchange,Paris,France;Andrew Lawson,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Armidale,Australia;Lauren le Roux,Ecocert Southern Africa,Cape Town,South Africa;Ming Chao Liu,Organics Brazil,Brazil;Tia Loftsgard,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Madrid,Spain;Martin Lund,Food Industries,Copenhagen,Denmark;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,Tunis,Tunisia;Marcela Machuca Henao,Ecocert,Bogota D.C,Colombia;Suzana Madari,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,Velenjak,Evin,Tehran,Iran;Antanas Makareviius,Ekoagros,Lithuania;Fernando Maldonado,Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal,El Salvador;Karen Mapusua,Coconut Industry Development for the Pacific(CIDP)Programme,Suva,Fiji;Brigitta Maurer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Cliflyn McKenzie,Ecocert Southern Africa,Cape Town,South Africa;Stephen Meredith,IFOAM EU Group,Brussels,Belgium;Dra Mszros,FiBL Europe,Brussels;Dorota Metera,BIOEKSPERT Sp.z o.o.,Warszawa,Poland;Merit Mikk,Centre of Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Tartu,Estonia;Jelena Milic,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,Belgrade,Republic of Serbia;Mwanzo Millinga,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Satoko Miyoshi,Global Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 19 Organic Textile Standard(GOTS)Japan,Tokyo,Japan;Julie Kilde Mjelva,Landbruksdirektoratet/Norwegian Agriculture Agency,Oslo,Norway;Simon Moakes,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Bram Moeskops,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Abdalla Mohammed,GIZ SA,Saudi Arabia;Andrew Monk,Australian Organic,Nundah,Australia;Mykola Moroz,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Flvia Moura e Castro,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Darija Musulin,Ministry of Agriculture,Zagreb,Croatia;Mohammed Mutarad Aloun,Ministry of Climate Change and Environment,United Arab Emirates;Douglas A.Navarro,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal,El Salvador;Richard Ngunjiri,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Nairobi,Kenya;T Th Tuyt Nhung,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Hanoi,Vietnam;Urs Niggli,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick;Tomas Fibiger Nrfelt,Knowledge Centre for Agriculture VLF,rhus,Denmark;Minna Nurro,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Nick Nwolisa,Regional Extension and Resource Center,Azerbaijan;Fortunate Nyakanda,Zimbabwe Organic Producers and Promoters Association ZOPPA,Zimbabwe;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of Environment and Water of the United Arab Emirated,United Arab Emirates;Kung Wai Ong,Humus Consultancy,Penang,Malaysia;Maximiliano Ortega,Belize Organic Producers Association,Belmopan,Belize;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Bangkok,Thailand;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Copenhagen,Denmark;Eliza Petrosyan-Sudzilovskaya,ECOGLOBE,Yerevan,Armenia;Joan Picazos,Biocop Productos Biolgicos,S.A.(BIOCOP),Barcelona,Spain;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Padova,Italy;Jonathan Platteau,Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Natalie Prokopchuk,Swiss-Ukrainian project“Organic Certification and Market Development in Ukraine”,Kyiv,Ukraine;Patrizia Pugliese,CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Valenzano,Italy;Atef Abdel-Azziz Ragab,Central Laboratory for Organic Agriculture,Egypt;Andrijana Rakoevi,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Podgorica,Montenegro;Dimbihary Alex Denis Ralaivao,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Tovohery Ramahaimandimbisoa,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Vonifanja Ramanoelina,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Juan Carlos Ramirez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Wenndy Ramirez,Ecocert Colombia,Bogota D.C.,Colombia;Zo Ranaivomanana,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Sandra Randrianarisoa,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Mihaja Rasolondraibe,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Pia Reindl,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Christian Robin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Bern,Switzerland;Fermn Romero,Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario,Panama;Monica Rubiolo,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Bern,Switzerland;Cecilia Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Michal Rzytki,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-Organic Farming Division,Warsaw,Poland;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Ecovia Intelligence,London,United Kingdom;Vincent Samborski,Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Channa Samorn,GIZ International Services,Bonn,Germany;Gregory Sampson,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Sevin Saygili,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock,Ankara,Turkey;Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Bonn,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg;Winfried Scheewe,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Phnom Penh,Cambodia;Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Otto Schmid,Research Institute of Organic Acknowledgements 20 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Robin Schrieber,Quality Certification Services,Gainesville,United States of America;Rita Schwentesius,Universidad Autnoma Chapingo,Chapingo,Mxico;Ibrahima Seck,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,This,Sngal;Hana ejnohov,Institute of agricultural economics and information,Brno,Czech Republic;Filippos Sekkas,Ministry of Rural Development and Food,Greece;Andreas Selearis,Department of Agriculture,Nicosia,Cyprus;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Ivana Simic,National Association Serbia Organica,Belgrade,Serbia;Anamarija Slabe,Institut za trajnostni razvoj,Lubljana,Slovenia;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Feres,Greece;Manjo Smith,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia;Marcela Stahil,Ministry of Agriculture,Chiinu,Moldova;Emily Stone,Toledo Cacao Growers Association,Belmopan,Belize;Syl Sylanaj,University of Prishtina,Prishtin,Kosovo;Daniel Szalai,Control Union Certifications,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Vic Tagupa,League of Organic Agriculture Municipalities&Cities(LOAMC),Philippines;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;Benjamin Tissot,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Olga Trofimtseva,Deputy Minister,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Liesl Truscott,Textile Exchange,Bath,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,ECOCERT SAS,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Thimphu,Bhutan;Francesco Tubiello,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO,Rome,Italy;Hedwig Tushemerirwe,National Organic Agricultural Movement of Uganda(NOGAMU),Kampala,Uganda;Bavo van den Idsert,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Netherlands;Frederica Varini,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Jelena Vasiljevic,Ministry of Agriculture Serbia,Belgrade,Serbia;Leo Vella,Ministry for the Environment,Sustainable Development and Climate Change,MOAN Delelgate,Malta;Triin Viilvere,IFOAM EU Group,Brussels,Belgium;Wendy W.C.KO,Fisheries and Conservation Department,Hong Kong,China;Maohua Wang,Certification and Accreditation Administration of the Peoples Republic of China CNCA,Haidian district,Beijing,China;Magdalena Wawrzonkowska,IFOAM EU Group,Brussels,Belgium;Jonathan Wong,Hong Kong Organic Resource Centre,Hong Kong;Joseph Wozniak,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Els Wynen,Eco Landuse Systems,Flynn,ACT,2615;Abdoul Aziz Yanogo,Ecocert SA West Africa Office,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso;Weimin Yu,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,Beijing,China;Aisuluu Zamirbekova,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Pema Zangmo,National Organic Programme,Bhutan;Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Ancona,Italy;Jos Zapata,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Republica Dominicana;Ulrike Zdralek,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Lisa Zhen,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Zhejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China;Darko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Zagreb,Croatia Statistics Key Indicators FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 21 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2016:178 countries Organic agricultural land 2016:57.8 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(27.1 million hectares)Argentina(3.0 million hectares)China(2.3 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2016:1.2%Liechtenstein(37.7%)French Polynesia(31.3%)Samoa(22.4%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2016:39.9 million hectares (1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(11.6 million hectares)Zambia(6.7 million hectares)India(4.2 million hectares)Producers 2016:2.7 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(835000)Uganda(210352)Mexico(210000)Organic market 2016:89.7 billion US dollars*2(more than 80 billion euros)(2000:17.9 billion US dollars)US(43.1 billion US dollars;38.9 billion euros)Germany(10.5 billion US dollars;9.5 billion euros)France(7.5 billion US dollars;6.7 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2016:12.1 US dollars(11.3 euros)Switzerland(304 US dollars;274 euros)Denmark(252 US dollars;227 euros)Sweden(218 US dollars;197 euros)Number of countries with organic regulations 2017:87 countries Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2017:1003 affiliates from 127 countries India-111 affiliates Germany-88 affiliates United States-63 affiliates China-56 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2018,based on national data sources and data from certifiers *Global market:Ecovia Intelligence(formerly Organic Monitor)2018 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories,see UNSTAT website http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.2 According to the Central European Bank,I euro corresponded to 1.1069 US dollars in 2016.Statistics Summary 22 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn The World of Organic Agriculture 2018:Summary HELGA WILLER,1 JULIA LERNOUD,2 AND LAURA KEMPER3 According to the latest FiBL survey on certified organic agriculture worldwide,as of the end of 2016,data on organic agriculture was available from 178 countries.Almost 58 million hectares of organic farmland Australia has the largest area There were 57.8 million hectares of organic agricultural land in 2016,including in-conversion areas.The regions with the largest areas of organic agricultural land are Oceania(27.3 million hectares,which is almost half the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(13.5 million hectares,23 percent).Latin America has 7.1 million hectares(12 percent)followed by Asia(4.9 million hectares,9 percent),North America(3.1 million hectares,6 percent),and Africa(1.8 million hectares,3 percent).The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia(27.4 million hectares),Argentina(3 million hectares),and China(2.3 million hectares).See page 34 for the detailed results of the FiBL survey.Globally,1.2 percent of the farmland is organic Liechtenstein has the highest organic share with 37.7 percent Currently,1.2 percent of the worlds agricultural land is organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,are in Oceania(6.5 percent)and in Europe(2.7 percent;European Union 6.7 percent).However,some countries reach far higher shares:Liechtenstein(37.7 percent)and French Polynesia(31.3 percent)have the highest organic shares.In fifteen countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land is organic.Organic farmland has increased by 7.5 million hectares or 15 percent Organic farmland increased by 7.5 million hectares or 15 percent in 2016.This is mainly because 5 million additional hectares were reported from Australia.However,many other countries reported an important increase and thus contributed to the global growth,such as China(42 percent increase;over 0.67 million hectares more)Uruguay(27 percent increase;more than 0.3 million hectares more),and India and Italy,both with an additional 0.3 million hectares.There has been an increase in organic agricultural land in all regions.In Europe,the area grew by almost 1 million hectares(6.7 percent increase).In Asia,the area grew by almost 34 percent or an 1 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org Statistics Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 23 additional 0.9 million hectares;in Africa,the area grew by 7 percent or over 0.1 million hectares,in Latin America the area grew by almost 6 percent or 0.4 million hectares after several years of drops,and in North America by more than 5 percent or 0.2 million additional hectares.A major relative increase of organic agricultural land was noted in many Asian and African countries,such as Lao Peoples Democratic Republic,Sierra Leone,and Zimbabwe.Apart from the organic agriculture land,there is organic land dedicated to other activities,most of which area for wild collection and beekeeping.Other areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.The areas of non-agricultural land constitute more than 39.7 million hectares(see 53).Organic producers on the rise 2.7 million producers in 2016 There were at least 2.7 million organic producers in 2016.1 Forty percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(27 percent)and Latin America(17 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(835000),Uganda(210352),and Mexico(210000)(see page 60).There has been an increase in the number of producers of over 300000,or over 13 percent,compared to 2015.A quarter of the worlds organic agricultural land(14.3 million hectares)and more than 87 percent(2.4 million)of the producers were in developing countries and emerging markets in 2016(see page 72).Growth for all major crop groups Land use and crop details were available for over 90 percent of the organic agricultural land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Australia,Brazil,and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 78).Over two-thirds of the agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(almost 38 million hectares,an increase of 16.5 percent compared to 2015).With a total of almost 10.6 million hectares,arable land constitutes 18 percent of the organic agricultural land.An increase of almost 6.3 percent since 2015 was reported.Most of this category of land was used for cereals including rice(4.1 million hectares),followed by green fodder from arable land(2.8 million hectares),oilseeds(1.3 million hectares),dry pulses and textile crops(0.5 million hectares each).Permanent crops account for eight percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to 4.5 million hectares.Compared with the previous survey,an increase of more than 126000 hectares,or 9 percent,was reported.The most important permanent crop is coffee(with more than 0.9 million hectares,constituting over 20 percent of the organic permanent 1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.The number of producers should,therefore,be treated with caution,and it may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.Statistics Summary 24 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn cropland),followed by olives(almost 0.7 million hectares),nuts(almost 0.6 million hectares),grapes(almost 0.4 million hectares),and tropical and subtropical fruits(over 0.3 million hectares)(see page 74).Detailed information on organic cotton was provided by Textile Exchange,showing that during the 2015/16 growing season,107980 metric tons of organic cotton fibre was produced globally by 219947 farmers on 302562 hectares of land.There are currently 18 countries producing certified organic cotton,but 97 percent of the global supply comes from just seven countries.India remains by far the largest producer,accounting for almost two-thirds of total production,followed by China,Kyrgyzstan,Turkey,and Tajikistan.For more information including the situation of cotton production in individual countries and regions,see the chapter by Truscott et al.on page 137.Looking at other voluntary sustainability standards(VSS),a recent survey among 14 standards(including organic)shows that strong growth continues and that at least 14 million hectares are covered by selected crops and standards.All standards covered experienced growth in their areas since 2011.The most successful commodity is coffee;at least 25 percent of the global coffee area is certified and 8.5 percent of the global coffee area is organic.(See the chapter by Lernoud et al.,page 128).Global market has increased to almost 90 billion US dollars Organic food&drink sales have increased from less than 15 billion US dollars to almost 90 billion US dollars over two decades according to Ecovia Intelligence.Although the positive trend is likely to continue,there remain challenges.These include demand concentration(about 90 percent of sales are in North America and Europe),proliferating standards,and the fact that the farmland growth is slowing in parts of Europe and North America,which means there are concerns about supply shortfalls.(See the chapter by Amarjit Sahota on page 146).In 2016,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(38.9 billion euros),Germany(9.7 billion euros),and France(6.7 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(47 percent of the global market),followed by the European Union(30.7 billion euros,37 percent),and China(5.9 billion euros,6 percent).The highest per-capita consumption with more than 200 euros was found in Switzerland and Denmark.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(9.7 percent),Luxembourg(8.6 percent),and Switzerland(8.4 percent)(See the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 174).Statistics Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 25 Africa There were over 1.8 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2016.Compared to 2015,Africa reported an increase of almost 119000 hectares,a 7 percent increase.There were more than 741000 producers.The United Republic of Tanzania was the country with the largest organic area(with almost 270000 hectares),and Uganda was the country with the largest number of organic producers(more than 210000).The country with the highest share of organic agricultural land was the island state Sao Tome and Principe,with 13.8 percent of its agricultural area being organic.The majority of certified organic produce in Africa is destined for export markets.Key crops are coffee,olives,nuts,cocoa,oilseeds,and cotton(see page 177).In Africa,only Morocco and Tunisia have an organic regulation;however seven countries are drafting one and eleven countries have a national standard but not a national legislation(see page 152).The year 2017 continued to see growing recognition among policymakers that organic agriculture has a significant role to play in addressing food insecurity,land degradation,poverty,and climate change in Africa.Organic conferences have become a success,and the next East African Organic Conference is scheduled for May 2018.The Fourth African Organic Conference will take place in November 2018 in Yaound,Cameroon.These conferences mark significant milestones for mainstreaming organic agriculture on the continent.For more information,see the chapter by Jordan Gama(page 174).Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was almost 4.9 million hectares in 2016.There were 1.1 million producers;most of these were in India.The leading countries by area were China(2.3 million hectares)and India(almost 1.5 million hectares);Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(7.4 percent)(page 200).Twenty countries have regulations on organic agriculture,and six countries are in the process of drafting one.Eleven countries have a national standards but no organic legislation.In 2017,there was an overall increase in organic production in all countries that submitted contributions to the Asia sector report for this book.Exports of organic products are also increasing as seen in the example of Bangladesh.An interesting development was the significant increase of national and local organic groups in China,such as organic marketing clubs or organic marketing alliances as market platforms.Community Supported Agriculture(CSA)and Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are also attracting much interest.A mutual recognition of certified organic products between China and New Zealand was signed at the end of 2016.The authorities in India introduced a common logo for organic foods “Jaivik Bharat.”The Philippines saw an increase in active involvement of more than 120 local municipal mayors in the development of organic agriculture.Some municipalities are Statistics Summary 26 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn now recognized internationally for their exemplary development of organic agriculture,and in September 2018,the 3rd IFOAM Asia Organic Congress will take in the Philippines.For more information,including country reports,see the chapter from IFOAM Asia(page 188).There has been increasing interest and participation in the Asian Local Governments of Organic Agriculture(ALGOA).Some local governments are expressing interest in the formation of local chapters of ALGOA in their respective countries(page 198).Europe As of the end of 2016,13.5 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union 12.1 million hectares)were managed organically by over 370000 producers(European Union over 295000).In Europe,2.7 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:6.7 percent).Organic farmland has increased by 0.8 million hectares compared to 2015.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were Spain(2 million hectares),Italy(1.8 million hectares),and France(1.5 million hectares).In nine countries,at least 10 percent of the farmland is organic:Liechtenstein has the lead(37.7 percent),followed by Austria(21.9 percent)and Estonia(18.9 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled 33.5 billion euros in 2016(European Union:30.7 billion euros),an increase of more than 11 percent since 2015.The largest market for organic products in 2016 was Germany,with retail sales of 9.5 billion euros,followed by France(6.7 billion euros),and Italy(2.6 billion euros)(see the article by Willer et al.,page 218).In Europe,all countries have an organic regulation or are drafting one.In 2017,negotiations by EU Institutions on the review of the EU organic regulation started to draw to a close,four years after the European Commission launched its legislative proposals.The basic text has been approved,and will contain some changes to the rules on production,controls,and imports.Discussions on the direction of the future of the Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)Post-2020 officially kicked-off in February 2017.The next years will be a critical period for the organic sector to work with policymakers and other agri-food stakeholders to use the debate on the future CAP as a means to support the development of organic food and farming in Europe.TP Organics launched its position paper“Research and Innovation for Sustainable Food and Farming”outlining what it would like to see in terms of the 9th EU Research&Innovation Framework Programme(FP9),which will start in 2021.TP Organics calls for the UN Sustainable Development Goals to be the basis for the next Framework Programmes architecture(page 210).For this edition of the book,we received a country report on organic agriculture in Ukraine,which has become an important supplier of organic products for Western markets The main organic exports from Ukraine are cereals,oil crops,pulses,wild collected berries,mushrooms,nuts,and herbs.Recent developments on the policy level include the introduction of a governmental data collection system.The Statistics Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 27 Ukrainian state logo for labelling of organic products was officially registered as a trademark owned by the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine.For more information,see the article by Trofimtseva and Prokopchuk on page 256.Mediterranean countries For the Mediterranean countries,which include countries in Northern Africa,Western Asia and Southern Europe,the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN)pursues its commitment to collect and disseminate data on the organic sector in the Mediterranean region.According to the latest data,the total certified organic area in the Mediterranean region covers over 7.9 million hectares,of which 6.9 million hectares are organic agricultural area.The largest part of the Mediterranean organic area is in the Mediterranean countries of the European Union(EU Med)totalling 87 percent of the agricultural organic area.Candidate and Potential Candidate(CPC)countries of the European Union follow with 8 percent.Only 5 percent is located in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean(SEM)countries.The legislative and regulatory framework in the Mediterranean area highly differs between the countries.This directly affects organic data collection and availability.In the EU countries,official mechanisms for organic statistics collection are well established and many CPC countries implemented their national organic legislation and are at a very advanced stage of harmonisation with the EU regulation on organic farming.However,in the SEM countries where a national law had not been fully implemented,data collection is essentially based on direct and informal communication,which sometimes provides only partial information.For more information,see the article by Bteich et al.on page 262.Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,almost 460000 producers managed 7.1 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2016.This constituted 12 percent of the worlds organic land and almost one percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(3 million hectares),Uruguay(1.7 million hectares),and Brazil(0.75 million hectares,2014).The highest shares of organic agricultural land were in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas(12.2 percent),Uruguay(11.5 percent),and French Guiana(10 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as bananas,cocoa,and coffee.In Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commodities.Twenty-three countries in this region have an organic regulation or are drafting one(see page 152).In October 2017,the Republic of Chile and the European Union(EU)announced the completion of the necessary internal procedures related to the agreement on trade in organic products and it entered into force on January 1,2018.Organic domestic markets have been growing steadily in the last decade.The biggest organic domestic market is in Brazil,where the National Program of School Meals,Statistics Summary 28 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn which has been a major achievement since 2009,stipulates that 30 percent of the public procurement budget should be used to buy from family farms with preference given to organic farmers.In 2017,several important events took place such as the seventh Latin-American and Caribbean Meeting of Organic and Ecological Agriculture in Bolivia,the 6th Latin-American Congress of Agroecology,and IFOAMs Organic Leadership Course(OLC)in Brazil.For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 268.North America In North America,almost 3.1 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2016.Of these,2 million were in the United States and 1.1 million in Canada,representing 0.8 percent of the total agricultural area in the region(see page 296).The U.S.organic sector continues its upward trajectory,gaining new market share and shattering records,as consumers used more organic products than ever before.Organic sales in the U.S.totalled approximately 47 billion US dollars1(43 billion US dollars in food sales)in 2016,reflecting new sales of almost 3.7 billion US dollars from the previous year.Organic food now accounts for 5.3 percent of total food sales in the U.S.Farm Bill advocacy has been a major thrust during the past year,and it will continue to take center stage during 2018.Organic leaders have worked with legislators to create three bipartisan bills for consideration.The first is the Organic Farmer and Consumer Protection Act to improve oversight over global organic trade.The second is the Organic Research Act of 2017 to increase annual funding for USDAs Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative to 50 million US dollars a year.The third is the Organic Farmers Access Act,designed to expand organic agricultures access to,and eligibility for,rural development programs.For more information see article by Haumann on page 284.Canadas organic sector continues its steady spread across Canadas farmland and onto Canadians plates.There are over 5000 organic operations nationally offering more organic ingredients,products and services than ever before.Canadas organic sector was valued at an estimated 5.4 billion Canadian dollars in 2017,up from 4.7 billion Canadian dollars in 2015.The need for continuous dialogue with government and regulators is required to ensure that organic can stay competitive.Consistent and permanent funding for Canadian Organic Standards and the closing of regulatory gaps across provinces and territories is needed.(See the chapter by Loftsgard and Guerra,page 289).1 The European Central Bank reference exchange rate U.S.dollar/Euro was 1.1069 in 2016.Statistics Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 29 Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Island states.Altogether,there were over 27000 producers,managing 27.3 million hectares.This constituted 6.5 percent of the agricultural land in the region and almost half of the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(27.1 million hectares,97 percent of which is estimated to be extensive grazing land),followed by New Zealand(more than 74000 hectares,2014 data),and Samoa(over 63000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all agricultural land were in French Polynesia(31.3 percent),followed by Samoa(22.4 percent),Australia(6.7 percent),Vanuatu(6.3 percent),and the Solomon Islands(5.3 percent).Growth in the organic industry in Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Islands has been strongly influenced by a rapidly growing overseas demand;domestic sales are also growing(page 314).Australia has seen even more growth in 2016 in the area of pastoral land under certified organic management and the number of certified organic primary producers increased steadily in 2016.It is estimated that the overall volume(in metric tons)of Australian-grown organic products exported to other countries increased 17 percent between 2015 and 2016.The regulatory and governance arrangements in the certified organic sector in Australia have remained stable since,but change is in the air.The Australian Government,organic industry groups,and the participants in the organic supply chain generally are involved in a number of initiatives aimed at enhancing value for the organic sector in Australia.For more information about Australia,see the report by Lawson et al.on page 302.Regional and national agencies and development partners increasingly recognize the value of organic agriculture as a development tool for the Pacific Islands context.Innovations such as the Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Standard and the online Pacific Organic Policy Toolkit are attracting interest from organic farmers through to policymakers.The number of organic farmers in the region is continuing to grow with PGS growing at a faster rate than third-party certification.It is expected that the local market for organic products will start to expand as the tourism and hospitality industries start to look towards organic and sustainability as part of the Pacific Islands brand(see the chapter by Karen Mapusua,page 309).Standards,regulations,and policy support According to the FiBL survey on organic rules and regulations,87 countries had organic standards in 2017.Eighteen countries are in the process of drafting legislation,and at least 33 countries,mostly in Asia and Africa,have adopted national standards for organic agriculture.In the European Union(EU),after more than three years of intensive and controversial debates,the European Council and Parliament have agreed upon a basic text for a new organic regulation.The new regulation is expected to be adopted in April or May 2018.In the next two years,the implementation provisions will be discussed and agreed upon,and the new regulation shall enter into Statistics Summary 30 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn force on 1 January 2021.In the United States,the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)further strengthened its measures to maintain organic integrity and published,for example the“Interim Instruction on Maintaining the Integrity of Organic Imports.”For more information,see the chapter by Huber et al.on page 152).Organic standards represent important regulatory frameworks for guiding and controlling food processing activities for organic food.A comparison of eight organic standards shows that governmental standards are more general than private ones,with private ones offering more specific guidance as to what additives and processing aids as well as processing methods are allowed or not allowed.(See the article by Batlogg et al.,page 165).Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are locally focused quality assurance systems.PGS have proven to be an affordable alternative to third-party certification,an effective tool to develop local markets for organic produce and are particularly appropriate for small-scale farmers.Based on the data collected through the Global PGS Survey 2017 conducted by IFOAM Organics International,PGS initiatives are established in 66 countries,with at least 311449 farmers involved in PGS initiatives worldwide.This includes mostly small farmers and small processors.It is estimated that there are currently at least 241 PGS initiatives,of which 127 are fully operational.For more information,see the chapter by Moura di Castro and Varini,page 161.Governments now provide public support for organic agriculture,and outcomes,lessons learned,and policy recommendations have now been published in a toolkit format.The new IFOAM policy toolkit aims to fill a knowledge gap in the area of organic advocacy and policy-making:policy-makers can learn more about not only why we should support organic agriculture,but also how it can be done.More about this toolkit is presented in the chapter by Katto on page 170.A new narrative The global General Assembly of IFOAM Organics International 2017 decided on a new strategy.The new IFOAM strategic plan will work on three key factors:Enhancing supply with capacity development of operators and other value chain actors;stimulating demand with communication support and awareness campaigns;and advocating for a policy and guarantee environment that is conducive to sustainable production and consumption.For more information,see the chapter by Arbenz on page 320.Statistics Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 31 Next FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2018;data will be published in February 2019 and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We will contact all relevant experts and would be very grateful if data could be sent to us.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2019 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Corrections will also be posted at www.organic-.Contact:julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org 32 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2016 Source:FiBL survey 2018 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 33 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2016(in hectares)Source:FiBL survey 2018Statistics Introduction 34 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market JULIA LERNOUD1 AND HELGA WILLER2 Introduction The 19th survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.This survey,as were the past surveys,was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),3 and NrnbergMesse.4 In total,data was provided by more than 200 experts.Governments,private sector organizations,certifiers,and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on a number of countries:BCS,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,ICEA,Institute for Marketecology(IMO),LACON,Quality Certification Services(QCS),and the Soil Association.Data from the Mediterranean countries was supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari),and data from the Pacific Islands was provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).A list of all data sources and contacts is provided in the annex.In total,data from 178 countries/territories was available.For Mayotte,data had been available in the past,but for 2016,data has not been received.Updated data on the organic area was available for 150 countries;however,for some countries,updates were only available for the total organic area and not necessarily for the number of farms,land use,or other indicators.For those countries for which FiBL compiles the data among certifiers,not all certifiers provided updated data.When no new data was available,data from the previous survey were used.1 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Since 2014,data collection on organic agriculture worldwide has been funded by the International Trade Centre(ITC)and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)under the project“T4SD Global Platform for Market Data on Organic Agriculture and Sustainability Standards”.For more information on this project,see www.vss.fibl.org 4 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Introduction FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 35 Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2016 Region Countries*with data on organic agriculture Countries per region1 Share of countries that provided data(%)Africa 40 56 71%Asia 41 49 84%Europe 48 49 98%Latin America and Caribbean 33 46 72%North America 3 5 60%Oceania 13 25 52%World 178 230 77%Source:FiBL survey 2018*Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries or territories.2 Data on the following indicators was collected:Organic area in hectares,by country and country groups,including breakdown by crop;Livestock numbers;Production data(volumes and values);Producers and further operator types;Domestic market data(total retail sales value and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);International trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by product).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.,production,livestock numbers,breakdown by product for domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analysis process is available in our metadata,which can be found on Organic Eprints at http:/orgprints.org/31359.More information on statistics.fibl.org Tables with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data can be found on FiBLs new statistics website statistics.fibl.org.Contact:Enquiries related to the data should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics General Notes 36 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2018):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn General notes on the data Organic areas:Data represents certified organic land/areas that are already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany,and Switzerland)and also because land under conversion is under organic management.For a definition of organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Data on conversion status:For some countries,data is collated from several certifiers,some of which provided information on the conversion status while others did not.Therefore,the sum of land under conversion and the fully converted land is not necessarily the same as the total land under organic agricultural management.Share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,based on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.PGS:Since 2011,for some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Flvia Moura e Castro and Federica Varini on page 161).Countries:For countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.As to the countries grouping by region,the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division,2 is used in most cases.Data sources:Data was gathered from organizations of the private sector,governments,and certification bodies.For detailed information on the data sources,please check the annex at the end of this volume(page 330).Direct year-to-year comparison:A direct year-to-year comparison is not possible for all data as the data sources may change,data may not be provided on an annual base,data access may improve,or exchange rates might change.Completeness of data:Producers:Some countries report the number of smallholders while others report only the number of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of producers.This applies in particular to many African countries.The number of producers is,therefore,probably higher than the number communicated in this report.Domestic market data:It should be noted that for market and trade data,comparing country statistics remains very problematic due to differing methods of data collection.Data revisions:Data revisions and corrections are communicated at www.organic- for the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide are available on Organic Eprints at http:/orgprints.org/31359.1 The definition of organic agriculture is available at the website of IFOAM Organics International www.ifoam.bio/en/organic-landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture 2 For the composition of macro geographical(continental)regions,geographical sub-regions,and selected economic and other
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Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2019 Edited by Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud For PDF version,corrigenda and supplementary material see http:/www.organic- All of the statements and results contained in this book have been compiled by the authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,authors,and publishers are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or advice contained therein.Authors are responsible for the content of their articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views of FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),and NrnbergMesse.The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of SECO,ITC,Coop Switzerland,or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be published at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- inquiries regarding this book and its contents should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of table and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga and Julia Lernoud(Eds.)(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2019.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn.Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2019.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Ackerstrasse113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel. 41 62 865 72 72,Fax 41 62 865 72 73,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel. 49 228 926 50-10,Fax 49 228 926 50-99,e-mail headofficeifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Association Register no.8726 Language editing:Laura Kemper,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Simone Bissig,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout:Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Maps:Julia Lernoud,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Graphs(if not otherwise stated):Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Infographics:Kurt Riedi and Julia Lernoud,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Vegetable field at the Kiltsime farm,Estonia.Photo:Elen Peetsmann,Research Centre of Organic Farming,Estonian University of Life Sciences.The picture was originally published in the booklet“Organic Farming in Estonia 2017”,available at http:/www.maheklubi.ee/mison/eestis/Printed by Medienhaus Plump,Rolandsecker Weg 33,53619 Rheinbreitbach,Germany Price:30 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Euros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM Organics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org ISBN Printed version 978-3-03736-118-4 ISBN PDF version 978-3-03736-119-1 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 3 Table of Contents Glossary 14 Foreword from SECO and ITC 15 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 16 Foreword from the Editors 17 Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”19 Acknowledgements 20 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries 24 The World of Organic Agriculture 2019:Summary 25 Helga Willer,Julia Lernoud,and Laura Kemper ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 35 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market 36 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer General notes on the data 38 Organic land 40 Organic agricultural land 40 Organic share of total agricultural land 44 Growth of the organic agricultural land 48 Further organic areas 55 Organic producers and other operator types 62 Retail sales and international trade data 69 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 74 Land use and key commodities in organic agriculture 76 Land use 76 Arable land 80 Permanent crops 82 Wild collection and beekeeping areas 84 Beehives 88 Aquaculture 91 Statistics on selected crops 94 Cereals 95 Citrus fruit 99 Cocoa beans 102 Coffee 104 Dry pulses 106 Fruit:Temperate fruit 109 Fruit:Tropical and subtropical fruit 113 Grapes 117 Oilseeds 119 Olives 123 Vegetables 125 Table of Contents 4 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn COMMODITY CASE STUDIES 129 The State of Sustainable Markets:Statistics and Emerging Trends 130 Julia Lernoud,Jason Potts,Gregory Sampson,Bernhard Schlatter,Gabriel Huppe,Vivek Voora,Helga Willer,and Joseph Wozniak Organic Cotton 138 Liesl Truscott,Evonne Tan,Lisa Emberson,and Amish Gosai Global trends 138 Outlook 138 Geography of production 139 Organic and textile standards 142 Milestones of the Organic Cotton Sector 144 GLOBAL MARKET 145 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 146 Amarjit Sahota 1 Introduction 146 2 North America 146 3 Europe 147 4 Other regions 147 5 Challenges&outlook 148 Milestones of the Global Organic Market 150 STANDARDS,LEGISLATION,POLICIES 151 Public Standards and Legislation 152 Beate Huber,Otto Schmid,Verena Batlogg,and Flvia Moura e Castro Organic legislation worldwide:current situation 152 The Codex Alimentarius Guidelines:Recent developments 156 Import requirements of major economies 157 Milestones of Public Standards and Legislation 160 Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2018 161 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,Cornelia Kirchner,Flvia Moura e Castro,and Federica Varini Milestones of the Work of IFOAM Organics International to Promote and Support PGS 166 Policies supporting the organic sector 167 Federica Varini and Joelle Katto-Andrighetto From private sector to the political arena:the rise of organic regulations 167 Public money for public good 167 Europe 167 Asia 168 North America 168 Latin America and the Caribbean 169 Africa 170 Oceania 170 Municipalities in support of organic farming 170 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 5 Milestones of Policies Supporting the Organic Sector 172 AFRICA 173 Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 174 Jordan Gama and Mwanzo Lawrence Millinga The African Organic Network(AfrONet)174 The Fourth African Organic Conference in 2018 in Senegal 176 Outlook 177 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Africa 178 Africa:Current Statistics 179 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Africa:Graphs 181 Organic Agriculture in Africa:Tables 184 ASIA 187 Developments in the Organic Sector in Asia in 2018 188 Compiled by IFOAM Asia Bangladesh 188 Cambodia 189 China 190 India 191 Indonesia 192 Japan 192 Korea 193 Myanmar 193 Philippines 194 Thailand 195 Vietnam 196 IFOAM Asia in 2018 197 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Asia 198 Asia:Current statistics 199 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Asia:Graphs 201 Organic Agriculture in Asia:Tables 203 EUROPE 207 Organic in Europe:Recent Developments 208 Helga Willer,Bram Moeskops,Emanuele Busacca,Nicolas de la Vega New EU organic rules adopted 209 Organic regulations for Russia and Ukraine 209 Proposal for the Common Agricultural Policy for 2021 to 2027 launched 209 Research 210 Table of Contents 6 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Europe 214 Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2017 216 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 217 Helga Willer,Diana Schaack,and Julia Lernoud 1 Key facts and figures:Production and market highlights 218 2 Organic agricultural land:Area,organic shares,growth 220 3 Land use and crops grown in organic agriculture 226 4 Organic livestock 232 5 Producers,processors,importers,and exporters 234 6 Organic retail sales 237 7 Conclusion 246 8 Acknowledgments 246 Organic Agriculture in Europe:Tables 248 MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES 255 Organic Agriculture in the Mediterranean Region:Outline and Milestones of the Last 20 Years 256 Marie Reine Bteich,Patrizia Pugliese,Lina Al-Bitar,and Suzana Madari Milestones of organic agriculture in the Mediterranean 259 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 261 The History of Organic Agriculture and Agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean 262 Patricia Flores Milestones of Organic Agriculture and Agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean 265 Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 267 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Graphs 269 Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Tables 271 NORTH AMERICA 275 United States:New Sales Records 276 Barbara Fitch Haumann United States organic agricultural sector continues to grow 276 Organic Livestock and Poultry Practices rule 277 Animal Welfare 277 Farm Bill a major policy win 277 Mandatory organic check-off thwarted 278 Voluntary check-off 278 Addressing fraud in organic trade 279 Addressing organic grain shortages 279 International trade 280 Milestones of the Organic Sector in the United States 281 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 7 Canada 282 Tia Loftsgard Organic farms thriving 282 Organic processing 282 Market updates 282 COTAs State of Organic Performance Report 283 New regulatory framework for organics 284 Advocating for organic 284 Research 284 Milestones of the Organic Sector in Canada 285 North America:Current statistics 287 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in North America:Graphs 289 Organic Agriculture in North America:Tables 291 OCEANIA 293 Australia 294 Andrew Lawson,Amy Cosby,Derek Baker,Shawn Leu,Ed Lefley,Amarjit Sahota,and Nick Bez Introduction 294 Primary producers and area of farmland 294 Exports 295 Market value 296 Post-farm gate outlook 297 The Australian organic consumer 298 Regulatory framework 298 Research 299 Milestones of the History of Organics in Australia 301 Australia:Organic Agriculture in 2010/11 and 2015/16 302 Els Wynen Organic farmland and land use 302 Production volumes 303 Value of Agricultural Commodity Production(VACP)304 The Pacific Islands 307 Karen Mapusua Recent developments 307 The Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Standard 307 Participatory Guarantee Systems 308 Third party certification 308 Market and trade 309 Legislation 310 Government and international support 310 Outlook 311 Table of Contents 8 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Milestones of the Development of Organics in the Pacific Islands 312 Oceania:Current statistics 313 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Graphs 314 Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Tables 316 ACHIEVEMENTS AND OUTLOOK 319 Milestones on the global organic path 320 Louise Luttikholt Milestones of IFOAM Organics International 322 The IFOAM Organic World Congresses 323 ANNEX 325 Key Indicators by Country and Region 326 Data Providers and Data Sources 331 FiBL Survey on Organic Agriculture Worldwide Metadata 346 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 9 Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2017 37 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2017 40 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2017(sorted)42 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of total agricultural land by region 2017 44 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2017(sorted)46 Table 6:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2016-2017 and 10 years growth 48 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2014-2017 50 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2017 56 Table 9:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by country 2017 56 Table 10:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region 2016 to 2017 62 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2017 64 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2017 70 Table 13:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and exports by country 2017 72 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2012-2017 75 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2017 79 Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2017 79 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2016 and 2017 compared 80 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2016 and 2017 compared 82 Table 19:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2016 and 2017 compared 84 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2017 84 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2017 86 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2017 90 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2017 91 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2017 93 Table 25:World:Selected key crop groups and crops area in organic agriculture 2017 (overview including conversion areas)94 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2017 97 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2017 101 Table 28:Cocoa beans:Organic area by country 2017 103 Table 29:Coffee:Organic area by country 2017 105 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2017 107 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by crop 2017 109 Table 32:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2017 111 Table 33:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by crop 2017 114 Table 34:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2017 115 Table 35:Grapes:Organic area by country 2017 118 Table 36:Oilseeds:Organic area by crop 2017 119 Table 37:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2017 121 Table 38:Olives:Organic area by country 2017 124 Table 39:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2017 126 Table 40:Organic cotton farmers,area and production 2016/2017 143 Table 41:Countries with legislation on organic agriculture 2018 153 Table 42:Countries in the process of drafting legislation 2018 155 Table 43:Countries with a national or regional standard but without a national legislation 2018 155 Table 44:Participatory Guarantee Systems 2018 165 Table 45:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2017 184 Table 46:Africa:All organic areas 2017 185 Table of Contents 10 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Table 47:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 186 Table 48:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2017 186 Table 49:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2017 203 Table 50:Asia:All organic areas 2017 204 Table 51:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture(fully converted and in conversion)2017 205 Table 52:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2017 205 Table 53:Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2017 216 Table 54:Europe:Organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 2017 220 Table 55:Europe and the European Union:Land use 2017 226 Table 56:Europe and the European Union:Key crops/crop group 2017 229 Table 57:Europe and the European Union:Organic livestock 2017 232 Table 58:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2017 234 Table 59:Europe and the European Union:Organic retail sales 2017:Key data 237 Table 60:Organic shares for retail sales values(euros)for selected products 2017 243 Table 61:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2017 248 Table 62:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2017 249 Table 63:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country 2017 250 Table 64:Europe:Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2017 251 Table 65:Europe:Organic livestock by country 2017 252 Table 66:Europe:Organic producers,processors,and importers by country 2017 252 Table 67:Europe:The organic food market 2017 254 Table 68:Organic statistics in EU Mediterranean(EU Med),Candidate and Potential Candidate(CPC)and Southern and Eastern Mediterranean(SEM)countries,2017 258 Table 69:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2017 271 Table 70:Latin America:All organic areas 2017 272 Table 71:Latin America:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 273 Table 72:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2017 273 Table 73:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2017 291 Table 74:North America:All organic areas 2017 291 Table 75:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 291 Table 76:Estimated certified organic primary production operations and area in Australia 2002-2017 295 Table 77:Australia:Land use in organic agriculture in different years 302 Table 78:Australia:Crop area in different years 303 Table 79:Australia:Production of selected commodities in different years 303 Table 80:Australia:Farm-gate value and growth rate in different years:main organic sectors 305 Table 81:Pacific region:main organic certified products 309 Table 82:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2017 316 Table 83:Oceania:All organic areas 2017 316 Table 84:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 317 Table 85:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas):Key indicators by region 2017 326 Table 86:Organic agricultural land,share of total agricultural land,number of producers,and retail sales by country 2017 326 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2017 41 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2017 41 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural land of at least 10 percent 2017 45 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2017 45 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 1999-2017 49 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2009 to 2017 49 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 11 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2017 50 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2017.Total:112.3 million hectares 55 Figure 9:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2017(Total:2.9 million producers)63 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2017 63 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2017 70 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2017 70 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2017 71 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2017 71 Figure 15(left):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2017 75 Figure 16(right):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2017 75 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2017 77 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and key crop categories 2017 78 Figure 19:World:Development of organic arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2017 78 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2017 81 Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2017 81 Figure 22:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2017 83 Figure 23:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2017 83 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2017 85 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2017 85 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2017 89 Figure 27:World:Development of the organic beehives 2007-2017 89 Figure 28:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2017 92 Figure 29:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2017 92 Figure 30:Cereals:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 96 Figure 31:Cereals:Distribution of global organic area by cereal type 2017 96 Figure 32:Citrus fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 100 Figure 33:Cocoa beans:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 102 Figure 34:Coffee:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 104 Figure 35:Dry pulses:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 107 Figure 36:Temperate fruit:Use of organic temperate fruit area 2017 110 Figure 37:Temperate fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 110 Figure 38:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Distribution of global organic area by crop 2017 114 Figure 39:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 115 Figure 40:Grapes:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 117 Figure 41:Oilseeds:Development of the global organic oilseed area 2004-2017 120 Figure 42:Oilseeds:Use of organic oilseed area by crop 2017 120 Figure 43:Organic olive area:Distribution by region and top 10 producing countries 2017 123 Figure 44:Olives:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 124 Figure 45:Vegetables:Development of the global organic area 2004-2017 126 Figure 46:Development of the VSS compliant area worldwide,2008-2016(eight selected commodities,minimum possible)131 Figure 47:Total certified area per VSS,2016(only agriculture)132 Figure 48:Bananas:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 134 Figure 49:Cocoa:Development of the area by VSS 20082016 134 Figure 50:Coffee:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 135 Figure 51:Cotton:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 135 Figure 52:Oil palm:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 136 Figure 53:Soybeans:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 136 Figure 54:Sugarcane:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 137 Figure 55:Tea:Development of the area by VSS,20082016 137 Table of Contents 12 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 56:Development of organic cotton fibre production 139 Figure 57:Sales breakdown of organic foods by major regions,2017 149 Figure 58:Development of PGS-certified producers worldwide 161 Figure 59:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2017 181 Figure 60:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2017 181 Figure 61:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2017 182 Figure 62:Africa:Use of organic agricultural land 2017 182 Figure 63:Africa:The ten countries with the largest number of organic producers 2017 183 Figure 64:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2017 201 Figure 65:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2017 201 Figure 66:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2017 202 Figure 67:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2017 202 Figure 68:Europe and the European Union:Growth of organic farmland and retail sales compared,2000-2017 208 Figure 69:Europe:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2017 220 Figure 70:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2017 221 Figure 71:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2017 223 Figure 72:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 1985-2017 224 Figure 73:Europe:Growth rates for organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 1985-2017 224 Figure 74:Europe:The ten countries with the highest growth in organic agricultural land in hectares and percentage in 2017 225 Figure 75:Europe and the European Union:Conversion status of organic land in Europe and the European Union 2017 225 Figure 76:Europe:Distribution of land use in organic agriculture 2017 226 Figure 77:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by top 10 countries 2017 227 Figure 78:Europe:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2017 228 Figure 79:European Union:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2017 228 Figure 80:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic cows milk production 2007-2017 233 Figure 81:Europe and the European Union:Development of the number of organic producers in 2000-2017 235 Figure 82:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2017 235 Figure 83:Europe:Number of organic producers by country 2017 236 Figure 84:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2017 237 Figure 85:Europe:Retail sales by country 2017 238 Figure 86:Europe:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2017 239 Figure 87:Europe:The countries with the highest organic market growth 2017 240 Figure 88:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2017 241 Figure 89:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2000-2017 241 Figure 90:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2017 242 Figure 91:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2017 245 Figure 92:Europe:Growth of marketing channels for organic products 2015-2017 in selected countries 245 Figure 93:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2017 269 Figure 94:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2017 269 Figure 95:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2017 270 Figure 96:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2017 270 Figure 97:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2017 289 Figure 98:North America:Organic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2017 289 Figure 99:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2017 290 Figure 100:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2017 290 Figure 101:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2017 314 Figure 102:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2017 314 Figure 103:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2017 315 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 13 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2017(in hectares)35 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2017(in hectares)173 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2017 187 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2017(in hectares)207 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017(in hectares)261 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2017 275 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2017 293 Infographics Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2017 34 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2017 39 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2017 61 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2017 68 Infographic 5:Organic agriculture in Europe:Key indicators 2017 206 Milestones Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”19 Milestones of the Organic Cotton Sector 144 Milestones of the Global Organic Market 150 Milestones of Public Standards and Legislation 160 Milestones of the Work of IFOAM Organics International to Promote and Support PGS 166 Milestones of Policies Supporting the Organic Sector 172 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Africa 178 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Asia 198 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in Europe 214 Milestones of Organic Agriculture in the Mediterranean 259 Milestones of Organic Agriculture and Agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean 165 Milestones of the Organic Sector in the United States 281 Milestones of the Organic Sector in Canada 285 Milestones of the History of Organics in Australia 301 Milestones of the Development of Organics in the Pacific Islands 312 Milestones of IFOAM Organics International 322 The IFOAM Organic World Congresses 323 Glossary 14 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes CNCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union EFTA:European Free Trade Association EOA:Ecological Organic Agriculture;Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa EU:European Union EU-28:Member countries of the European Union EU-Med:European Mediterranean Countries Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland FYROM:The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GMO:Genetically Modified Organisms GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard Ha:Hectares Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes IAMB:LIstituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari Mediterranean Agronomic Institute Bari,Italy IFAD:International Fund for Agricultural Development IFOAM EU Group:European Union Group of IFOAM Organics International IISD:International Institute of Sustainable Development,Canada ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland Mio.:Million MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agriculture,Australia NASS:USDAs National Agricultural Statistics Services,United States of America OCS:Organic Content Standard OrganicDataNetwork:Data network for better European organic market information OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SEM:Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany SSI:State of Sustainability Initiatives,Canada SOAAN:Sustainable Organic Agriculture Action Network TIPI:Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM Organics International TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of Agriculture VSS:Voluntary Sustainability StandardsForeword from SECO&ITC FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 15 Foreword from SECO and ITC Once again,organic products found their way into consumers shopping baskets.Organic products with a total value of 97 billion US dollars were sold globally in 2017.Double-digit rates were recorded in many advanced markets for organic products.The production side is also keeping pace:The latest data shows that organic farmland has grown in many countries,and the total organic area increased to almost 70 million hectares,managed by almost 2.9 million producers.In particular,for some crops such as dry pulses,vegetables,olives,area growth rates of over 15 percent were reached in 2017.Organic agriculture is a way of farming sustainably and has proven to be a means to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),especially SDG 2(Zero Hunger)and 12(Responsible Consumption and Production).Global data on organic production and markets are therefore of high relevance for policy makers and contribute to understanding the importance of organic farming in the different countries.A favourable policy environment,reliable regulations and standards,as well as transparency remain key factors for future success,and this publication contributes to that end.By providing dynamic and easy access to organic market and production data,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)and International Trade Centre(ITC)aim to support decision-makers in governmental administrations,development agencies,NGOs,and other actors of the international organic industry.Considering the latest figures and the continuous and sustainable growth over many years,the organic movement can look confidently to the future.Dr.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Joseph Wozniak Manager of the Trade for Sustainable Development(T4SD)Programme International Trade Centre(ITC)Geneva,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL&IFOAM Organics International 16 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International With this 20th edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International proudly present an anniversary edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”We not only celebrate major landmarks from the past but also reveal the new figures.Data collection as such is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided over the past two decades in this publication serve as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,and the industry,as well as for researchers and extension professionals.It has also proven useful for development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets,and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The publication also shows our ongoing engagement with transparency in the organic sector;the method of collecting the data has been refined over time to reflect the global status of organic as much as possible.“The World of Organic Agriculture”has become one of the most frequently quoted pieces of literature in scientific,technical,and descriptive papers and reports on organic agriculture.This publication also demonstrates the contribution of organic agriculture to the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations.Given that organic agriculture touches on almost all of the goals,this book not only shows the land area,number of producers,and market figures;it also highlights the contribution of organic agriculture to tackling climate change,ensuring food and nutrition security,halting biodiversity loss,and promoting sustainable consumption,to name a few.Overall,“The World of Organic Agriculture”shows the potential organic farming has to contribute to a sustainable future!We are grateful to the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Coop Sustainability Fund,and NrnbergMesse for supporting this publication.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information and figures on their region,their country,or their field of expertise.Lastly,we would like to wholeheartedly thank Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud for their tremendous dedication and engagement,which has made it possible for all of us to witness the development of organic agriculture based on reliable figures.Of course,we would also like to express our thanks to the other members of the FiBL team,who support the activities surrounding the data collection.We are proud of 20 years of“The World of Organic Agriculture”publications!Frick and Bonn,February 2019 Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli Director Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Louise Luttikholt Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 17 Foreword from the Editors In the 20th edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”we present the latest available data on organic agriculture.This edition marks a milestone in the history of the data collection on organic agriculture worldwide.To celebrate this anniversary,we asked all authors to compile a milestone list for their region or theme of expertise,and we have also created a list showing the history of our data collection.We hope that with this edition we have contributed to improving the insight into the history of organic agriculture.In the course of the past twenty years,many people have provided valuable information and data,and some of them have even supported us right from the beginning.We are very grateful to all of our authors and data and information suppliers from all over the world!Furthermore,we would like to take the opportunity to thank those who provided know-how,tools,and technical and financial support.In particular,we would like to mention:Hubert Rottner and Hagen Sunder,the initiators and organizers of the first Biofach fairs,who asked the Foundation Ecology&Agriculture(SL)in 1999,if they could provide annual data on organic agriculture worldwide for Biofach,which was the birth of what is now an annual update on the state of organic agriculture worldwide.Minou Yussefi-Menzler of SL,who carried out the first global surveys on organic agriculture and acted as a co-editor of the yearbook until 2008.Immo Lnzer,former SL director,and SL director Dr.Uli Zerger,who strongly supported the set-up of the data collection activities.Bernward Geier,former IFOAM director,a strong promoter of the yearbook,as well as Neil Sorensen,formerly IFOAM,who was in charge of the technical editing and the production of the yearbook in the beginings.FiBL director Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli,who has always encouraged us to develop the data collection further and ensured continual funding for the activities.Maren Rohwedder and Dirk Sthamer,who carried out the survey for several years and helped strengthen our network.Dr.Barbara Baraibar,formerly University of Barcelona,who developed the first area classification and questionnaire and carried out the first survey on organic land use and crop data in 2005.Hellmuth von Koerber of flexinfo,who set up our database and programmed the questionnaire in 2008,thus helping us immensely to professionalize our data collection and processing.Hans-Peter Egler,formerly SECO,and Dr.Alex Kasterine of ITC,who facilitated the initial SECO/ITC funding.Dr.Els Wynen of Ecolanduse Systems,who helped us set up the first plausibility checks in 2008.Foreword from the Editors 18 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Lukas Kilcher,formerly FiBL,who was co-editor of“The World of Organic Agriculture”for several years.Herv Bouagnimbeck,formerly IFOAM,who substantially contributed to better access to data from Africa,as well as Dr.Marie Reine Bteich and Dr.Lina Al Bitar of CIHEAM Bari,who,through their extensive network,have provided data for the Mediterranean countries for more than a decade.Diana Schaack of the Agricultural Information Company,who has been a tremendous support in providing background information on the data for many years.Prof.Dr.Nic Lampkin,director of the Organic Research Centre,a pioneer in organic data collection and leader of the European Union-funded project“European Information System for Organic Market Data”(2003-2006),which was crucial in setting up the European network of data collectors.Prof.Dr.Raffaele Zanoli,of the Universit Politecnica delle Marche(UNIVPM),who led the European Union-funded OrganicDataNetwork project(2012-2014),which substantially helped further develop the data collection.FiBL team members Natalie Kleine-Herzbruch and Bernhard Schlatter,without whom our online database statistics.fibl.org would not exist,and Kurt Riedi and Simone Bissig,who developed our popular infographics.Our contacts at our funding organisations,Dr.Monica Rubiolo,Dr.Christian Robin,and Dr.Babara Jaeggin of the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs (SECO),Joseph Wozniak and Gregory Sampson of the International Trade Centre ITC,Bruno Cabernard and Jan Heusser of the Coop Sustainability Department,and Danila Brunner and Barbara Bck of NrnbergMesse.The team of our partner,IFOAM Organics International,which has supported us for all these years,and all IFOAM networks and members,who help us reach every corner of the globe.And many,many others without whom we would not be where we are today.For this edition,knowledgeable authors contributed articles on their regions,their countries,or their fields of expertise.As in the past,we have the global market report from Ecovia Intelligence,reports on public standards and legislation,Participatory Guarantee Systems,policy support as well as regional reports and country reports on Australia,Canada,and the United States.We are very proud that the Chinese edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”will be published for the 8th time by the Organic and Beyond company.We would also like to announce that a Persian version of the World of Organic Agriculture will be available soon,translated by the Shiraz Chamber of Commerce,Industries,Mines and Agriculture.We would like to express our warm gratitude to everyone who makes this report possible!Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 19 Milestones of“The World of Organic Agriculture”Year Milestone 1999 The organizers of the Biofach organic trade fair ask the German Foundation Ecology&Agriculture(SL)to compile basic data on organic agriculture worldwide.11 million hectares of organic farmland;0.2 million producers,15.2 billion US dollars of retail sales.2000 The first edition of the yearbook with global organic farming statistics(“Organic Agriculture World-wide”)is published by SL in collaboration with Biofach and IFOAM Organics International and presented at the Biofach Fair,then in Frankfurt,Germany.Since then,the data have been published annually and are presented at Biofach every year.2001 The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL joins as a partner.2006 For the first time,land use and crop data on organic agriculture are collected.2007 The World of Organic Agriculture,2007 edition,is translated into Chinese.2008 Funding by the Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs(SECO)and the International Trade Centre(ITC)enables FiBL to set up a professional database to improve data collection,processing,storage,and analysis.FiBL sets up the Organic-W website.34.5 million hectares of organic farmland,1.4 million producers,50.2 billion US dollars in retail sales(data published in 2010).2011 The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation(FAO)includes the FiBL data into its FAOSTAT online database.2012 The OrganicDataNetwork project starts,funded under the 7th Framework Progamme for Research and Technological Development of the European Union.Under this project,the data collection and processing methods are improved and an interactive online database is set up.Organic and Beyond(China)translates and publishes an excerpt of“The World of Organic Agriculture”(annually since that year).2013 The“The World of Organic Agriculture”is translated into Korean(also the 2014 edition).2014 The follow-up project of the SECO-ITC-funded project“Global Information System for Organic Market and Production Data”includes data collection on Voluntary Sustainability Standards.2015 The first edition of“The State of Sustainable Markets”with data on 14 Voluntary Sustainability Standards is published by FiBL,ITC and the International Institute of Sustainable Development(IISD).2017 69.8 million hectares of organic farmland,2.9 million producers,97 billion US dollars in retail sales(data published in 2019).2018 FiBL launches a dedicated website for the interactive online database Statistics.FiBL.org.2019 20th edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”is launched at Biofach.Funding by the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit).The 2018 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”is translated into Persian.Compiled by Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Acknowledgements 20 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their supporters for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2019 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,the International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland,the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),Basel,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this work.The editors are very grateful to all those listed below,without whom it would not have been possible to produce this yearbook.Gyorgyi Acs Feketene,Control Union Certifications,The Netherlands;Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,University of Ibadan,Nigeria;Marcel Agius,Ministry for the environment,sustainable development and climate chan,Malta;Florence Aillery,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Forestry,France;Lina Al Bitar,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Italy;Mazen Al Madani,Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform,Damascus,Syria;Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Jane Albert,Tanzania Organic Agriculture Movement TOAM,Tanzania;Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,United Arab Emirates;Mirit Amrani,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Plan Protection and Inspection Service(PPIS),Israel;Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Bulgaria;Lidya Ariesusanty,Indonesia;Angel Atallah,CCPB/IMC,Lebanon;Mustafa Avci,ECOCERT IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Turkey;Valdete Avdiu,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Rural Development,Kosovo;Elhag Meki Ali Awouda,Federal Ministry of Agriculture&Irrigation,Sudan;Roberto Azofeifa,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera,La Sabana,Costa Rica;Atef Abdel Azziz,Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation,Egypt;Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Azerbaijan;Derek Baker,University of New England,Centre for Agribusiness,Australia;Ebba Barany,Eurostat,Luxembourg;Verena Batlogg,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Andrew Bayliss,Soil Association Certification Limited,United Kingdom;Elif Bayraktar ktem,Ministry of Food,Agriculture and Livestock,MOAN Delegate,Turkey;Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Ambientale(ICEA),Italy;Olena Berezovska,Reform Support Team at the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Liechtenstein;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,France;Dino Beirevi,Organska Kontrola(OK),Bosnia&Herzegovina;Nic Bez,Mobium Group,Australia;Dang Thi Bich Huong,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Vietnam;Olivera Bicikliski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Macedonia FYROM;Simone Bissig,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Switzerland;Marian Blom,Bionext,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse,Germany;Nathalie Boes,Certisys,Belgium;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA),Lao PDR;Lorcan Bourke,Bord Bia-Irish Food Board,Ireland;Claudius Bredehoeft,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Germany;Trevor G.Brown,Jamaica Organic Agriculture Movement JOAM,Jamaica;Danila Brunner,Nrnberg Messe,Germany;Marie Reine Bteich,CIHEAM Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Liechtenstein;Andreas Brkert,University of Kassel,Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences,Germany;Emanuele Busacca,IFOAM EU,Belgium;Bruno Cabernard,Coop Sustainability Department,Switzerland;Roberta Cafiero,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Policies,MOAN Delegate,Italy;Rudina Cakraj,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Albania;Cyrille Carayon,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Forestry,France;Geisel Carvalho de Menezes,Ministry of Finance,Commerce and Blue Economy,Sao Tom and Prncipe;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Republic of Korea;Tichaona Charova,Zimbabwe Organic Producers and Promoters Association ZOPPA,Marlborough,Zimbabwe;Eugene Chebotariov,Reform Support Team at the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Stanley Chidaya,Malawi Organic Growers Association(MOGA),Malawi;Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 21 Dong-geun Choi,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Republic of Korea;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas SENAVE,Paraguay;Amy Cosby,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Australia;Finn Cottle,Soil Association,United Kingdom;Catarina Crisostomo,Portugal;Huong Dang,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Vietnam;Joy Daniel,Institut for Integrated Rural Development(IIRD),Aurangabad,India;Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE,Republic of Armenia;Levent Denizer,Ecocert IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Turkey;Giorgia DeSantis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Italy;Famara Didhiou,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,Senegal;Dra Drexler,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Hungary;Gita urkovi,Ministry of Agriculture Croatia,Croatia;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Chile;Pauline Eid Saad,Ministry of Agriculture,Lebanon;Brun Zaoui Elhousseine,AMABIO,Morocco;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Lisa Emerson,Textile Exchange,United Kingdom;Richard Escobar,Ecocert Colombia,Colombia;Carlos Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Conexion Ecologica,Colombia;Nawal Farkacha,Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries,Rural development and Forests,Morocco;Addisu Alemayehu Ferede,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EIAR,Ethiopia;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Germany;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),United States of America;Dorian Flchet,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Patricia Flores Escudero,Latin American Office of IFOAM-Organics International,Peru;Alexandra Forbord,Norwegian Agriculture Agency Landbruksdirektoratet,Norway;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Belgium;Sergiy Galashevskyy,Organic Standard,Ukraine;Carlos Galo,SENASA Honduras,Subdireccin Tcnica Sanidad Vegetal,Tegucigalpa,Honduras;Jordan Gama,AfrONet c/o Tanzanian Organic Network(TOAM),Tanzania;Oliver Gardiner,Regeneration International,Myanmar;Salvador Garibay,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Maheswar Ghimire,Nepal;Vasko Gjorgjievski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Macedonia FYROM;Athanasios Gkagiogiakis,Ministry of Rural Development and Food,Greece;Laurent C.Glin,FiBL Regional Office for West Africa,Benin;Camille Godard,Ecocert International,France;Denise Godinho,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Jos Miguel Gonzlez,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Environment,Spain;Amish Gosai,Textile Exchange,India;Katharina Gssinger,BIO AUSTRIA,Austria;Diana Granada,Agrocalidad,Ecuador;Catherine Greene,Economic Research Service USDA,United States of Americas;Iulia Grosulescu,Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Development,Romania;Rannveig Guleifsdttir,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Iceland;Jill Guerra,Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Iceland;Arnaud Guyou,Ecocert International,France;Cristina Hagatong,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Rural Development,Portugal;Anna Haidekker-Nobilis,Hungarian Research Institue of Organic Agriculture MKI,Hungary;Alexandre Harkaly,Instituto Biodinmico,Brasil;Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP,Iraq;Stephen Hazelmann,Pacific Community SPC,Pacific Islands;Jan Heusser,Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit,Switzerland;Brendan J.Hoare,Organic Agriculture New Zealand OANZ,New Zealand;Elda Hodi-Isovi,Ministry of Agriculture,Water-Management and Forestry,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Hadjira Houria Abdellaoui,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Algeria;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Land-und Forstwirtschaft,Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft,Austria;Tanveer Hossain Shaikh,Friends in Village Development Bangladesh(FIVDB)/Vice-President IFOAM Asia,Bangladesh;Andrea Hrabalov,CTPOA,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Ibrahim Abdalhamid,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Palestine National Authority;Barbara Jggin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO,Switzerland;Edmundo Janco Mita,Asociacin de Organizaciones de Productores Ecolgicos de Bolivia(AOPEB),Bolivia;Jorge Leonardo Jave Nakayo,Ministerio de Agricultura-SENASA-Per,Peru;Hakkyun Jeong,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Republic of Korea;gnes Juhsz,National Food Chain Safety Office nbih,Hungary;Jack Juma,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Kenya;ManChul Jung,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Republic of Korea;Nurbek Kannazarov,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Joelle Kappeler,Bioinspecta,Switzerland;Thilak Kariyawasam,Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement(LOAM),Sri Lanka;Lani Katimbang-Limpin,Organic Certification Center of the Philippines OCCP,Philippines;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland;Pravin Khare,Ecocert International,France;Tamam Khawalda,Ministry of Agriculture,Jordan;Ludmilla Khomichak,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Cornelia Kirchner,International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM,Germany;Bernisa Klepo,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Evgeniy Klimov,Kazakhstan federation Acknowledgements 22 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn of Organic Agriculture Movements-KAZFOAM,Kazakhstan;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Austria;Marja-Riitta Kottila,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Olena Kovalova,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Irene Kugonza,National Organic Agricultural Movement of Uganda NOGAMU,Uganda;Heinz Kuhlmann,ABC Enterprises,Japan;Manoj Kumar Menon,International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture ICCOA,Rajarajeshwarinagar,India;Hla Myint Kyaw,Golden Ground;Tshetrim La,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Bhutan;Andrew Lawson,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Australia;Lauren le Roux,Ecocert Southern Africa,South Africa;Ed Lefley,University of New England,Centre for Agribusiness,Australia;Shawn Leu,University of New England,Centre for Agribusiness,Australia;Ming Chao Liu,Organics Brazil,Brazil;Tia Loftsgard,Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Spain;Virginija Luksiene,Ekoagros,Lithuania;Martin Lund,Food Industries,Denmark;Louise Luttikholt,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunisia;Suzana Madari,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Italy;Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,Iran;Fernando Maldonado,Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal,El Salvador;Mithona Mao,Cambodian Organic Agriculture Association(COrAA),Cambodia;Karen Mapusua,Pacific Community,SPC,Fiji;Ayumi Matsuura,Cambodian Organic Agriculture Association(COrAA),Cambodia;Cliflyn McKenzie,Ecocert Southern Africa,South Africa;Dorota Metera,BIOEKSPERT Sp.z o.o.,Poland;Merit Mikk,Centre of Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Estonia;Jelena Milic,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,Republic of Serbia;Mwanzo Millinga,AfrONet,Tanzania;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Ukraine;Satoko Miyoshi,Global Organic Textile Standard(GOTS)Japan,Japan;Julie Kilde Mjelva,Norwegian Agriculture Agency,Norway;Bram Moeskops,IFOAM EU,Belgium;Andrew Monk,Australian Organic,Australia;Mykola Moroz,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Flvia Moura e Castro,IFOAM-Organics International,Germany;Arijana Mui,Organska Kontrola(OK),Bosnia&Herzegovina;Darija Musulin,Ministry of Agriculture,Croatia;Mohammed Mutarad Aloun,Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Richard Ngunjiri,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Kenya;T Th Tuyt Nhung,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Vietnam;Urs Niggli,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Tomas Fibiger Nrfelt,Knowledge Centre for Agriculture VLF,Denmark;Minna Nurro,Pro Luomu,Finland;Nick Nwolisa,Regional Extension and Resource Center,Azerbaijan;Fortunate Nyakanda,Zimbabwe Organic Producers and Promoters Association ZOPPA,Zimbabwe;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of Environment and Water of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Maximiliano Ortega,Belize Organic Producers Association,Belize;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Thailand;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Denmark;Elen Peetsmann,Estonian University of Life Sciences,Estonia;Eliza Petrosyan-Sudzilovskaya,ECOGLOBE,Republic of Armenia;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Argentina;Anton Pinschoff,Fdration Nationale dAgriculture Biologique FNAB,France;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Italy;Natalie Prokopchuk,Swiss-Ukrainian project“Organic Certification and Market Development in Ukraine”,Ukraine;Patrizia Pugliese,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Italy;Bartosz Pytlak,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-Organic Farming Division,Poland;Atef Abdel-Azziz Ragab,Central Laboratory for Organic Agriculture,Egpyt;Andrijana Rakoevi,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Montenegro;Dimbihary Alex Denis Ralaivao,Ecocert International,Office,France;Camilo Ramirez,Ecocert Colombia,Colombia;Hans Ramseier,Bio Suisse,Switzerland;Sandra Randrianarisoa,Ecocert East Africa,Madagascar;Pia Reindl,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Austria;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,France;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,France;Christian Robin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland;Fermn Romero,Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario,Panama;Monica Rubiolo,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland;Cecilia Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Olle Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Ecovia Intelligence,United Kingdom;Channa Samorn,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,GIZ International Services,Germany;Gregory Sampson,International Trade Centre(ITC),Switzerland;Vernica Natali Santilln Nez,Agrocalidad,Ecuador;Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Luxembourg;Winfried Scheewe,Deutsche Gesellschaft Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 23 fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Cambodia;Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Switzerland;Juliana Schlosserov,Central and Testing Institute in Agriculture/stredn kontroln a skobn stav ponohospodrsky,Slovakia;Otto Schmid,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Switzerland;Robin Schrieber,Quality Certification Services,United States of America;Rita Schwentesius,Universidad Autnoma Chapingo,Mxico;Ibrahima Seck,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,Sngal;Than Sein,Myanmar Organic Grower and Producer Association(MOGPA),Myanmar;Hana ejnohov,Institute of agricultural economics and information,Czech Republic;Filippos Sekkas,Ministry of Rural Development and Food,Greece;Andreas Selearis,Department of Agriculture(MOA),Cyprus;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Ivana Simic,National Association Serbia Organica,Serbia;Anamarija Slabe,Institut za trajnostni razvoj,Slovenia;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Greece;Manjo Smith,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Namibia;Marianna Smith,Ecocert Southern Africa,South Africa;Marcela Stahil,Ministry of Agriculture,Regional Development and Environment,Moldova;Mathias Stolze,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Switzerland;Indro Surono,Indonesia Organic Alliance,Indonesia;Syl Sylanaj,University of Prishtina,Kosovo;Vic Tagupa,League of Organic Agriculture Municipalities&Cities(LOAMC),Philippines;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Malaysia;Gia Gaspard Taylor,Network of Non Governmental Organizations Trinidad and Tobago for the Advancement of Women,Trinidad and Tobago;Ilse Timmermann,Departement Landbouw en Visserij,Belgium;Olga Trofimtseva,Deputy Minister,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Liesl Truscott,Textile Exchange,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,Ecocert SAS,France;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Bhutan;Francesco Tubiello,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Italy;Hedwig Tushemerirwe,National Organic Agricultural Movement of Uganda NOGAMU,Uganda;Bavo van den Idsert,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Netherlands;Frederica Varini,IFOAM-Organics International,germany;Jelena Vasiljevic,Ministry of Agriculture Serbia,Serbia;Airi Vetemaa,Estonian Organic Farming Foundation EOFF,Estonia;Matty Vink,Control Union Certifications,Netherlands;Anna Voitiuk,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Maohua Wang,Certification and Accreditation Administration of the Peoples Republic of China CNCA,China;Julian Wirth,Prfinstitut LACON GmbH,Germany;Helena Wistrand,Moreganic Sourcing,Sweden;Jonathan Wong,Hong Kong Organic Resource Centre,Hong Kong;Joseph Wozniak,International Trade Centre(ITC),Switzerland;Els Wynen,Eco Landuse Systems,Australia;Abdoul Aziz Yanogo,Ecocert SA West Africa Office,Burkina Faso;Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,China;Valentina Zaets,Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine,Ukraine;Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Italy;Jos Zapata,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura OCO,Republica Dominicana;Ulrike Zdralek,Bioinspecta,Switzerland;Lisha Zheng,Ecocert China,China;Zejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China;Maja ibert,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Food,Slovenia;Darko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Croatia;Silvia Zucconi,Nomisma-Economic Research Institute,Italy.Statistics Key Indicators 24 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2017:181 countries Organic agricultural land 2017:69.8 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(35.6 million hectares)Argentina(3.4 million hectares)China(3.0 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2017:1.4%Liechtenstein(37.9%)Samoa(37.6%)Austria(24.0%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2017:42.4 million hectares (1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(11.6 million hectares)Zambia(6.0 million hectares)Tanzania(2.4 million hectares)Producers 2017:2.9 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(835000)Uganda(210352)Mexico(210000)Organic market 2017:97 billion US dollars*2(approx.90 billion euros)(2000:17.9 billion US dollars)US(45.2 billion US dollars;40 billion euros)Germany(11.3 billion US dollars;10 billion euros)France(8.9 billion US dollars;7.9 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2017:12.8 US dollars(10.8 euros)Switzerland(325 US dollars;288 euros)Denmark(315 US dollars;278 euros)Sweden(268 US dollars;237 euros)Number of countries with organic regulations 2017:93 countries Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2018:726 affiliates from 110 countries Germany-76 affiliates India-47 affiliates China-45 affiliates United States-43 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2019,based on national data sources and data from certifiers *Global market:Ecovia Intelligence(formerly Organic Monitor)2019 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories,see UNSTAT website http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.2 According to the Central European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.1297 US dollars in 2017.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 25 The World of Organic Agriculture 2019:Summary HELGA WILLER,1 JULIA LERNOUD,2 AND LAURA KEMPER3 The year 2017 was another record year for global organic agriculture.According to the latest FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide,the organic farmland,the number of organic producers and organic retail sales continued to grow and reached another all-time high,as shown by the data from 181 countries(data as of the end 2017).More than 69.8 million hectares of organic farmland Australia has the largest area In 2017,69.8 million hectares of organic agricultural land,including in-conversion areas,were recorded.The regions with the largest areas of organic agricultural land are Oceania(35.9 million hectares,which is half the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(14.6 million hectares,21 percent).Latin America has 8 million hectares(11 percent)followed by Asia(6.1 million hectares,9 percent),North America(3.2 million hectares,5 percent),and Africa(2.1 million hectares,3 percent).The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia(35.6 million hectares),Argentina(3.4 million hectares),and China(3 million hectares).Almost a quarter of the worlds organic agricultural land(16.8 million hectares)and more than 87 percent(2.4 million)of the producers were in developing countries and emerging markets(see page 74).See page 36 for the detailed results of the FiBL survey.Globally,1.4 percent of the farmland is organic Liechtenstein has the highest organic share with 37.9 percent Currently,1.4 percent of the worlds agricultural land is organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,are in Oceania(8.5 percent)and Europe(2.9 percent;European Union 7.2 percent).However,some countries reach far higher shares:Liechtenstein(37.9 percent)and Samoa(37.6 percent)have the highest organic shares.In fourteen countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land is organic.Record growth in organic farmland-Increase of 11.7 million hectares or 20 percent Organic farmland increased by 11.7 million hectares or 20 percent in 2017,the largest increase ever recorded.The strong increase is mainly because 8.5 million additional hectares were reported from Australia.However,many other countries reported an important increase and thus contributed to the global growth,such as China(32 percent increase;over 0.7 million additional hectares),Argentina(12 percent increase;more than 0.4 million additional hectares),and the Russian Federation and 1 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 26 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn India,both with an additional 0.3 million hectares.There was an increase in organic agricultural land in all regions.In Europe,the area grew by almost 1 million hectares(7.6 percent increase).In Asia,the area grew by almost 30 percent or an additional 1.2 million hectares;in Africa,the area grew by 14 percent or over 0.2 million hectares;in Latin America the area grew by 7 percent or 0.5 million hectares;and in North America by more than 3 percent or almost 0.1 million additional hectares.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there is organic land dedicated to other activities,most of which are areas for wild collection and beekeeping.Other areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.These areas of non-agricultural land constitute more than 42.4 million hectares(see page 55).Organic producers on the rise 2.9 million producers in 2017 There were at least 2.9 million organic producers in 2017.1 Forty percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(28 percent)and Latin America(16 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(835000),Uganda(210352),and Mexico(210000)(see page 62).There has been an increase in the number of producers of over 100000,or nearly 5 percent,compared to 2016.Growth in all major crop groups Land use and crop details were available for over 90 percent of the organic agricultural land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Brazil and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 80).Over two-thirds of the agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(almost 48.2 million hectares),which increased more than any other land use type in 2017(27 percent).With a total of over 12 million hectares,arable land constitutes 17 percent of the organic agricultural land.An increase of almost 11.3 percent since 2016 was reported.Most of this category of land was used for cereals including rice(4.5 million hectares),followed by green fodder from arable land(2.8 million hectares),oilseeds(1.2 million hectares),dry pulses and vegetables.Permanent crops account for seven percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to nearly 4.9 million hectares.Compared to the previous survey,an increase of more than 300000 hectares,or 6.7 percent,was reported.The most important crops are coffee,with nearly 0.9 million hectares and olives(almost 0.9 million hectares),each constituting almost 20 percent of the organic permanent cropland,followed by nuts(0.6 million hectares),grapes(0.4 million hectares),and tropical and subtropical fruits(almost 0.4 million hectares)(see page 76).1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.The number of producers should,therefore,be treated with caution,and it may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 27 Detailed information on organic cotton was provided by Textile Exchange,showing that during the 2016/17 growing season,117525 metric tons of organic cotton fibre was produced globally by 220478 farmers on 472999 hectares of land.There are currently 18 countries producing certified organic cotton,but 96 percent of the global supply comes from just seven countries.India remains by far the largest producer,accounting for over half of total production,followed by China,Kyrgyzstan,Turkey,and Tajikistan.For more information,including the situation of cotton production in individual countries and regions,see the chapter by Truscott et al.on page 138.Looking at Voluntary Sustainability Standards(VSS),a recent survey of 14 standards(including organic)shows that,in 2016,growth continued and that at least 15 million hectares are covered by selected crops and standards.All of the standards covered experienced growth in their areas since 2011.The most successful commodity is coffee:at least 25.8 percent of the global coffee area is certified at least under one of the standards covered(See the chapter by Lernoud et al.,page 76).Global market has reached 97 billion US dollars Organic food and drink sales reached 97 billion US dollars1 in 2017 according to Ecovia Intelligence.Although organic food sales are growing at a healthy rate,there are still persistent challenges.These include rising number of standards,demand concentration(about 90 percent of sales are in North America and Europe),supply shortfalls,and competing eco-labels,to name a few.For more information,see the chapter by Sahota on page 146).In 2017,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(40 billion euros),Germany(10 billion euros),and France(7.9 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(47 percent of the global market),followed by the European Union(34.3 billion euros,37 percent),and China(7.6 billion euros,8 percent).The highest per-capita consumption in 2017,with almost 300 euros,was found in Switzerland and Denmark.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(13.3 percent),the first country with an organic market share of over ten percent,Sweden(9.1 percent),and Switzerland(9 percent)(See the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 70).Africa There were almost 2.1 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2017.Compared to 2016,Africa reported an increase of almost 255000 hectares,a 14 percent increase.There were at least 815000 producers.Tunisia was the country with the largest organic area(with almost 306500 hectares),and Uganda had the largest number of organic producers(more than 210000).The country with the 1 According to the Central European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.1297 US dollars in 2017.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 28 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn highest organic share of the total agricultural land in the region was the island state Sao Tome and Principe,with 18 percent of its agricultural area being.The majority of certified organic products in Africa are destined for export markets.Key crops are coffee,olives,nuts,cocoa,oilseeds,and cotton(see page 179).Two countries in Africa have legislation on organic agriculture,and seven countries are in the process of drafting legislation.Nine countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.The year 2018 continued to see the growing recognition among policymakers,which became evident at the 4th African Organic Conference,which was held in Dakar,Senegal,in November 2018.The 160 participants,which included farmers,scientists,policymakers and organic business entrepreneurs from more than 30 countries,agreed that Ecological Organic Agriculture(EOA)plays a significant role in fulfilling the African Unions Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In the Saly declaration,the participants recommended that all member states should increase efforts to generate and disseminate information to advance ecological organic agriculture and provide solutions that can facilitate engagement of financial institutions in improving access to financing organic agriculture businesses.Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was almost 6.1 million hectares in 2017.There were 1.1 million producers,most of which were in India.The leading countries by area were China(3 million hectares)and India(almost 1.8 million hectares);Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(8.7 percent)(page 199).Twenty-two countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and six countries are in the process of drafting legislation.Nine countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.Historically,the most important consumer markets were in Japan and South Korea.However,most developments are now occurring in China,which had the largest market in the region in 2017(7.6 million euros),and in India.In Asia,a transition is taking place whereby countries are moving from an export to domestic focus.At the country level,were that national organic standards were approved in countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam,while Cambodia issued a roadmap to promote organic agriculture.National organic standards were revised in China,the Philippines,and South Korea.A framework was implemented to enable policies such as direct payment programs in South Korea.The Philippines prioritized the Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)in the amendment of the RA10068-the“Organic Agriculture Act of 2010”,and PGS remained strong in Indonesia.In Thailand,the government launched a large-scale project,which relies on support programs to convert more than 100000 hectares to organic rice production within three years.The first Biofach Southeast Asia,which was sponsored by the Thai Ministry of Commerce,was successfully launched,and the third Organic Asia Congress was held The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 29 in Bislig City,Philippines with more than 1300 participants from 24 countries from Asia and other parts of the world.In 2018,the two biggest IFOAM Asia projects the Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture(ALGOA)project and the Organic Youth Forum showed the most progress.The members of ALGOA,the“Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture,”tripled in number and reached 204 members.Interest in the Organic Youth Forum is increasing,and a contract with New Taipei City has been signed for the next Forum,which will be held from March 26th to 31st,2019.For more information,see the chapter by IFOAM Asia on page 188).Mediterranean In 2017,the total certified organic area in the Mediterranean region covered over 9 million hectares,of which 7.5 million hectares are organic agricultural area.Organic agriculture started in the mid-1980s in some southern and eastern Mediterranean countries,mainly driven by European investors,who saw opportunities in the sector.The development of organic agriculture remained slow and limited in the Mediterranean until the beginning of the 21st century,when the first aggregated data and information on the organic sector were published,possible thanks to the establishment of the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN)in 1999,which carries out annual surveys and disseminates statistics at the regional and international level.Since then,a consistent evolution in terms of quality,availability,and reliability of information and statistics has taken place.For more information see chapter by Bteich et al.on page 256.Europe As of the end of 2017,14.6 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union 12.8 million hectares)were managed organically by over 397000 producers(European Union:over 305000).In Europe,2.9 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:7.2 percent).Organic farmland has increased by over 1 million hectares compared to 2016.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were Spain(2.1 million hectares),Italy(1.9 million hectares),and France(1.7 million hectares).In ten countries,at least 10 percent of the farmland is organic:Liechtenstein has the lead(37.9 percent),followed by Austria(24 percent)and Estonia(20.5 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled 37.3 billion euros in 2017(European Union:34.3 billion euros),an increase of 10.5 percent since 2016.The largest market for organic products in 2017 was Germany,with retail sales of 10 billion euros,followed by France(7.9 billion euros),and Italy(3.1 billion euros)(see the article by Willer et al.,page 217).Forty-two countries in Europe have legislation on organic agriculture,and one country is in the process of drafting legislation.Both Russia and Ukraine approved their organic laws in 2018.A major milestone in 2018 was the publication of the new European Union(EU)rules on organic production and labelling of organic products in May.The European The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 30 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn organic food and farming movement calls on both EU institutions and stakeholders to work together in the next two years on the development of the implementing and delegated acts.In June 2018,the European Commission launched its proposal for the Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)for the period 2021 to 2027.The European organic sector welcomes the proposal and calls for a significant minimum share of the budget to be dedicated to environmental protection and climate action.On the research side,several major projects were launched such as the Organic-Farmknowledge.org platform,which facilitates the dialogue between practice and research at the European level.Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,almost 460000 producers managed over 8 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2017.This constituted 11 percent of the worlds organic land and 1.1 percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(3.4 million hectares),Uruguay(1.9 million hectares),and Brazil(1.1 million hectares).The highest shares of organic agricultural land were in Uruguay(13 percent),French Guiana(10 percent),and the Dominican Republic(8.7 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as coffee,cocoa,and bananas.In Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commodities.Twenty countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and two countries are in the process of drafting legislation.Organic markets in the region show a positive trend with a high demand on international markets but also domestically;Brazil is the country with the largest organic market on the continent.Mexico,Brazil,Chile,Paraguay,Bolivia,and Argentina have a national seal to distinguish their organic produce on the local market.In many Latin America and the Caribbean countries,the domestic organic market combines a strong social component with business opportunities bringing benefits to thousands of smallholders and the private sector,and Participatory Guarantee Systems play an important role.In 2018,an equivalence agreement for organic production between Chile and the EU was implemented.For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 262.North America In North America,3.2 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2017.Of these,2 million were in the United States and 1.2 million in Canada,representing 0.8 percent of the total agricultural area in the region(see page 276).The U.S.organic sector continues its upward trajectory,gaining new market share and shattering records,as consumers used more organic products than ever before.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 31 Organic sales in the U.S.totalled approximately 49 billion US dollars1(45.2 billion US dollars in food sales)in 2017,reflecting new sales of almost 3.5 billion US dollars from the previous year.Organic food now accounts for 5.5 percent of total food sales in the U.S.The Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 establishes permanent funding for organic research and makes significant strides to improve the oversight of global organic trade and safeguard the integrity of organic.The Organic Trade Association announced a plan to move forward with a voluntary industry-invested organic research,promotion and education check-off-like program.The project has issued a call for stakeholders to submit ideas to generate results and opportunity for organic by April 2019.For more information see article by Haumann on page 276.The Canadian organic sector continues to record significant growth despite a decline in the number of total farms in the country.Canadas total organic market(including food and non-food items)has reached 5.4 billion Canadian dollars,2 up from 3.5 billion Canadian dollars in 2012,with a compound annual growth rate of 8.7 percent.The Organic Science Cluster funding was renewed by the Federal government,investing 8.3 million Canadian dollars into organic research in Canada being conducted by the Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada(OACC).This research investment includes an additional 4.4 million Canadian dollars in industry contributions.For more information,see the chapter by Loftsgard on page 282.Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Island states.Altogether,there were almost 27000 producers,managing 35.9 million hectares.This constituted 8.5 percent of the agricultural land in the region and half of the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(35.6 million hectares,most of which is extensive grazing land),followed by Samoa(more than 106000 hectares),and New Zealand(almost 89000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all agricultural land were in Samoa(37.6 percent),followed by Australia(8.8 percent),Vanuatu(8 percent),Tonga(4.8 percent),and Kiribati(4.7 percent).Five countries in Oceania have legislation on organic agriculture,and eleven countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.Australia has seen even more growth in 2017 in the area of pastoral land under certified organic management,bringing the total certified organic area to more than 35 million hectares.As shown in the article by Wynen,more than 90 percent of the farmland is unimproved pasture(see page 302).The total value of the organic market in Australia for domestically produced goods is estimated to be 2.4 billion Australian dollars3(retail sales and exports).A major recent achievement for the organic sector in 1 According to the Central European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.1297 US dollars in 2017.2 One Canadian Dollar corresponded to 0.683 Euros in 2017 according to the European Central Bank.3 One Australian dollar corresponded to 0.679 euros in 2017(average exchange rate according to the Central European bank.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 32 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Australia was the establishment of the Centre for Organics Research at Southern Cross University.For more information about Australia,see the report by Lawson et al.on page 294.Regional and national agencies and development partners increasingly recognize the value of organic agriculture as a development tool for the Pacific Islands context.Innovations such as the Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Standard and the online Pacific Organic Policy Toolkit are attracting interest from organic farmers through to policymakers.The number of organic farmers in the region is continuing to grow with PGS growing at a faster rate than third-party certification.It is expected that the local market for organic products will start to expand as the tourism and hospitality industries start to look towards organic and sustainability as part of the Pacific Islands brand(see the chapter by Mapusua,page 307).Standards,legislation,policy support According to the FiBL survey on standards and legislation,93 countries had organic standards in 2018,and 16 countries were in the process of drafting legislation.At least 29 countries in Africa,Asia,and Oceania,have adopted national or regional standards for organic agriculture.The European Union(EU)adopted the basic act of its new organic regulation,which will come into force in 2021.In 2019 and 2020,the secondary legislation the delegated and implementing acts for production,controls,and trade will be drafted and adopted.In Russia,the law on organic production was signed,which will come into force in 2020.In Ukraine,the Organic Law was adopted in August 2018,and it will come into force in August 2019.In Belarus,negotiations on the organic legislation have reached the final stage,and adoption is expected in the beginning of 2019.For more information,see the chapter by Huber et al.on page 152).Although organic farming as a concept has existed for almost 100 years,it has only garnered significant attention from consumers,environmentalists,farmers and ultimately policy-makers worldwide since the mid-1980s.Initially set by private scheme owners,mainly organic farmers organizations,in the 1980s,organic standards started to become part of a legislative process that brought the enforcement of national and regional organic regulations to help facilitate international trading.At the same time,an increasing number of governments began supporting organic agriculture beyond regulation,and there is a growing number of government policies and programs that support organic agriculture development,such as subsidy schemes,market development support,capacity building,and research investment.A recent trend is that municipalities and cities play an increasing role in supporting the development of the organic sector while legislating on broader objectives related to sustainable growth and development of urban areas.For more information,see the chapter by Varini and Katto-Andrighetto on page 167.Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are locally focused quality assurance systems.PGS have proven to be an affordable alternative to third-party certification,an effective tool to develop local markets for organic produce and are particularly The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 33 appropriate for small-scale farmers.Based on the data collected through the Global PGS Survey 2017 conducted by IFOAM Organics International,PGS initiatives are established in 66 countries,with at least 311449 farmers involved in PGS initiatives worldwide.This includes mostly small farmers and small processors.It is estimated that there are currently at least 241 PGS initiatives,of which 127 are fully operational.For more information,see the chapter by Katto-Andrighetto et al.on page 161.Outlook IFOAM-Organics International promotes sustainable food production systems through the uptake of organic agriculture,and the new IFOAM strategy,adopted in 2017,seeks to push organic and agriculture as a whole to the next level of sustainability,and thus serves many of the Sustainable Development Goals.Preparations are underway for the Organic World Congress 2020 with the title“From its roots,organic inspires life.”It will bring the global organic sector back to France,where IFOAM Organics International was founded in 1972.For more information,see the chapter by Luttikholt on page 320.Next FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2019;data will be published in February 2020 and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We will contact all relevant experts and would be very grateful if data could be sent to us.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2020 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Corrections will also be posted at www.organic-.Contact:julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org 34 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2017 Source:FiBL survey 2019 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 35 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2017(in hectares)Source:FiBL survey 2019Statistics Introduction 36 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market JULIA LERNOUD1 AND HELGA WILLER2 Introduction The 20th survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.This survey,was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),3 the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland,4 and NrnbergMesse.5 In total,data was provided by more than 200 experts.Governments,private sector organizations,certifiers,and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on a number of countries:BCS,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,ICEA,LACON,Quality Certification Services(QCS),and the Soil Association.Data from the Mediterranean countries was supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari),and data from the Pacific Islands was provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).A list of all data sources and contacts is provided in the annex.In total,data from 181 countries/territories was available.Gambia,Guinea,Mauritania,and Mayotte,are new to the list of countries with organic data.For Belarus,data had been available in the past,but for 2017,data has not been received.Updated data on the organic area was available for 146 countries;however,for some countries,updates were only available for the total organic area and not necessarily for the number of farms,land use,or other indicators.For those countries for which FiBL compiles the data among certifiers,not all certifiers provided updated data.When no new data was available,data from the previous survey were used.1 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Since 2014,data collection on organic agriculture worldwide has been funded by the International Trade Centre(ITC)and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)under the project“T4SD Global Platform for Market Data on Organic Agriculture and Sustainability Standards”.For more information on this project,see www.vss.fibl.org 4 Since 2019,the data collection on organic agriculture has been supported by the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland.5 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Introduction FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn 37 Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2017 Region Countries*with data on organic agriculture Countries per region1 Share of countries that provided data(%)Africa 44 56 79%Asia 41 49 84%Europe 47 49 96%Latin America and Caribbean 33 46 72%North America 3 5 60%Oceania 13 25 52%World 181 230 79%Source:FiBL survey 2019*Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries or territories.2 Data on the following indicators was collected:Organic area in hectares,by country and country groups,including breakdown by crop;Livestock numbers;Production data(volumes and values);Producers and further operator types;Domestic market data(total retail sales value and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);International trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by product).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.,production,livestock numbers,breakdown by product for domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analysis process is available in our metadata,which can be found on page 346.More information on statistics.fibl.org Tables with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data can be found on FiBLs statistics website statistics.fibl.org.Contact:Enquiries related to the data should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics General Notes 38 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2019):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn General notes on the data Organic areas:Data represents certified organic land/areas that are already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany,and Switzerland)and also because land under conversion is under organic management.For a definition of organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Data on conversion status:For some countries,data is collated from several certifiers,some of which provided information on the conversion status while others did not.Therefore,the sum of land under conversion and the fully converted land is not necessarily the same as the total land under organic agricultural management.Share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,based on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.PGS:Since 2011,for some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Katto et.al.on page 161).Countries:For countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.As to the countries grouping by region,the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division,2 is used in most cases.Data sources:Data was gathered from organizations of the private s
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Supported bythe world oforganic agricultureAFRICA 2 MILLION HASTATISTICS&EMERGING TRENDS 2020 NORTH AMERICA 3.3 MILLION HAOCEANIA 36 MILLION HALATIN AMERICA 8 MILLION HAASIA 6.5 MILLION HAEUROPE 15.6 MILLION HAFiBL&IFOAM ORGANICS INTERNATIONALFrom its Rootsorganic inspires life.SAVE THE DATES21-22 SEPTEMBER22 SEPTEMBER23-25 SEPTEMBER26-27 SEPTEMBERPRE-CONFERENCESOPENING CEREMONY(IN THE EVENING)CONFERENCESTOURS AND VISITS/GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF IFOAM-ORGANICS INTERNATIONAL(FOR MEMBERS ONLY)FRANCESEPTEMBER 21st TO 27th 2020 IN RENNES?CONFERENCE CENTRE 90 minutes from Paris#OWC2020 CONGRS MONDIAL BIO 2020 IFOAM ORGANIC WORLD CONGRESS 2020contactowc.bio|www.owc.ifoam.bio/20202020Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2020 Edited by Helga Willer,Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvn?ek,Laura Kemper and Julia Lernoud For the PDF version,corrigenda,supplementary material see http:/www.organic- of the statements and results contained in this book have been compiled by the authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,authors,and publishers are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or advice contained therein.Authors are responsible for the content of their articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views of FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),and NrnbergMesse.The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of SECO,ITC,Coop Switzerland,or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be published at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- inquiries regarding this book and its contents should be sent to Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of table and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga,Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvn?ek,Laura Kemper and Julia Lernoud(Eds.)(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2020.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn.Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2020.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Ackerstrasse113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel. 41 62 865 72 72,Fax 41 62 865 72 73,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel. 49 228 926 50-10,Fax 49 228 926 50-99,e-mail contactifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Association Register no.8726 Language editing:Laura Kemper,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Simone Bissig,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout:Jan Trvn?ek,Bernhard Schlatter,Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Maps:Jan Trvn?ek,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Graphs(if not otherwise stated):Jan Trvn?ek,Bernhard Schlatter and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Infographics:Kurt Riedi,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Organic tea garden in China.Picture:Jinghong Yu.The president of Organic Tea Farmers Association of Xitou Township,Wuyuan County,Jiangxi Province China Printed by Medienhaus Plump,Rolandsecker Weg 33,53619 Rheinbreitbach,Germany Price:30 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Euros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM Organics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org ISBN Printed version 978-3-03736-158-0 ISBN PDF version 978-3-03736-159-7?Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn3 Table of Contents Glossary 10 Foreword from SECO and ITC 11 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 12 Foreword from the Editors 13 Acknowledgements 14 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries 19 The World of Organic Agriculture 2020:Summary 20 Helga Willer,Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvn?ek,Laura Kemper,and Julia Lernoud ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 31 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators and Market 32 Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvn?ek,Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer General notes on the data 35 Organic land 37 Organic producers and other operator types 58 Retail sales and international trade data 65 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 70 Land use and key commodities in organic agriculture 72 Organic Cotton 132 Lisa Barsley,Liesl Truscott,Evonne Tan,Amish Gosai,and Alice Dos Santos GLOBAL MARKET ORGANIC IMPORTS 137 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 138 Amarjit Sahota Organic imports in the European Union 2018?A first analysis 142 Elena Panichi STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION,POLICY SUPPORT 149 Public Standards and Regulations 150 Emanuele Busacca,Flvia Moura e Castro,Joelle Katto-Andrighetto and Beate Huber Internal Control Systems in Organic Agriculture 159 Florentine Meinshausen,Toralf Richter,Beate Huber,Johan Blockeel Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2019 164 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,Cornelia Kirchner,Flvia Moura e Castro,and Federica Varini Demeter International Current Statistics 173 Christoph Simpfendrfer and Sarah Fischer The Mainstreaming of Organic Agriculture in the Himalaya Region 178 Federica Varini AFRICA 185 Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 186 Jordan Gama and David Amudavi Africa:Current Statistics 193 Table of Contents 4 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn ASIA 201 Developments in the Organic Sector in Asia in 2019 202 Shaikh Tanveer Hossain and Jennifer Chang Asia:Current statistics 209 EUROPE 217 Organic in Europe:Recent Developments 218 Helga Willer,Bram Moeskops,Emanuele Busacca,Lna Brisset,and Maria Gernert Europe and the European Union:Key indicators 2018 226 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 227 Helga Willer,Bernhard Schlatter and Diana Schaack LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 265 Latin America 266 Patricia Flores Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 270 NORTH AMERICA 277 US Organic Sales Break Through 50 Billion Dollar Mark 278 Barbara Fitch Haumann Canada 283 Tia Loftsgard North America:Current statistics 286 OCEANIA 291 Australia Findings from the Australian Organic Market Report 2019 292 Harriet Kendrick The Pacific Islands 297 Karen Mapusua Oceania:Current statistics 300 ACHIEVEMENTS AND OUTLOOK 305 Worldwide Organic Outlook 306 Louise Luttikholt ANNEX 309 Key Indicators by Country and Region 310 Data Providers and Data Sources 315 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn5 Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2018.33 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2018.37 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2018(sorted).39 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and organic share of total agricultural land by region 2018.41 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2018(sorted).43 Table 6:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2017-2018 and 10 years growth.45 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2017-2018.47 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2018.53 Table 9:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by country 2018.53 Table 10:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region 2017 to 2018.58 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2018.60 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2018.66 Table 13:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and exports by country 2018.68 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2013-2018.71 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2018.75 Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2018.75 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2017 and 2018 compared.77 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2017 and 2018 compared.79 Table 19:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2017 and 2018 compared.81 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2018.81 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2018.83 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2018.88 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2018.89 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2018.91 Table 25:World:Selected key crop groups and crops area in organic agriculture 2018 (overview including conversion areas).92 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2018.95 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2018.99 Table 28:Cocoa beans:Organic area by country 2018.102 Table 29:Coffee:Organic area by country 2018.105 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2018.108 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2018.112 Table 32:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2018.116 Table 33:Grapes:Organic area by country 2018.120 Table 34:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2018.123 Table 35:Olives:Organic area by country 2018.127 Table 36:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2018.130 Table 37:Organic cotton farmers,area and production 2017/2018.136 Table 38:Volume of the organic agri-food imports into the EU per country.146 Table 39:Volume of the organic agri-food imports into the EU per product category 2018.148 Table 40:Regulations on organic agriculture:Number of countries by region(2019).152 Table 41:Regulations on organic agriculture:Current status by country.155 Table 42:PGS Statistics 2018 and 2019.170 Table 43:Certified Demeter operations in member countries of Demeter-International June 2019.175 Table 44:Certified Demeter operations in other countries as of June 2019.176 Table 45:Demeter certified vintners and grape area worldwide .177 Table 46:Demeter certified vintners and grape area worldwide(certified by Demeter-International).177 Table of Contents 6 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Table 47:Overview of cultivated area(ha)in the Indian Himalayan states under certified organic farming,including in-conversion,share at the state and national levels(2017).182 Table 48:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land and number of organic producers 2018.198 Table 49:Africa:All organic areas 2018.199 Table 50:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2018.200 Table 51:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2018.200 Table 52:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of fasrmland,producers 2018.213 Table 53:Asia:All organic areas 2018.214 Table 54:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture 2018.215 Table 55:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2018.215 Table 56:Europe:Organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 2018.229 Table 58:Europe and the European Union:Land use 2018.235 Table 59:Europe and the European Union:Key crops/crop group 2018.238 Table 60:Europe and the European Union:Organic livestock 2018.241 Table 61:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2018.243 Table 62:Europe and the European Union:Organic retail sales 2018:Key data.246 Table 63:Organic shares for retail sales values(euros)for selected products 2018.252 Table 64:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2018.258 Table 65:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2018.259 Table 66:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country 2018.260 Table 67:Europe:Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2018.261 Table 68:Europe:Organic livestock by country 2018.262 Table 69:Europe:Organic producers,processors,and importers by country 2018.262 Table 70:Europe:The organic food market 2018.264 Table 71:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2018.274 Table 72:Latin America:All organic areas 2018.274 Table 73:Latin America:Land use in organic agriculture 2018.276 Table 74:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2018.276 Table 75:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2018.290 Table 76:North America:All organic areas 2018.290 Table 77:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2018.290 Table 78:Estimated certified organic primary producer operations and area in Australia 2002-2018.293 Table 79:Pacific:Main products that are currently organically certified.297 Table 80:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2018.303 Table 81:Oceania:All organic areas 2018.303 Table 82:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2018.304 Table 83:Key indicators by region 2018.310 Table 84:Key indicators by country 2018.310 Table 85:Development of the number of producers and the organic area according to the Ministry of Agriculture,Livestock and Food in Brasil.333 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2018.38 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2018.38 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of the total agricultural land of at least 10 percent 2018.42 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2018.42 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 1999-2018.46 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2010 to 2018.46 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2018.47 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2018.Total:107.3 million hectares.52 Figure 9:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2018(Total:2.8 million producers).59 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn7 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2018.59 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2018.66 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2018.66 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2018.67 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2018.67 Figure 15(left):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2018.71 Figure 16(right):Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2018.71 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2018.73 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and key crop categories 2018.74 Figure 19:World:Development of organic arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2018 .74 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2018.78 Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2018.78 Figure 22:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2018.80 Figure 23:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2018.80 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2018.82 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2018.82 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2018.87 Figure 27:World:Development of the organic beehives 2008-2018.87 Figure 28:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2018.90 Figure 29:World:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2018.90 Figure 30:Cereals:Organic area 2018.93 Figure 31:Cereals:Organic area 2018.94 Figure 32:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2018.97 Figure 33:Citrus fruit:Organic area 2018.98 Figure 34:Cocoa:Organic area 2018.100 Figure 35:Cocoa:Organic area 2018.101 Figure 36:Coffee:Organic area 2018.103 Figure 37:Coffee:Organic Area 2018.104 Figure 38:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2018.106 Figure 39:Dry Pulses:Organic area 2018.107 Figure 40:Temperate Fruit:Organic area 2018.110 Figure 41:Temperate Fruit:Organic area 2018.111 Figure 42:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2018.114 Figure 43:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area 2018.115 Figure 44:Grapes:Organic area 2018.118 Figure 45:Grapes:Organic Area 2018.119 Figure 46:Oilseeds:Organic area 2018.121 Figure 47:Oilseeds:Organic area 2018.122 Figure 48:Olives:Organic area 2018.125 Figure 49:Olives:Organic area 2018.126 Figure 50:Vegetables:Organic area 2018.128 Figure 51:Vegetables:Organic area 2018.129 Figure 52:Development of organic cotton fibre production in metric tons.133 Figure 53:European Union:Distribution of agri-food imports by aggregated product category 2018.142 Figure 54:Estimated global organic group certification.160 Figure 55:Estimated global organic group certification per region.160 Figure 56:Most important crops certified by group certification.161 Figure 57:Development of PGS-certified producers worldwide.165 Figure 58:Development of the number of Demeter-certified farms.174 Figure 59:Development of the Demeter-certified area in hectares.175 Table of Contents 8 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 60:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2018.195 Figure 61:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2018.195 Figure 62:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2018.196 Figure 63:Africa:Use of organic agricultural land 2018.196 Figure 64:Africa:The ten countries with the largest number of organic producers 2018.197 Figure 65:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2018.211 Figure 66:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2018.211 Figure 67:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 1999 to 2018.212 Figure 68:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2018.212 Figure 69:Europe and the European Union:Growth of organic farmland and retail sales compared,2000-2018.218 Figure 70:Europe:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2018.229 Figure 71:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2018.230 Figure 72:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2018.232 Figure 73:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 1985-2018.233 Figure 74:Europe:Growth rates for organic agricultural land in Europe and the European Union 1985-2018.233 Figure 75:Europe:The ten countries with the highest growth in organic agricultural land in hectares and percentage in 2018.234 Figure 77:Europe and the European Union:Conversion status of organic land in Europe and the European Union 2018.234 Figure 78:Europe:Distribution of land use in organic agriculture 2018.235 Figure 79:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by top 10 countries 2018.236 Figure 80:Europe:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2018.237 Figure 81:European Union:Growth in organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2018.237 Figure 82:Europe and the European Union:Development of organic cows milk production 2007-2018.242 Figure 83:Europe and the European Union:Development of the number of organic producers in 2000-2018.244 Figure 84:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2018.244 Figure 85:Europe:Number of organic producers by country 2018.245 Figure 86:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2018.246 Figure 87:Europe:Retail sales by country 2018.247 Figure 88:Europe:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2018.248 Figure 89:Europe:The countries with the highest organic market growth 2018.249 Figure 90:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2018.250 Figure 91:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2000-2018.250 Figure 92:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2018.251 Figure 93:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2018.254 Figure 94:Europe:Growth of marketing channels for organic products 2015-2018 in selected countries.254 Figure 95:Brazilian organic seals for products certified under participatory guarantee systems(left)or by a certification company/third party certification(right).268 Figure 96:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2018.272 Figure 97:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2018.272 Figure 98:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2018.273 Figure 99:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2018.273 Figure 100:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2018.288 Figure 101:North America:Organic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2018.288 Figure 102:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2018.289 Figure 103:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2018.289 Figure 104:Australia:Distribution of organic export(metric tons)from Australia by region 2018.295 Figure 105:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2018.301 Figure 106:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2018.301 Figure 107:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2018.302 Table of Contents FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn9 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2018(in hectares).31 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2018(in hectares).185 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2018.201 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2018(in hectares).217 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2018(in hectares).265 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2018.277 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2018.291 Infographics Infographic 1:Key indicators 2018.30 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2018.36 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2018.57 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2018.64 Infographic 5:Organic agriculture in Europe:Key indicators 2018.216 Glossary 10 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AfrONet:African Organic Network AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany AOC:African Organic Conference AU:African Union Commission AUC:African Union Commission CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CAADP:Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes CNCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union CSC:Continental Steering Committee of the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa(EOA-I)EFTA:European Free Trade Association EOA(-I):Ecological Organic Agriculture(Initiative for Africa)EU:European Union EU-28:Member countries of the European Union EU-NACOA:EU/North-African Conference on Organic Agriculture Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard Ha:Hectares Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland Mio.:Million MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agriculture,Australia NOARA:Network of Organic Agriculture Researchers in Africa OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SDC:wiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany SOAAN:Sustainable Organic Agriculture Action Network TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of Agriculture Foreword from SECO&ITC FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn11 Foreword from SECO and ITC The adoption of organic agricultural practices contributes greatly to the targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In such a dynamic field,access to good quality data on organic farming not only helps to measure success toward achieving these SDGs but also to orient decision-makers and other stakeholders along the whole value chain.Data can also support the development of a favourable policy environment,reliable regulations and standards,as well as transparency in the organic sector.Once again,increasing demand for organic products stimulated growth in the organic sector with organic food sales surpassing the 100 billion US dollar mark for the first time in 2018.Double-digit growth rates were recorded in many advanced markets for organic products.The production side is also keeping pace:The latest data shows that organic farmland has grown in many countries,and the total organic area increased to more than 70 million hectares,managed by almost 2.8 million producers.By providing dynamic and easy access to organic market and production data,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)and the International Trade Centre(ITC)aim to support decision-makers in governmental administrations,development agencies,NGOs,and other actors of the international organic industry.Considering the latest figures and the continuous and sustainable growth over many years,the organic movement can look confidently to the future.Dr.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Joseph Wozniak Head,Trade for Sustainable Development Programme(T4SD)International Trade Centre(ITC)Geneva,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL&IFOAM Organics International 12 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International With the 21sr edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International proudly present a new edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Data collection as such is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided over the past two decades in this publication serve as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,and the industry,as well as for researchers and extension professionals.It has also proven useful for development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets,and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The publication also shows our ongoing engagement with transparency in the organic sector;the method of collecting the data has been refined over time to reflect the global status of organic as much as possible.“The World of Organic Agriculture”has become one of the most frequently quoted pieces of literature in scientific,technical,and descriptive papers and reports on organic agriculture.This publication also demonstrates the contribution of organic agriculture to the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations.Given that organic agriculture touches on almost all of the goals,this book not only shows the land area,number of producers,and market figures;it also highlights the contribution of organic agriculture to tackling climate change,ensuring food and nutrition security,halting biodiversity loss,and promoting sustainable consumption,to name a few.Overall,“The World of Organic Agriculture”shows the potential organic farming has to contribute to a sustainable future!We are grateful to the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Coop Sustainability Fund and NrnbergMesse for supporting this publication.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information and figures on their region,their country,or their field of expertise.Lastly,we would like to thank the editorial team for their dedication and engagement,and we would also like to express our thanks to the other members of the FiBL team,who support the activities surrounding the data collection.Frick and Bonn,February 2020 Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli Director Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Louise Luttikholt Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn13 Foreword from the Editors In the 21st edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”,we present the latest available data on organic agriculture.Again,many experts have provided valuable data,and we are very grateful to our data and information suppliers from all over the world!Knowledgeable authors once again contributed articles about their regions,their countries,or their fields of expertise,including the global market report,public standards and legislation,Participatory Guarantee Systems,policy support as well as organic cotton.This edition of the World of Organic Agriculture includes some novelties:We are very happy that we can provide the latest(and first)statistics data on imports in the European Union along with an article by Elena Panichi from the European Commission.Another novelty is the article with statistics on Internal Control Systems(ICS)by Florentine Meinshausen and colleagues.This article includes not only data on the extent of ICS but also pertinent background information.Furthermore,we have the pleasure to be able to present statistics from Demeter International.For the crop chapter in this edition,we did not update the existing crop texts,but instead,we are presenting graphs:A map on the global distribution by country for a given crop/crop group,its development,the top countries in terms of organic area and organic share of the total area,the distribution by continent and,in the case of crop groups,the breakdown by crop.All of these graphics are based on interactive Power BI graphs,which you can explore at https:/statistics.fibl.org/visualisation.html.Finally,we wish to announce that the Chinese edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”will be published for the 9th time by the Organic and Beyond company.We want to express our warm gratitude to everyone who makes this report possible!Helga Willer,Bernhard Schlatter,Jan Trvn?ek,Laura Kemper and Julia Lernoud Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Acknowledgements 14 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their supporters for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2020 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,the International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland,the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland(Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit),Basel,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this work.The editors are very grateful to all those listed below,without whom it would not have been possible to produce this yearbook.Ibrahim Abdalhamid,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Palestine National Authority,Palestine National Authority,Palestine;Hadjira Houria Abdellaoui,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Algeria;Heriberto Mamani Acosta,Responsable Nacional del Sistema de Control de la Produccin Ecolgica,Bolivia;Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria;Marcelle Agius,Ministry for the environment,sustainable development and climate chan,Malta;Rocio Aguilar,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera,La Sabana,San Jos,Costa Rica;Lina Al Bitar,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Valenzano,Italy;Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Raed Saleh Almusaylim,Department of Organic Production,Saudi Arabia;Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,Dubai,United Arab Emirates;David Amudavi,Biovision Africa Trust,Nairobi,Kenya;Maria Andreou,Department of Agriculture Cyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus;Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Lidya Ariesusanty,Indonesia Organic Alliance IOA,Bogor,Indonesia;Angela Atallah,CCPB Middle East,Beirut,Lebanon;Valdete Avdiu,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Rural Development,Kosovo;Atef Abdel Azziz,Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation,Egypt,Egypt;Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Ganja City,Azerbaijan;Ebba Barany,Eurostat,Luxembourg;Nouhoun Barro,Ecocert SA West Africa Office,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso;Lisa Barsley,Textile Exchange,London,United Kingdom;Andrew Bayliss,Soil Association Certification Limited,Bristol,United Kingdom;Elif Bayraktar ktem,Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Republic of Turkey,Ankara,Turkey;Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Ambientale(ICEA),Bologna,Italy;Albrecht Benzing,CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany;Olena Berezovska,Organic Ukraine Public Union of Producers of Organic Certified Products,Kyiv,Ukraine;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,LIsle Jourdain,France;Dino Beirevi?,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia&Herzegovina;Rommel Anbal Betancourt Herrera,Agencia de Regulacin y Control Fito y Zoosanitario-AGROCALIDAD,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera MAG,Quito,Ecuador;Sandeep Bhargava,OneCert International Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India;Olivera Bicikliski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Management,Skopje,North Macedonia Simone Bissig,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland;Johan Blockeel,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland;Marian Blom,Bionext,Ede,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse,Nuremberg,Germany;Kerstin Bojar,BIO AUSTRIA,Wien,Austria;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA),Vientiane,Lao PDR;Lorcan Bourke,Bord Bia-Irish Food Board,Dublin,Ireland;Lna Brisset,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Danila Brunner,Nrnberg Messe,Nuremberg,Germany;Marie Reine Bteich,CIHEAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Emanuele Busacca,Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn15 IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Roberta Cafiero,Ministry of Agriculture Food,Forestry and Tourism Policies,Rome,Italy;Rudina Cakraj,Ministry Of Agriculture and Rural Development,Tirana,Albania;Liliana Calma?ui,Asocia?ia Educa?ie pentru Dezvoltare(AED),Chi?in?u,Republica Moldova;Celia Carave,Ecocert Iberica,Sevilla,Spain;Claudia Crdenas Cataln,Servicio Agrcola y Gandero(SAG),Ministerio de Agricultura,Santiago,Chile;Geisel Carvalho de Menezes,Ministry of Finance,Commerce and Blue Economy,Sao Tom and Prncipe;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Seoul,Republic of Korea;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas(SENAVE),Asuncin,Paraguay;Finn Cottle,Soil Association,Bristol,United Kingdom;Catarina Crisostomo,Portugal;Joy Daniel,Institut for Integrated Rural Development(IIRD),Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Monique Decker,Administration des services techniques de lagriculture(ASTA),Luxembourg;Levent Denizer,Ecocert IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Izmir,Turkey;Giorgia DeSantis,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),Rome,Italy;Famara Didhiou,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,This,Senegal;Alice Dos Santos,Textile Exchange,Zrich,Switzerland;Dra Drexler,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary;Gita?urkovi?,Ministry of Agriculture Croatia,Croatia;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Santiago Centro,Chile;Pauline Eid Saad,Ministry of Agriculture,Lebanon;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Stanley,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Ibrahim Elmaghraby;Agricultural Research Center,Giza,Egypt;Carlos Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Conexion Ecologica,Cali,Colombia;Nawal Farkacha,Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries,Rural development and Forests,Rabat,Morocco;Ditta Fekete,Control Union Certifications B.V.,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Addisu Alemayehu Ferede,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EIAR,Akaki,Ethiopia;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Nrnberg,Germany;Sarah Fischer,Demeter-International e.V.,Office Echterdingen,Echterdingen,Germany;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),Brattleboro,United States of America;Dorian Flchet,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Patricia Flores Escudero,Latin American Office of IFOAM-Organics International,Lima,Peru;Alexandra Forbord,Norwegian Agriculture Agency Landbruksdirektoratet,Oslo,Norway;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Walhain,Belgium;Sergiy Galashevskyy,Organic Standard,Kyiv,Ukraine;Jordan Gama,AfrONet c/o Tanzanian Organic Network(TOAM),Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Juan Manuel Gmez,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Osvaldo Garcia,IMOcert Latinoamerica LTDA,Cochabamba,Bolivia;Salvador Garibay,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Maria Gernert,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Maheswar Ghimire,Kathmandu,Nepal;Vasko Gjorgjievski,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,North Macedonia;Laurent C.Glin,Benin;Denise Godinho,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Jos Miguel Gonzlez,Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Environment,Spain;Amish Gosai,Textile Exchange,Bangalore,India;Katharina Gssinger,BIO AUSTRIA,Wien,Austria;Guillaume Granier,Ecocert Colombia,Bogota,Colombia;Rannveig Guleifsdttir,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Cristina Hagatong,Ministry of Agriculture,Sea,Environment and Spatial Planning,Lisbon,Portugal;Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP,Dohuk City,Dohuk,Iraq;Jan Heusser,Coop Fonds fr Nachhaltigkeit,Basel,Switzerland;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus,Wien,Austria;Lee Holdstock,Soil Association,Bristol UK;Tanveer Hossain Shaikh,Asian Productivity Organization(APO),Tokyo,Japan;Andrea Hrabalov,CTPOA,Brno,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Kinga Iham,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Thimphu,Bhutan;Barbara Jggin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO,Bern,Switzerland;Hakkyun Jeong,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Chungnam Province,Republic of Korea;ManChul Jung,Korea Institute of Rural Social Affairs,Chungnam Province Republic of Korea;Nurbek Kannazarov,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Harriet Kendrick,Australian Organic Ltd,Nundah,Australia;Eustace Kiarii,Kenya Acknowledgements 16 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Nairobi,Kenya;Cornelia Kirchner,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Natalie-Kleine Herzbruch,FiBL Germany,Frankfurt;Germany;Lyubomyr Klepbach,Center for Environmental Solutions(CES),Minsk,Belarus;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Milana Kosanovic,Ecocert Balkan,Belgrad,Serbia;Marja-Riitta Kottila,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Weena Krut-ngoen,ACT Certification-Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand,Nonthaburi,Thailand;Heinz Kuhlmann,ABC Enterprises,Tokio,Japan;Manoj Kumar Menon,International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture ICCOA,Rajarajeshwarinagar,Bangalore,India;George Kyrris,Department of Agriculture Cyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus;Eva Lacarce,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Graciela Lacaze,Comisin Interamericana de Agricultura Orgnica(CIAO),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Nicolas Lampkin,Organic Policy,Business and Research Consultancy;Aurora Josefina Lobato Garca,Secretara de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural(SADER),Ciudad de Mxico,Mxico;Tia Loftsgard,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Madrid,Spain;Marly Cristina Lpez Rengifo,Direccin General Agrcola(DGA-MINAGRI),Lima,Peru;Anna Lubovedskaya,Union Organic Farming,Moscow,Russian Federation;Virginija Luksiene,Ekoagros,Kaunas,Lithuania;Martin Lund,Food Industries,Copenhagen,Denmark;Louise Luttikholt,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunis,Tunisia;Farzaneh Mahdipour,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,Velenjak,Evin,Tehran,Iran;Fernando Maldonado Cestona,Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal,El Salvador;John Manhire,The AgriBusiness Group,Lincoln,New Zealand,Karen Mapusua,Pacific Community,SPC,Suva,Fiji;Flix Oswaldo Maquera Cuayla,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria(SENASA),Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego(MINAGRI),Lima,Peru;Roberto Maresca,Controllo e Certificazione Prodotti Biologici CCPB,Bologna;Ayumi Matsuura,Cambodian Organic Agriculture Association(COrAA),Phnom Penh,Cambodia;Florentine Meinshausen,Sustainability Standards&Assurance.Fair&Ethical Trade.Smallholder Value Chains,Zrich,Switzerland;Virgnia Mendes Cipriano Lira,Ministrio da Agricultura,Pecuria e Abastecimento(DTEC/SDA/MAPA),Brasilia,Brazil;Dorota Metera,BIOEKSPERT Sp.z o.o.,Warszawa,Poland,PL;Minna Mietieliva,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Merit Mikk,Centre of Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Tartu,Estonia;Jelena Milic,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Water Economy,Belgrade,Republic of Serbia;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Satoko Miyoshi,Global Organic Textile Standard(GOTS)Japan,Tokyo,Japan;Bram Moeskops,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Carolin Mller,NASAA Certified Organic,Stirling,Australia;Flvia Moura e Castro,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Arijana Mui?,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia&Herzegovina;Darija Musulin,Ministry of Agriculture,Zagreb,Croatia;Mohammed Mutarad Aloun,Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Samuel Ndungu,Kenya Organic Agriculture Network KOAN,Nairobi,Kenya;T?Th?Tuy?t Nhung,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Hanoi,Vietnam;Urs Niggli,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Leandro Duarte Nina Fortuna,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Santo Domingo,Republica Dominicana;Ramn Ernesto Noguera Garca,Instituto de Proteccin y Sanidad Agropecuaria IPSA,Departamento de Inspeccin Certificacin Fitosanitaria,Managua,Nicaragua;Fortunate Nyakanda,Zimbabwe Organic Producers and Promoters Association ZOPPA,Zimbabwe;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of Environment and Water of the United Arab Emirates,United Arab Emirates;Sharon Ong,Ecocert South-East Asia,Singapore;Amresh Pandey,Ecocert SA,Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Elena Panichi,European Commission,Agriculture&Rural Development,Brussels,Belgium;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Bangkok,Thailand;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Copenhagen,Denmark;Petya Pencheva,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Eliza Petrosyan-Sudzilovskaya,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Acknowledgements FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn17 Padova,Italy;Natalie Prokopchuk,SECO-FiBL-SAFOSO Swiss-Ukrainian Program“Higher Value Added Trade from the Organic and Dairy Sector in Ukraine”,Kyiv,Ukraine;Patrizia Pugliese,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei-Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Valenzano,Italy;Bartosz Pytlak,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development-Organic Farming Division,Warsaw,Poland;Andrijana Rako?evi?,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Podgorica,Crna Gora/Montenegro;Brayene Ramanantsoa,Ecocert,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Juan Carlos Ramirez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Alvaro Alfredo Ramos Mndez,Ministerio Agricultura,Ganadera y Alimentacin(MAGA),Ciudad de Guatemala,Guatemala;Hans Ramseier,Bio Suisse,Basel,Switzerland;Sandra Randrianarisoa,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Nestor Raveloson,Ecocert,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Pia Reindl,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Toralf Richter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Frick,Switzerland;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Lauro Antonio Rivera Gramajo,Ministerio Agricultura,Ganadera y Alimentacin(MAGA),Ciudad de Guatemala,Guatemala;Christian Robin,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Bern,Switzerland;Fermn Vicente Romero Houlstan,Direccin Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal;Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario(MIDA),Panam,Repblica de Panam;Monica Rubiolo,Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Bern,Switzerland;Cecilia Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden;Olle Ryegrd,Ekoweb,Sweden,;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Ecovia Intelligence,London,United Kingdom;Gregory Sampson,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Alta Saunders,Ecocert Southern Africa,Stellenbosch,South Africa;Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Bonn,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg;Otto Schmid,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Claudine Schmit,Administration des services techniques de lagriculture(ASTA),Luxembourg;Bernhard Schulz,CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany;Rita Schwentesius,Universidad Autnoma Chapingo,Chapingo,Mxico,MX;Faviana Scorza,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera,La Sabana,San Jos,Costa Rica;Ibrahima Seck,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,This,Sngal;Hana ejnohov,Institute of agricultural economics and information,Brno,Czech Republic;Andreas Selearis,Department of Agriculture(MOA),Nicosia,Cyprus;Dheeraj Sharma,OneCert international Pvt.Ltd,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Kateryna Shor,Information Center“Green Dossier”,Ukraine;Sergii Shupyk,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Christoph Simpfendrfer,Demeter-International e.V.,Office Echterdingen,Echterdingen,Germany;Harpreet Singh Sondh,Control Union Certifications B.V.,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Anamarija Slabe,Institut za trajnostni razvoj,Lubljana,Slovenia;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Feres,Greece;Marianna Smith,Ecocert Southern Africa,Stellenbosch,South Africa;Manjo Smith,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia;Facundo Soria,Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadera y Pesca(MAGYP),Buenos Aires,Argentina;Marcela Stahil,Ministry of Agriculture,Regional Development and Environment of Moldova,Department for Organic Production and Products of Origin,Chi?in?u,Moldova;Franziska Staubli,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Indro Surono,Indonesia Organic Alliance,Bogor,Indonesia;Vic Tagupa,League of Organic Agriculture Municipalities&Cities(LOAMC),Philippines;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;Ilse Timmermans,Departement Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Thanh Trinh,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association VOOA,Hanoi,Vietnam;Bence Trugly,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary;Liesl Truscott,Textile Exchange,Bath,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,Ecocert SAS,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Thimphu,Bhutan;Francesco Tubiello,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Rome,Italy;Daava Tungalag,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Light industry of Mongolia,Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia;Tal Weil Tzameret,Ministry of Agriculture&Rural Development,Plant Protection&Inspection Services(PPIS),Israel;Ray Tzeng,Acknowledgements 18 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic Center,National Ilan University(NIU),Yilan City,Taiwan;Edgardo Uychiat,Negros Island Sustainable Agriculture Research&Development,The Philippines,Miriam van Bree,Bionext,Ede,The Netherlands;Frederica Varini,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Jelena Vasiljevic,Ministry of Agriculture Serbia,Belgrade,Serbia;Airi Vetemaa,Estonian Organic Farming Foundation EOFF,Tartu,Estonia;Rita Villarreal,Direccin Nacional de Sanidad Vegetal;Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario(MIDA),Panam,Repblica de Panam;Anna Voitiuk,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Helena Wistrand,Moreganic Sourcing,Uppsala,Sweden;Joseph Wozniak,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Els Wynen,Eco Landuse Systems,Flynn,Australia;Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,Beijing,China;Valentyna Zaiets,Ministry for Development of Economy,Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Tshering Zam,Ministry of Agriculture and Forests,Department of Agriculture,National Organic Program,Bhutan;Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Ancona;Jos Zapata,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Direccion de Certificacion de Productos Agropecuarios(DICERT-RD),Santo Domingo,Republica Dominicana;Ulrike Zdralek,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Diana Zeidan,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Xiangdong Zhang,Beijing Organic and Beyond Corp.,Beijing,China;Lisha Zheng,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Zejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China;Maja ibert,Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Food,Ljubljana,Slovenia;Darko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Zagreb,Croatia,Silvia Zucconi,Nomisma-Economic Research Institute,Bologna,Italy.Statistics Key Indicators FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn19 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2018:186 countries Organic agricultural land 2018:71.5 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(35.7 million hectares)Argentina(3.6 million hectares)China(3.1 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2018:1.5%Liechtenstein(38.5%)Samoa(34.5%)Austria(24.7%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2018:35.7 million hectares (1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(11.3 million hectares)Zambia(3.2 million hectares)Tanzania(2.4 million hectares)Producers 2018:2.8 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(1149371)Uganda(210352)Ethiopia(203602)Organic market2 2018:96.7 billion euros(2000:15.1 billion euros)US(40.6 billion euros)Germany(10.9 billion euros)France(9.1 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2018:12.8 euros Switzerland(312 euros)Denmark(312 euros)Sweden(231 euros)Number of countries with organic regulations 2018:103 countries Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2018:779 affiliates from 110 countries Germany-79 affiliates India-55 affiliates China-45 affiliates United States-48 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2020,based on national data sources and data from certifiers 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories,see UNSTAT website http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached over 105 billion US dollars in 2018.One euro corresponded to 1.1810 US dollars in 2018 according to the European Central Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 20 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn The World of Organic Agriculture 2020:Summary HELGA WILLER,1 BERNHARD SCHLATTER2,JAN TRVN?EK3,LAURA KEMPER4 AND JULIA LERNOUD5 The latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide show that the year 2018 was another good year for global organic agriculture.According to the latest FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide,the organic farmland and organic retail sales continued to grow and reached another all-time high,as shown by the data from 186 countries(data as of the end 2018).More than 71.5 million hectares of organic farmland In 2018,71.5 million hectares of organic agricultural land,including in-conversion areas,were recorded.The regions with the largest areas of organic agricultural land are Oceania(36 million hectares,which is half the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(15.6 million hectares,22 percent).Latin America has 8 million hectares(11 percent)followed by Asia(6.5 million hectares,9 percent),North America(3.3 million hectares,5 percent),and Africa(2 million hectares,3 percent).Australia has the largest area The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia(35.7 million hectares),Argentina(3.6 million hectares),and China(3.1 million hectares).Globally,1.5 percent of the farmland is organic Currently,1.5 percent of the worlds agricultural land is organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,are in Oceania(8.6 percent)and Europe(3.1 percent;European Union 7.7 percent).Liechtenstein has the highest organic share with 38.5 percent Some countries reach far higher shares than the global share:Liechtenstein(38.5 percent)and Samoa(34.5 percent)have the highest organic shares.In sixteen countries,10 percent or more of the agricultural land is organic.Growth in organic farmland-Increase of 2.0 million hectares or 2.9 percent Organic farmland increased by 2.02 million hectares or 2.9 percent in 2018.Many countries reported a significant increase,for instance France(16.7 percent increase;over 0.27 million hectares more)and Uruguay(14.1 percent increase;almost 0.24 million hectares more).1 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Jan Trvn?ek,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 Laura Kemper,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 5 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn21 Increase of organic farmland in all regions There was an increase in organic agricultural land in all regions.In Europe,the area grew by almost 1.25 million hectares(8.7 percent increase).In Asia,the area grew by almost 8.9 percent or an additional 0.54 million hectares;in Africa,the area grew by 0.2 percent or over 4000 hectares;in Latin America,the area grew by 0.2 percent or 13000 hectares;in North America by more than 3.5 percent or almost 0.1 million additional hectares;and in Oceania,the area grew by 0.3 percent or over 0.1 million hectares.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there is organic land dedicated to other activities,most of which are areas for wild collection and beekeeping.Further areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.These areas of non-agricultural land constitute more than 35.7 million hectares(see page 52).Growth in most major crop groups Land use and crop details were available for over 92 percent of the organic agricultural land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Brazil and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 77).Over two-thirds of the agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(over 48.2 million hectares),which increased in 2018 by 2.9 percent.With a total of over 13.3 million hectares,arable land constitutes 18.6 percent of the organic agricultural land.An increase of almost 4.9 percent since 2017 was reported.Most of this category of land was used for cereals including rice(4.5 million hectares),followed by green fodder from arable land(almost 3.9 million hectares),oilseeds(1.5 million hectares),dry pulses and textile crops.Detailed information on organic cotton was provided by Textile Exchange,who states that 2017/18 was a year to celebrate in the organic cotton sector.Not only did global production of organic cotton see an impressive 56 percent growth;it also represented the highest volume seen since 2010/11 with a global total of 180871 metric tons in 2017/18.The growth stemmed predominantly from India,China and Kyrgyzstan,but also from Turkey,Tanzania,and Tajikistan.For more information,see Barsley et al.on page 142.Permanent crops account for seven percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to over 4.7 million hectares.Compared to the previous survey,a decrease of more than-140000 hectares,or 2.9 percent,was reported;mainly due to fact that less coffee and tropical fruit was reported for Mexico.The most important crops are olives,with nearly 0.9 million hectares or 18 percent,nuts(over 0.7 million hectares or 15 percent),coffee(over 0.7 million hectares or 15 percent),grapes(0.4 million hectares or 9 percent),coconut(0.4 million hectares or 8 percent),and cocoa(over 0.3 million hectares or 7 percent)(see page 72).The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 22 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Organic producers on the rise 2.8 million producers in 2018 There were at least 2.8 million organic producers in 2018.1 Forty-seven percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(28 percent),Europe(15 percent)and Latin America(8 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(1149371),Uganda(210352),and Ethiopia(203602)(see page 58).There has been a decrease in the number of producers of almost 150000,or 5 percent,compared to 2017.Global market and EU organic imports Global market has reached more than 95 billion euros Although organic food sales are growing at a healthy rate,there are still persistent challenges.For example,demand for organic foods remains concentrated in North America and Europe.Although the share of these two regions is declining,they still comprise a large part of global sales.Conversely,it has been challenging for strong local markets to develop in Asian,Latin American and African countries.For more information,see the chapter by Sahota on page 138.Organic food and drink sales reached more than 95 billion euros according to FiBL(page 65)2,3 in 2018.In 2018,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(40.6 billion euros),Germany(10.9 billion euros),and France(9.1 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(42 percent of the global market),followed by the European Union(37.3 billion euros,38.5 percent),and China(8.1 billion euros,8.3 percent).The highest per-capita consumption in 2018,with 312 euros,was found in Switzerland and Denmark.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(11.5 percent),the first country to reach an organic market share of over ten percent,Switzerland(9.9 percent)and Sweden(9.6 percent)(See the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 65).Organic imports in the European Union The European Union,which is the second-biggest organic market,provided data on its organic imports,showing,for the first time,the key import products and key importing countries(based on volume in metric tons).In 2018,the EU imported a total of 3.3 million tonnes of organic agri-food products.Imports of tropical fruit(fresh or dried),nuts and spices represented the single biggest category,totalling 793597 tonnes or 24.4 percent of total imports,followed by oilcakes,cereals other than wheat,as well as rice,and wheat.China is the biggest supplier of organic agri-food products 1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.The number of producers should,therefore,be treated with caution,and it may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.2 Please note that there are some differences in organic food sales figures from Ecovia Intelligence and those from FiBL due to different methodologies.According to Ecovia Intelligence,global retail sales reached over 105 billion US dollars in 2018.3 One euro corresponded to 1.1810 US dollars in 2018 according to the European Central Bank.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn23 to the EU,with 415243 tonnes of produce;that is 12.7 percent of the total organic import volume.Ecuador,the Dominican Republic,Ukraine and Turkey each have an 8 percent share of the total organic import volume.For more information,see contribution by Panichi on page 142).Standards,legislation,policy support According to the IFOAM survey on standards and legislation,84 countries had organic standards in 2019,and 17 countries were in the process of drafting legislation.The European Union(EU)adopted the basic act of its new organic regulation in 2018,which will come into force in 2021.In 2018,the secondary legislation the delegated and implementing act for production,labelling,controls,and trade started to be drafted and adopted,in a process that will continue in 2020.One important change refers to group certification,which is currently only allowed in relation to the control of small operators in developing countries(as defined by OECD1).With the new regulation,it will be allowed everywhere in the world,including the EU.Group certification means that a certain number of small farmers can get organised and be certified as a single entity.For more information,see the chapter by Busacca et al.page 150.In the recent study“Group Certification:Internal Control Systems in Organic Agriculture:Significance,Opportunities and Challenges,”FiBL and IFOAM examined the current scale and scope of group certification by region and country.According to FiBL estimates,about 80 percent of the worlds organic producers are smallholders in low and middle-income countries(58 countries in total),for whom individual certification would be unaffordable and administratively too complex to manage.In total,2.6 million producers were organized in 5800 internal control system(ICS)groups and managed 4.5 million hectares of organic land in 2018(For more information,see chapter by Meinshausen et al.on page 159).In the article“The Mainstreaming of Organic Agriculture in the Himalaya Region”,the policy contexts in Bhutan,India and Nepal are analysed.Over the last ten years,Bhutanese,Nepalese,and Indian policymakers have increasingly recognised the need to transition towards sustainable agriculture,including organic agricultural systems,to preserve their natural resources and improve livelihoods for their rural populations.However,there are also challenges associated with this transition.More information can be found in the article by Varini on page 178.Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are locally focused quality assurance systems.PGS have proven to be an affordable alternative to third-party certification,an effective tool to develop local markets for organic produce and are particularly appropriate for small-scale farmers.Since 2004,the number of PGS initiatives has been growing on all continents,and they now represent a well-established guarantee 1 Development Assistance Committee(DAC)list of Official Development Assistance(ODA)recipients:http:/www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/daclist.htm The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 24 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn system for Organic Agriculture in many countries.In 2019,ten countries had recognised PGS as a guarantee system to ensure the organic quality of products at the national level.In 2019,IFOAM Organics International recorded 223 PGS initiatives in 76 countries in its PGS database,with at least 567142 producers involved.Of these producers,496104 were certified.For more information,see the chapter by Katto-Andrighetto et al.on page 164.Statistics provided by Demeter International show that there are more than 5900 Demeter farmers worldwide with over 200000 hectares in 63 countries(June 2019).Demeter International was founded in 1997 and currently has 19 members and four guest members from Europe,America,Africa,New Zealand and India.For details see article by Simpfendrfer and Fischer,page 173.Organic in the Continents Africa There were more than 2 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2018.Compared to 2017,Africa reported an increase of 4130 hectares,a 0.2 percent increase.There were at least 806000 producers.Tunisia was the country with the largest organic area(with almost 306500 hectares in 2017),and Uganda had the largest number of organic producers(more than 210000).The country with the highest organic share of the total agricultural land in the region was the island state Sao Tome and Principe,with 22.5 percent of its agricultural area being organic.The majority of certified organic products in Africa are destined for export markets.Key crops are coffee,olives,nuts,cocoa,oilseeds,and cotton(see page 193).Four countries in Africa have legislation on organic agriculture,and six countries are in the process of drafting legislation.Five countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.In Africa,significant efforts have been made in mainstreaming organic agriculture into policy,national extension systems,marketing and value chain development,and curricula of some academic institutions and African-led research activities in the continent.Partners of the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative(EOA-I)established databases to make research findings and knowledge on Ecological Organic Agriculture(EOA)available and accessible by various users.Multi-stakeholder platforms with varying membership compositions have been established in all eight participating EOA-I countries(Benin,Ethiopia,Kenya,Mali,Nigeria,Senegal,Tanzania and Uganda)and consequently,some countries have made good progress in advocating for policy change by having polices enacted and introducing policy drafts.The African Union(AU)-led EOA-I Continental Steering Committee(CSC)provided strategic guidance on the implementation of EOA in Africa as informed by various efforts including urging Ministers of the Ordinary Session of the Specialized Technical Committee on Agriculture,Rural Development,Water and Environment to approve important elements of mainstreaming organic agriculture into national,policy,plans and programs.Several important conferences took place:The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn25 The 1st International Conference on Agroecology Transforming Agriculture and Food Systems in Africa(June 2019)in Nairobi,Kenya;the 5th West African Organic Conference(“Organic Agriculture:Life for All”)by the West African Organic Network held in Ghana from 12th to 15th November,the 1st EU/North-African conference on organic agriculture focusing on“Bridging the gap,empowering organic Africa”in Marrakesh,Morocco from 11-12 November.The Network of Organic Agriculture Researchers in Africa(NOARA)rigorously stepped up its activities with the registration of over 200 members from 16 countries,cutting across all regions of Africa and three non-African countries that contributed to various organic agriculture conferences that took place in Africa.The network launched its maiden edition of the African Journal of Organic Agriculture and Ecology(AJOAE)during the 5th West Africa Organic Conference and is currently leading the process of developing a demand-driven Organic Agriculture Research Agenda for Africa 2030(OARAA 2030)with a multi-stakeholder approach,expected to be completed by June 2020.The momentum for supporting organic agriculture in Africa has picked up and more progress is expected in the coming years.For more information,see the chapter by Gama and Amudavi,page 186.Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was more than 6.5 million hectares in 2018.There were 1.3 million producers,most of which were in India.The leading countries by area were China(3.1 million hectares)and India(over 1.9 million hectares).Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(16.8 percent)(page 209).Seventeen countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and eight countries are in the process of drafting legislation.Significant achievements were observed in some Asian countries in 2019,such as the launch of the third version of the national organic standard in China.Similarly,the National Organic Agriculture Board of the Philippines approved the resolution for the inclusion of Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)in the national organic standards.In South Korea,a pilot program started to provide environment-friendly rice to military bases,and the central government approved the budget to provide a box scheme of environmentally-friendly food to pregnant women.Both initiatives are expected to boost organic farming substantially.The demand for organic food in Asia continues to grow fast,and it is uncertain whether the supply of local organic produce can keep up with the ever-increasing demand(see chapter by Hossein and Chang on page 202).The dynamic nature of the organic sector in Asia is shown by the many activities taking place on the continent:In China and the Philippines IFOAM Asia opened country offices,and global interest in the Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture(ALGOA)1 grew with the hosting of the International Organic Agriculture 1 Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture(ALGOA)is a sub-organization under IFOAM Asia and is legally registered in South Korea.The current membership stands at over 260 with representation of local The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 26 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Policy Summit,which took place in September 2019.The Asia Organic Youth Forum will be expanded into a“World Organic Youth Forum”in June 2020,and the Asia Organic Innovation Committee launched in December 2019 will carry out research and document best practices in innovations in Asia.Europe As of the end of 2018,15.6 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union 13.8 million hectares)were managed organically by over 418000 producers(European Union:over 327000).In Europe,3.1 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:7.7 percent).Organic farmland has increased by over 1.25 million hectares compared to 2017.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were Spain(2.2 million hectares),France(2.0 million hectares),and Italy(2.0 million hectares).In ten countries,at least 10 percent of the farmland is organic:Liechtenstein has the lead(38.5 percent),followed by Austria(24.7 percent)and Estonia(21.6 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled 40.7 billion euros in 2018(European Union:37.4 billion euros),an increase of 7.8 percent since 2017.The largest market for organic products in 2018 was Germany,with retail sales of 10.9 billion euros,followed by France(9.1 billion euros),and Italy(3.5 billion euros)(see the article by Willer et al.,page 227).Mainstream retailers generate most organic food sales in Europe(page 218).In June 2018,the new European Union(EU)Regulation 2018/848 on production and labelling of organic products was published;it will apply from 01 January 2021.The process of developing secondary legislation started in June 2018 and should be concluded at the latest by June 2020,six months before the actual application of the new organic regulation.Furthermore,in June 2018,the European Commission launched its proposal for the Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)from 2021 to 2027.A new feature of the CAP is the proposed eco-schemes,which offer a good opportunity to compensate farmers who want to do more for the climate and the environment.However,according to IFOAM EU,eco-schemes should be better defined in order to favour farming systems that provide multiple objectives including organic farming.On the research side,several major projects focussing on organic agriculture were launched,and the Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming(TP Organics)finalized its new Strategic Research&Innovation Agenda for Organics&Agroecology(TP Organics 2019).This document serves to relay the research needs of the organic sector to policymakers.The four main research areas(moving organics further,redesign of food and agricultural policies,climate-resilient and diversified farming systems,and sustainable value chains)and 29 identified priorities require support at the EU level.For more information,see article by Willer et al.on page 218.governments from 18 countries in Asia and Central Asia.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn27 Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,almost 228000 producers managed over 8 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2018.This constituted 11 percent of the worlds organic land and 1.1 percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(3.6 million hectares),Uruguay(2.1 million hectares),and Brazil(1.2 million hectares).The highest shares of organic agricultural land were in Uruguay(14.9 percent),French Guiana(10.1 percent),and the Dominican Republic(7.2 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as coffee,cocoa,and bananas.In Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commodities.Nineteen countries in the region have legislation on organic agriculture,and one country is in the process of drafting legislation.Brazil has the largest market for organic products in Latin America.Similar to Asia,demand is coming from a growing middle class that is seeking healthy,nutritious foods(Sahota,page 138).Notable developments took place in 2019 in Mexico,Chile,Brazil and Peru.In Mexico,the new National Agroecology Plan aims to establish agroecology as a guiding principle in environmental policies,encompassing production,distribution,processing and consumption.In April 2019,the implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding on Organic Products between Chile and Brazil was announced.This memorandum will promote trade in organic products in both countries through the mutual recognition of their certification and control systems.In Peru,the first edition of the International Food Education Forum was held in November 2019 to promote healthy eating and nutritional education.Perus enforcement of Law No.30021(Law for Promotion of Healthy Eating)aims to promote education policies on healthy food and a national nutrition education program in schools.Through these initiatives,organic and agroecologically-produced food is highlighted.For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 266.North America In North America,3.3 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2018.Of these,2 million were in the United States and 1.3 million in Canada,representing 0.8 percent of the total agricultural area in the region(see page 278).New records were achieved in both the US organic food market and organic non-food market.Organic food sales reached 47.9 billion US dollars,1 an increase of 5.9 percent compared to 2017.Sales of organic non-food products jumped by 10.6 percent to 4.6 billion US dollars.Almost six percent of the food sold in the United States is now organic.In 2019,the US organic sector moved ahead with an innovative check-off programme for which,in less than a year,organic stakeholders invested 1.5 million US dollars to advance projects focussing on four key actions.Other developments include the National Organic Programs(NOP)expected release of a proposed rule 1 According to the Central European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.1810 US dollars in 2018.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary 28 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn early in 2020 on“Strengthening Organic Enforcement and Oversight”aiming to strengthen the organic regulations in multiple areas,where increased oversight and enforcement are needed.For more information,see article by Haumann on page 278.Canadas total organic market(including food and non-food items)reached 6.38 billion Canadian dollars,1 up from 3.5 billion in 2012,with a compound annual growth rate of 8.7 percent.Statistics indicate the market share of organic food and beverages sold through mainstream retailers has grown from 1.7 to 2.6 percent(2017).The Canadian Organic Standards are in their review process,to be updated as part of its regular 5-year review process.The new standards will be published in November 2020 and will be mandatory as of November 2021.Canada will be reviewing equivalency arrangements in light of these changes as well as the new regulatory framework.For more information,see the chapter by Loftsgard on page 283.Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Island states.Altogether,there were almost 21000 producers,managing 36.0 million hectares.This constituted 8.6 percent of the agricultural land in the region and half of the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(35.7 million hectares,most of which is extensive grazing land),followed by Samoa(more than 97000 hectares),and New Zealand(almost 89000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all national agricultural land were in Samoa(34.5 percent),followed by Vanuatu(13.7 percent),Fiji(9.7 percent),Australia(8.8 percent),Kiribati(4.7 percent),and Solomon Islands(4.4 percent).Four countries in Oceania have legislation on organic agriculture,and twelve countries have a national standard but no organic legislation.Now estimated to be worth 2.6 billion Australian dollars,the Australian organic industry(exports and retail sales)continued to grow in 2018 despite harsh environmental conditions-with many regions still experiencing significant drought.The growing interest in Australian products from export markets is continuing to forge ahead with the total export volume for 2018 growing by 13 percent since 2017.Over 2018,30,155 tonnes of organic products were exported to 61 different countries.For more information about Australia,see the report by Kendrick on page 292.While certification continues to expand across the Pacific and governments are becoming increasingly interested in taking action to create a supportive policy environment,a significant development is that regional and national agencies and development partners are increasingly recognising the value of organic agriculture as a development tool for the Pacific islands context.PGS models in the Pacific include wild harvest,“whole island”,as well as more traditional grower groups,and there are currently 11 PGS approved to use the Organic Pasifika Mark.The number and variety 1 According to the Central European Bank,1 euro corresponded to 1.5294 Canadian dollars in 2018.The World of Organic Agriculture Summary FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn29 of PGS-certified products on local markets and for export is expanding.Third-party organic certification continues to grow slowly.For some growers of long-term crops such as coconuts,devastation by tropical cyclones makes maintaining certification through the recovery period uneconomical.These issues are likely to be exacerbated under climate change scenarios with more frequent and stronger climate events(see the chapter by Mapusua,page 297).Outlook In her outlook,Louise Luttikholt,executive Director of IFOAM Organics International,explains that UN institutions are increasingly recognising the role of agroecology as a science,a practice,and a social movement that contributes to making agriculture and food systems more sustainable.At the Committee of World Food Securitys FAO meeting in October 2019,represented countries expressed overwhelming support for the“Scaling up Agroecology”initiative.IFOAM is honoured to support these conversations through its global campaigns,like“Honest Food”(www.honestfood.bio).By communicating the positive contributions of organic agriculture clearly,we can build new partnerships and together create greater awareness of how organic agriculture is part of the solution.For more information,see the chapter by Luttikholt on page 306.IFOAM Organic World Congress and Statistics preconference In 2020,the 20th Organic World Congress(OWC)will be held from 21-27 September in Rennes,France.In the days leading up to the congress,delegates have the opportunity to participate in one of eight,topic-specific pre-conferences,one of them focussing on statistics.More information is available at OWC 2020 website https:/owc.ifoam.bio/2020/.Next FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2020;data will be published in February 2021 and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We will contact all relevant experts and would be very grateful if data could be sent to us.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2021 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Corrections will also be posted at www.organic-.Contact:helga.willerfibl.org 30 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Infographic 1:Key indicators 2018 Source:FiBL survey 2020 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn31 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics AfricaLatin AmericaEuropeOceaniaNorth America3.3 mio ha8.0 mio ha15.6 mio ha6.5 mio ha 36.0 mio ha0.07 mio ha2.8 mio haAgricultural landOther(wild collection,beekeeping,aquaculture,forests,grazed non agricultural land)Asia2.0 mio ha11.5 mio ha 17.3 mio ha Map 1:Organic agricultural land and non-agricultural areas in 2018(in hectares)Source:FiBL survey 2020 Statistics Introduction?32 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn?Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators and Market BERNHARD SCHLATTER1,JAN TRVN?EK2,JULIA LERNOUD3 AND HELGA WILLER4 Introduction The 21st survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)in collaboration with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.This survey was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),5 the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland,6 and NrnbergMesse.7 Data providers In total,data were provided by more than 200 experts.Governments,private sector organizations,certifiers,and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on several countries:BioInspecta,CCPB,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,Ecoglobe,Ekoagros,ICEA,Imocert,Kiwa BCS Oko-Garantie GmbH,LACON,NASAA Certified Organic(NCO),Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand(ACT),Organizacin Internacional Agropecuaria(OIA),OneCert,and Quality Certification Services(QCS).A new collaboration with the Inter-American Commission for Organic Agriculture(CIAO)eased data collection in Latin American the Caribbean substantially.Data from the Mediterranean countries were supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari),as it has been for the past decade.Data from the Pacific Islands was provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).Another important source?1 Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Jan Trvn?ek,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 4 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 5 Since 2014,data collection on organic agriculture worldwide has been funded by the International Trade Centre(ITC)and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)under the project“T4SD Global Platform for Market Data on Organic Agriculture and Sustainability Standards”.For more information on this project,see www.vss.fibl.org 6 Since 2019,the data collection on organic agriculture has been supported by the Sustainability Fund of Coop Switzerland.7 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Introduction FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn33 covering many countries is Eurostat.A list of all data sources and contacts is provided in the annex.Countries covered In total,data from 186 countries/territories were available.Gambia,Guinea,Mauritania,and Mayotte are new to the list of countries with organic data.Updated data on the organic area was available for 142 countries;however,for some countries,updates were only available for the total organic area and not necessarily for the number of farms,land use,or other indicators.For the countries for which FiBL compiles the data among certifiers,not all certifiers provided updated data.When no new data was available,data from the previous survey were used.Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2018 Region Countries*with data on organic agriculture Countries per region1 Share of countries that provided data(%)Africa 47 61 77%Asia 42 51 82%Europe 48 51 94%Latin America and Caribbean 33 48 69%North America 3 4 75%Oceania 13 24 54%World 186 239 78%Source:FiBL survey 2020*Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries or territories.2 Indicators covered Data on the following indicators were collected:Organic area in hectares including breakdown by crop;livestock numbers;production data(volumes and values);producers and further operator types;domestic market data(total retail sales and food service sales values and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);international trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by product).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.,production,livestock numbers,breakdown by product for the domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analysis process is available in our metadata,which can be found on Organic Eprints(http:/orgprints.org/31359).1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics Introduction 34 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Challenges with the 2020 survey With the 2020 survey we experienced a number of challenges:We had data in our database,for which we had not received updates or confirmation for several years.We decided not to continue using this data after a certain point of time(e.g.from 2015 onwards),which resulted in a substantial drop in area and producers for some countries.We revised some of the crop data for some countries,as the data seemed implausible.We received some major data revisions for some countries,sometimes resulting in a drop of area and producers or change of crop data compared to what we had communicated previously.Special case of Mexico:There is a challenge with the number of producers in some countries,as some certifiers provide data on all producers including small holders,whereas other certifiers provide data on the certificates only.This problem became particularly marked in the case of Mexico,where the data source changed,and the new source does not include the smallholder farmers,resulting in a major drop of organic producers in Mexico and Latin America as a whole.The change of data source had also an effect on the global number of organic producers:Almost 150000,or 5.0 percent less producers were recorded compared with 2017.However,in all other continents,with the exception of Africa,the number of producers increased.More information on statistics.fibl.org Interactive tables and graphs with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data can be found on FiBLs statistics website statistics.fibl.org.Contact:Enquiries related to the data should be sent to Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail helga.willerfibl.org.Statistics General Notes FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn35 General notes on the data Area:Data represents certified organic land that is already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany,and Switzerland)and because land under conversion is under organic management.For a definition of organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Area share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,based on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.Producer data:Some countries report the number of smallholders while others report only the number of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise several producers.This applies in particular to many African countries.The number of producers is,therefore,probably higher than the number communicated in this report.Market data:It should be noted that for market and trade data,comparing country statistics remains very problematic due to differing methods of data collection.Furthermore,for market and trade values fluctuating exchange rates must be kept in mind.PGS:Since 2011,for some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Katto-Andrighetto et al.on page 164).Country definitions:For countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.In most cases,countries are groups by region according to the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division1.Sources:Data was gathered from private sector organizations,governments,and certification bodies.For detailed information on the data sources,please check the annex at the end of this volume(page 315).Direct year-to-year comparison:A direct year-to-year comparison is not possible for all data as the data sources may change,data may not be provided on an annual basis,data access may improve,or exchange rates might change.Completeness of data:For some countries,either no current data were available,or the data provided may not be complete.For others,no data were available.It may,therefore,be assumed that the extent of organic agriculture is larger than documented in this publication.Data revisions:Data revisions and corrections are communicated at www.organic- for the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide are available on Organic Eprints at http:/orgprints.org/31359.1 The definition of organic agriculture is available at the website of IFOAM Organics International www.ifoam.bio/en/organic-landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture?36 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn?Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2018 Source:FiBL survey 2020Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn37 Organic land Organic agricultural land In 2018,71.5 million hectares were under organic agricultural management worldwide.1 The region with the most organic agricultural land is Oceania,with 36 million hectares,followed by Europe with 15.6 million hectares,Latin America(8 million hectares),Asia(6.5 million hectares),North America(3.3 million hectares),and Africa(2.0 million hectares).Oceania has half of the global organic agricultural land.Europe,a region that has had a very constant growth of organic land over the years,has over 22 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land followed by Latin America with 11 percent(Table 2,Figure 1).Australia,which continued to experience growth of its organic area in 2018( 42761 hectares),is the country with the most organic agricultural land;it is estimated that 97 percent of the farmland is extensive grazing areas.Argentina is second followed by China in third place(Table 2,Figure 2).The 10 countries with the largest organic agricultural areas have a combined total of 56.2 million hectares and constitute three-quarters of the worlds organic agricultural land.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there are further organic areas such as wild collection areas.These areas constitute more than 35.7 million hectares.Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2018 Region Organic agricultural land hectares Regions shares of the global organic agricultural land Africa 2003976 3%Asia 6537226 9%Europe 15635505 22%Latin America 8008581 11%North America 3335002 5%Oceania 35999373 50%World*71514583 100%Source:FiBL survey 2020.Note:Agricultural land includes in-conversion areas and excludes wild collection,aquaculture,forest,and non-agricultural grazing areas.*Includes correction value for French overseas departments.1 Data provided both for the fully converted and in conversion area are included in this work.However,some countries provided only data on the fully converted area,others only on the total organic agricultural land,and thus the conversion area is not known for many countries.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 38 FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2018 Source:FiBL survey 2020,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 315 1.521.941.962.022.042.152.253.143.6335.69010203040GermanyIndiaItalyUnited States of AmericaFranceUruguaySpainChinaArgentinaAustraliaMillion hectaresThe ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2018Source:FiBL survey 2020 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2018 Source:FiBL survey 2020,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 315 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2020):The World of Organic Agriculture.Frick and Bonn39 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2018(sorted)For an alphabetical country list(including information on data year),see page 310.Country Hectares Australia 35687799 Argentina 3629968 China 3135000 Spain 2246475 Uruguay 2147083 France 2035024 United States of America 2023430 Italy 1958045 India 1938221 Germany 1521314 Canada 1311572 Brazil 1188255 Turkey 646247 Austria 637805 Sweden 608758 Russian Federation 606975 Czech Republic 538894 Greece 492627 Poland 484676 United Kingdom 457377 Romania 326260 Peru 311461 Ukraine 309100 Tunisia 306467 Finland 297442 Latvia 280383 Tanzania 278467 Uganda 262282 Denmark 256711 Indonesia 251631 Lithuania 239691 Viet Nam 237693 Philippines 218570 Portugal 213118 Hungary 209382 Estonia 206590 Kazakhstan 192134 Slovakia 188986 Ethiopia 186155 Mexico 183225 Dominican Republic 169026 Bulgaria 162332 Switzerland 160992 Kenya 154488 Ireland 118699 Country Hectares Egypt 116000 Bolivia 114306 Croatia 103166 Sierra Leone 99238 Samoa 97656 Thailand 95066 Belgium 89025 New Zealand 88871 South Africa 82818 Sri Lanka 77169 Sudan 76941 Pakistan 64885 Timor-Leste 63882 Congo,D.R.60624 Netherlands 57904 Nigeria 57117 Burkina Faso 56663 Cte dIvoire 50574 Papua New Guinea 49573 Madagascar 48757 Slovenia 47848 Norway 46377 Paraguay 42818 Ecuador 41793 Togo 41323 Fiji 41154 Azerbaijan 37630 Nicaragua
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Supported bythe World oforganic agricultureafrica 1.7 million haSTATISTICS&EMERGING TRENDS 2017 north america 3.0 million haoceania 22.8 million halatin america 6.7 million haasia 4.0 million haeurope 12.7 million haFIBL&IFOAM ORGANICS INTERNATIONALA Global Vision and Strategy for Organic Farming ResearchCondensed VersionTechnology Innovation Platform of IFOAMOrganics International(TIPI)c/o Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Ackerstrasse 113|P.O.Box 219|CH-5070 Frick|Switzerland tipiifoam.bio|Tel. 41 62 865 72 72www.organic- Vision 2030 for the future development of organic farming:Organic contributes to the resolution of the future challenges of global agriculture.Organic agriculture becomes the preferred land use system in rural areas worldwide.Organic agriculture secures food and ecosystems through eco-functional intensification.Organic agriculture produces healthy food in a fair way for the well-being of all.A Global Vision and Strategy for Organic Farming ResearchCondensed versionUrs Niggli Christian Andres Helga Willer Brian P.BakerTIPI Vision and StrategyTechnology Innovation Platform of IFOAMOrganics International(TIPI)Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL IFOAM Organics International The World of Organic Agriculture Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017 Edited by Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud For PDF version,corrigenda and supplementary material see http:/www.organic- All of the statements and results contained in this book have been compiled by the authors and are to the best of their knowledge correct and have been checked by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.However,the possibility of mistakes cannot be ruled out entirely.Therefore,the editors,authors,and publishers are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantees whatsoever regarding any of the statements or results in this work;neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes,nor for any consequences of actions taken by readers based on statements or advice contained therein.Authors are responsible for the content of their own articles.Their opinions do not necessarily express the views FiBL or IFOAM Organics International.This document has been produced with the support of the International Trade Centre(ITC),the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),and NrnbergMesse.The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinions of ITC,SECO,or NrnbergMesse.Should corrections and updates become necessary,they will be published at www.organic-.This book is available for download at http:/www.organic- enquiries regarding this book and its contents should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Ackerstrasse 113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.Please quote articles from this book individually with name(s)of author(s)and title of article.The same applies to the tables:Please quote source,title of table and then the overall report.The whole report should be cited as:Willer,Helga and Julia Lernoud(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2017.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,and IFOAM Organics International,Bonn.Version 1.3 of February 20,2017.Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data A catalogue record for this publication is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek February 2017.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Ackerstrasse113,5070 Frick,Switzerland,Tel. 41 62 865 72 72,Fax 41 62 865 72 73,e-mail info.suissefibl.org,Internet www.fibl.org IFOAM Organics International,Charles-de-Gaulle-Str.5,53113 Bonn,Germany,Tel. 49 228 926 50-10,Fax 49 228 926 50-99,e-mail headofficeifoam.bio,Internet www.ifoam.bio,Trial Court Bonn,Association Register no.8726 Language editing support:Simon Moakes,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover:Simone Bissig,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Layout:Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Maps:Simone Bissig and Bernhard Schlatter,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Graphs(if not otherwise stated):Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Infographic:Kurt Riedi,FiBL,Frick,Switzerland Cover picture:Campo Laguna Blanca in Entre Ros Province,Argentina,is a project of the Tompkins Conservation,comprising almost 3000 hectares.Laguna Blanca is a model of diversified organic agriculture in the region.More information is available at http:/www.tompkinsconservation.org/farm_laguna_blanca.htm Printed by Medienhaus Plump,Rolandsecker Weg 33,53619 Rheinbreitbach,Germany Price:25 Euros,IFOAM Organics International affiliates:20 Euros Printed copies of this volume may be ordered directly from IFOAM Organics International and FiBL(see addresses above)or via the IFOAM Organics International website at www.ifoam.bio or the FiBL shop at shop.fibl.org Printed version ISBN 978-3-03736-040-8 PDF version ISBN 978-3-03736-041-5 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 3 Table of Contents Glossary 13 Foreword from SECO and ITC 15 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 16 Foreword from the Editors 17 Acknowledgements 18 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries 23 The World of Organic Agriculture 2017:Summary 25 Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud ORGANIC AGRICULTURE WORLDWIDE:CURRENT STATISTICS 35 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market 36 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Introduction 36 General notes on the data 38 Organic agricultural land 40 Organic share of total agricultural land by region and country 44 Development of the organic agricultural land 48 All organic areas,including non-agricultural areas 55 Organic producers and other operator types 62 Retail sales and international trade data 69 Organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets 74 LAND USE AND COMMODITIES 77 Land use and commodities in organic agriculture 78 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Land use 78 Arable land 82 Permanent crops 84 Wild collection and beekeeping areas 86 Beehives 91 Aquaculture 94 Statistics on selected crops 97 Cereals 98 Citrus fruit 102 Cocoa beans 104 Coffee 106 Dry pulses 108 Fruit:Temperate fruit 110 Fruit:Tropical and subtropical fruit 114 Grapes 118 Oilseeds 120 Olives 124 Table of Contents 4 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Vegetables 126 Organic Cotton 129 Liesl Truscott,Evonne Tan,Lisa Emberson and Amish Gosai Trends 129 Geography of production 131 Market value 134 Voluntary organic supply chain standards 134 Challenges and opportunities for organic cotton 135 GLOBAL MARKET 137 The Global Market for Organic Food&Drink 138 Amarjit Sahota Introduction 138 North America 138 Europe 139 Other regions 140 Challenges and growth outlook 140 The Organic and Fairtrade Market 2015 143 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Highlights and key data 144 Table and Graphs 145 STANDARDS,REGULATIONS AND POLICIES 149 Standards and Regulations 150 Beate Huber and Otto Schmid Organic legislation worldwide:current situation 150 The Codex Alimentarius Guidelines:Recent developments 153 Import requirements of major economies 154 Participatory Guarantee Systems in 2016 157 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto and Cornelia Kirchner Latest Developments in Policy Support for Organic Agriculture 159 Joelle Katto-Andrighetto AFRICA 161 Latest Developments in Organic Agriculture in Africa 162 Jordan Gama The African Organic Network(AfrONet)162 Strategic Plan(2015-2025)for the Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative(EOAI)for Africa 163 New UNCTAD study“Financing Organic Agriculture in Africa:Mapping the Issues”164 Outlook 165 Organic Farming in Kenya:Promising Growth and a Bright Future 167 Richard Ngunjiri Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 5 Africa:Current Statistics 169 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Africa:Graphs 171 Organic Agriculture in Africa:Tables 174 ASIA 179 Development of the Organic Sector in Asia in 2016 180 IFOAM Asia,Overview of the trends and developments in the organic sector 180 Country reports 181 Major achievements of IFOAM Asia 187 Asia:Current statistics 188 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer,and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Asia:Graphs 190 Organic Agriculture in Asia:Tables 192 EUROPE 197 Organic Farming in Europe 198 Helga Willer,Stephen Meredith,Yulia Barabanova,Bram Moeskops,and Matthias Stolze Current trends 198 EU regulatory framework on organic farming 199 EU policy framework on organic farming 200 Research 201 Challenges and recommendations 203 Outlook 204 Europe and European Union:Key indicators 2015 206 Organic Farming and Market Development in Europe and the European Union 207 Helga Willer,Diana Schaack,and Julia Lernoud 1 Exceptional growth in 2015:Market and production highlights 207 2.Organic agricultural land 210 2.1 Organic agricultural land 210 2.2 Organic shares of total agricultural land 212 2.3 Growth of the organic land 212 2.4 Conversion status of organic farmland 215 3 Land use in and crops grown organic agriculture 216 3.1 Land use 216 3.2 Crops grown in organic agriculture 219 3.3 Further organic areas 220 4 Organic livestock 221 5 Producers,processors and importers 223 5.1 Organic producers 223 5.2 Organic processors and importers 223 6 Domestic market development 226 6.1 Size of the organic market 226 Table of Contents 6 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 6.2 Growth of the organic market 228 6.3 Per capita consumption of organic food 229 6.4 Organic market shares 230 6.5 Comparison of organic products and product groups with the total market 231 6.6 Marketing channels in organic agriculture 233 7 Conclusion 234 8 Acknowledgements 234 Organic Agriculture in Europe:Tables 236 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 245 Latin America and the Caribbean 246 Patricia Flores Public policies 246 Regional markets 247 Organic&Biodynamic Agriculture Movement 247 Scaling-up experiences in the organic sector 248 Latin America and the Caribbean:Current statistics 250 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Graphs 252 Organic Agriculture in Latin America and Caribbean:Tables 254 NORTH AMERICA 257 Organic Continues to Set Records in the United States 258 Barbara Fitch Haumann Organic garners more attention 259 Consumer findings 260 Organic hotspots 260 All eyes on organic check-off proposal 261 Other critical issues 261 International trade 263 Canada 264 Marie-Eve Levert and Jill Guerra Organic sector 264 Organic market 267 Further resources 269 North America:Current statistics 270 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in North America:Graphs 272 Organic Agriculture in North America:Tables 274 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 7 OCEANIA 275 Australia 276 Andrew Lawson,Andrew Monk and Amy Cosby Introduction 276 Regulatory framework 276 Accredited certifiers 277 Domestic produce 278 Primary producers and area of farmland 279 Organic consumer attitudes in Australia 279 Awareness of certification marks 280 The Pacific Islands 282 Karen Mapusua Recent important developments 282 History 283 Key actors 285 Market&trade 287 Legislation 288 Government and international support 288 Outlook 288 Oceania:Current statistics 290 Julia Lernoud,Helga Willer and Bernhard Schlatter Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Graphs 291 Organic Agriculture in Oceania:Tables 293 BETTER DATA 295 FiBL Survey on Organic Agriculture Worldwide Metadata 296 Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud OUTLOOK 307 Motions and More 308 Markus Arbenz Organic 3.0 308 New breeding techniques 309 Aquaculture 309 Membership 310 ANNEX 311 Key Indicators by Country and Region 312 Data Providers and Data Sources 316 Table of Contents 8 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Tables Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2015 37 Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2015 40 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2015(sorted)42 Table 4:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and shares of total agricultural land by region 2015 44 Table 5:World:Organic shares of total agricultural land by country 2015(sorted)46 Table 6:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by region:growth 2014-2015 48 Table 7:World:Development of organic agricultural land by country 2012-2015 51 Table 8:World:Organic areas:Agricultural land(including conversion areas)and further organic areas by region in 2015 56 Table 9:World:All organic areas by country 2015 56 Table 10:World:Development of the numbers of producers by region 2014 to 2015 62 Table 11:World:Organic producers and other operator types by country 2015 64 Table 12:Global market data:Retail sales and per capita consumption by region 2015 70 Table 13:Global market data:Retail sales,organic share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and exports by country 2015 72 Table 14:Countries on the DAC list:Development of organic agricultural land 2010-2015 74 Table 15:World:Land use in organic agriculture by region(including in-conversion areas)2015 79 Table 16:World:Land use and crop categories in organic agriculture worldwide 2015 81 Table 17:Use of organic arable land(including in-conversion areas),2014 and 2015 compared 82 Table 18:Use of organic permanent cropland(including in-conversion areas),2014 and 2015 compared 84 Table 19:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2014 and 2015 compared 86 Table 20:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by crop group 2015 86 Table 21:Wild collection and beekeeping areas by country 2015 88 Table 22:Number of organic beehives by country 2015 93 Table 23:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by species 2015 94 Table 24:Organic aquaculture:Production volume by country 2015 96 Table 25:Selected key crop groups and crops in organic agriculture 2015(overview):Land under organic management(including conversion areas)97 Table 26:Cereals:Organic area by country 2015 100 Table 27:Citrus fruit:Organic area by country 2015 103 Table 28:Cocoa beans:Organic area by country 2015 105 Table 29:Coffee:Organic area by country 2015 107 Table 30:Dry pulses:Organic area by country 2015 109 Table 31:Temperate fruit:Organic area by crop 2015 110 Table 32:Temperate fruit:Organic area by country 2015 112 Table 33:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by crop 2015 115 Table 34:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Organic area by country 2015 116 Table 35:Grapes:Organic area by country 2015 119 Table 36:Oilseeds:Organic area by crop 2015 120 Table 37:Oilseeds:Organic area by country 2015 122 Table 38:Olives:Organic area by country 2015 125 Table 39:Vegetables:Organic area by country 2015 127 Table 40:Organic cotton producers,area and production volume 2014/2015 131 Table 41:Global market data:Organic and Fairtrade retail sales,share of all retail sales,per capita consumption,and market share,2015 145 Table 42:Countries with regulations on organic agriculture 2016 151 Table 43:Countries in the process of drafting regulations 2016 153 Table 44:Countries with a national standard but without a national legislation 2016 153 Table 45:Crops grown in organic agriculture in Kenya 2015 167 Table 46:Africa:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of organic producers 2015 174 Table 47:Africa:All organic areas 2015 175 Table 48:Africa:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 176 Table 49:Africa:Use of wild collection areas 2015 177 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 9 Table 50:Asia:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 192 Table 51:Asia:All organic areas 2015 193 Table 52:Asia:Land use in organic agriculture(fully converted and in conversion)2015 194 Table 53:Asia:Use of wild collection areas 2015 195 Table 54:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country group 210 Table 55:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by country group 2015 216 Table 56:Europe and European Union:Key crops/crop group 2015 219 Table 57:Europe and European Union:Organic livestock 2015 221 Table 58:Europe:Organic operators by country group 2015 223 Table 59:Europe:Organic retail sales by country group 2015 226 Table 60:Europe:Value shares of organic products and product groups of their respective total markets for selected countries 2015 232 Table 61:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2015 236 Table 62:Europe:Conversion status of organic agricultural land 2015 237 Table 63:Europe:Land use and in organic agriculture by country 2015 238 Table 64:Europe:Organic agricultural land and wild collection areas by country 2015 239 Table 65:Europe:Organic producers,processors and importers by country 2015 240 Table 66:Europe:The market for organic food 2015 241 Table 67:Europe:Key indicators by country group 2015 242 Table 68:Latin America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 254 Table 69:Latin America:All organic areas 2015 255 Table 70:Latin America:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 256 Table 71:Latin America:Use of wild collection areas 2015 256 Table 72:Canada:Value and volume of tracked imported organic products 2012-2015 268 Table 73:North America:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 274 Table 74:North America:All organic areas 2015 274 Table 75:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 274 Table 76:Estimated certified organic primary production operations and area(ha)in Australia 2002-2016 278 Table 77:Pacific Islands:Organic Products 287 Table 78:Oceania:Organic agricultural land,organic share of total agricultural land,and number of producers 2015 293 Table 79:Oceania:All organic areas 2015 293 Table 80:Oceania:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 294 Table 81:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas):Key indicators by region 2015 312 Table 82:Organic agricultural land,share of total agricultural land,number of producers,and retail sales 2015 312 Figures Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2015 41 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015 41 Figure 3:World:Countries with an organic share of at least 10 percent 2015 45 Figure 4:World:Distribution of the organic shares of the agricultural land 2015 45 Figure 5:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land and organic share 1999-2015 49 Figure 6:World:Growth of the organic agricultural land by continent 2007 to 2015 49 Figure 7:World:The ten countries with the highest increase of organic agricultural land 2015 50 Figure 8:World:Distribution of all organic areas 2015.Total:90.6 million hectares 55 Figure 9:World:Distribution of organic producers by region 2015(Total:2.4 million producers)63 Figure 10:World:The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2015 63 Figure 11:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by country 2015 70 Figure 12:Global market for organic food:Distribution of retail sales by region 2015 70 Figure 13:Global market:The countries with the largest markets for organic food 2015 71 Figure 14:Global market:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2015 71 Figure 15:Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land in 2015 75 Table of Contents 10 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Figure 16:Countries on the DAC list:The ten countries with the highest organic shares of the total agricultural land in 2015 75 Figure 17:World:Distribution of main land use types by region 2015 79 Figure 18:World:Distribution of main land use types and crop categories 2015 80 Figure 19:World:Development of organic arable land,permanent cropland and permanent grassland/grazing areas 2004-2015 80 Figure 20:World:Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2015 83 Figure 21:World:Use of arable cropland by crop group 2015 83 Figure 22:World:Distribution of permanent cropland by region 2015 85 Figure 23:World:Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2015 85 Figure 24:World:Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region in 2015 87 Figure 25:World:The ten countries with the largest organic wild collection and beekeeping areas in 2015 87 Figure 26:World:Distribution of organic beehives by region in 2015 91 Figure 27:Development of the organic beehives 2007-2015 92 Figure 28:The ten countries with the largest number of organic beehives in 2015 92 Figure 29:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2015 95 Figure 30:Organic aquaculture production volume:Distribution by species and key species 2015 95 Figure 31:Cereals:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 99 Figure 32:Cereals:Distribution of global organic area by types 2015 99 Figure 33:Citrus fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 103 Figure 34:Cocoa beans:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 104 Figure 35:Coffee:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 106 Figure 36:Dry pulses:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 108 Figure 37:Temperate fruit:Use of organic temperate fruit area 2015 111 Figure 38:Temperate fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 111 Figure 39:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Distribution of global organic area by crop 2015 115 Figure 40:Tropical and subtropical fruit:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 116 Figure 41:Grapes:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 118 Figure 42:Oilseeds:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 121 Figure 43:Organic oilseed area:Use of oilseed area 2015 121 Figure 44:Organic olive area:Distribution by region and top 10 producing countries 2015 124 Figure 45:Olives:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 125 Figure 46:Vegetables:Development of the global organic area 2004-2015 126 Figure 47:Organic cotton fibre lint:Production trend since 2004/05 130 Figure 48:Growth of GOTS and OCS certified facilities 2012/13-2014/15 135 Figure 49:Frequency of organic food purchases in France 141 Figure 50:Growth in organic food and drink sales and farmland,2000-2015 142 Figure 51:Organic and Fairtrade:Distribution of retail sales value by region 2015 147 Figure 52:Organic and Fairtrade:The ten countries with the largest markets for organic food 2015 147 Figure 53:Organic and Fairtrade:The ten countries with the highest per capita consumption 2015 148 Figure 54:Africa:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2015 171 Figure 55:Africa:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2015 171 Figure 56:Africa:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2015 172 Figure 57:Africa:Use of agricultural land 2015 172 Figure 58:Africa:The ten countries with the largest number of organic producers 2015 173 Figure 59:Asia:The ten countries with the largest organic agricultural area 2015 190 Figure 60:Asia:The countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2015 190 Figure 61:Asia:Development of organic agricultural land 2000 to 2015 191 Figure 62:Asia:Use of organic agricultural land 2015 191 Figure 63:European Union:Funding of organic farming research in the EUs framework programmes(FP)201 Figure 64:Europe:Cumulative growth of organic farmland and retail sales compared 1999-2015 208 Figure 65:Europe:Distribution of organic farmland by country 2015 210 Figure 66:Europe:Organic agricultural land by country 2015 211 Figure 67:Europe:Organic shares of total agricultural land 2015 213 Figure 68:Europe and European Union:Development of organic agricultural land 1985-2015 214 Table of Contents Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 11 Figure 69:Europe:The 10 countries with the highest growth of organic agricultural land in hectares 2015 214 Figure 70:Europe:The 10 countries with the highest growth of organic agricultural land in percent in 2015 214 Figure 71:Europe and European Union:Conversion status of organic land in Europe and the EU 2015 215 Figure 72:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 216 Figure 73:Europe:Land use in organic agriculture by top 10 countries 2015 217 Figure 74:Europe:Growth of organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2015 218 Figure 75:European Union:Growth of organic agricultural land by land use type 2004-2015 218 Figure 76:Europe:Growth of selected arable and permanent crop groups in Europe 2006 to 2015 220 Figure 77:Europe and European Union:Development of organic cows milk production 2007-2015 222 Figure 78:Europe and European Union:Development of organic producers in 2000-2015 224 Figure 79:Europe:Distribution of organic producers and processors by country 2015 224 Figure 80:Europe:Numbers of organic producers by country 2015 225 Figure 81:Europe:Distribution of retail sales by country and by single market worldwide 2015 226 Figure 82:Europe:Retail sales by country 2015 227 Figure 83:Europe:Growth of organic retail sales in Europe and the European Union,2000-2015 228 Figure 84:Europe:The countries with the highest growth of the organic market 2015 229 Figure 85:Europe:The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2015 229 Figure 86:Europe:Growth of the per capita consumption 2000-2015 230 Figure 87:Europe:The countries with the highest shares of the total retail sales 2015 231 Figure 88:Europe:Marketing channels for organic products in selected countries 2015 233 Figure 89:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015 252 Figure 90:Latin America and Caribbean:The ten countries with the highest organic share of total agricultural land 2015 252 Figure 91:Latin America and Caribbean:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2015 253 Figure 92:Latin America and Caribbean:Use of agricultural organic land 2015 253 Figure 93:United States:Development of the organic market 2002-2015 259 Figure 94:Growth of Canadas organic agricultural lands,2000-2015 266 Figure 95:National organic milk production(hl)and number of producers,2005-2016 267 Figure 96:North America:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2015 272 Figure 97:North America:Organic share of total agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2015 272 Figure 98:North America:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2015 273 Figure 99:North America:Land use in organic agriculture 2015 273 Figure 100:Percentage of organic shoppers buying frequently or often in various outlets 279 Figure 101:Awareness of organic certification marks as a guarantee(all shoppers),2010-2016 280 Figure 102:Preference for governance and oversight of auditing,certification and labelling(all shoppers)281 Figure 103:Pacific Islands:Development of the organic area 2008-2015 286 Figure 104:Pacific Islands:Organic agriculture land by country 2015 286 Figure 105:Oceania:Organic agricultural land by country 2015 291 Figure 106:Oceania:Organic share of total agricultural land by country 2015 291 Figure 107:Oceania:Development of organic agricultural land 2000-2015 292 Figure 108:Development of the number of countries with data on organic agriculture 1999-2015 296 Maps Map 1:Organic agricultural land and other non-agricultural areas in 2015 35 Map 2:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Africa 2015 161 Map 3:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Asia 2015 179 Map 4:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Europe 2015 197 Map 5:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean 2015 245 Map 6:Organic agricultural land in Canada and the United States 2015 257 Map 7:Organic agricultural land in the countries of Oceania 2015 275 Table of Contents 12 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Infographics Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2015 14 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2015 39 Infographic 3:Organic producers 2015 61 Infographic 4:Organic retail sales 2015 68 Glossary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 13 Glossary/person:Per capita consumption in euros AMI:Agrarmarkt-Informationsgesellschaft-Agricultural Market Information Company,Germany ASOA:Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)Standard for Organic Agriculture CAP:Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CIHEAM:Centre international de hautes tudes agronomiques mditerranennes CNCA:China National Certification and Accreditation Administration COROS:Common Objectives and Requirements of Organic Standards(COROS)are the Standards Requirements of IFOAM Organics International COTA:Canada Organic Trade Association,Canada CPC:Candidates and Potential Candidates for the European Union CTAB:Technical Center of Organic Agriculture,Tunisia DGAB:Direction Gnerale de lAgriculture Biologique,Tunisia EACCE:Etablissement Autonome de Contrle et Coordination et des Exportations EFTA:European Free Trade Association EIP-AGRI:European Innovation Partnership for Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability EOA:Ecological Organic Agriculture;Ecological Organic Agriculture Initiative for Africa EU:European Union EU-13:The countries that became a member of the European Union in or after May 1,2004 EU-15:Member countries in the European Union prior to the accession of ten candidate countries on 1 May 2004 EU-28:Member countries of the European Union EU-Med:European Mediterranean Countries Eurostat:Statistical office of the European Union,Luxembourg FAO:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAOSTAT:Statistics Division of FAO,the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FiBL:Forschungsinstitut fr biologischen Landbau Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Switzerland FYROM:The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GATS:USDAs Global Agriculture Trade System,United States of America GMO:Genetically Modified Organisms GOTS:Global Organic Textile Standard Ha:Hectares Hivos:Dutch Humanist Institute for Cooperation Horizon 2020:Research and Innovation programme of the European Union,running from 2014 to 2020 HS codes:Harmonized System Codes IAMB:LIstituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari Mediterranean Agronomic Institute Bari,Italy IFAD:International Fund for Agricultural Development IFOAM EU Group:European Union Group of IFOAM Organics International IISD:International Institute of Sustainable Development,Canada ISOFAR:International Society of Organic Agriculture Research,Germany ITC:International Trade Centre,Switzerland MAEP:Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection,Serbia Mio.:Million MOAN:Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network,Italy MT:Metric tons NASAA:National Association for Sustainable Agriculture,Australia NASS:USDAs National Agricultural Statistics Services,United States of America OCS:Organic Content Standard OrganicDataNetwork:Data network for better European organic market information OrMaCode:ORganic market data MAnual and CODE of Practice-Manual and Code of Practice for the initiation and maintenance of good organic market data collection and publication procedures OTA:Organic Trade Association,United States of America OWC:Organic World Congress of IFOAM Organics International PGS:Participatory Guarantee Systems POETcom:Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community SECO:State Secretariat for Economic Affairs,Switzerland SL:Stiftung kologie&Landbau Foundation Ecology&Agriculture,Germany SPC:Secretariat of the Pacific Community SSI:State of Sustainability Initiatives,Canada SOAAN:Sustainable Organic Agriculture Action Network TIPI:Technology Innovation Platform of IFOAM Organics International TP Organics:European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming U.S.:United States USDA:United States Department of Agriculture VCO:Virgin Coconut Oil VSS:Voluntary Sustainability Standards Infographic 1:Organic agriculture worldwide:Key indicators 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017 Foreword from SECO and ITC Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 15 Foreword from SECO and ITC This book provides a clear statement on the resilience of the organic market trend.On the consumer side,organic products with a total value of almost 82 billion US dollars were sold globally in 2015.High growth rates were recorded in the advanced markets for organic products.A growth rate of 20 percent and more of organic retail sales value was noticed for Spain,Ireland,and Sweden in 2015.In Switzerland,where the market has been evolving over several years with high growth rates,it grew by 5 percent.The production side is also keeping pace:The latest data show that organic farmland has grown in many countries,and the total organic area increased to 50.9 million hectares,managed by over 2.4 million producers.In particular,for some crops such as coffee,cocoa,cereals,and temperate fruits,area growth rates of 15 percent and more were reached in 2015.“New”countries have joined the community of organic producers,so there are now 179.One challenge is assessing global organic production compared to the overwhelming majority of“conventional”production.Currently,organic agriculture represents just over 1 percent of the global agricultural land.However,some crops reached far higher shares.For coffee,the organic area represented almost 9 percent,and for olives,6.5 percent of the total world area for these crops was organic.On the other hand,the importance of other sustainability standards is increasing.Data on the performance of these Voluntary Sustainability Standards(VSS)are still scarce;therefore,collecting timely and accurate market data to facilitate policy and investment decisions is important for policymakers,market actors,and donors.The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),the State of Sustainability Initiatives(SSI)of the International Institute of Sustainable Development(IISD),and the International Trade Centre(ITC)have partnered with the support of SECO in a joint data publication effort to ensure continuous,accurate,and relevant reporting.Since 2014,this partnership has been collecting data from 14 VSS with a special focus on nine selected commodities.The new data will be published in June 2017,in the new edition of The State of Sustainable Markets.It is essential for the organic community to gather relevant information on organic market trends in order to continue attracting various stakeholders.Transparent information enables credibility and informed decisions on the costs and benefits of organic production for both the producer and the buyer.This book makes a major contribution to such transparency.Considering the latest figures and the continuous and sustainable growth over many years,the organic movement can look confidently to the future.Monica Rubiolo Head of the Division for Trade Promotion Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)Bern,Switzerland Joseph Wozniak Manager of the Trade for Sustainable Development(T4SD)Programme International Trade Centre(ITC)Geneva,Switzerland Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International 16 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Foreword from FiBL and IFOAM Organics International Data collection is a major and constant concern of the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)and IFOAM Organics International.The comprehensive data provided in this publication serve as an important tool for stakeholders,policymakers,authorities,and the industry,as well as for researchers and extension professionals.The information provided here has proven useful in development programs and supporting strategies for organic agriculture and markets,and crucial for monitoring the impact of these activities.The data collection on organic farming worldwide has become one of the most frequently quoted literature in scientific,technical and descriptive papers and reports on organic agriculture.With this edition,FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are presenting“The World of Organic Agriculture”for the 18th time.The data and information compiled in this volume document the latest statistics,recent developments,and trends in global organic farming.As in previous editions,regional reports and topic specific articles were also compiled.We would like to express our thanks to all authors and data providers for contributing in-depth information and figures on their region,their country or their field of expertise.We are grateful to Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)and the International Trade Centre(ITC)for their support.Furthermore,we are happy to count on the continuous support of NrnbergMesse,the organizers of the BIOFACH,the Worlds leading trade fair for organic food.Frick and Bonn,February 2017 Prof.Dr.Urs Niggli Director Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Markus Arbenz Executive Director IFOAM Organics International Bonn,Germany Foreword from the Editors Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 17 Foreword from the Editors In the 18th edition of The World of Organic Agriculture,we are presenting,like in the past,the latest available data on organic agriculture worldwide data on area,operators,and retail sales.This data is provided by a large number of data suppliers from all over the world,to whom we are very grateful!Knowledgeable authors have contributed articles on their regions,their countries,or their fields of expertise.As in the past,we have the global market report from Organic Monitor,regional reports on Africa,Asia,Europe,Latin America and the Caribbean,and the Pacific Region,as well as country reports on Australia,Canada,Kenya,and the United States.Furthermore,we have included an article on organic cotton from the Textile Exchange and a chapter on the global Fairtrade and organic markets.In the“Better Data”section we have included background information on the FiBL survey on organic agriculture.Our section“Standards,Regulations&Policy”,in addition to the annual update on regulations and Participatory Guarantee Systems,presents some results from the survey of IFOAM Organics International on policy support for organic agriculture.We maintain our Organic-W website,where key data are available as interactive tables and maps.The news section of the website offers information about major developments in the field of organic agriculture,and via our Twitter account at keep our readers informed about the latest data on organic agriculture.Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL Frick,Switzerland Acknowledgements 18 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Acknowledgements The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM Organics International are very grateful to their sponsors for granting financial support for the global data collection and for the 2017 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”:the International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland,the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),Economic Development and Cooperation(within the framework of its support activities for organic production in developing countries),Bern,Switzerland,and NrnbergMesse,the organizers of BIOFACH,Nrnberg,Germany.Numerous individuals have contributed to the making of this work.The editors are very grateful to all those listed below,without whom it would not have been possible to produce this yearbook.Mohamed Salih Abdalla,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia;Reeba Abraham,Agricultural&Processed Food Products Export Development Authority(APEDA),New Delhi,India;Gyorgyi Acs Feketene,Control Union Certifications,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Olugbenga O.AdeOluwa,University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Nigeria;Iskenderbek Aidaraliev,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan;Lina AL Bitar,Centro Internazionale di Alti Studi Agronomici Mediterranei CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Valenzano,Italy;Mazen Al Madani,Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform,Damascus,Syria;Khurshid Alam,Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute(BARI),Bangladesh;Lisa Allemo,Statistics Sweden SCB,rebro,Sweden;Mohammed Al-Oun,Jordan National Centre for Research and Development,Jordan;Saif Moh Al-Shara,Ministry of Environment and Water,Agricultural Affairs and Animal Sector,Dubai,United Arab Emirates;Asan Alymkulov,BIO-KG Federation of Organic Development,Kyrgyzstan;Stoilko Apostolov,Bioselena:Foundation for organic agriculture,Karlovo,Bulgaria;Markus Arbenz,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Lidya Ariesusanty,Indonesia Organic Alliance IOA,Bogor,Indonesia;Estevan Assi,Toledo Cacao Growers Association,Belmopan,Belize;Angel Atallah,CCPB/IMC,Beirut,Lebanon;Mustafa Avci,ECOCERT IMO Denetim ve Belgelendirme Ltd.Sti,Izmir,Turkey;Elhag Meki Ali Awouda,Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation,Sudan;Roberto Azofeifa,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera,La Sabana,San Jos,Costa Rica;Vugar Babayev,Ganja Agribusiness Association(GABA),Ganja City,Azerbaijan;Christian Bez,Agrocalidad,Quito,Ecuador;Yulia Barabanova,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Troels Battrup Andersen,Milj-og Fdevareministeriet,Kbenhavn V,Denmark;Andrew Bayliss,Soil Association Certification Limited,Bristol,United Kingdom;Patrick Belisario,Organic Producers and Trade Association,Davao City,Philippines;Milena Belli,Istituto per la Certificazione Etica ed Ambientale(ICEA),Bologna.Italy;Florian Bernardi,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Eva Berre,Ecocert International,LIsle Jourdain,France,France;Paulina Betancourt,Agrocalidad,Quito,Ecuador;Simone Bissig,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Marian Blom,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Netherlands;Barbara Bck,NrnbergMesse/BIOFACH,Nuremberg,Germany;Nathalie Boes,Certisys,Walhain,Belgium;Saswati Bose,Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Acknowledgements Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 19 Development Authority(APEDA),New Delhi,India;Thavisith Bounyasouk,Department of Agriculture(DOA),Vientiane,Lao PDR;Lorcan Bourke,Bord Bia-Irish Food Board,Dublin 2,Ireland;Elizabeth Bradley,Australian Certified Organic,Australia;Claudius Bredehoeft,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Bonn,Germany;Trevor Brown,Jamaica Organic Agriculture Movement JOAM,Kingston 6,Jamaica;Marie Reine Bteich,Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari-CIHEAM-IAM Bari,Bari,Italy;Klaus Bchel,Klaus Bchel Anstalt,Mauren,Liechtenstein;Andreas Brkert,University of Kassel,Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences,Witzenhausen,Germany;Ana Paula Cardona,LETIS S.A.,Santa Fe,Argentina;Johan Cejie,KRAV Incorporated Association,Uppsala,Sweden;Jennifer Chang,IFOAM Asia,Seoul,Republic of Korea;Stanley Chidaya,Malawi Organic Growers Association(MOGA),Lilongwe,Malawi;Thomas Cierpka,IFOAM-Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Genaro Coronel,Servicio Nacional de Calidad y Sanidad Vegetal y de Semillas SENAVE,Asuncin,Paraguay;Ruben Cortes,Institute of Market Ecology IMO,Weinfelden,Switzerland;Amy Cosby,Australian Centre for Agriculture and Law,University of New England,Armidale,Australia;Finn Cottle,Soil Association,Bristol,United Kingdom;Catarina Crisostomo,Portugal;Thomas Damm,ABCert GmbH,Esslingen,Germany;Joy Daniel,Institut for Integrated Rural Development(IIRD),Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India;Nune Darbinyan,ECOGLOBE-Organic control and certification body,Yerevan,Republic of Armenia;Mgeta Daud,Tanzania Organic Agriculture Movement,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Rika Oishi Delicous,OASISBANK,Tokyo,Japan;Famara Didhiou,Fdration Nationale pour lAgriculture Biologique,This,Senegal;Dra Drexler,Hungarian Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(MKi),Budapest,Hungary;Pilar M.Eguillor Recabarren,Oficina de Estudios y Politicas Agrarias ODEPA,Santiago Centro,Chile;Zaoui Elhousseine,AMABIO,Casablanca,Morocco;Lucy Ellis,Department of Agriculture,Stanley,Falkland Islands(Malvinas);Sandra Elvir Sanchez,Secretaria de Agricultura y Ganadera SENASA,Tegucigalpa,Honduras;Lisa Emerson,Textile Exchange,London,United Kindom;Richard Escobar,Ecocert Colombia,Bogota,Colombia;Carlos Andres Escobar Fernandez,ECONEXOS,Conexion Ecologica,Cali,Colombia;Addisu Alemayehu Ferede,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research EIAR,Akaki,Ethiopia;Tobias Fischer,BCS ko-Garantie GmbH,Nrnberg,Germany;Torsten Fischer,OASISBank,Tokyo,Japan;Barbara Fitch Haumann,Organic Trade Association(OTA),Brattleboro,United States of America;Patricia Flores Escudero,Latin American Office of IFOAM Organics International,Lima,Peru;Alexandra Forbord,Norwegian Agricultural Authority SLF,Oslo,Norway;Emmeline Foubert,Certisys,Walhain,Belgium;Carlos Galo,SENASA Honduras,Subdireccin Tcnica Sanidad Vegetal,Tegucigalpa,Honduras;Jordan Gama,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Salvador Garibay,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Claudine Gengler,Ministre de lAgriculture,de la Viticulture et de la Protection des consommateurs,Luxembourg;Maheswar Ghimire,Kathmandu,Nepal;Laurent C.Glin,FiBL Regional Office for West Africa,Benin;Camille Godard,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Denise Godinho,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Richard Goederz,AGRECO R.F.GDERZ GmbH,Witzenhausen-Gertenbach,Germany;Ana Goloborodco,Ecocert,Bucuresti,Romania;Victor Gonzlvez Prez,Sociedad Espaola de Agricultura Ecologica(SEAE),Catarroja,Acknowledgements 20 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Spain;Amish Gosa,Textile Exchange,Bangalore,India;Katharina Gssinger,BIO AUSTRIA,Wien,Austria;David Gould,IFOAM-Organics International,Portland,United States of America;Catherine Greene,Economic Research Service USDA,Washington DC,United States of America;Simone Groh,CERES-CERtification of Environmental Standards-GmbH,Happurg,Germany;Rannveig Guleifsdttir,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Jill Guerra,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Gunnar Gunnarsson,Vottunarstofan Tn ehf.,Reykjavik,Iceland;Abid Ali Hasan,Zakho Small Villages Projects ZSVP,Dohuk City,Dohuk,Iraq;Sampsa Heinonen,Evira,Helsinki,Finland;Brett Hickson,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Plan Protection and Inspection Service(PPIS),Israel;Otto Hofer,Bundesministerium fr Land-und Forstwirtschaft,Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft,Wien,Austria;Tanveer Hossain Shaikh,Friends in Village Development Bangladesh(FIVDB)/Vice-President IFOAM Asia,Dhaka,Bangladesh;Andrea Hrabalov,CTPOA,Brno,Czech Republic;Beate Huber,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Lee Hyejin,Korea Rural Economic Institute KREI,Joellanam-do,Republic of Korea;Basri Hyseni,Initiative for Agricultural Development of Kosovo(IADK),Mitrovica,Republic of Kosovo;Edmundo Janco Mita,Asociacin de Organizaciones de Productores Ecolgicos de Bolivia(AOPEB),La Paz,Bolivia;Jorge Leonardo Jave Nakayo,Ministerio de Agricultura-SENASA-Per,Lima,Peru;Mathew John,Keystone Foundation,Tamil Nadu,India;gnes Juhsz,National Food Chain Safety Office nbih,Budapest,Hungary;Jack Juma,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Nairobi,Kenya;Man Chul Jung,Local government of Hongseong County,Chungnam Province Republic of Korea;Edith Kalka,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia;Nurbek Kannazarov,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Thilak Kariyawasam,Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement(LOAM),Nawinna,Maharagama,Sri Lanka;Joelle Katto-Andrighetto,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Andrey Khodus,Eco-control Ltd.,Solnechnogorsk,Russian Federation;Cornelia Kirchner,IFOAM Organics International,Bonn,Germany;Bernisa Klepo,Organska Kontrola(OK),Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina;Evgeniy Klimov,Kazakhstan Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements-KAZFOAM,Kazakhstan;Barbara Kcher-Schulz,AMA-Marketing GesmbH AMA,Wien,Austria;Marja-Riitta Kottila,Pro Luomu,Kauniainen,Finland;Heinz Kuhlmann,ABC Enterprises,Tokio,Japan;Manoj Kumar Menon,International Competence Centre for Organic Agriculture ICCOA,Rajarajeshwarinagar,Bangalore,India;Noel Kwai,Tanzania Organic Agriculture Movement TOAM,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Marie-Eve Levert,Canada Organic Trade Association,Ottawa,Canada;Ming Chao Liu,Organics Brazil,Brazil;Pedro Lopez,PROVOTEC,Madrid,Spain;Martin Lund,Food Industries,Copenhagen,Denmark;Samia Maamer Belkhiria,Ministre de lAgriculture,des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pche,Tunis,Tunisia;Marcela Machuca Henao,Ecocert,Bogota D.C,Colombia;Hossein Mahmoudi,Environmental Sciences Research Institute,Evin Shahid Beheshti University SBU,Velenjak,Evin,Tehran,Iran;Fernando Maldonado,Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal y Animal,El Salvador;Karen Mapusua,Secretariat of the Pacific Community(SPC),Suva,Fiji;Brigitta Maurer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Cliflyn McKenzie,Ecocert Southern Africa,Gardens,Cape Town,South Africa;Stephen Meredith,IFOAM EU Group,Brussels,Belgium;Dorota Metera,BIOEKSPERT Sp.z o.o.,Warszawa,Poland;Merit Mikk,Centre of Acknowledgements Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 21 Ecological Engineering-koloogiliste Tehnoloogiate Keskus,Tartu,Estonia;Mwanzo Millinga,AfrONet,Dar es Salaam,Tanzania;Eugene Milovanov,Organic Federation of Ukraine,Kyiv,Ukraine;Simon Moakes,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Bram Moeskops,IFOAM EU,Brussels,Belgium;Abdalla Mohammed,GIZ SA,Saudi Arabia;Andrew Monk,Australian Organic,Nundah,Australia;Douglas A.Navarro,Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadera Direccin General de Sanidad Vegetal,Coordinador Area de Inocuidad de Alimentos y Agricultura Orgnica,El Salvador;Richard Ngunjiri,Kenya Organic Agricultural Network(KOAN),Nairobi,Kenya;T Th Tuyt Nhung,Vietnam Organic Agriculture Association,Hanoi,Vietnam;Urs Niggli,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick;Tomas Fibiger Nrfelt,Knowledge Centre for Agriculture VLF,rhus,Denmark;Nick Nwolisa,Regional Extension and Resource Center,Azerbaijan;Fatima Obaid Saeed,Ministry of Environment and Water of the United Arab Emirated,Unite Arab Emirates;Kung Wai Ong,Humus Consultancy,Penang,Malaysia;Maximiliano Ortega,Belize Organic Producers Association,Belmopan,Belize;Toshio Oyama,Rikkyo University,College of Economics,Tokyo,Japan;Iuliana Palade,Moldova;Vitoon Panyakul,Green Net,Bangkok,Thailand;Jong Seo Park,Organic Farmers of Korea,Seoul,Korea;Ejvind Pedersen,Landbrug&Fdevarer,Copenhagen,Denmark;Joan Picazos,Biocop Productos Biolgicos,S.A.(BIOCOP),Lli de vall Barcelona,Spain;Diego Pinasco,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Roberto Pinton,Pinton Organic Consulting,Padova,Italy;Tovohery Ramahaimandimbisoa,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Vonifanja Ramanoelina,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Juan Carlos Ramirez,Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria SENASA,Buenos Aires,Argentina;Wenndy Ramirez,Ecocert Colombia,Bogota D.C.,Colombia;Zo Ranaivomanana,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Sandra Randrianarisoa,Ecocert East Africa,Antananarivo,Madagascar;Mihaja Rasolondraibe,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Michel Reynaud,Ecocert International,Office,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kurt Riedi,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Nathalie Rison Alabert,Agence Bio,Montreuil-sous-Bois,France;Fermn Romero,Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario,Panama;Ayman Saad Al-Ghamdi,Organic Agriculture Department,Saudi Arabia;Amarjit Sahota,Organic Monitor Ltd.,London,United Kingdom;Mao Sakaguchi,OASISBank,Tokyo,Japan;Vincent Samborski,Landbouw en Visserij,Brussels,Belgium;Channa Samorn,Organic Farming Project,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Bonn,Germany;Gregory Sampson,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Giorgia DeSantis,ESS,Statistics Division(ESS),Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO);Diana Schaack,Agrarmarkt Informations-Gesellschaft mbH,Bonn,Germany;Aender Schanck,OIKOPOLIS Groupe,Munsbach,Luxembourg;Winfried Scheewe,Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH,Sangkat Boeung Keng Kang III,Khan Chamkar Mon,Phnom Penh,Cambodia;Bernhard Schlatter,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Otto Schmid,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Robin Schrieber,Quality Certification Services,Gainesville,United States of America;Rita Schwentesius,Universidad Autnoma Chapingo,Mxico;Hana ejnohov,Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information,Brno,Czech Republic;Elene Shatberashvili,Elkana-Acknowledgements 22 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Biological Farming Association,Akhaltsikhe,Georgia;Ivana Simic,National Association Serbia Organica,Belgrade,Serbia;Nicolette van der Smissen,Consultant for Organic Production,Feres,Greece;Manjo Smith,Namibian Organic Association NOA,Okahandja,Namibia;Timo Stadtlander,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland;Matthias Stolze,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Erdal Sng,Ministry of Food Agriculture and Animal Husbandry,Ankara,Turkey;Syl Sylanaj,University of Prishtina,Prishtin,Kosovo;Daniel Szalai,Control Union Certifications,Zwolle,The Netherlands;Evonne Tan,Textile Exchange,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia;Gia Gaspard Taylor,Network of Non Governmental Organizations Trinidad and Tobago for the Advancement of Women,Port of Spain,Trinidad and Tobago;Benjamin Tissot,Ecocert,LIsle Jourdain,France;Liesl Truscott,Textile Exchange,Bath,United Kingdom;Emma Tsessue,ECOCERT SAS,LIsle Jourdain,France;Kesang Tshomo,Ministry of Agriculture MOA,Thimphu,Bhutan;Francesco Nicola Tubiello,Statistics Division(ESS),Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO);Bavo van den Idsert,Bionext,AR Zeist,The Netherlands;Gilles Weidmann,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture,Frick,Switzerland;Joseph Wozniak,International Trade Centre(ITC),Geneva,Switzerland;Els Wynen,Eco Landuse Systems,Flynn,Australia;A.K.Yadav,APEDA,August Kranti Marg,New Delhi,India;Abdoul Aziz Yanogo,Ecocert SA West Africa Office,Ougadougou,Burkina Faso;Weimin Yu,Ecocert China,Beijing,China;Qiao Yuhui,China Agricultural University,Beijing,China;Aisuluu Zamirbekova,Organic Farming Kyrgyzstan,Kyrgyzstan;Raffaele Zanoli,Universit Politecnica delle Marche UNIVPM,Ancona,Italy;Jos Zapata,Oficina de Control Agricultura Organica,Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura OCO,Santo Domingo,Republica Dominicana;Ulrike Zdralek,Bioinspecta,Frick,Switzerland;Zhejiang Zhou,IFOAM Asia,China;Darko Znaor,Independent Consultant,Zagreb,Croatia.Statistics Key Indicators Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 23 Organic Agriculture:Key Indicators and Top Countries Indicator World Top countries Countries with organic activities1 2015:179 countries New countries:Brunei Darussalam,Cape Verde,Hong Kong,Kuwait,Monaco,Sierra Leone,and Somalia Organic agricultural land 2015:50.9 million hectares (1999:11 million hectares)Australia(22.7 million hectares)Argentina(3.1 million hectares)United States(2 million hectares)Organic share of total agricultural land 2015:1.1%Liechtenstein(30.2%)Austria(21.3%)Sweden(16.9%)Wild collection and further non-agricultural areas 2015:39.7 million hectares (1999:4.1 million hectares)Finland(12.2 million hectares)Zambia(6.6 million hectares)India(3.7 million hectares)Producers 2015:2.4 million producers (1999:200000 producers)India(585200)Ethiopia(203602)Mexico(200039)Organic market 2015:81.6 billion US dollars(approx.75 billion euros)(2000:17.9 billion US dollars)US(39.7 billion US dollars;35.8 billion euros)Germany(9.5 billion US dollars;8.6 billion euros)France(6.1 billion US dollars;5.5 billion euros)Per capita consumption 2015:11.1 US dollars(10.3 euros)Switzerland(291 US dollars;262 euros)Denmark(212 US dollars;191 euros)Sweden(196 US dollars;177 euros)Number of countries with organic regulations 2016:87 countries Number of affiliates of IFOAM Organics International 2016:833 affiliates from 121 countries Germany-91 affiliates India-73 affiliates China-55 affiliates United States-49 affiliates Source:FiBL survey 2017,based on national data sources and data from certifiers Global market:Organic Monitor 2017 1 Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries and territories see UNSTAT website http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 25 The World of Organic Agriculture 2017:Summary HELGA WILLER1 AND JULIA LERNOUD2 Key data on organic agriculture According to the latest FiBL survey on certified organic agriculture worldwide,as of the end of 2015,data on organic agriculture was available from 179 countries(172 in 2014).There were 50.9 million hectares of organic agricultural land in 2015,including in-conversion areas.The regions with the largest areas of organic agricultural land are Oceania(22.8 million hectares,which is almost 45 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land)and Europe(12.7 million hectares,25 percent).Latin America has 6.7 million hectares(13 percent)followed by Asia(4 million hectares,8 percent),North America(3 million hectares,6 percent),and Africa(1.7 million hectares,3 percent).The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia(22.7 million hectares),Argentina(3.1 million hectares),and the United States(2 million hectares).See page 40 for the detailed results of the FiBL survey.Currently,one percent of the worlds agricultural land is organic.The highest organic shares of the total agricultural land,by region,are in Oceania(5.4 percent)and in Europe(2.5 percent).In the European Union,6.2 percent of the farmland is organic.However,some countries reach far higher shares:Liechtenstein(30.2 percent)and Austria(21.3 percent).In eleven countries,10 percent of the agricultural land or more is organic.It was reported that there were almost 6.5 million hectares more of organic agricultural land in 2015 than in 2014.This is mainly because 4.4 million additional hectares were reported from Australia.However,many other countries reported an important increase thus contributing to the global growth,such as the United States(30 percent increase)and India(64 percent increase),both with an additional 0.5 million hectares,and Spain and France,both with an additional 0.3 million hectares.There has been an increase in organic agricultural land in all regions with the exception of Latin America;in Europe,the area grew by almost 1 million hectares(8.2 percent increase).In Africa,the area grew by almost 33.5 percent or an additional 0.4 million hectares;in Asia,the area grew by 11 percent or almost 0.4 million hectares,and in North America by more than 21 percent or over 0.5 million additional hectares.Only in Latin America did the area of organic land decrease,mainly due to a decrease of almost 300000 hectares in organic grazing areas in the Falkland Islands(Malvinas).A major relative increase of organic agricultural land was noted in many African countries,such as Kenya,Madagascar,Zimbabwe,and Cte dIvoire.Apart from land dedicated to organic agriculture,there are further areas of organic land dedicated to other activities,most of these being areas of wild collection and beekeeping.1 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org Summary 26 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Other areas include aquaculture,forests,and grazing areas on non-agricultural land.The areas of non-agricultural land constitute more than 39.7 million hectares(see page 55).There were almost 2.4 million producers in 2015.1 Thirty-five percent of the worlds organic producers are in Asia,followed by Africa(30 percent)and Latin America(19 percent).The countries with the most producers are India(585200),Ethiopia(203602),and Mexico(200039)(see page 62).There has been an increase in the number of producers of over 160000,or over 7 percent,compared with 2014.A quarter of the worlds organic agricultural land(12.8 million hectares)and more than 89 percent(2.1 million)of the producers were in developing countries and emerging markets in 2015(see page 74).Land use details were available for over 90 percent of the organic agricultural land.Unfortunately,some countries with very large organic areas,such as Australia,Brazil,and India,had little or no information on their land use(see page 82).Over two-thirds of the agricultural land was grassland/grazing areas(33.1 million hectares,an increase of 17 percent compared to 2014).With a total of almost 10 million hectares,arable land constitutes 20 percent of the organic agricultural land.An increase of almost 13 percent over 2014 was reported.Most of this category of land was used for cereals including rice(3.9 million hectares),followed by green fodder from arable land(2.5 million hectares),oilseeds(1.2 million hectares),textile crops(0.4 million hectares),and dry pulses(0.4 million hectares).Permanent crops account for eight percent of the organic agricultural land,amounting to 4 million hectares.Compared with the previous survey,an increase of more than 640000 hectares,or 18.9 percent,was reported The most important permanent crop is coffee(with almost one million hectares,constituting over 20 percent of the organic permanent cropland),followed by olives(almost 0.7 million hectares),nuts(0.4 million hectares),tropical and subtropical fruits(almost 0.3 million hectares),and grapes(0.3 million hectares)(see page 78).Detailed information on organic cotton was provided by Textile Exchange,showing that during the 2014/15 growing season,112488 metric tons of organic cotton fibre was produced globally by 193840 farmers on 350033 hectares of land.There are currently 19 countries producing certified organic cotton,but 92 percent of the global supply comes from just five countries.India remains by far the largest producer,accounting for two-thirds of total production,followed by China,Turkey,Kyrgyzstan,and the United States.For more information including the situation of cotton production in individual countries and regions,see the chapter by Truscott et al.on page 129.Global market Global retail sales of organic food and drink reached 81.6 billion US dollars2 in 2015 according to Organic Monitor,expanding about ten percent compared to the previous 1 Please note that some countries report only the numbers of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a number of individual producers.The number of producers should,therefore,be treated with caution,and it may be assumed that the total number of organic producers is higher than that reported here.2 One Euro was 1.1095 US dollars in 2015 according to the Central European Bank(average annual exchange rate).Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 27 year.North America and Europe generate the most organic product sales(90 percent of organic food and drink sales).However,their global share of organic food sales is decreasing slightly as regional markets take root in Asia,Latin America,and Africa.Many of the organic crops grown in those regions are destined for exports.The global market for organic food and drink has expanded over almost four-fold between 2000(18 billion US dollars)and 2015,and Organic Monitor projects growth to continue.However,there are a number of challenges:demand concentration in Europe and North America,the fact that in most countries,only a small consumer base is responsible for most organic food purchases,the challenge of marketing organic food according to consumer preferences in the various countries,and the concern about supply.Looking forward,positive growth in the organic products market is expected to continue in the coming years(See the chapter by Amarjit Sahota,page 138).In 2015,the countries with the largest organic markets were the United States(35.8 billion euros),Germany(8.6 billion euros),and France(5.5 billion euros).The largest single market was the United States(approximately 47 percent of the global market),followed by the European Union(27.1 billion euros,35 percent),and China(4.7 billion euros,6 percent).The highest per-capita consumption with more than 170 euros was found in Switzerland,Denmark,Luxembourg,and Sweden.The highest organic market shares were reached in Denmark(8.4 percent),Switzerland(7.7 percent),and Luxembourg(7.5 percent)(See the chapter on the FiBL survey on the global market,page 68).A comparison of the global organic and Fairtrade market is provided by Lernoud and Willer on page 143.According to Fairtrade International,global Fairtrade sales reached 7.3 billion euros 2015.About 90 percent of the sales of organic and Fairtrade products are in Europe and North America.For organic,North America is the largest market with over 50 percent of the global organic market,while for Fairtrade products,Europe represents almost 80 percent of Fairtrade retail sales.Africa There were almost 1.7 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land in Africa in 2015,which constitutes three percent of the worlds organic agricultural land.Comparing with 2014,Africa reported an increase of over 400000 hectares,a 33 percent increase and the largest growth since 2008.There were more than 700000 producers.The United Republic of Tanzania was the country with the largest organic area(with almost 270000 hectares),and Ethiopia was the country with the largest number of organic producers(more than 200000).The country with the highest share of organic agricultural land was the island state Sao Tome and Principe,with 13.8 percent of its agricultural area being organic.The majority of certified organic produce in Africa is destined for export markets.Key crops are coffee,olives,nuts,cocoa,oilseeds,and cotton.In Africa,only Morocco and Tunisia have an organic regulation;seven countries are drafting one,and eleven countries have a national standard but not a national legislation(see page 169).The policy brief of United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)“Financing Organic Agriculture in Africa:Exploring the Issues”(UNCTAD 2016)was published as a support to elevate financing of the sector in the continent.According to this report,organic agriculture is a rapidly growing sector in Africa,with strong links to Summary 28 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 economic and sociocultural development.Organic conferences in Eastern,Western,Central and Southern Africa have become a success,and the most recent Eastern Africa conference was held in 2016,in Entebbe,Uganda.These conferences marked significant milestones for mainstreaming organic agriculture in policies,strategies,and programmes.For more information see the article by Gama on page 162).In Kenya,the compilation of organic sector data for 2015 showed an impressive growth compared to the 2011 figures.The demand for organic food has continued to grow with the urban rich,providing huge market opportunities,as shown by a recent study.If the trend continues towards 2016/2017,the projection is that more farmers are likely to convert to organic farming as the demand for organic products such as coffee and tea will be unmet and on the rise.More information about organic farming in Kenya is available in the article by Ngunjiri on page 165.Asia The total area dedicated to organic agriculture in Asia was almost 4 million hectares in 2015.There were more than 0.8 million producers;most of these were in India.The leading countries by area were China(1.6 million hectares)and India(almost 1.2 million hectares);Timor-Leste had the highest proportion of organic agricultural land(6.6 percent).Nineteen countries have regulations on organic agriculture,and five countries are in the process of drafting one(see page 188).Asias share of organic food sales continues to rise.China has the largest market in the region.The spate of food scares in Asia has been a major driver of organic food sales(see the chapter by Amarjit Sahota,page 138).India,aside from being an exporter,has a growing domestic market for organic products.The rise in the income of the urban middle class has fuelled an increase in the demand for organic food,particularly in the cities.Many countries now support organic agriculture such as China,which signed the first bilateral organic certification agreement with New Zealand.Furthermore,the Chinese central government has now also decided to incorporate the organic industry into its“National Plan for the Construction of Ecological Civilization.”National organic policies have been approved in Bangladesh and Kyrgyzstan in 2016,and in South Korea checkoff funds are now mandatory.Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)reported a steady growth in Asia,and some governments have accepted PGS as an alternative form of certification for organic products.Understanding the importance of the role of local governments in the adoption and implementation of organic agriculture practices,IFOAM Asia initiated the“Asian Local Governments for Organic Agriculture”.An annual summit brings together representatives from both the public and private sectors to discuss issues related to the development of organic agriculture in Asia.The second Organic Asia Congress will be held in May 2017 in China.For more information including country reports,see the chapter from IFOAM Asia(page 179).Europe As of the end of 2015,12.7 million hectares of agricultural land in Europe(European Union 11.2 million hectares)were managed organically by almost 350000 producers(European Union almost 270000).In Europe,2.5 percent of the agricultural area was organic(European Union:6.2 percent).Twenty-five percent of the worlds organic land Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 29 is in Europe.Organic farmland has increased by approximately one million hectares compared to 2014.The countries with the largest organic agricultural areas were Spain(almost 2 million hectares),Italy(1.5 million hectares),and France(1.4 million hectares).In nine countries at least 10 percent of the farmland is organic:Liechtenstein has the lead(30.2 percent),followed by Austria(21.3 percent)and Sweden(16.9 percent).Retail sales of organic products totalled approximately 29.8 billion euros in 2015(European Union:27.1 billion euros),an increase of 13 percent over 2014.The largest market for organic products in 2015 was Germany,with retail sales of 8.6 billion euros,followed by France(5.5 billion euros),and the UK(2.6 billion euros)(see the article by Willer et al.,page 207).Despite the dynamic market growth,current trends indicate that production in Europe is not moving at the same speed,which presents several challenges for the future development of organic in Europe.In Europe,all countries have an organic regulation or are drafting one.The revision of the European Union(EU)regulation on organic farming,which applies in all EU countries,was an important topic in 2016;twelve months after the start of trilogue negotiations on the European Commissions legislative proposal between the European Parliament,Agriculture Council,and European Commission,talks remained deadlocked at the end of 2016.Positions amongst the EU Institutions and the member states themselves continue to diverge on key topics.The EU Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)and similar programmes in other countries remain a key policy for the development of agriculture in Europe,including organic farming.Under the current CAP for the period 2014-2020 organic farming is supported by Pillar 1(direct payments)and Pillar 2(Rural Development Programmes).On the research end,in 2016,the European Technology Platform for Organic Food and Farming Research(TP Organics)published priority topics for the Work Programme 2018/2020 of Horizon 2020,the current research framework programme of the European Union.For more information see the chapter by Willer et al.on page 198.Latin America and the Caribbean In Latin America,almost 460000 producers managed 6.7 million hectares of agricultural land organically in 2015.This constituted 13 percent of the worlds organic land and almost one percent of the regions agricultural land.The leading countries were Argentina(3.1 million hectares),Uruguay(1.3 million hectares),and Brazil(0.75 million hectares,2014).The highest shares of organic agricultural land were in the Falkland Islands/Malvinas(12.5 percent),Uruguay(9 percent),and French Guiana(9 percent).Many Latin American countries remain important exporters of organic products such as bananas,cocoa,and coffee;in countries such as Argentina and Uruguay,temperate fruit and meat are key export commodities.Twenty-three countries in this region have an organic regulation or are drafting one.In May 2016,the European Union and Chile concluded negotiations of an agreement on trade in organic products to mutually recognize the equivalence of their organic production rules and control systems(see page 250).Organic production in the region largely depends on cooperation between smallholders,especially in coffee,cacao,banana,mango,Andean grains,and ginger value chains.The capacity of Latin American countries to develop their organic sectors can be improved with incentives and governmental support,and local governments are taking the lead in Summary 30 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 several national and decentralized initiatives(for instance Argentina)including support for Participatory Guarantee Systems PGS(for instance Peru).For more information,see the chapter by Flores on page 246.North America In North America,almost 3 million hectares of farmland were managed organically in 2015.Of these,2 million were in the United States and 0.9 million in Canada,representing 0.7 percent of the total agricultural area in the region and 6 percent of the worlds organic agricultural land(page 270).The booming organic industry in the United States continues to set new records,with total organic product sales hitting 43.3 billion US dollars1 by the end of 2015,up 11 percent from the 2014 record level and outstripping the overall food markets growth rate of 3 percent,according to the Organic Trade Association.Of the 43.3 billion dollars in total organic sales,39.7 billion dollars were organic food sales.The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA)in mid-January 2017 officially proposed a nationwide research and promotion check-off program for the organic industry to comment on and ultimately vote on.The USDA proposal estimates the organic check-off could raise over 30 million US dollars a year to spend on research to make farmers successful,technical services to accelerate the adoption of organic practices,and consumer education and promotion of the organic brand.In 2016,the Organic Farming Research Foundation released a report analyzing organic farming and food research in the United States,and the report found that about three-quarters of the funding supported research on organic crop production,with the remainder going to livestock,crop-livestock systems,and general topics.For more information,see the article by Barbara Haumann,page 258.Organic products continue to enjoy a robust demand in Canada.The domestic consumer demand is estimated at 4.7 billion Canadian dollars2 in retail sales in 2015,a 1.2 billion Canadian dollar increase from 2012.In the past decade,Canadas organic market has been experiencing a double-digit annual growth rate,and growth is expected to continue.Canada is one of the few countries that tracks imported organic products using Harmonized System(HS)codes(limited mainly to imported fresh fruit and vegetables,coffee and tea,and dairy products).According to this data,in 2015,Canada imported 652 million Canadian dollars worth of the 65 tracked organic products,representing a 37 percent increase from 2012.For more information,see article by Levert and Guerra on page 264.Oceania This region includes Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Island states.Altogether,there were over 22000 producers,managing 22.8 million hectares.This constituted 5.4 percent of the agricultural land in the region and 45 percent of the worlds organic land.More than 99 percent of the organic land in the region is in Australia(22.7 million hectares,97 percent of which is estimated to be extensive grazing land),followed by 1 The European Central Bank reference exchange rate US dollar/Euro was 1.1069 in 2016.2 One euro corresponded to 1.4186 Canadian dollars(CAD)in 2015(average annual exchange rate according to the European Central Bank).Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 31 New Zealand(more than 74000 hectares),and Samoa(almost 28000 hectares).The highest organic shares of all agricultural land were in Samoa(9.8 percent),followed by Tonga(8 percent),Australia(5.6 percent),the Solomon Islands(5.2 percent),and Vanuatu(5.1 percent).Growth in the organic industry in Australia,New Zealand,and the Pacific Islands has been strongly influenced by a rapidly growing overseas demand;domestic sales are also growing.In Australia,the domestic market was valued at 1.3 billion Australian dollars(data from 20141)and in New Zealand at 197 million New Zealand dollars in 20152(page 290).The area of land in Australia under certified organic management continues to grow;the majority of the organic area is used for beef cattle production in the semi-arid rangelands,where individual pastoral operations typically occupy tens of thousands of hectares each.The regulatory framework for organic certification in Australia has remained stable with little change in 2016.However,the organic industry and Australian Government continue to respond to global organic developments through review of the National Standard for Organic and BioDynamic Produce(National Standard),which was revised in 2016.Most Australian shoppers 59 percent of all shoppers in 2016 are aware that certification marks are used on organic products as a guarantee of authenticity.For more information about Australia,see the report by Lawson et al.on page 276.In 2016,the value of organic agriculture as a development tool was recognized by the Pacific Communities governing body,the Council of Regional Governments and Administrations,which consists of the ministries of foreign affairs and trade of the 26 Pacific Community member states.Important developments in 2016 included the Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Standard,which was developed with the assistance of the European Union Pacific Agriculture Policy Project during 2016,and an organic policy toolkit for government policy-and decision-makers.Most of the organically certified products from the region are for export;however,there are indications of growing local markets(see the chapter by Karen Mapusua,page 282).Standards,regulations,and policy support According to the FiBL survey on organic rules and regulations,the number of countries with organic standards is 87.Seventeen countries are in the process of drafting legislation.In Europe,the dominating topic in 2016 continued to be the European Commissions proposal for a new organic regulation.Despite intensive negotiations between the European Council,the European Parliament,and the European Commission,no compromise could be achieved on the most conflicting themes,such as pesticide residues,and cultivation under glass and seeds.At the beginning of December 2016,the negotiations came to a halt,and it was not clear how the process will continue.On the international level,the governments of the key organic markets,such as the United 1 One euro corresponded to 1.4777 Australian Dollar(AUD)in 2015(average annual exchange rate according to European Central Bank)2 One euro corresponded to 1.5930 New Zealand dollars in 2015(average annual exchange rate according to European Central Bank)Summary 32 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 States and European Union,have started to explore options for multilateral recognition of each others organic control systems realizing that bilateral agreements can be handled well among a few governments but get very complex when more countries are expected to be involved.As regards the work on the Codex Alimentarius,in 2016 it was proposed to either discontinue the work on organic aquaculture guidelines or identify a different subsidiary body to continue the work.No compromise could be found on the most controversial issues,such as the use of juveniles,the use or non-use of recirculation or containment systems,breeding techniques,feeding sources,the non-use or limited use of hormones,and conversion periods(See contribution by Huber and Schmid,page 150).Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)are locally focused quality assurance systems.Acting as a low-cost alternative certification method that is particularly suitable for small-scale farmers and local markets,PGS is an increasingly popular model that is growing on all continents.In 2016,there were more than 250 PGS initiatives in 73 countries worldwide,with a total number of over 130000 producers involved.The highest number of PGS producers can be found in India with 43000,followed by Peru(22000),and Kenya(12000).For more information,see chapter by Katto and Kirchner,on page 157.In the past few years,there has been a worldwide trend of emergence of diverse policy support for organic agriculture.In 2016,IFOAM-Organics International conducted a global study on policies implemented by various levels of governments(local and national governments)to promote organic agriculture.Some examples of the latest pro-organic policy developments of 2016 are presented in the chapter by Katto on page 159.Motions and more In 2017,the Organic World Congress and General Assembly of IFOAM Organics International will be held in in India.Preparations are underway for important decisions that will pave the way for the future.Members of IFOAM Organics International are invited to bring forward motions of strategic importance for the global organic movement.Motions are the most important tools for making far-reaching decisions in the General Assembly.The World Board plans to present four strategic motions for the membership to decide on:1)Organic 3.0(Organic 3.0 is about bringing organic out of its current niche into the mainstream),2)aquaculture,3)new breeding techniques,and 4)membership revisions in IFOAM Organics International.For more information,see the chapter by Arbenz on page 308.Better data In this years edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture”we present the metadata of the annual FiBL survey on organic agriculture,covering topics such as release policy,frequency of dissemination,accessibility and clarity,quality management,relevance,accuracy,timeliness and punctuality,coherence and comparability,data revision,and statistical processing(page 296).Next FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide The next global organic survey will start in mid-2017;data will be published in February 2018 and presented at the Biofach Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany.We Summary Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 33 would be very grateful if data could be sent to us,and we will contact all experts.Should you notice any errors regarding the statistical data in this volume,please let us know;we will then correct the information in our database and provide the corrected data in the 2018 edition of“The World of Organic Agriculture.”Corrections will also be posted at www.organic-.Contact:julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 35 Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Current Statistics Map 1:Organic agricultural land and other non-agricultural areas in 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017 Statistics Introduction 36 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Current Statistics on Organic Agriculture Worldwide:Area,Operators,and Market JULIA LERNOUD1 AND HELGA WILLER2 Introduction The 18th survey of certified organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL)with many partners from around the world.The results are published jointly with IFOAM Organics International.Data from the Mediterranean countries was supplied by the Mediterranean Organic Agriculture Network(MOAN,c/o Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari),and data from the Pacific Islands was provided by the Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community(POET.com).In total,data was provided by more than 200 experts.This survey,as were the past surveys,was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO),the International Trade Centre(ITC),3 and NrnbergMesse.4 As in previous years,governments,private sector organizations,certifiers,and market research companies have contributed to the data collection effort.Several international certifiers deserve special mention as they provided data on a number of countries:BCS,CERES,Certisys,Control Union,Ecocert,ICEA,Institute for Marketecology(IMO),LACON,Quality Certification Services(QCS),and the Soil Association.A list of all contributors is provided in the annex.In total,data from 179 countries/territories was available.Brunei Darussalam,Cape Verde,Hong Kong,Kuwait,Monaco,Sierra Leone,and Somalia,are new to the list of countries with organic data.For Angola,data had been available in the past,but for 2015,data has not been received.Updated data on the organic area was available for 161 countries;however,for some countries,updates were only available for the total organic area and not necessarily for the number of farms,land use,or other indicators.In such cases,data from the previous survey were used.Furthermore,for those countries for which FiBL compiles the data among certifiers,not all certifiers provided updated data.1 Julia Lernoud,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 2 Dr.Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture(FiBL),Frick,Switzerland,www.fibl.org 3 Since 2014,data collection on organic agriculture worldwide has been funded by the International Trade Centre(ITC)and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs(SECO)under the project“T4SD Global Platform for Market Data on Organic Agriculture and Sustainability Standards”.For more information on this project,see www.vss.fibl.org 4 The organisers of BIOFACH,the World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg,Germany(today:NrnbergMesse),have supported data collection on organic agriculture worldwide and the production of the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture”since 2000.Statistics Introduction Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 37 Table 1:Countries and territories covered by the global survey on organic agriculture 2015 Region Countries*with data on organic agriculture Countries per region1 Share of countries that provided data(%)Africa 41 56 73%Asia 41 49 84%Europe 48 49 98%Latin America and Caribbean 33 46 72%North America 3 5 60%Oceania 13 25 52%World 179 230 78%Source:FiBL survey 2017*Where the designation country appears in this book,it covers countries or territories.2 Data on the following indicators was collected:Organic area in hectares,by country and country groups,including breakdown by crop;Livestock numbers;Production data(volumes and values);Producers and further operator types;Domestic market data(total retail sales value and volumes,per capita consumption,share of the total market,and breakdown by product);International trade data(total import and export values and volumes,and breakdown by product).Not all data that was collected is published in this book(e.g.production,livestock numbers,breakdown by product for domestic market and international trade data)because it was not possible to draw a complete global picture for these indicators.More information about the data collection and analysis process is available at the Better Data chapter on page 296.More information on www.organic- Tables with more details on crops,markets,and international trade,as well as explanations for certain data can be found on www.organic-.Contact Enquiries related to the data should be sent to Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer,Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL,Frick,Switzerland,e-mail julia.lernoudfibl.org and helga.willerfibl.org.1 Number of countries and areas are mostly based on countries as listed in the FAO database at http:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL as well as some additional countries such as Kosovo.2 For more information on countries,territories and regions see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.Statistics General Notes 38 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 General notes on the data Organic areas:Data represents certified organic land/areas that are already fully converted as well as land under conversion because many data sources do not separate or include the latter(for instance,Austria,Germany,and Switzerland)and also because land under conversion is under organic management.For a definition of organic agriculture,see the IFOAM Organics International website.1 Data on conversion status:For some countries,data is collated from several certifiers,some of which provided information on the conversion status while others did not.Therefore,the sum of land under conversion and the fully converted land is not necessarily the same as the total land under organic agricultural management.Share of total agricultural land:In some cases,the calculation of the organic share of the total agricultural land or that of individual crops,based on FAOSTAT and in some cases the Eurostat data,might differ from the organic shares obtained from ministries or local experts.PGS:Since 2011,for some countries,areas certified by Participatory Guarantee Systems(PGS)have been included.(For more information about PGS,see the article by Joelle Katto-Andrighetto and Cornelia Kirchner on page 157).Countries:For countries and territories,the FAO country list is used.Where the designation country appears in this report,it covers countries or territories.As to the countries grouping by region,the Standard Country and Area Classifications as defined by the United Nations Statistics Division,2 is used in most cases.Data sources:Data was gathered from organizations of the private sector,governments,and certification bodies.For detailed information on the data sources,please check the annex at the end of this volume(page 316).Direct year-to-year comparison:A direct year-to-year comparison is not possible for all data as the data sources may change,data may not be provided on an annual base,data access may become better,or exchange rates might change.Completeness of data:Producers:Some countries report the number of smallholders while others report only the number of companies,projects,or grower groups,which may each comprise a num-ber of producers.This applies in particular to many African countries.The number of producers is,therefore,probably higher than the number communicated in this report.Domestic market data:It should be noted that for market and trade data,comparing country statistics remains very problematic due to differing methods of data collection.Data revisions:Data revisions and corrections are communicated at www.organic- on the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide are available on page 296.1 The definition of organic agriculture is available at the website of IFOAM Organics International www.ifoam.bio/en/organic-landmarks/definition-organic-agriculture 2 For the composition of macro geographical(continental)regions,geographical sub-regions,and selected economic and other groupings,see the UNSTAT website at http:/unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm Statistics Organic Agricultural Land Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 39 Infographic 2:Organic farmland 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017 Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 40 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Organic agricultural land Currently,50.9 million hectares are under organic agricultural management worldwide(end of 2015 for most data).1 The region with the most organic agricultural land is Oceania,with 22.8 million hectares followed by Europe with 12.7 million hectares,Latin America(6.7 million hectares),Asia(almost 4 million hectares),North America(almost 3 million hectares),and Africa(1.7 million hectares).Oceania has 45 percent of the global organic agricultural land.Europe,a region that has had a very constant growth of organic land over the years,has a quarter of the worlds organic agricultural land followed by Latin America with 13 percent(Table 2,Figure 1).Australia,which experienced a major growth of organic land in 2015( 4.4 million hectares),is the country with the most organic agricultural land;it is estimated that 97 percent of the farmland are extensive grazing areas.Argentina is second followed by the United States in third place(Table 3,Figure 2).The 10 countries with the largest organic agricultural areas have a combined total of 37.8 million hectares and constitute almost three-quarters of the worlds organic agricultural land.Apart from the organic agricultural land,there are further organic areas such as wild collection areas.These areas constitute more than 39.7 million hectares.Table 2:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)and regions shares of the global organic agricultural land 2015 Region Organic agricultural land hectares Regions shares of the global organic agricultural land Africa 1683482 3%Asia 3965289 8%Europe 12716969 25%Latin America 6744722 13%North America 2973886 6%Oceania 22838513 45%Total*50919006 100%Source:FiBL survey 2017.Note:Agricultural land includes in-conversion areas and excludes wild collection,aquaculture,forest,and non-agricultural grazing areas.*Includes correction value for French overseas departments.1 Data provided on the conversion status were included in this work.However,some countries provided only data on the fully converted area,others only on the total organic agricultural land,and thus the conversion area is not known for many countries.Statistics Organic Agricultural Land Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 41 Figure 1:World:Distribution of organic agricultural land by region 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 316 Figure 2:World:The ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015 Source:FiBL survey 2017,based on information from the private sector,certifiers,and governments.For detailed data sources see annex,page 316 1.091.181.311.381.491.611.972.033.0722.690510152025GermanyIndiaUruguayFranceItalyChinaSpainUnited States of AmericaArgentinaAustraliaMillion hectaresThe ten countries with the largest areas of organic agricultural land 2015Source:FiBL survey 2017Statistics Organic Agricultural Land 42 Willer,H.and Lernoud,J.(Eds.)(2017):The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends.FiBL&IFOAM Organics International(2017):Frick and Bonn,2017-02-20 Table 3:World:Organic agricultural land(including in-conversion areas)by country 2015(sorted)For an alphabetical country list(including information on data year),see page 312.Country Hectares Australia 22690000 Argentina 3073412 United States of America 2029327 Spain 1968570 China 1609928 Italy 1492579 France 1375328 Uruguay 1307421 India 1180000 Germany 1088838 Canada 944558 Brazil 750000 Mexico 584093 Poland 580731 Austria 553570 Sweden 518983 United Kingdom 495929 Turkey 486069 Czech Republic 478033 Ukraine 410550 Greece 407069 Russian Federation 385140 Peru
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