June 2024GBTA U.S.Economic Impact Study Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.Economy 2Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyBusiness travel and“travel for work”are a force for good around the world for communities,economies,governments and professionals building their careers.GBTAs analysis of the Economic Impact of Business Travel in the United States outlines how this force for good benefits the U.S.economy,including gross domestic product,job creation,revenue generation and more.The report specifically provides supporting data and insights for U.S.destinations and policy makers to consider around the contributions made to their economies and communities when business travelers attend meetings,conferences,training sessions and events.And while the pandemic was particularly challenging for business travel,the report shows the rapid return of economic benefits alongside the sectors recovery.But business travel doesnt exist in a vacuum.The industry depends on solid policies,investments,prioritization and vision to shape whats next and ensure it thrives for the long term.The Global Business Travel Association is committed to working collaboratively to ensure business travel remains a driving force for the future.With challenges such as sustainability,rising costs,duty of care,and traveler concerns about wellbeing we have a full plate ahead as business travel moves into its next era in the U.S.and around the world.This report lays out“the why”we must maintain business travel as an economic force for good.Its up to all of us GBTA members,policy makers,business travel constituents and more to now create“the how.”Suzanne NeufangChief Executive OfficerGBTABusiness Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.Economy23Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyIntroduction.3Executive Summary.4The 2022 Contribution of Business Travel to the U.S.Economy.6Business Travel-Initiated Trips and Spending.6How Businesses,Citizens,and Governments Benefit from Business Travel:Contribution to U.S.GDP,Jobs,Wages,and Taxes.9The Business Travel Industry Benefits a Large Range of American Businesses.12What is Lost(Gained)When Business Travel is Reduced(Expanded)&The Impact of Covid-19 on The US Business Travel Market&the US Economy.14A Profile of U.S.Business Travelers.15Demographic Attributes of U.S.Business Travelers.162022 U.S.Business Traveler Trip Behavior.17State Volume,Spending&Economic Impact.18About GBTA.34About Rockport Analytics.34Methodology&Data Sources.34Appendix I:State Ranking of Business Travel Spending(2022).45 June 2024 GBTA and its affiliates.All rights reserved.Table of ContentsContactFor more information or specific questions,please contact:Chris Ely Director,Research GBTA celygbta.org 1 703 629 5463Debbie Iannaci Vice President,PR,Communications&Research GBTA diannacigbta.org 1 305 301 7057Jon Gray Principal Rockport Analytics J 1 443 629 71504Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyIntroduction Global business travel in 2022 encompassed an estimated$1.02 trillion USD and is anticipated to surpass$1.5 trillion in spending in 20241.As the nation spending the most on business travel that year,U.S.expenditures in 2022 generated$421.1 billion USD and the U.S.is forecast to be the number one or two market worldwide for spending again in 2023 and respectively in 2024.When businesses and governments send workers on the road,jobs are created,sales and taxes are generated,the national economy expands.Total economic activity generated by business travel is 1.9%of U.S.gross domestic product(GDP).Business travel is key to healthy economic growth and should be considered in the broader context of public policy decisions.The focus of this study is to quantify the economic contribution made by business travel to the U.S.economy.To achieve this,we estimated total annual spending initiated by business travel in 2022 and used a standard economic model2 to translate business travel spending into its impact on GDP,jobs,wages,and taxes.The study focuses on calendar year 2022,the last full year for which a complete set of data is available for our analysis.The study also profiles U.S.business travelers to better understand their composition,behavior,motivations,and spending patterns.The total economic impact of business travel is separated into three distinct effects:direct,indirect,and induced.The direct impacts represent the spending with businesses that“touch”the traveler.Among other expenditures,this includes airfare,hotels,and car rentals,etc.The indirect impact represents the upstream benefit to local suppliers of those businesses that are directly serving travelers.This includes,for example,food suppliers to restaurants.The induced impact adds the effect of travel-generated wages as they are spent throughout the U.S.economy.1 GBTA Business Travel Index Outlook,August 20232 IMPLAN()Methodology Notes 1.The economic impacts described in this study are based on domestic traveler spending as measured by(1)Longwoods International,GBTA,and Rockport Analytics,(2)international spending from the National Travel&Tourism Office(NTTO)and(3)meeting spending derived from The Economic Significance of Meetings to the U.S.Economy.All figures are reported in U.S.dollars($USD).2.The most recent full year(2022)for all data inputs was analyzed and compared to other economic data for the same period.3.Only spending that took place within the U.S.is included since it is only this portion that ultimately accrues to U.S.gross domestic product.4.Study findings include only the impacts of business-initiated travel and meetings operations.Leisure travel is not included.5.An economic model of the U.S.is critical to estimating how traveler spending resounds through the U.S.economy.The IMPLAN model,a nonproprietary economic model that has fast become the de facto standard for most economic impact assessments,was chosen by the authors.State-level impacts are derived through the utilization of Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA)RIMS II multipliers for the appropriate industry sectors.Executive SummaryThe Global Business Travel Association last studied the economic impact of U.S.business travel in 2017.Since then,the industry has undergone significant cyclical and structural changes.Over this seven-year period,we witnessed substantial economic and social changes,ushered in a new era of sustainability initiatives,and experienced business travel volumes and the economic activity it produces grind to a halt amid the Covid-19 pandemic.As the U.S.business travel market continues its rebound from that dramatic downturn,it is a critical time for GBTA to take stock of the current state of the industry and provide an update on business travels broader impact on the U.S.economy.Key findings from our research include:The high-water mark for U.S.business travel spending was in 2019 when the industry generated$493 billion in total expenditures.That high-water mark is used in our analysis as the baseline of comparison of how the industry has recovered since the onset of the pandemic.In 2022,business travel spending in the U.S.totaled$421.1 billion.This includes$237.8 billion in domestic spending,$33.8 billion in international spending and$149.5 billion in meeting operation expenditures.Total business travel expenditures in 2022 were nearly 15low pre-pandemic(2019)levels of spending.While final tallies of 2023 business travel spending were not available at the time of this writing,estimates can be derived based on several data sources including GBTAs Global Business Travel Index(BTI)Outlook.These estimates point to roughly 25%growth in US business travel expenditures in 2023,which would put spending around 7ove 2019 totals.Business travel supports many functions in the U.S.In 2022,67%of U.S.business trips were taken for what the industry calls“transient”business travel,including individual sales trips,client service trips,government and military travel,and travel for construction or repairs.Another 33%of business trips were taken for“group”travel purposes,including for conferences,conventions,group training,and seminars.In 2022,business travel activity generated$484 billion in total GDP.For every dollar spent on business travel,$1.15 was returned to the U.S.economy as net-new GDP.In fact,when considering the entirety of the U.S.business travel and its downstream impacts,the industry was responsible for 1.9%of US GDP in 2022.The U.S.business travel economy is also an engine for job creation,supporting a total of 6 million U.S.jobs across an array of industry sectors.This includes 3.2 million jobs in industries directly supported by business travelers(e.g.,transportation,accommodations,food services,etc.),1.1 million indirect(business travel industry supply chain)jobs,and 1.6 million in induced employment(jobs created by the re-spent wages of direct and indirect workers).The business travel industry was responsible for 3.5%of total US employment in 2022.The U.S.business travel industry also generates significant revenue for federal,state,and local governments.In 2022,business travel actively generated a total of$119 billion in tax receipts including,$60.9 billion in federal collections and$58.6 billion in state and local collections.For every 1%growth in business travel expenditures,the U.S.economy gains nearly 60,000 jobs,$2.9 billion in paid wages,$1.2 billion in tax revenue and$4.8 billion in new GDP.The top states in terms of business travel spending(not including meeting operations)are California,New York,Florida,Texas and Georgia.The top 15 ranked states account for over 65%of U.S.business travel expenditures.5Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyMetric201920212022%Change 2019-2022PerspectiveBusiness Travel-Initiated Spending$493.3 B$253.3 B$421.1 B-14.6%Includes trip-related($271.6B)and meetings operations($149.5B)spending.Economic Value(GDP)Business travel is responsible for 1.9%of the entire U.S.economyDirect Impact$247.5 B$125.3 B$204.1 B-17.5%Indirect Impact$146.1 B$72.8 B$120.8 B-17.3%Induced Impact$193.4 B$97.5 B$159.5 B-17.5%Total Impact$587.1 B$295.6 B$484.4 B-17.5%Wages&SalariesAverage annual wage among direct workers who serve business travelers(direct)is$48,929Direct Impact$157.1 B$79.8 B$129.3 B-17.7%Indirect Impact$87.4 B$43.7 B$72.4 B-17.2%Induced Impact$108.9 B$54.9 B$89.8 B-17.5%Total Impact$353.4 B$178.5 B$291.5 B-17.5%EmploymentApproximately 1 in every 26 U.S.workers owes their job to business travelDirect Impact4.1 M2.0 M3.2 M-21.3%Indirect Impact1.4 M0.7 M1.1 M-21.2%Induced Impact2.1 M1.0 M1.6 M-21.6%Total Impact7.6 M3.7 M6.0 M-21.3%Taxes27 of each dollar spent by business travelers goes to pay taxes of some kind.Total impact$144.6 B$72.1 B$119.6 B-17.3kusiness Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyU.S.Business Travel Economic Impact:Top-Line Results($USD)Business travel supported nearly 6.0 million American jobs in 2022 -21.3%Change 2019-2022Business travel activity generated wages exceeding$291.5 billion in 2022 -17.5%Change 2019-2022U.S.business travel contributed$484.4 billion to gross domestic product in 2022 -17.5%Change 2019-2022Executive Summary(contd)Business Travel-Initiated Trips and SpendingDefining U.S.Business TravelThe first task in assessing the contribution made by business travel is to carefully define the activity and then detail the various spending streams it initiates and supports.A comprehensive view of business travel includes both transient trips and those dedicated to meetings and conventions.Moreover,this research covers all business trip purposes,including sales,management,training,customer service,facilities maintenance and repair,and all government travel.Finally,a full accounting of U.S.business travel must include domestic trips,international inbound travel made by foreign visitors,and international outbound trips.The goal is to isolate the economic activity generated in the U.S.for each of those types of trips.When an employee sets out on a business trip,they purchase transportation,accommodations(for overnight trips),food,travel management services,entertainment,and various retail items.As such,business travel is an activity that touches many U.S.industries and businesses.Employers may reimburse some of this spending while other purchases are the responsibility of the employee.Our comprehensive definition of business travel-initiated spending will include both.There is also a class of expenditures associated with sponsoring meetings and conventions that must be included.Meetings and conventions are an important business trip purpose that make up approximately 21.8%of all U.S.business travel volume.The operational expenditures of these meetings include items such as venue rental,audio-visual equipment and services,food and beverage,registration fees,administration,etc.This spending is separate from the travel expenses incurred to attend and must be added into a comprehensive total.Indeed,these sponsorship expenditures would not take place without delegate attendance,a key form of business travel,in the first place.Being specifically interested in the impact that business travel has on the U.S.economy,we must be careful to include only expenditures that take place inside the U.S.For example,airline tickets purchased abroad by a foreign business traveler to visit the U.S.on a non-U.S.carrier would not be included.In the opposite case,we would count the air spending of a U.S.business traveler on an outbound international trip who purchased travel on a domestic carrier,while most of the remaining trip budget is being spent outside of the country.As such,the outbound airline purchase should be included while the hotel,food,entertainment,and other trip spending would not.The 2022 Contribution of Business Travel to the U.S.Economy Trip Volume,Spending&Economic Impact 7Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyU.S.business travel spending rose to$421.1 billion in 2022It is also important to understand what is not included in our definition of business travel spending.First,due to limitations in the available data,we have not included travel and entertainment expenditures made by employees or employers that do not include an overnight stay or a 50-mile one-way journey.For example,if an employee drives five miles across town and takes a customer to lunch to discuss new products or initiatives,this would not be included in our definition.While this type of activity is no doubt substantial for many organizations and is business travel,there is no cost-effective way to develop credible estimates.Business travel spending in the U.S.reached$421.1 billion USD in 2022.This includes$271.6 billion USD in trip-related spending(64.5%)and$149.5 billion in meetings operations expenditures(35.5%).Trip-related spending includes$237.8 billion USD in domestic spending,and$33.8 billion USD in international spending.Average spending per domestic trip was$632 in 2022,up 9.5 percent from 2019 levels.This is a broad average that includes all types of business travel including day trips and overnights,domestic,and all categories of trip purposes(e.g.,sales,management,maintenance and repair,conventions,seminars,training,etc.).Lodging accounted for the most overall spending at$91.6 billion,followed by transportation($87.3 billion),food&beverage($47.0 billion),retail($26.5 billion),and recreation&entertainment($18.5 billion).U.S.-based trip-related spending for domestic business travel reached$237.8 billion in 2022,and international trip-related spending totaled$33.1 billion.These totals include domestic trip expenditures plus all U.S.-based spending from international inbound and outbound business travel.The charts on the right summarize the components of domestic,international,and total trip related spending.U.S.Business Travel-Initiated Category2019 Spending(Billions USD)2021 Spending(Billions USD)2022 Spending(Billions USD)%Change 2019-2022%of Total 2022Domestic Trip Spending$276.1$139.0$237.8-13.9V.5%International Trip Spending$29.6$16.4$33.814.2%8.0%Meetings Operations Expenditures$179.4$98.0$149.5-16.65.5%Total$485.1$253.3$421.1-13.20%Business Trips and Average Spend-per-TripU.S.Business Travel-Initiated Category201920212022%Change 2019-2022Total Business Trips Taken(millions)544.4315.1429.9-21.0%Average Spend-per-Trip$576.72$492.88$631.769.5%Industry2022 Spending(Billions USD)Food&Beverage$41.1 BEntertainment/Speakers/Production$32.9 BMeeting Administration$23.6 BOther Meeting Operations$19.4 BMeeting Venue Rental$12.1 BMeeting Registration Fees$11.5 BTransportation&Staff Travel$9.0 BTotal$149.5 BU.S.Business Travel-Initiated Category201920212022%Change 2019-2022Total Business Trips Taken(millions)544.4315.1429.9-21.0%Average Spend-per-Trip$576.72$492.88$631.769.5%TOTAL33%73%Total$237.8Billion39%7%Total$33.1 Billion34%72%Total$270.9 Billion =LodgingFood&BeverageRecreation&EntertainmentRetailTransportationSpending by Category(in billions USD)DOMESTICINTERNATIONALDistribution of Spending(Billions USD)8Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyBusiness Trips and Average Spend-per-TripTrip-related business travel spending exceeded$270 billion in 2022While travel-related expenditures associated with meeting and convention attendance have been captured in the trip-related figures above,the operational expenditures associated with running the meetings have not.Meeting venue rental,group food and beverage provision,audio-visual services,speaker stipends,and other operations costs are clearly part of the meetings and convention story.Regardless of who ultimately covers these costs,they are part of business travel spending.Meetings operations costs reached$149.5 billion USD in 2022,with the largest categories being food&beverage(27.5%),entertainment/speakers/production(22.0%),meeting administration(15.8%),other meeting operations(13.0%),venue rental(8.1%),meeting registration fees(7.7%),and transportation&staff travel(6.0%).The table and chart above on this page show the distribution of these costs and amount spent for each category.16%8%8%6%Meeting AdministrationMeeting Venue RentalFood&BeverageMeeting RegistrationFeesEntertainment/Speakers/ProductionTransportation&StaffTravelOther MeetingOperationsIndustry2022 Spending(Billions USD)Food&Beverage$41.1 BEntertainment/Speakers/Production$32.9 BMeeting Administration$23.6 BOther Meeting Operations$19.4 BMeeting Venue Rental$12.1 BMeeting Registration Fees$11.5 BTransportation&Staff Travel$9.0 BTotal$149.5 BExpenditures on meeting&event operations reached$149.5 billion in 2022Operations Spending of Meetings&Events2022 Meeting Operation Spending Distribution9Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.Economy10Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyU.S.-based expenditures associated with business travel detailed in the previous section touch the economy in several ways,directly and indirectly supporting jobs,incomes,tax revenue,and GDP.Much of business travels contribution accrues directly to industries that serve business travelers:hotels,restaurants,airlines,and ground transportation.There are also significant benefits business travel brings to the supply chains of these direct businesses.For example,firms operating in food distribution,business services,insurance,and information technology make a sizable contribution as well.Finally,wages paid to the employees of both the direct and indirect beneficiary firms are spent in the economy on an array of consumer goods and services.All told,business travels beneficiaries are many and include virtually every industry in the U.S.economy.The$421.1 billion in business travel spending in 2022 resulted in$484.4 billion dollars generated in U.S.GDP.Essentially,every single dollar spent on business travel activity generated about$1.15 in GDP.Business travel was responsible for about 1.9%of 2022 U.S.GDP.Of the$484.4 billion total,$204.1 billion accrued directly to the businesses that served business travelers or meeting attendees.Their supply chain beneficiaries received an additional indirect contribution of$120.8 billion.Other downstream beneficiaries received an induced contribution of$159.5 billion.This includes the impacts of wages spent by business travel industry workers on various goods and services.Business travel is a significant driver of employmentnearly 6.0 million in 2022.Of this total,just over 3.2 million were with hotels,airlines,rental car companies,and other industries that directly supported business travelers.Slightly over 1.1 million jobs were with travel supply chain employers and another 1.6 million jobs resided with firms that supplied consumer goods and services to business travel-supported workers.Total business travel-initiated wages reached an estimated$291.5 billion USD in 2022.This included$129.3 billion in direct,$72.4 billion in indirect,and an additional$89.8 billion in induced wages.The business travel industry-equivalent to the“direct”impact definition-paid an annual average wage of nearly$50,000.While this is lower than the national average of all industries,business travel-supported jobs included a disproportionate number of part-time employees pulling down the industry average.Business travel supported nearly 6.0 million American jobs in 2022Business travel activity generated wages exceeding$290 billion in 2022 U.S.business travel contributed$484.4 billion to gross domestic product in 2022 How Businesses,Citizens,and Governments Benefit from Business Travel:Contribution to U.S.GDP,Jobs,Wages,and TaxesU.S.business travel activity makes an enormous contribution to the nations fiscal health.In 2022,business traveler and meetings spending generated an estimated$119.6 billion USD in federal,state,and local taxes,down just over 21%from 2019.This constituted 1.8%of all tax collections in U.S.(2022 at$6.36 trillion).Federal tax collections generated from business travel activity hit$61.0 billion USD.This represents 1.2%of total federal tax collections.The largest tax federal sources generated by business travelers include personal income($19.9B)and social insurance taxes($27.3B).Corporate income taxes and excise fees generated by business travel are also significant-totaling$1.5 billion and$9.6 billion,respectively.State and local tax collections generated by business travel activity totaled$51.3 billion USD in 2022.This represents 3.5%of total U.S.state and local tax collections over the period.The largest categorical contributors to state and local collections were sales taxes(mainly state collections)of$19.0 billion USD and property taxes(mainly local collections)of$18.3 billion USD.The other significant contributors include state and local personal income taxes and hotel and rental car excise taxes.Metric201920212022%Change 2019-2022PerspectiveBusiness Travel-Initiated Spending$493.3 B$253.3 B$421.1 B-14.6%Includes trip-related($271.6B)and meetings operations($149.5B)spending.Economic Value(GDP)Business travel is responsible for 1.9%of the entire U.S.economyDirect Impact$247.5 B$125.3 B$204.1 B-17.5%Indirect Impact$146.1 B$72.8 B$120.8 B-17.3%Induced Impact$193.4 B$97.5 B$159.5 B-17.5%Total Impact$587.1 B$295.6 B$484.4 B-17.5%Wages&SalariesAverage annual wage among direct workers who serve business travelers(direct)is$48,929Direct Impact$157.1 B$79.8 B$129.3 B-17.7%Indirect Impact$87.4 B$43.7 B$72.4 B-17.2%Induced Impact$108.9 B$54.9 B$89.8 B-17.5%Total Impact$353.4 B$178.5 B$291.5 B-17.5%EmploymentApproximately 1 in every 26 U.S.workers owes their job to business travelDirect Impact4.1 M2.0 M3.2 M-21.3%Indirect Impact1.4 M0.7 M1.1 M-21.2%Induced Impact2.1 M1.0 M1.6 M-21.6%Total Impact7.6 M3.7 M6.0 M-21.3%Taxes27 of each dollar spent by business travelers goes to pay taxes of some kind.Total impact$144.6 B$72.1 B$119.6 B-17.3%U.S.Business Travel Economic Impact:Top-Line Results($USD)U.S.business travel generated nearly$112 billion in tax receipts in 2022 11Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyTo add perspective to just how much government revenue is generated by business travel,consider:Each business trip generates an average of about$281 USD in tax receipts.This encompasses sales,excise,and income taxes generated both directly and indirectly from business travel activity in 2022.Of each dollar spent in the business travel industry,$0.28 goes toward taxes of some kind.If business travel suddenly disappeared,each of the U.S.s 131.2 million households would have to pay an additional$911.62 USD per year in taxes to maintain existing levels of receipts.Business travel generates enough state and local taxes to educate 6.9 million of the U.S.s 49.6 million public school students per year.U.S.Business Travel-Initiated Tax ReceiptsTax(Millions USD)2022Federal:U.S.Corporate Income$9,330.9 MPersonal Income$19,936.9 MExcise&Fees$4,415.2 MAirport Passenger Facility Charges$663.5 MAirport Security Fee Collections$863.5 MSocial Insurance Taxes$27,291.3 MFederal:US Tax Total$60,974.3 MState&LocalCorporate Income$1,527.5 MPersonal Income$5,399.6 MSocial Insurance Taxes$547.4 MTourism ExcisesHotel Tax$7,376.4 MFood&Beverage$240.5 MRental Car Excise$2,038.2 MSales Taxes$18,954.7 MProperty Taxes$18,204.4 MOther Taxes$4,343.0 MState&Local Tax Total$58,631.8 MTotal Business Travel-Initiated Taxes$119,606.1 M12Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.Economy152D%9%Corporate IncomePersonal IncomeSocial Insurance TaxesExcise&Fees$61.0 b2022 Business Travel-Initiated Federal Tax Sources2022 Business Travel-Initiated State Tax&Local Sources3%9%121%7%Corporate IncomePersonal IncomeSocial Insurance TaxesTourism ExcisesSales TaxesProperty TaxesOther Taxes$58.6 bThe Business Travel Industry Benefits a Large Range of American BusinessesAside from the advantages that business travel brings to the firms that sponsor their trips,the larger economy also benefits from travel activity.Hoteliers,airlines,restaurants,and rental car firms are obvious.But business travel also includes businesses that facilitate meetings,such as convention centers,audio-visual companies,meeting planning service firms,and catering companies.These are the businesses that directly touch the business traveler or meeting attendee.Together,they make up the“direct”economic impact of business travel.In 2022,business travel activity supported more than 3.2 million direct jobs in the U.S.economy.Business travels direct employment represented around 2.0%of total U.S.non-farm employment in 2022.These are the workers who directly serve the business traveler or directly support meetings and events.The adjacent table breaks out those jobs by sector and identifies their share of the total.Food services leads the pack at slightly over 1.2 million jobs and includes restaurants and drinking establishments,followed by accommodations(601,204),transportation(364,976),entertainment&recreation(266,538),and administrative support services(251,679).Together these sectors comprise 83.8%of all direct jobs attributable to U.S.business travel.While the owners of direct businesses feel the benefits of a robust business travel market firsthand,those further downstream may not fully appreciate what business travel means to their top-lines.The indirect economic impacts speak to the benefits of the business travel supply chain.These are the organizations that provide materials,supplies,and services to those businesses on the front line of business travel.The food distributor that serves restaurants and caterers,the insurance company that secures risk for the rental car agency,or the accounting firm that assists the hotelier all provide important examples.The table on the next page presents the supply chain beneficiaries of U.S.business travel.In 2022,these sectors top-line revenue benefited from nearly$242 billion USD in indirect business.They,in turn,supported over 1.1 million jobs.The top supply chain beneficiary was administrative and support services,supporting nearly 200,000 jobs in the sector.Professional services had over 141,000 jobs supported by business travel.Firms in sectors such as food services,manufacturing,finance&insurance,real estate&rental,and transportation&warehousing are also significant beneficiaries of business travel.Industry2022 Direct Jobs%of Total JobsFood services1,220,81937.8commodations601,20418.6%Transportation&warehousing364,97611.3%Arts-entertainment&recreation266,5388.3ministrative&support services251,6797.8%Other services175,3385.4%Retail trade127,2943.9%Real estate&rental116,5843.6%Professional services44,7251.4%Government&non-NAICS19,8410.6%Manufacturing14,5550.5%Information14,3970.4%Finance&insurance8,5660.3%Total Business Travel Direct Jobs3,226,51613Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyTop Industry Beneficiaries:Business Travel-Initiated Indirect/Supply Chain Industry2022 Indirect Jobs%of Total JobsAdministrative&support services198,03217.7%Professional services141,61212.7%Food services97,5708.7%Manufacturing87,0327.8%Finance&insurance83,3717.5%Real estate&rental83,0537.4%Transportation&warehousing69,7466.2%Arts-entertainment&recreation50,5124.5%Information49,8684.5%Other services48,1674.3%Construction40,9223.7%Management of companies33,6233.0%Government&non-NAICS32,8332.9%Agriculture,forestry,fish&hunting27,3032.4%Wholesale trade22,7062.0%Mining13,0651.2%Retail trade12,9301.2commodations12,1211.1%Utilities8,0270.7ucational services4,5160.4%Health&social services2060.0%Total Business Travel Indirect Jobs1,117,401Administrative&support services 198,032 indirect jobs Professional services 141,612 indirect jobs 14Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyThere are additional industry beneficiaries also downstream from the front line activity of serving business travelers.Hotels,meeting venues,airlines,and other direct organizations pay their employees wages and salaries.The same is true for the food distributors,accounting firms,and other supply chain organizations.These employees spend their wages on the same goods and services we all consume.This“induced”impact accrues to a broad range of industry beneficiaries from healthcare to banking and retail to personal services.In 2022,the induced impact of business travel supported an additional 1.6 million jobs across the U.S.economy.Food services 97,570 indirect jobs What is Lost(Gained)When Business Travel is Reduced(Expanded)&The Impact of Covid-19 on The U.S.Business Travel Market&the U.S.EconomyHow does the economy benefit(or suffer),when business travel expands or contracts due to changes in the economy,policy,weather,or other factors?Our economic impact analysis can be useful in analyzing potential changes in policy that would impact business travel either favorably or unfavorably.Its important to evaluate these policy decisions in a broad context of the U.S.economy.By distilling our findings into a series of per unit factors,we can help to build a simple expectation for how change will manifest itself.The table below illustrates how changes in the level of business travel impact the U.S.economy:Another important evaluation to be made from the impact results is the broader impact that the Covid-19 pandemic has had on business travel activity.The table below illustrates the impact that the pandemic had on total business travel spending in 2020 and the subsequent impact to the U.S.economy.The second row of the table highlights how far below“normal”U.S.business travel spending remains and the impact that this has on the U.S.economy.“Normal”levels of business travel are estimated by using pre-pandemic levels of US business travel spending as a share of total GDP.Change in:Business Travel SpendingJobsGDPWagesTaxesFor Every 1%Change in Business Travel SpendingThe U.S.business travel industry would lose/gain$3.9 B32,265$2.0 B$1.3 BN/AThe U.S.economy would lose/gain$9.3 B59,579$4.8 B$2.9 B$1.2 BChange in:Business Travel SpendingJobsGDPWagesTaxesCOVID Impact of 2020The U.S.business travel industry lost$237.2 B1,968,175$124.5 B$78.9 BN/AThe U.S.economy lost$566.7 B3,634,339$295.5 B$177.8 B$73.0 BRoad to RecoveryIn 2022,the US business travel industry is still behind by$137.1 B1,137,621$72.0 B$45.6 BN/AIn 2022,the U.S.economy is still behind by$327.6 B2,100,677$170.8 B$102.8 B$42.2 B15Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyOverviewIn 2022,there were a total of 429.9 million business trips taken within the U.S.and business travel spending totaled$421.1 billion.U.S.business travel spending remained 14.6low its pre-pandemic peak in 2019 of$493.3 billion.The amount spent per business trip was$632 in 2022.This includes average spending per trip of$214 on lodging,$204 on transportation,$110 on food and beverage in restaurants,$43 on entertainment,and$62 on retail and other expenditures.These averages include both domestic and international inbound trips and both day trips and overnight business trips in the U.S.These averages are calculated from all business trips,including those where some of these items were not purchased at all.Business travel supports many functions in the U.S.In 2022,67%of U.S.business trips were taken for transient business purposes,including sales trips,client service trips,government and military travel,and travel for construction or repair.Another 33%of business trips were taken for group travel purposes,including travel for conventions,group training,and seminars.On average,the duration of a transient business trip in the U.S.was 4.1 days in 2022,while group business trips spanned 3.5 days on average,and those taking a combination business and leisure trip stayed for 4.4 days.A Profile of U.S.Business TravelersTrip Behavior,Motivations&Demographics16Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyIn 2022 429.9 million business trips were taken within U.S.In 2022$632USD spent on average per business trip17Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDemographic Attributes of U.S.Business TravelersOf all U.S.business travelers,one-third(33.9%)have an annual household income below$50,000;33.4%have annual household incomes between$50,000 and$100,000;and 31.5%have annual household incomes above$100,000.On average,transient business travelers have higher incomes than group business travelers.U.S.business travelers come from an array of age cohorts.The average age of a business traveler was 44.3 years.In 2022,fewer than one-third(29.1%)of frequent travelers are under the age of 35;46.4%are between the ages of 35 and 54;and 24.5%are over the age of 55.Those traveling for group business travel tend to skew younger than those traveling for transient purposes.Women comprised 42.1%of conference and convention travel,and 36.6%of other business travel,but made up 48%of total business-leisure trip volume.Men were more likely to travel for business overall,but proportionally,women added a leisure component at a much higher rate than men.Over three-fifths(61.8%)of business travelers in 2022 have a four-year college degree:37.7%have a college degree and 24.1%obtained a post graduate degree.33.919.515.119.312.20.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.0Under$50K$50-$74.9K$75-$99.9K$100-$149.9K$150K 8.720.422.723.714.99.60.05.010.015.020.025.018-2425-3435-4445-5455-6465 57.963.452.342.136.647.70.010.020.030.040.050.060.0Conference/ConventionOther business tripBusiness-LeisureFemaleMaleHousehold Income(All U.S.Business Travelers)Age Range(All Business Travelers)Gender18.220.037.724.10.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.0High school orless/OtherSome collegeCollege GraduatePost-Graduate2022Educational Attainment(All Business Travelers)Average Age of U.S.Business Traveler 44.3years old2022 U.S.Business Traveler Trip BehaviorNearly two-thirds(66.2%)of business travel activity in 2022 was for business only,which includes sales trips,client service trips,government and military travel,and travel for construction or repair,while in 2021,57.0%of business travel was for business only.Over one-third(33.8%)of were taken for a combination of business and leisure purposes.A personal car or truck was the most popular mode of transportation among U.S.business travelers to get to their destination in 2022(56.6%).Other frequently utilized forms of transportation are airplane(34.6%),rental cars(15.2%),online taxi service(Uber,Lyft,Sidecar,etc.)(13.1%),traditional taxicab(6.5%),bus(5.8%),and train(5.6%).Over half(55.4%)of the 2022 business trips taken in the U.S.included an overnight stay,with nearly half of those(47.8%)being a one-to two-night stay.Over one-fourth(28.4%)of trips included a three-to four-night stay,10.9%included a five-to six-night stay,and the remaining 17.8%of trips included overnight stays of seven nights or more.Over three-fourths(76.3%)of business travel stays were in hotel/motel/bed and breakfast in 2022,followed by resort hotels(9.4%),rented home/apartment(7.7%),and stayed with friends or relatives(4.8%).Other accommodations were used in 35.1%of the business trips in 2022,which included their own second home,campground/RV park,time share,and other accommodations not listed.Conference/Convention22%Other Business Trip44%Business-Leisure34%Main Purpose of Business TripModes of Transportation47.729.224.211.29.49.07.56.15.85.55.40.010.020.030.040.050.060.0Own car/truckPlaneRental CarOnline Ride ServiceTraditional TaxicabBusTrainShip/BoatCamper/RVBicycleMotorcycleLength of Stay22.625.630.010.66.81.80.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.01 Night 2 Nights3-4Nights5-6Nights7-13Nights14-20Nights76.335.19.46.21.90.020.040.060.080.0100.0Hotel/Motel/B&BOtherResort hotelRented home/apartmentStayed with friendsType of Primary Lodging Accommodationsor relatives18Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travel accounted for approximately 94%of the total trip-oriented business travel spending in the U.S.in 2022.The map at right highlights the states(destinations)where domestic business travel occurred in 2022.Not surprisingly,the majority of business trips were taken to destinations with higher population densities and states with large business centers.This includes states in the Pacific region,those in the Northwest and Southeast,and Central and Mountain states like Illinois,Ohio,Texas,and Colorado.The second map highlights the states that are more business travel intensive,that is,the states where business travel spending represents a higher proportion of state GDP.The final map highlights total business travel spending by state,including spending by both domestic and international business travelers.As part of our analysis,we have assessed the individual economic impact of business travel to each of the top 15 states(ranked by total business travel spending).These 15 states(see table below)comprised over 60%of total business travel expenditures in 2022.It is important to note the impact figures include only the impact of business traveler expenditures,not the additional impact of meeting operations spend.Also,the impact analysis was conducted as a multiple regional input-output analysis(MRIO),such that the economic impact of business travel to one state is measured in other states through imports/exports along the supply chain.These 15 states and their business travel markets have been profiled in more detail on the following pages.State Volume,Spending&Economic ImpactU.S.Business Travel Destinations19Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyStateRankTotal Business SpendCalifornia1$35.62 BNew York2$23.31 BFlorida3$23.26 BTexas4$18.68 BGeorgia5$9.65 BIllinois6$9.57 BColorado7$7.05 BPennsylvania8$6.84 BNew Jersey9$6.68 BWashington10$6.55 BArizona11$6.53 BNorth Carolina12$6.52 BOhio13$6.08 BNevada14$6.02 BVirginia15$5.51 B20Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 10.5 million trips to or within Arizona in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key core based statistical areas(CBSA)of in the state,of which the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale market was the only notable market with over half(54.6%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Arizona business travelers spent$6.5 billion in 2022,comprising 1.6%of the states GDP.Nearly$6 billion(91.9%)of that spending in Arizona was generated by domestic business travelers,and$507 million(8.1%)was spent by international travelers.Arizona ranked 10th among all 50 states for domestic spending and 12th for international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Arizona include technology,manufacturing,and aerospace and defense.The weather and natural beauty of Arizona also make it a prime destination for blended travel.In fact,over 40%of business trips in 2022 also included a leisure component to the stay.Phoenix also represents a top market for meetings and event travel,ranked 7th on Cvents list of top meeting destinations in the U.S.Arizona has two cities represented in the top 50.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Arizonas economy of$7.5 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$3.1 billion in direct impact,$1.8 billion in indirect impact and$2.6 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 102,000 jobs in Arizona and generated$4.3 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$6.5 bDomestic$6 bInternational$507 mDirect Impact$3.1 bIndirect Impact$1.8 bInduced Economic Impact$2.6 bGDPSPENDINGARIZONAJobs 102,000Wages$4.3 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 54.6%Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale21Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 39.5 million trips to or within California in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by CBSAs in the state,of which the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim market was the only notable market with over half(50.5%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.California business travelers spent$35.6 billion in 2022,comprising 1.1%of the states GDP.Nearly$29.4 billion(82.6%)of that spending in California was generated by domestic business travelers,and$6.2 billion(17.4%)was spent by international travelers.California ranked 1st among all 50 states in domestic spending and 2nd in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in California include technology,agriculture,film production and healthcare.Business travelers to California tend to spend significantly more per trip($745)than the national average and are more likely to stay overnight.California is also a hotbed for group business travel with six cities represented in Cvents top 50 meeting destinations in the US(San Diego is ranked 3rd in the US).Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Californias economy of$46.5 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$19.2 billion in direct impact,$12.0 billion in indirect impact and$15.1 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 483,877 jobs in California and generated$27.7 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$35.6 bDomestic$29.4 bInternational$6.2 bDirect Impact$19.2 bIndirect Impact$12.0 bInduced Economic Impact$15.1 bGDPSPENDINGCALIFORNIAJobs 483,877Wages$27.7 bEarningsNapaShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 2.9%4.9%9.0.0.0%Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-ArcadeSan Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa ClaraFresnoBakersfieldSanta Maria-Santa BarbaraLos Angeles-Long Beach-AnaheimSan Diego-CarlsbadSan Francisco-Oakland-Hayward22Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 10.5 million trips to or within Colorado in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which Denver drives the largest share of business travel volume(64.5%),followed by Colorado Springs which was visited by 25%of the states business travelers in 2022.Colorado business travelers spent$7.0 billion in 2022,comprising 1.7%of the states GDP.Nearly$6.7 billion(95.2%)of that spending in Colorado was generated by domestic business travelers,and$325 million(4.8%)was spent by international travelers.Colorado ranked 7th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 20th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Colorado include aerospace,bioscience,defense and energy.Colorados natural attractions help to drive an outsized share of blended travel with over 40%of business trips in 2022 including a leisure component to the stay.Over 80%of business trips to Colorado were overnight trips in 2022.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Colorados economy of$9.8 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$4.4 billion in direct impact,$1.8 billion in indirect impact and$3.7 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 98,541 jobs in Colorado and generated$5.5 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$7.0 bDomestic$6.7 bInternational$325 m Direct Impact$4.4 bIndirect Impact$1.8 bInduced Economic Impact$3.7 bGDPSPENDINGCOLORADOJobs 98,541Wages$5.5 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 7.5.8.1%.2d.5%BoulderFort CollinsGrand Junc?onColorado SpringsDenver-Aurora-Lakewood23Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 31.5 million trips to or within Florida in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which Miami(35.5%)and Orlando(30.5%)markets make up nearly two-thirds(66.0%)of all business trips including a stop or stay in those regions.Florida business travelers spent$23.3 billion in 2022,comprising 1.9%of the states GDP.Nearly$18.8 billion(80.9%)of that spending in Florida was generated by domestic business travelers,and$4.4 billion(19.1%)was spent by international travelers.Florida ranked 2nd among all 50 states in domestic spending and 3rd in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Florida include aerospace,cleantech,defense,and professional services.Florida drives significant convention business across many markets,including Orlando ranked#1 in the US among Cvnets top 10 meeting markets.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Floridas economy of$28.6 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$11.6 billion in direct impact,$7.1 billion in indirect impact and$9.8 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 368,142 jobs in Florida and generated$16.5 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$23.3 bDomestic$18.8 bInternational$4.4 b Direct Impact$11.6 bIndirect Impact$7.1 bInduced Economic Impact$9.8 bGDPSPENDINGFLORIDAJobs 368,142Wages$16.5 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 3.33.8%3.94.3%4.46.3%6.418.6.735.5%TallahasseePanama CityGainesvilleJacksonvilleCape Coral-Fort MyersOrlando-Kissimmee-SanfordPensacola-Ferry Pass-BrentNorth Port-Sarasota-BradentonNaples-Immokalee-Marco IslandTampa-St.Petersburg-ClearwaterDeltona-Daytona Beach-Ormond BeachMiami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm BeachCrestview-Fort Walton Beach-Des?n24Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took a total of 16.3 million trips to or within Georgia in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell market was the only notable market with nearly half(47.3%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Georgia business travelers spent$9.6 billion in 2022,comprising 1.5%of the states GDP.Nearly$9.3 billion(95.8%)of that spending in Georgia was generated by domestic business travelers,and$403 million(4.4%)was spent by international travelers.Georgia ranked 5th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 15th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Georgia include manufacturing,automotive,aerospace,and food processing.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Georgias economy of$12.5 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$4.9 billion in direct impact,$3.1 billion in indirect impact and$4.4 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 173,825 jobs in Georgia and generated$7.1 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$9.6 bDomestic$9.3 bInternational$403 m Direct Impact$4.9 bIndirect Impact$3.1 bInduced Economic Impact$4.4 bGDPSPENDINGGEORGIAJobs 173,825Wages$7.1 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 47.3%Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell25Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 14.5 million trips to or within Illinois in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin market was the only notable market with nearly three-fourths(73.3%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Illinois business travelers spent$9.6 billion in 2022,comprising 1.1%of the states GDP.Nearly$8.0 billion(84.0%)of that spending in Illinois was generated by domestic business travelers,and$1.5 billion(16.0%)was spent by international travelers.Illinois ranked 6th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 5th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Illinois include manufacturing,agribusiness,energy/electric vehicles,information technology,life sciences,and transportation and logistics.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Illinoiss economy of$11.2 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$4.3 billion in direct impact,$2.8 billion in indirect impact and$4.0 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 126,784 jobs in Illinois and generated$6.4 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$9.6 bDomestic$8.0 bInternational$1.5 b Direct Impact$4.3 bIndirect Impact$2.8 bInduced Economic Impact$4.0 bGDPSPENDINGILLINOISJobs 126,784Wages$6.4 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 22.925.05.5B.3I.3s.3%PeoriaDecaturSpringfieldChampaign-UrbanaChicagoQuad Cities26Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 9.7 million trips to or within Nevada in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the Las Vegas-Harrison-Paradise market was the only notable market with over four-fifths(86.0%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Nevada business travelers spent$6.0 billion in 2022,comprising 3.2%of the states GDP.Nevada ranks#1 among the top-15 markets in the ratio of business travel spend to GDP.Nearly$5.1 billion(85.5%)of that spending in Nevada was generated by domestic business travelers,and$832 million(14.5%)was spent by international travelers.Nevada ranked 15th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 9th in international spending.Group business travel to Las Vegas is a key driver of business travel activity to the state with the Las Vegas Convention Center hosting 6.5 million business delegates each year.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Nevadas economy of$5.7 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$2.6 billion in direct impact,$1.5 billion in indirect impact and$1.6 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 83,926 jobs in Nevada and generated$3.5 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$6.0 bDomestic$5.1 bInternational$832 m Direct Impact$2.6 bIndirect Impact$1.5 bInduced Economic Impact$1.6 bGDPSPENDINGNEVADAJobs 83,926Wages$3.5 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 16.6.0%RenoLas Vegas-Henderson-Paradise27Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 8.2 million trips to or within New Jersey in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the Northern New Jersey(34.9%)and Atlantic City(23.7%)markets were the only notable markets for business trips including a stop or stay in the region.New Jersey business travelers spent$6.7 billion in 2022,comprising 1.0%of the states GDP.Nearly$5.6 billion(84.1%)of that spending in New Jersey was generated by domestic business travelers,and$1.1 billion(15.9%)was spent by international travelers.New Jersey ranked 12th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 8th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in New Jersey include pharmaceuticals and life sciences,financial services,manufacturing,technology,and transportation and logistics.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to New Jerseys economy of$9.7 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$4.0 billion in direct impact,$2.5 billion in indirect impact and$3.1 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 100,740 jobs in New Jersey and generated$5.7 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$6.7 bDomestic$5.6 bInternational$1.1 b Direct Impact$4.0 bIndirect Impact$2.5 bInduced Economic Impact$3.1 bGDPSPENDINGNEW JERSEYJobs 100,740Wages$5.7 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 23.75.0%Northern New Jersey(Newark-Jersey City)Atlan?c City28Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 22.8 million trips to or within New York in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the New York-Newark-Jersey City market was the only notable market with four-fifths(82.4%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.New York business travelers spent$23.3 billion in 2022,comprising 1.3%of the states GDP.Nearly$16.0 billion(68.7%)of that spending in New York was generated by domestic business travelers,and$7.3 billion(31.3%)was spent by international travelers.New York ranked 4th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 1st in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in New York include financial services,healthcare,professional and business services,manufacturing,and education.The strength of New Yorks public transportation infrastructure helps to support the states business travel economy,but the condition of roads and bridges are a significant detractor.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to New Yorks economy of$23.9 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$13.1 billion in direct impact,$4.0 billion in indirect impact and$7.1 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 261,572 jobs in New York and generated$14.3 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$23.3 bDomestic$16.0 bInternational$7.3 b Direct Impact$13.1 bIndirect Impact$4.0 bInduced Economic Impact$7.1 bGDPSPENDINGNEW YORKJobs 261,572Wages$14.3 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPercent of Trips 82.4%New York29Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 12.3 million trips to or within North Carolina in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs of in the state,of which the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia (35.6%)and Raleigh(26.1%)markets make up over three-fifths of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Business travelers traveling to or within North Carolina spent$6.5 billion in 2022,comprising 1.1%of the states GDP.Nearly$6.2 billion(94.5%)of that spending in North Carolina was generated by domestic business travelers,and$341 million(5.5%)was spent by international travelers.North Carolina ranked 9th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 17th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in North Carolina include aerospace and defense,automotive,biotechnology,financial services,and energy.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to North Carolinas economy of$8.8 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$3.9 billion in direct impact,$1.8 billion in indirect impact and$3.1 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 114,626 jobs in North Carolina and generated$5.0 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$6.5 bDomestic$6.2 bInternational$341 mDirect Impact$3.9 bIndirect Impact$1.8 bInduced Economic Impact$3.1 bGDPSPENDINGNORTH CAROLINAJobs 114,626Wages$5.0 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsRaleighAshevilleWilmingtonFaye?evilleWinston-SalemDurham-Chapel HillCharlo?e-Concord-GastoniaGreensboro-High PointPercent of Trips 8.1%8.210.3.412.9&.15.60Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 11.9 million trips to or within Ohio in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs of in the state,of which the Columbus,Cleveland,and Cincinnati markets make up over four-fifths(86.7%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Ohio business travelers spent$6.1 billion in 2022,comprising 0.9%of the states GDP.Nearly$5.6 billion(91.5%)of that spending in Ohio was generated by domestic business travelers,and$493 million(8.5%)was spent by international travelers.Ohio ranked 13th in both domestic and international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Ohio include healthcare and social assistance,manufacturing,and retail trade.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Ohios economy of$7.6 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$3.3 billion in direct impact,$1.8 billion in indirect impact and$2.5 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 107,972 jobs in Ohio and generated$4.5 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$6.1 bDomestic$5.6 bInternational$493 mDirect Impact$3.3 bIndirect Impact$1.8 bInduced Economic Impact$4.5 bGDPSPENDINGOHIOJobs 107,972Wages$4.5 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsAkronDaytonColumbusCincinna?Cleveland-ElyriaPercent of Trips 12.2.8$.5%.07.21Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 12.2 million trips to or within Pennsylvania in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the Philadelphia(24.4%)and Pittsburgh(19.6%)markets were the only notable market with over two-fifths of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Pennsylvania business travelers spent$6.8 billion in 2022,comprising 0.9%of the states GDP.Nearly$6.2 billion(90.5%)of that spending in Pennsylvania was generated by domestic business travelers,and$621 million(9.5%)was spent by international travelers.Pennsylvania ranked 8th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 10th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Pennsylvania include healthcare and social assistance,retail trade and educational services.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Pennsylvanias economy of$8.9 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$4.3 billion in direct impact,$1.7 billion in indirect impact and$3.0 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 106,724 jobs in Pennsylvania and generated$5.2 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$6.8 bDomestic$6.2 bInternational$621 mDirect Impact$4.3 bIndirect Impact$1.7 bInduced Economic Impact$3.0 bGDPSPENDINGPENNSYLVANIAJobs 106,724Wages$5.2 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsPi?sburghPhiladelphiaPercent of Trips 19.6$.42Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 30.8 million trips to or within Texas in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the Dallas(33.3%)and Houston(27.2%)markets make up over three-fifths of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Texas business travelers spent$18.7 billion in 2022,comprising 1.0%of the states GDP.Nearly$17.0 billion(91.2%)of that spending in Texas was generated by domestic business travelers,and$1.6 billion(8.8%)was spent by international travelers.Texas ranked 3rd among all 50 states in domestic spending and 4th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Texas include energy,manufacturing,aerospace,biotechnology,and corporate services.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Texass economy of$27.6 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$9.8 billion in direct impact,$6.9 billion in indirect impact and$10.7 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 335,651 jobs in Texas and generated$15.2 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$18.7 bDomestic$17.0 bInternational$1.6 bDirect Impact$9.8 bIndirect Impact$6.9 bInduced Economic Impact$10.7 bGDPSPENDINGTEXASJobs 335,651Wages$15.2 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsWacoTylerOdessaLaredoMidlandLubbockEl PasoAbileneVictoriaLongviewAmarilloTexarkanaSan AngeloWichita FallsKilleen-TempleCorpus Chris?Sherman-DenisonAus?n-Round RockBeaumont-Port ArthurCollege Sta?on-BryanMcAllen-Edinburg-MissionSan Antonio-New BraunfelsDallas-Fort Worth-ArlingtonHouston-The Woodlands-Sugar LandPercent of Trips 1.21.3%1.42.0.0%2.12.9%3.03.7%3.83.33Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyDomestic business travelers took 9.1 million trips to or within Virginia in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs in the state,of which the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News(45.7%)and Arlington-Alexandria-Fairfax-Loudoun(38.6%)represent the top markets for business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Virginia business travelers spent$5.5 billion in 2022,comprising 1.0%of the states GDP.Nearly$5.2 billion(93.7%)of that spending in Virginia was generated by domestic business travelers,and$330 million(6.3%)was spent by international travelers.Virginia ranked 14th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 19th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Virginia include the federal government,manufacturing,finance and insurance,and educational services.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Virginias economy of$7.7 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$3.4 billion in direct impact,$1.9 billion in indirect impact and$2.3 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 90,740 jobs in Virginia and generated$4.6 billion in total wages and other income.Business Travelers$5.5 bDomestic$5.2 bInternational$330 mDirect Impact$3.4 bIndirect Impact$1.9 bInduced Economic Impact$2.3 bGDPSPENDINGVIRGINIAJobs 90,740Wages$4.6 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsRoanokeRichmondArlington-Alexandria-Fairfax-LoudounHarrisonburgVirginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport NewsCharlo?esvillePercent of Trips 7.79.3.2&.98.6E.74Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyBusiness Travelers$6.6 bDomestic$6.0 bInternational$532 mDirect Impact$3.0 bIndirect Impact$1.8 bInduced Economic Impact$2.0 bGDPSPENDINGWASHINGTONJobs 77,958Wages$4.3 bEarningsShare of State Business Travel Volume by Key MarketsDomestic business travelers took 9.2 million trips to or within Washington in 2022.The map highlights the share of trips by key CBSAs of in the state,of which the Seattle market was the only notable market with over two-thirds(68.9%)of business trips including a stop or stay in the region.Washington business travelers spent$6.6 billion in 2022,comprising 1.0%of the states GDP.Nearly$6.0 billion(91.5%)of that spending in Washington was generated by domestic business travelers,and$532 million(8.5%)was spent by international travelers.Washington ranked 11th among all 50 states in domestic spending and 11th in international spending.Key industries driving business travel in Washington include aerospace,agriculture and food manufacturing,clean technology,information technology,and defense.Domestic and international business travel led to total value added to Washingtons economy of$6.9 billion in new GDP in 2022.This includes$3.0 billion in direct impact,$1.8 billion in indirect impact and$2.0 billion in induced economic impact.In 2022,the business industry supported over 77,958 jobs in Washington and generated$4.3 billion in total wages and other income.Olympia-TumwaterSpokane-Spokane ValleySea?le-Tacoma-BellevuePercent of Trips 14.5.6h.9out GBTA The Global Business Travel Association(GBTA)is the worlds premier business travel and meetings trade organization headquartered in the Washington,D.C.area serving stakeholders across six continents.GBTA and its 8,000 members represent and advocate for the$1.357 trillion global business travel and meetings industry.GBTA and the GBTA Foundation deliver world-class education,events,research,advocacy,and media to a growing global network of more than 28,000 travel professionals and 125,000 active contacts.For more information,visit gbta.org and gbtafoundation.org.About Rockport AnalyticsRockport Analytics,LLC is a research and analytical consulting firm providing high-quality quantitative and qualitative research solutions to business,government,and nonprofit organization clients across the globe.Rockports focus is on creative and actionable research in the travel and tourism market.We provide fast,nimble service in a transparent environment.Rockport Analytics capabilities include:Market Analysis and Forecasting Economic Impact Assessment,Tourism Satellite Accounting,and Economic Development Market Modeling and Decision Support Tools Project Feasibility Assessment Primary Research and Secondary Research Synthesis Stakeholder Surveys Internal&ExternalMethodology&Data SourcesEstimates included in this report were developed by Rockport Analytics utilizing numerous data sources and inputs,including:Longwoods International Travel USA MMGY/D.K.Shifflet&Associates Travel Panel TRAVEL PERFORMANCE/Monitor SM The US Bureau of Economic Analysis(BEA)International Air Transport Association(IATA)The US Department of Commerces National Travel&Tourism Office(NTTO)The US Department of Transportation BTS Statistics Events Industry Council IMPLAN35Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.Economy36Business Travels Impact on Jobs and the U.S.EconomyAppendix I:State Ranking of Business Travel Spending(2022)StateTotal Business Travel Spend RankCalifornia1 New York2 Florida3 Texas4 Georgia5 Illinois6 Colorado7 Pennsylvania8 New Jersey9 Washington10 Arizona11 North Carolina12 Ohio13 Nevada14 Virginia15 Massachusetts16 Hawaii17 Washington DC18 Michigan19 Tennessee20 Indiana21 Missouri22 Maryland23 Louisiana24 South Carolina25 Kentucky26 StateTotal Business Travel Spend RankOregon27 Minnesota28 Wisconsin29 Alabama30 Utah31 Oklahoma32 Connecticut33 Alaska34 Arkansas35 Kansas36 Mississippi37 New Mexico38 Iowa39 Idaho40 Delaware41 West Virginia42 Nebraska43 New Hampshire44 Montana45 Maine46 Rhode Island47 Vermont48 Wyoming49 South Dakota50 North Dakota51 For more information about the Global Business Travel Association,visit www.gbta.org or email infogbta.org.For media inquiries,contact pressgbta.org.
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THAILAND TOURISM REPORTCREATED BY Tourism.co.thTourism.co.th,a non-governmental agency committed to .
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SURVEY OFGLOBALCOLLECTING2024BYARTS ECONOMICSTHE ART BASEL&UBSWelcome to The Art Baseland UBS Survey.
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www.britishcouncil.org/research-in-sight Next GenerationSudanMarch 2024Acknowledgements 4Acronyms 5F.
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CVENT EVOLUTION OF CORPORATE TRAVEL REPORT2024EVOLUTON OF CORPORATE TRAVEL REPORTWelcome to the 202.
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Football Agents ReportDECEMBER 2024Football Agents Report2Contents1.Overview 32.Licensing system 53.Updates on the football agent-related section on the FIFA website 104.Agents in mens professional football 124.1 Club agents 134.2 Player agents 205.Agents in womens professional football 235.1 Club agents 245.2 Player agents 26Methodology 28Disclaimer 29Football Agents Report31.Overview1.Overview4Football Agents ReportAs part of its objective to bring more transparency to the football transfer system,FIFA publishes an annual report on football agents.This year,the report presents:an extensive analysis of football agents activity in international transfers;insightful information about the licensing system,its enforcement and related data;and updates that are relevant to the activity of a football agent.With respect to all football agents activity,the report covers any representation of players and/or clubs in employmentrelated and transferrelated negotiations,collectively known as“football agent services”.Under the FIFA Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players and the FIFA Football Agent Regulations(FFAR),clubs are required to enter the names and service fees of any club agents involved in an international transfer,as well as the names of any football agent acting on behalf of the player,in the Transfer Matching System(TMS).Such declarations made in 2024 are the source of the data in this report.This entails information on engaging and releasingclub agents,but also information on player agents in connection with international transfers in mens and womens football.This information will allow readers to understand how agents activity developed in 2024.With respect to male professional players,the total amount of service fees for club agents declared in international transfers in 2024 was USD 709.6 million.Although this is a decrease compared to the level of spending in 2023,this amount nevertheless constitutes the secondhighestever total for a full year.As TMS only captures service fees paid for club agents in international transfers,this amount furthermore does not include service fees paid in the context of domestic transfers,renegotiation of employment contracts or any service fees paid to player agents.The full revenue of all football agents is thus likely to be even substantially higher.In the context of international transfers of female professional players during the same period,football agents were involved in 184 transfers representing clubs and in 515 transfers representing players.However,the revenues of club agents in womens football are still significantly lower than in mens football,with just under USD 3.1 million in service fees earned in 2024.Nevertheless,there has still been substantial growth across the last five years,with the figure for 2024 more than 2.2 times higher than in 2023 and more than six times the level of 2020.Finally,regarding enforcementrelated data,it is worth mentioning that,during the period covered by this report,FIFA opened 1,627 investigations that led to several licence applications being rejected or in the case of already licensed individuals their licence having been provisionally suspended for not meeting the eligibility requirements as established by article 5 of the FFAR.Football Agents Report 52.Licensing system2.Licensing system6Football Agents ReportLicence application processIn 2024,FIFA opened a further two periods during which individuals could submit their licence applications to become football agents,as follows:During the period covered by this report(1 January to 5 December 2024),FIFA received 19,827 licensing applications.Out of the total number of exam applicants,10,887 took the exam on one of the two exam dates and 40.4%passed the exam.During the licence application process,FIFA opened 1,606 investigations regarding a potential failure to comply with the eligibility requirements.Approximately 17%of the investigations led to the rejection of a licence application.An overview of the reasons for the rejection of licence applications is listed below.Grounds for rejectionNo.of licensing applications rejectedFailure to meet the deadline182Being an official or employee of FIFA,a confederation,a member association,a league,a club,a body that represents the interests of clubs or leagues or any organisation connected directly or indirectly with such organisations and entities (art.5 par.1.a)iv.of the FFAR)78Being found to have been performing football agent services without the required licence in the 24 months before the submission of a licence application(art.5 par.1 b)of the FFAR)12Having been convicted of a criminal charge (art.5 par.1.a)ii.of the FFAR)2Application periodExam date9 January to 31 March 202422 May 2024,with testing locations at 159 member associations19 August to 4 October 202420 November 2024,with testing locations at 146 member associations2.Licensing system7Football Agents ReportIn addition,FIFA found 973 candidates that breached the exam rules(i.e.failed to pay the exam fee,failed to attend the exam,or breached the rules of conduct of the exam).Such findings also led to the rejection of their licence applications.It is worth noting that the FIFA general secretariat was able to prevent several individuals from taking the exam on the basis that they had provided football agent services without the required licence 24 months before making their licence application.Those individuals were found performing these services in the following countries:England,India,USA,Uzbekistan,Indonesia,Israel,Honduras and Belgium.All the corresponding decisions are published on the FIFA website.Continuing professional development(CPD)The period between 1 October 2023 and 30 September 2024 marks the first CPD cycle since the inception of the new FFAR on 16 December 2022,from which date a total of 4,477 football agents have been required to meet the continuing professional development(CPD)requirements.In short,subject to the type of licensing path followed,football agents must earn a minimum number of CPD credits per CPD calendar year,which runs from 1 October in one year to the following 30 September.The current requirements are as follows:Exam path:a minimum of 20 CPD credits Legacy and national law paths:a minimum of 40 CPD credits for the first five cycles,reduced to 20 CPD credits per cycle from the sixth cycle onwardsBased on this,41%of football agents must earn 40 CPD credits in the 2023/2024 CPD cycle.Given the critical role that football agents play in the international transfer system,it is essential that they stay informed about the latest regulatory frameworks and key developments in the football world.Five CPD courses the FIFA Football Agent Regulations,Registration of Players,Training Rewards,Release of Players for International Duty,and Representing Minors were introduced in the 2023/2024 CPD calendar year.In addition to those,courses entitled AntiTrafficking,ThirdParty Influence&ThirdParty Ownership,and Rules for the Employment of Coaches were released in the new 2024/2025 CPD cycle.It is worth mentioning that,in the 2023/2024 CPD cycle,Registration of Players was by far the mostcompleted course(by 95%of agents),followed by Release of Players for International Duty(89%),FIFA Football Agent Regulations(88%)and Training Rewards(76%).2.Licensing system8Football Agents ReportCompliance with ongoing licensing requirementsOn 1 October 2024,a new licensing period(2024/2025)started.Consequently,as provided by article 17 of the FFAR,this triggered the obligations to pay the licence renewal fee to FIFA and to comply with the CPD requirements by 30 September,as stipulated on the FIFA Agent Platform.If football agents fail to pay the annual licence fee to FIFA or to comply with the CPD requirements as mentioned above(or both),their licence will be automatically provisionally suspended.Failure to rectify the noncompliance within 60 days of the licence being automatically provisionally suspended will result in the licence being withdrawn,and football agents must then complete the full licence application process again.On 1 October 2024,2,616 licences were provisionally suspended for the following reasons:Nonpayment of the annual fee(1,777)Failure to comply with the CPD requirements(1,387)During the period covered by this report,FIFA also opened 21 investigations into football agents who failed to meet the eligibility requirements.Out of those 21 investigations:five investigations were still pending at the time of writing;one football agent had their licence provisionally suspended for failing to comply with article 5 paragraph 1 b)of the FFAR;three football agents had their licence provisionally suspended for failing to comply with article 5 paragraph 1 a)ii.of the FFAR;one football agent had their licence provisionally suspended for failing to comply with article 5 paragraph 1 a)i.and iv.of the FFAR;and11 investigations were closed.A total of 1,825 licences were subsequently reinstated(as soon as the abovementioned requirements were met),whereas 406 licences were withdrawn.As of 5 December 2024,a total of 7,558 individuals were licensed football agents.Of these licensed agents:95%were male;5%were female;their average age was 42 years;and 64.9%were authorised to represent minors.2.Licensing system9Football Agents ReportOut of the five football agents with investigations still pending,three have appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.All the decisions are published on the FIFA website.As a final point in relation to compliance with the eligibility requirements,it is worth mentioning the dispute between an agent and FIFA.This revolved around FIFAs rejection of the agents licence application,citing his failure to meet the eligibility requirements outlined in article 5 paragraph 1 a)ii.of the FFAR and specifically the provision stating that applicants must have never been convicted of a criminal charge.Before CAS,the agent argued that FIFA violated his right to a defence by failing to notify him of crucial correspondence related to his licence application process.He claimed an exemption from the exam requirement based on his prior registration as an intermediary with the Portuguese Football Federation.Additionally,the agent contended that his criminal conviction,which was under appeal and not yet final,did not constitute a disqualifying offence under the FFAR.The CAS Panel first addressed the procedural issues raised by the agent,asserting CASs full power of review,including the ability to rectify procedural flaws.Consequently,it found that the agent had ample opportunity to present his case both in writing and orally during the CAS proceedings.It therefore dismissed his claim.Furthermore,the Panel examined the validity of the notifications sent by FIFA,determining that electronic notifications through the FIFA Agent Platform constituted valid means of communication under the FFAR.Subsequently,the Panel evaluated the legitimacy of rejecting the agents licence application,considering whether his criminal conviction aligned with the conditions outlined in article 5 paragraph a)ii.of the FFAR.It determined that the offence of“damage with violence”qualified as a“violent crime”under the FFAR.Additionally,it dismissed the argument that only final and binding convictions applied,emphasising the wording of the article and noting deliberate omissions of references to finality in the drafting process.Consequently,the Panel concluded that the agents failure to meet the FFAR requirements justified the rejection of his licence application.As a result,it dismissed the appeal and upheld the appealed decision.10Football Agents Report3.Updates on the football agent-related section on the FIFA website3.Updates on the football agent-related section on the FIFA website11Football Agents ReportFIFA has a dedicated football agentrelated section on its website where all the relevant information and documentation are published.The objective has always been to provide the relevant resources to everyone who is interested in football agent topics.This part of the report provides some additional updates implemented by FIFA in relation to these materials.We added the following four subsections to the website in 2024:I.Publication of FIFA general secretariat decisionsAs provided by articles 5 and 17 of the FFAR,the FIFA general secretariat is responsible for investigating compliance with eligibility requirements with respect to football agents and candidates.As part of FIFAs aim of increasing transparency and providing information on the various issues dealt with in relation to football agents,FIFA publishes decisions taken by the FIFA general secretariat regarding compliance with eligibility requirements.II.National football agent regulationsThis section is a tool to supply prompt access to the member associations provisions regarding national football agent regulations.The content and documents are the strict responsibility of member associations.We advise you to check with the relevant member association that the documents provided in this section are the latest version of the regulations.III.III.Legal minimum age for signing a professional employment Legal minimum age for signing a professional employment contractcontractTo increase knowledge and transparency,a new section has been added to the FIFA website.The purpose of this section is to provide a general overview of the legal minimum age for signing a professional employment contract in the territory under the jurisdiction of each member association.Please note that the content is the strict responsibility of the member associations.As above,we advise you to check with the relevant member association that the information provided is consistent with the latest applicable national law.IV.Football Agent Working GroupInformation and details regarding the Football Agent Working Group now have their own section on our website.This contains details of the members,the range of topics that have been discussed and a number of measures that have either been implemented in the aftermath or are in the process of being put in place.12Football Agents Report4.Agents in mens professional football4.Agents in mens professional football13Football Agents Report4.1 Club agentsTotal spending on club agent service fees reached a total outlay of USD 709.6 million in 2024.This is a decrease of 20.2%compared to the level of spending in 2023.Figure 1:Clubs spending on agent service fees(USD)In 2024,club agents were involved in a total of 2,185 international transfers:in 1,678 of these,only the engaging club had an agent;in 303,only the releasing club had one;and in the remaining 204 transfers,both clubs employed an agent to represent them in the transfer.This is a new record and represents an increase of 6.7%compared to 2023.While the absolute number of transfers involving an engagingclub agent is substantially higher than that involving releasingclub agents,they are quite similar in relative terms.In 8.3%of all international transfers completed in 2024 so far,there was an engagingclub agent involved.Similarly,a releasingclub agent was present in 7.8%of all transfers in which the releasing club was involved in the transfer process in TMS.1It is worth noting also that only 1,196 out of the total 7,558 licensed football agents have provided football agent services to and receive service fees from clubs in an international transfer.Agent type:Representing engaging club2014198.8m239.0m2018397.6m548.1m150.5m2016277.5m386.8m109.3m2020327.2m497.5m170.3m2023646.9m889.5m242.5m2015228.2m297.9m69.6m2019425.6m654.7m229.1m2022450.3m623.2m172.9m2017282.8m447.5m164.7m2021365.1m501.2m136.1m2024478.6m709.6m231.0mRepresenting releasing club1 The percentage of transfers with releasing-club agents is based on all transfers excluding out-of-contract transfers and returns from loans as they do not involve a releasing club and can therefore never involve a releasing-club agent.4.Agents in mens professional football14Football Agents ReportFigure 2:Number and percentage of international transfers with club agentsAs in previous years,the share of transfers with club agents was substantially higher among transfers that involved a transfer fee compared to transfers in which the engaging club paid no transfer fee to the releasing club.In transfers that included a transfer fee,the share of transfers with a club agent was at 12.0%in the case of transfers with releasingclub agents and it even reached 28.4%for transfers involving engagingclub agents.As shown in the figure below,these shares were even higher where the respective transfer fee was higher.Figure 3:Percentage of international transfers with club agents,by size of transfer fee(YTD)Both clubs with agentEngaging club with agent%of transfers with engaging-club agents%of transfers with releasing-club agents*20147991409836.0%6.4 181,0821262091,4177.8%7.3 161,0481531,2866.4%7.7 201,1291342361,4997.8%7.3 231,5342093052,0488.6%8.0 158941541,1156.7%7.1 191,1431662321,5418.1%7.2 221,3811522811,8148.2%7.5 171,0861112071,4047.8%7.6 211,1311212321,4848.0%6.9 241,6782043032,1857.8%8.3%Releasing club with agent*The percentage of transfers with releasing-club agents is based on all transfers excluding out-of-contract transfers and returns from loans as they do not involve a releasing club and can therefore never involve a releasing-club agent.%of transfers with releasing-club agents*%of transfers with engaging club-agentsNo fee32.16.5%4.4.7%2.4.5%3.9 .97.6P0k-1m0-500k1m-5m5m57.0%Transfer fee(USD)4.Agents in mens professional football15Football Agents ReportBy far,the largest proportion of all club agents were employed by clubs in UEFA,which also account for the lions share of global spending on club agents.In 2024,clubs affiliated to UEFA member associations accounted for 85.4%of the total outlay for all club agent service fees in international transfers worldwide.Similarly,European clubs employed 90.4%of all engagingclub agents and 85.2%of all releasingclub agents.Figure 4:Clubs spending on agent service fees in USD and number of transfers with club agents,by confederation(YTD)In large part,the European dominance in spending can be attributed to clubs from England,which were the top spenders by a long shot,with a combined total of more than USD 193 million.Italian clubs had the secondbiggest spending on engagingclub agents with USD 66.4 million.The Netherlands had the highest share of incoming transfers that involved an engagingclub agent,with 46.7%,whereas Serbia had the greatest share of outgoing transfers with a releasingclub agent,with 30.3%.7 transfers with releasing-club agent3.0m spent on releasing-club agents12 transfers with engaging-club agent5.7m spent on engaging-club agents39 transfers with releasing-club agent29.6m spent on releasing-club agents50 transfers with engaging-club agent14.6m spent on engaging-club agents432 transfers with releasing-club agent197.1m spent on releasing-club agents1,702 transfers with engaging-club agent408.6m spent on engaging-club agents7 transfers with releasing-club agent914.1k spent on releasing-club agents111 transfers with engaging-club agent49.5m spent on engaging-club agents19 transfers with releasing-club agent75.2k spent on releasing-club agents7 transfers with engaging-club agent159.5k spent on engaging-club agents3 transfers with releasing-club agent371.0k spent on releasing-club agents4.Agents in mens professional football16Football Agents ReportFigure 5:Member associations featuring in at least one of the top-five rankings by spending on engaging-club and releasing-club agents(USD)and by percentage of incoming and outgoing transfers with engaging-club and releasing-club agents(YTD)BRAZILDENMARKSWEDENNETHERLANDSSERBIASAUDI ARABIAITALYSPAINPORTUGALFRANCEENGLANDagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents19.2$.0m14.1.2mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents11.0%4.9m34.1%6.4mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents15.6%4.1m33.2%4.6mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents11.7%4.9m46.7%5.5mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents5.9S6.0k19.8C.5mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents30.3%7.7m4.7%1.3mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents24.6.9m34.7f.4mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents9.6%.1m43.47.9mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents11.0.8m10.92.2mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents7.3.8m3.6.3mIncomingOutgoingagent feesagent feeswith agentswith agents23.0C.5m22.20.7mIncomingOutgoingNote:Spending on engaging-club and releasing-club agents is only shown for member associations with at least five transfers with agents representing the engaging/releasing club respectively.4.Agents in mens professional football17Football Agents ReportIn just over 91%of all cases,club agents received less than USD 1 million in service fees per transaction,with service fees ranging between USD 10,000 and USD 100,000 being the most common.However,the 196 instances in which the service fees exceeded USD 1 million accounted for more than half(60.5%)of the total amount paid by clubs to agents,with isolated cases of service fees even surpassing USD 16 million.Higher service fees for agents were also more common among transfers that also included a transfer fee.In absolute terms,the median service fees were higher in transfers with higher transfer fees.This was true for both engagingclub and releasingclub agents.When expressed as a percentage of the transfer fee,however,the median service fees decreased as the transfer fee increased.Figure 6:Number of transfers with club agents,by transfer fee and size of agent service fees paid by clubs(YTD)08425073637155141202217010k-100k0-10k100k-1m1m12610526645039212720569103Transfers with engaging-club agentsTransfers with releasing-club agentswith transfer feeswith transfer feeswithout transfer feeswithout transfer fees372135Service fee(USD)4.Agents in mens professional football18Football Agents ReportFigure 7:Median club agent service fees in USD and in%of the transfer fee,by size of the transfer fee(YTD)There were 25 triple representations and a total of 840 double representations.Of those double representations,an agent represented the engaging club and the player 741 times,the releasing club and the player 71 times and the engaging and releasing clubs 28 times.The highest number of representations by a single football agent was 40,while the highest number of transfers involved by a single football agent was 27.The total amount of service fees registered in TMS for that single agent was approximately USD 16 million.However,the highest total amount of service fees registered in TMS for one agent was approximately USD 40 million.0-500k153.2k7.5$.2k20.6i.1k11.0.4k10.03.7k9.5c.6k9.58.3k1m-5m500k-1m5m825.0kEngaging-club agent service fees(median)Releasing-club agent service fees(median)in USDin USDin%of transfer feein%of transfer fee6.5%7.2.%Transfer fee(USD)4.Agents in mens professional football19Football Agents ReportBritish agents represented clubs most often in 2024,being involved in 304 transfers with a club agent.Agents from Italy were involved in the nextgreatest share with 241 transfers,with agents from France following close behind with 220 transfers.When it comes to service fees,Italian agents led the way,receiving a total of USD 98.1 million from transfers with a club agent.British and Brazilian agents complete the top three,with USD 78.9 million and USD 73.8 million in club service fees,respectively.Figure 8:Top five agent nationalities,by number of transfers with club agents(YTD)Figure 9:Top five agent nationalities,by club service fees(USD)(YTD)BritishFrenchItalianSpanishPortuguese304241220156150ItalianBrazilianBritishPortugueseSpanish98.1m78.9m73.8m69.2m57.0m4.Agents in mens professional football20Football Agents Report4.2 Player agentsThe number of international transfers with an agent acting on behalf of the player reached a total of 3,105 transfers in 2024.This corresponds to 13.7%of all transfers and represents a decrease of 7.6%compared to 2023.Only 1,539 out of the total 7,558 licensed football agents(approximately 20%)have provided football agent services to players in an international transfer.Figure 10:Number and percentage of international transfers with player agents%of all transfersTransfers with player agents20142,04915.6 182,31214.0 162,24715.4 202,49714.5 233,36015.4 151,91914.1 192,67114.8 223,09315.2 172,26614.5 212,62114.5 243,10513.7%4.Agents in mens professional football21Football Agents ReportIn a similar way to the relationship between transfer fees and the involvement of club agents in transfers,player agents tend to appear more frequently in transfers with higher player salaries,in particular for younger players.Overall,player agents become less frequent the older the player,but this effect is less pronounced than that of the players total fixed remuneration.Figure 11:Percentage of transfers with player agents,by player age and total fixed remuneration(YTD)Player agePlayers total fixed remuneration(USD)0-50k100k-1m50k-100k1m-5m5m18-23 years old24-29 years old30-35 years old35 years old11.0.9 .5.0%5.3.7(.8A.1T.0%4.2.5.84.1B.4%3.1.7.3.80.4%5.9#.55.7%4.Agents in mens professional football22Football Agents ReportPlayers from Aotearoa New Zealand used agents the most in 2024,being represented by one or more agents in more than half(52.6%)of their international transfers.Players from Denmark(43.6%)and Norway(40.2%)complete the top three.Figure 12:Top five nationalities,by percentage of transfers with player agents(YTD)British agents represented players most often in 2024,being involved in 518 international transfers involving a player agent.Agents from France(232)and Spain(166)complete the top three.Figure 13:Top five agent nationalities,by number of transfers with player agents(YTD)New ZealandNorwegianDanishCzechIcelandic52.6C.6.29.59.1%BritishSpanishFrenchDutchItalian518232166151145Football Agents Report235.Agents in womens professional football5.Agents in womens professional football24Football Agents Report5.1 Club agents For the second time ever,clubs in womens professional football in 2024 spent more than USD 1 million for the services of club agents,with a total outlay of just under USD 3.1 million.Club agents were involved in a record number of 184 transfers:172 with just an engagingclub agent,five with both clubs being represented by an agent and seven involving a releasingclub agent only.Compared to 2023,the number of transfers involving a club agent increased by more than 47%.Figure 14:Clubs spending on agent service fees(USD)in womens professional footballFigure 15:Number and percentage of international transfers with club agents in womens professional football*The percentage of transfers with releasing-club agents is based on all transfers excluding out-of-contract transfers and returns from loans as they do not involve a releasing club and can therefore never involve a releasing-club agent.Agent type:Representing engaging club201880.0k2020446.5k446.5k20231,370.3k1,378.6k2019268.1k268.1k2022834.6k849.6k2021444.8k451.5k20242,868.7k3,059.2k190.5kRepresenting releasing clubBoth clubs with agentEngaging club with agent%of transfers with engaging-club agents%of transfers with releasing-club agents*20182424202062636.0 231201252.1%6.5 1954546.4 22981043.1%6.4 2169733.3%5.4 241721844.0%7.8%Releasing club with agent1.0%5.Agents in womens professional football25Football Agents ReportSwedish agents were involved in 36 international transfers with a club agent in 2024,the most of any nationality.French agents followed with 29 transfers,and Italian agents complete the top three with 19 transfers.Swedish agents also led the way when it comes to club service fees,amassing a total of USD 658.2k.French agents received USD 433.4k,and Italian agents received USD 420.1k.Figure 16:Top five agent nationalities,by number of transfers with club agents(YTD)Figure 17:Top five agent nationalities,by club service fees(USD)(YTD)SwedishItalianFrenchDutchPortuguese3629191412SwedishItalianFrenchDutchGerman658.2k433.4k420.1k281.2k226.4k5.Agents in womens professional football26Football Agents Report5.2 Player agents The number of transfers with an agent representing the player increased by 34.5%compared to 2023,reaching a new high of 515 transfers with player agents in 2024.These transfers represent 22.6%of all international transfers in womens professional football,nearly nine percentage points higher than the equivalent figure in mens football.Figure 18:Number and percentage of international transfers with player agents in womens professional footballBritish players were most likely to employ an agent in 2024,with just under half of their transfers(47.6%)involving a player agent.Players from the Netherlands and Norway followed close behind with 46.7%and 41.2%respectively.Figure 19:Top five nationalities,by percentage of transfers with player agents(YTD)%of all transfersTransfers with player agents201816824.2 2025024.2 2338320.3 1921225.3 2234121.7 2126720.5 2451522.6%BritishNorwegianDutchAustralianJapanese47.6F.7A.2.0.0%5.Agents in womens professional football27Football Agents ReportBritish agents represented players most often in 2024,being involved in 72 international transfers with a player agent.Agents from France and the USA followed close behind with 64 and 58 transfers,respectively.Figure 20:Top five agent nationalities,by number of transfers with player agents(YTD)BritishUSFrenchSwedishDutch726458513128Football Agents ReportMethodologyAll transfer data in this report relates exclusively to international transfers of professional football players within the scope of 11aside football.Transfer data was analysed for all transfers completed between 1 January 2024 and 4 December 2024.The data was extracted from TMS on 5 December 2024.All references to transfer fees in this report are to the fixed,conditional and release(buyout)fees as declared in TMS.Fees are treated as upfront payments for calculation purposes,notwithstanding any instalment plans that may be agreed by clubs.All amounts are automatically converted to USD based on the date on which the transfer was entered in TMS.The numbers that feature in this report have been rounded.We distinguish between four types of international transfers:Out of contract:when players who are no longer contractually bound to any former club sign an employment contract with a new club in a different association without a transfer agreement between clubs having been signed.Loan:when players are temporarily engaged by a new club:a)on the basis of a loan agreement between the club with which they have an employment contract and a club in another association,during the term of their employment contract with their parent club;or b)when the loan is extended by the new club with the agreement of the parent club.Return from loan:when players return to their parent club after a loan spell at another club in a different association.Permanent:when players are permanently engaged by a new club in another association and a transfer agreement is signed between the new club and the former club,or when a club in a different association permanently engages players it has had on loan,with the agreement of the former club.Graphs showing the top associations or player nationalities by the proportion of transfers involving certain types of agents exclude associations and nationalities with fewer than 20 transfers involving engagingclub agents,fewer than five transfers with releasingclub agents or fewer than ten transfers with player agents.29Football Agents ReportDisclaimerThe information in this report is based:on individual transaction data provided directly by football clubs and associations in TMS;and on data that candidates or football agents provided on the FIFA Agent Platform.FIFA assumes no responsibility for the accuracy,completeness and reliability of the information provided by the clubs,associations,candidates and football agents.With regard to any technical references included in this report,please be advised that in the event of any contradiction between this report and the actual text of the relevant regulations,the latter shall always prevail.Equally,this report may not alter existing jurisprudence of the competent decisionmaking bodies and is without prejudice to any decision that these bodies might be called upon to pass in the future.Due to the nature of the TMS database,the presence of pending transfers,the potential cancellation of transfers and data corrections,numbers may differ from one report to another.In the event of any contradiction between this report and other publications by FIFA,the most recent shall always prevail.Any views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of FIFA.Source of data and preparation of reportThe source of all data and information (unless explicitly stated otherwise)is:FIFALegal&Compliance Division 396 Alhambra Circle,6th floorCoral Gables,FL33134USA
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Women and Equalities CommitteeMisogyny in musicSecond Report of Session 202324 HC 129Women and Equalities CommitteeMisogyny in musicSecond Report of Session 202324 HC 129Report,together with formal minutes relating to the reportOrdered by the House of Commons to be printed 24 January 2024Published on 30 January 2024 by authority of the House of CommonsWomen and Equalities CommitteeThe Women and Equalities Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure,administration and policy of the Government Equalities Office(GEO).Current membershipCaroline Nokes MP(Conservative,Romsey and Southampton North)(Chair)Dr Lisa Cameron MP(Conservative,East Kilbride,Strathaven and Lesmahagow)Elliot Colburn MP(Conservative,Carshalton and Wallington)Dame Caroline Dinenage MP(Conservative,Gosport)Dame Jackie Doyle-Price MP(Conservative,Thurrock)Carolyn Harris MP(Labour,Swansea East)Kim Johnson MP(Labour,Liverpool,Riverside)Lia Nici MP(Conservative,Great Grimsby)Kate Osborne MP(Labour,Jarrow)Kirsten Oswald MP(Scottish National Party,East Renfrewshire)Bell Ribeiro-Addy MP(Labour,Streatham)PowersThe Committee is one of the departmental select committees,the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders,principally in SO No.152.These are available on the internet via www.parliament.uk.Publication Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2024.This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament Licence,which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright-parliament.Committee reports are published on the Committees website at www.parliament.uk/womenandequalities and in print by Order of the House.Committee staffThe current staff of the Committee are Hasan Al-Habib(Committee Specialist),Lizzie Arnold(Senior Media and Communications Officer),James Clarke(Committee Specialist),Chlo Cockett(Senior Committee Specialist),Mark Earl(Safeguarding and Witness Support Officer),Matthew Eaton(Committee Specialist),Michelle Garratty(Committee Operations Manager),Roberta Guerrina(Parliamentary Academic Fellow),Phil Jones(Clerk),Jack Smith(Committee Operations Officer),Charlotte Swift(Second Clerk)and Hennie Ward(Media and Communications Officer).ContactsAll correspondence should be addressed to the Clerk of the Women and Equalities Committee,House of Commons,London SW1A 0AA.The telephone number for general enquiries is 020 7219 4452;the Committees email address is womeqcomparliament.uk.You can follow the Committee on X(formerly Twitter)using Commonswomequ.ContentsSummary 31 Introduction 52 Representation and discrimination 7Education and training 8Misogyny in the workforce 10Impact on mental health 12Gatekeepers 13Appearance 14Intersectionality 15Support 17Diversity in leadership and other key roles 183 Legislative and other related changes 22Maternity and paternity support and childcare 22Employment law and the Equality 2010 Act 24Time limit 264 Sexual harassment and abuse 28Educational settings 30Recording studios 33Live music and events 35Third party harassment 36Improving safety in venues 39Reporting 42Reporting pathways 43Support 445 Creative Industries Independent Standards Authority 46Sanctions,support and deterrence 47Licensing managers 516 Non-disclosure agreements 53Duress 53Impact on career 55Legislation 557 Conclusion 57Conclusion 58Conclusions and recommendations 59Formal minutes 66Witnesses 67Published written evidence 693SummaryWomen working in the music industry face limitations in opportunity,a lack of support,gender discrimination and sexual harassment and assault as well as the persistent issue of unequal pay in a sector dominated by self-employment and gendered power imbalances.Despite increases in representation,these issues are endemic and are intensified for women faced with intersectional barriers,particularly racial discrimination.There are legislative steps the Government can take to help tackle some of these concerns.The Equality Act should be amended to ensure freelance workers are provided with the same protections from discrimination as employees,section 14 of the Act should be brought into force to improve protections for people facing intersectional inequality.The Government should legislate to impose a duty on employers to protect workers from sexual harassment by third parties,a proposal the Government initially supported and then rejected last year.We received distressing evidence on the impact of non-disclosure agreements on victims of discrimination,harassment and abuse.Victims with little agency in the process are threatened into silence by organisations seeking to protect their reputation and the perpetrators of abuse who work for them.Victims described to us of being told they would suffer reprisals if they failed to sign what was put in front of them,often without independent counsel.The Government should urgently bring forward legislative proposals to prohibit the use of non-disclosure and other forms of confidentiality agreements in cases involving sexual abuse,sexual harassment or sexual misconduct,bullying or harassment,and discrimination relating to a protected characteristic.The Government should consider a retrospective moratorium on NDAs for those who have signed them relating to the issues outlined above.Additional requirements should be placed on areas in the industry in which harassment and abuse are known to take place.Studios and music venues and the security staff that attend them should be subject to licensing requirements focused on tackling sexual harassment.Managers of artists should also be licensed.The Office for Students has proposed a new condition of registration and potential sanction for educational settings aimed at improving protections for students.We urge the OfS to implement its proposals swiftly and to enforce them robustly.4Non-reporting of incidents of sexual harassment and abuse is high.Victims who report behaviour struggle to be believed.Even when they are believed,more often than not,it is their career not the perpetrators that ends.In many cases,those who do report harassment or sexual assault regret doing so due to the way it is handled.This must change,and the establishment of a new authority,the Creative Industries Independent Standards Authority(CIISA)will help to shine a light on unacceptable behaviour in the music industry and in doing so,may reduce the risk of further harm.Crucially,it will be a single,recognisable body that anyone in the industry can turn to for support and advice.It is not a panacea for all of the problems in the industry,other reforms remain crucial,and time will tell whether it has the powers required to drive the changes needed.In this Report we have focused on improving protections and reporting mechanisms,and on necessary structural and legislative reforms.The main problem at the heart of the music industry is none of these;it is the behaviour of menand it is almost always men.More often than not,women are left with the expectation they will be able to enact change while being hindered by men who do not wish to amend their ways.Too often,problems of discrimination,harassment and misogyny are seen as womens issuesthat it is their role to experience,avoid,overcome,withstand,analyse,discuss and understand misogyny so men dont have to.While necessary,preventative measures risk normalising behaviours and place the responsibility on women as potential victims rather than men as potential perpetrators.Educating boys and men on misogyny and consent,how to respect and better support women and to recognise the additional challenges they face will be more transformative than any of the measures set out in this report.The Government must develop and introduce a new strategy in schools,aimed specifically at boys on issues of misogyny,sexual harassment and gender-based violence.Women in the music industry have had their lives ruined and their careers destroyed by men who have never faced the consequences for their actions.People in the industry who attend award shows and parties currently do so sitting alongside sexual abusers who remain protected by the system and by colleagues.The music industry has always prided itself on being a vehicle for social change;when it comes to discrimination,and the harassment and sexual abuse of women,it has a lot of work to do.51 Introduction1.Women are underrepresented in key roles in the music industry.Positions of authority,from senior leadership through to roles in Artists and Repertoire and production have historically been more likely to be occupied by men.This is reflected in the unequal representation of female artists in the rosters of artists at major record labels,in airtime,streaming and as headliners at music festivals.12.In many levels of the industry female representation is improving,in part due to the support of a myriad of targeted programmes,but in certain areas progress is slow and shackled by discrimination,misogyny and sexual abuse in an industry that is still routinely described as a“boys club”.2 Women seeking careers in music continue to face unjustifiable limitations in opportunity,a lack of support,gender discrimination and sexual harassment as well as the“persistent issue of equal pay”in a sector dominated by self-employment.3 These issues are intensified for artists faced with intersectional barriers.43.Abuse and discrimination are not unique to the industry but they are amplified in music by the high number of freelance workers in the sectorwhich gives rise to significant power imbalances in working relationships and precarious employment practicesand the informal nature of many workplaces which,together with late-night working,often in places where alcohol and drugs are available,can result in women working in environments that are unsafe.5 None of these concerns will come as a surprise to anyone with knowledge of the sector;the question we asked repeatedly in this inquiry and one which the industry must continue to ask itself is why these concerns persist and how they can be better tackled.One approach being developed is the creation of a standards body,known as the Creative Industries Independent Standards Authority(CIISA).We consider the potential role and responsibilities of that organisation in this Report.1 Women in CTRL(MiM0033);Counting the Music Industry:The Gender Gap,Vick Bain,20192 See for example,Dr Sarah Raine(MiM0010);Musicians Union(MiM0020);Women in CTRL(MiM0033);Q348 Annie Macmanus;Q368 Rebecca Ferguson3 Sally Anne Gross and Dr George Musgrave(MiM0003)4 Intersectional refers to overlapping or concurrent forms of discrimination,for example,being subject to discrimination due to both race and gender.5 Musicians Union(MiM0020)64.We held oral evidence sessions with academics,industry bodies,festival representatives,record label executives,artists and government and met privately with women from a diverse range of professional backgrounds from across the industry.6 We are grateful to everyone who contributed to our inquiry,especially the women who came forward to recount their testimonies,and to our specialist advisers Dr Rachel Horton,Associate Professor,School of Law,University of Reading and Dr Hannah Bows,Associate Professor in Criminal Law,Durham University.7 Throughout this inquiry our attention has been drawn to the experiences of individual female artists,including the instances of abuse they have been subjected to on social media and elsewhere.Out of respect to those artists we will not repeat it here.5.Recommendation We expect the music industry to act on our recommendations and call on industry bodies to respond to the recommendations relevant to their work.6 The Committee met privately with women from across the industry including musicians,from a variety of genres,producers,songwriters,managers,programmers,label staff,researchers and women who work in the live music sector.7 For details of their declarations of interests please see the Committees Formal Minutes.72 Representation and discrimination6.2023 saw a landmark year for female artists in the UK;seven of the top 10 tracks and 13 of the top 20 were by women.Nearly half(48.5%)of the tracks that reached the Top 10 of the weekly Official Singles Chart were by female artists,either solo or as part of a collaboration.This represented their highest annual share of Top 10 hits this century.8 However,behind these achievements,which are to be celebrated,lies a wider picture of deep-rooted underrepresentation of women in key roles in the music industry.7.Women represent less than a third of top-selling artists in music and only 14%of songwriters.9 In 2022,just 187 women and non-binary people were credited as either producer or engineer on the top 50 streamed tracks in 14 genres,compared to 3,781 men.10 Of all songwriters and composers who received a royalty in 2020 from their music being streamed,downloaded,broadcast,or performed,only one in six(16.7%)were women.118.Most recently,in summer 2023,only one in 10 headliners at music festivals in the UK were women.12 Responding to criticism of the lack of female headliners at the Glastonbury festival,Emily Eavis,co-organiser of the festival,who has long advocated for balanced line-ups,voiced her frustration at the lack of female artists being signed and supported:Were trying our best so the pipeline needs to be developed.This starts way back with the record companies,radio.I can shout as loud as I like but we need to get everyone on board.138 British Phonographic Industry,Women enjoy a record-breaking year in music in 2023,3 January 20239 University of Southern California Annenberg Inclusion Initiative report,Inclusion in the Recording Studio?Gender&Race/Ethnicity of Artists,Songwriters&Producers across 1,100 Popular Songs from 2012 to 2022,January 202310 Fix the mix report,Lost In The Mix:An Analysis of Credited Technical Professionals in the Music Industry Highlighting Women and Non-Binary Producers and Engineers Across DSP Playlists,Genres,Awards,Record Certifications&Distributors,We Are Moving the Needle,Howard University,Middle Tennessee State University,and Jaxsta,April 202311 PRS for Music,Tipping the scales:PRS for Music reveal membership gender data,March 202112 BBC News,Music festivals:Only 13%of UK headliners in 2022 are female,May 202213 RollingStone,Glastonbury Co-Organizer Promises Female Headliners in 2024 After All-Male Top Billing This Year,March 202389.Melvin Benn,Managing Director of Festival Republic,which has launched its own scheme to support female artists,also commented on the need for structural change to address gender imbalance.He similarly drew attention to the role of radio:“we endeavour to put on stage what people are listening to radio has a greater ability to direct audience tastes than we have,we can only reflect”.14 In the 12 months to August 2022,female artists accounted for 10%of the top 20 tracks by British artists played on the nations top radio stations.For BBC Radio 1,one of the UKs largest stations,female artists were represented in just 15%of the stations top 20 most played tracks.1510.Music is a multi-billion pound industry.In 2022,it contributed 6.7 billion to the UK economy and generated 4 billion in exports.It employs over 200,000 people in a wide variety of roles,genres and settings.16 Routes into the music industry are varied.For musicians it ranges from formal channels of further and higher education to self-promotion and discovery via word of mouth,social media and high-profile competitions.Whatever the route pursued,we heard that for women,the environment is unwelcoming,access to career opportunities continues to be problematic and those entering the music industry routinely experience misogyny and discrimination.17 We discuss below the forms that discrimination and misogyny can take,some of which have their foundations in education.18Education and training11.Gender diversity has improved in music in higher education over recent years and there is now almost equal participation.However,this masks significant imbalances in certain disciplines and is far from being reflected in the industry,suggesting barriers remain for female graduates seeking to start their careers.1912.We were told how certain instruments,roles,courses and genres are given a strong association with gender which can result in an unwelcoming environment for women and girls,either through casual misogyny or more directly through bullying,sexualisation and sexual harassment(which we 14 Festival Nation(MiM0051)15 Why Not Her?Gender and racial disparity data report on UK radio 20212216 UK Music,This is Music 2023,November 202317 Sally Anne Gross and Dr George Musgrave(MiM0003);Q58 Vanessa Threadgold18 Q123 Deborah Annetts;Arts Council England,Creating a More Inclusive Classical Music:A study of the English orchestral workforce and the current routes to joining it,Literature Review,202119 In 202122,44.9%of music students in higher education in the UK were female,see HESA,What do HE students study?:Personal characteristics,January 2023;Vick Bain,Counting the music industry:The gender gap,October 20199discuss separately later in this Report).20 Deborah Annetts,chief executive of the Incorporated Society of Musicians(ISM),explained:I think the music colleges have still not necessarily got their heads around equality in relation to how they deal with issues around discrimination and harassment,and the actual curriculums that they are delivering Looking back over the research we did in 2019,“Dignity in study”,which was across all types of music college,but also included drama and dance,we saw that the inappropriate behaviours started within those creative colleges,were learned and then went into the profession;and there is no protection.2113.Participation rates show that music technology courses still show a stark gender imbalance,reflecting the lack of female representation in the production workforce,despite the technologys increasing importance to modern musicians.22 In jazza genre where conservatoire staff and student bodies are similarly male-dominatedwe were told how jam sessions were a distinctly competitive and unwelcoming environment for women and that female role models for musicians-in-training are lacking.2314.Women who play instruments considered masculine are often held to a higher standard than their male counterparts with mistakes seen as confirmation of a belief that women are less capablein many cases women are discouraged from playing certain instruments at all,reducing what women can achieve.24 A participant in our private roundtable discussions explained“there is this idea that if youre a girl you cant play the drums,or if youre a girl you cant play the trumpet really loudly because it will make you look ugly”.25 The Musicians Union described to us female students being“cat-called in rehearsals”,“made to feel uncomfortable by male lecturers”and being told“they couldnt play their instrument properly if they didnt sit with their legs open in orchestra rehearsals”.2615.Expectations in education of what instruments and roles women can perform impacts the pipeline of female role models that is essential to encouraging young talent and serve to further entrench gender imbalance.27 These biases are not harmless or isolated;people who hold these,or similarly biased,views are often in positions of power and make 20 Musicians Union(MiM0020);Arts Council England,Creating a More Inclusive Classical Music:A study of the English orchestral workforce and the current routes to joining it,202121 Q123 Deborah Annetts22 Vick Bain,Counting the music industry:The gender gap,October 201923 Dr Sarah Raine(MiM0010)24 Musicians Union(MiM0020);Anonymous(MiM0005)25 Private roundtable discussion26 Musicians Union(MiM0020)27 Musicians Union(MiM0020)10decisions on whose career is supported and who is and is not employed.28 It is positive that these prejudices are now being challenged.During the course of this inquiry,we have been made aware of a range of initiatives and interventions aimed at supporting women and girls into education and training in areas that have traditionally been male-dominated.However,while promising,these are often small in scale and limited in funding;wider action across the industry is required to challenge stereotypes and increase female participation in music.2916.Recommendation Music colleges,conservatoires and other educational settings need to do more to address the gendering of instruments,roles and genres and improve the visibility of and support for female role models.The Government and industry bodies should offer increased,funded and targeted opportunities for women and girls to study subjects and to engage in training in areas of the music industry that remain male-dominated and where women are made to feel unwelcome.Misogyny in the workforce17.The issues of misogyny in music education are replicated in womens experiences in the workplace and the challenges they face in seeking to make and sustain a career in music.Female respondents to a 2022 survey by the Musicians Union reported“a range of bullying behaviours such as being humiliated in public,being isolated,and ridiculed in front of colleaguesall of which the respondents noted was related to their gender.”30 A contributor to our inquiry reported her experience of working in a mixed choir:Jokes were frequently made about the intelligence and ability of soprano and alto sections.If mistakes were made by members of these sections,it would be pointed out with mockery or a sense of inevitability.By contrast,mistakes made by tenor or bass sections were given a respectful,supportive approach,with advice on e.g.how to stay in tune during a difficult/clashing note.There was a sense that the men were professionals,and the women were amateurs.3118.Respondents to the Musicians Union survey noted“a lack of confidence from employers in female musicians abilities”and that“very often women 28 Musicians Union(MiM0020)29 Cactus City Studio Community Interest Company(MiM0027);Women in CTRL(MiM0033);F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034)30 Musicians Union(MiM0020)31 Anonymous(MiM0005)11were asked if they were fans,rather than musicians or it was assumed they must be singers not instrumentalists”.32 A recurring theme was men assuming women could not have any technical knowledge and dismissing female musicians technical abilities.3319.While such concerns were raised in our inquiry about roles across the sector,our attention was drawn to the recording studio environment which one contributor described as,“one of those spaces where women are not spoken to when they enter the room they are just ignored because maybe they are perceived as a girlfriend.”34 We also heard how female managers are regularly underestimated or mistaken by promoters,stage crew and senior industry figures for assistants and girlfriends.35 One manager told us:There is a dated perception in the industry of what an artist manager looks like.When people dont see a man in charge they are often shocked to see its me.I feel as though I have to work twice as hard as my male counterparts to get the recognition I deserve.Even then it feels everything I do is never good enough in the eyes of some of the powerful white men in the industry.3620.Nadia Khan,Chief Executive of Women in CTRL,described to us her experience:Over the period of my career,I have experienced bullying and harassment.I have been undermined constantly on varying different levels.I have felt invisible when I have walked into rooms,been perceived or deemed to be just an assistant or a groupie.I have been kicked off festival stages while my artist is on stage performing because security does not believe that I could be the manager.I have been laughed away by bouncers at the front of shows who have not believed that I am the manager.37We were told by the Music Managers Forum,the worlds largest professional community of music managers,about the unequal standards women face where assertive male managers can be considered“great champions”for their artists,while female managers report being labelled a“b*tch or difficult”if they are equally assertive,and ignored or pushed aside if“polite and kind”.38 Annie Macmanus,DJ and broadcaster,gave this example:32 Musicians Union(MiM0020)33 Musicians Union(MiM0020)34 Q58 Vanessa Threadgold35 Music Managers Forum(MiM0017);Q58 Vanessa Threadgold36 Anonymous(MiM0004)37 Q66 Nadia Khan38 Music Managers Forum(MiM0017)12A young girl was trying to put on events and went to the venue where she was promoting the event.She went there early and realised they did not have a table to put the decks on.She spoke to the venue owner to say she needed a table for the decks.He called her some horrific words,basically verbally abused her badly.When the two 50-year-old men she had booked to come and the DJ came in and asked for a table,of course,they got one immediately.That is emblematic of what happens consistently to women,young women trying to make a career in dance music and at live events.3921.This behaviour is not restricted to artists or those working directly with them.84%of respondents to a research report conducted by Women in CTRL and#radiosilence looking at the experiences of women working in radio described it being harder for women to progress their careers.Reasons given included“management being overwhelmingly male and white”,“casual sexism”,“it feeling like a boys club”,and“men being promoted over women”.61%experienced sexist comments about their appearance,comments which would often be passed off as jokes.40Impact on mental health22.The constant belittling of women in the music industry takes its toll on those who experience it.Dr Sarah Raine,Fellow at the School of Music,University College Dublin,described to us the experiences of jazz musicians she interviewed:Several women spoke about the emotional toil of being a musician in the contemporary scene,intensified by what they saw as a comparative undervaluing of women musicians by promoters,agents,and media and the scenes reliance upon a boys club network of male individuals to gain access and opportunities.41An anonymous contributor to our inquiry described how,as a junior manager in a company,she was told not to be“so confrontational and emotional”when raising that a male intern was being paid the same as her.She concluded:Practically every job I have had in the music industry I and my female colleagues have been subject to misogyny which has both affected our moods,proactivity and progression.As the years have gone by I have seen many of these women leave the industry which ultimately makes it harder for those of us remaining.4239 Q385 Annie Macmanus40 Women in CTRL(MiM0033)41 Dr Sarah Raine(MiM0010)42 Anonymous(MiM0007)13Another contributor added,“As women,we have the stereotype placed on us for being fussy,loud,and bossy.If we call something out or complain,we just completely fulfil that stereotype,theres literally no winning”.43Gatekeepers23.One of the most significant barriers to women starting and developing a career in the music industry is that gatekeeper roles such as programmers,promoters and Artists and Repertoire(A&R)the area of the business responsible for identifying new talentare male-dominated.44 The consequences of this range from women not being given work or promoted due to their gender,having to change something about themselves in order to be accepted or treated as a commodity rather than an artist with intrinsic value.4524.Nadia Khan described being told by A&Rs booking or playlisting on radio,“Women artists dont test well on radio so,therefore,we are not going to programme them.”46 Statistics published in the Why Not Her?report,Gender and Racial Disparity Data Report on UK Radio show the stark extent to which gender imbalance is embedded across radio.47 We heard that female artists get skipped more on streaming platforms,and that the algorithm then negatively affects them and they move down playlists or are removed completely.4825.Women have to work harder than their male peers for recognition.The F-List for Music,a not-for-profit community interest company representing more than 5,000 female and gender nonconforming musicians in the UK,told us,“It is a noted phenomenon that women have to attain a higher standard and quality of creativity than their male counterparts.”49 In the music press,female artists often find their contribution to their own music questioned in a way that does not happen to male artists and the role of any male collaborators overstated.50 Women are also invariably more likely 43 Webb(MiM0015)44 Dr Sarah Raine(MiM0010);Q61 Nadia Khan45 Musicians Union(MiM0020);Katie Waissel(MiM0057)46 Q58 Nadia Khan47 Why Not Her?,Gender and Racial Disparity Data Report on UK Radio 20222348 Q58 Nadia Khan49 F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034)-In 2019 researchers analysed the music of over a quarter of a million songs produced and released between 1955 and 2000 and concluded that female songwriters were more creative and novel in their output but were less likely to be recognised as creative despite their low representation as songwriters and performing musicians50 Pitchfork,The Invisible Woman:A Conversation With Bjrk,January 2015;S,Its Not Just Bjrk:Women Are Tired of Not Getting Credit for Their Own Music,21 January 201514to be accepted as singers in contrast to most other types of musicianship,further restricting their music careers and ambitions.51Appearance26.Gatekeepers impose additional requirements on women with respect to appearance and sexualisation that men experience to a far lesser degree.We heard how women are routinely judged on what they look like before their ability,and lose out on work due to being deemed by people in gatekeeper roles as“not attractive enough”or not having“the right body type”,and that it is not uncommon for employers to request all female bands or sections just to promote a“sexy image”.52 Women described being measured regularly by their management company and humiliated if they couldnt meet punishing targets on their weight and told they couldnt be serious about a career in music.53 Such concerns are not limited to musicians,70%of respondents to Women in CTRLs survey about working in radio reported their appearance affecting job opportunities.5427.The sexualisation and objectification of women in the music industry does not stop in the workplace.Constant comments on social media and elsewhere about female musicians appearanceon their attractiveness rather than their talentcontribute to a culture where a female artists worth is judged first on their looks and perceived sexual availability.5528.The situation is magnified for BME artists.Charisse Beaumont,chief executive of Black Lives in Music,a charity working to dismantle racism in the industry,reported that“70%of black female artists have felt the need to change something about themselves in the industry and that 43%of black women working had changed something about themselves to be more accepted in the industry”.56 She reported how one respondent to their survey had told them,“I wanted to change my name and lighten my skin to be more appealing,to be accepted and fit in and have more opportunities.”5729.Black female artists have spoken out about being pigeon-holed into a music genre or overtly sexual role that is not true to them and the male gaze affecting their access to opportunity and career progression.58 One contributor to a Musicians Union survey commented:51 F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034)52 Q58 Nadia Khan;Musicians Union(MiM0020)53 Sally Anne Gross and Dr George Musgrave(MiM0003);Q357 Rebecca Ferguson54 Women in CTRL(MiM0033)55 Musicians Union(MiM0020)56 Q7 Charisse Beamont57 Black Lives in Music(MiM0029)58 Black Lives in Music(MiM0029)15I have had multiple occasions of being told by men that I have only been booked because of my ethnicity and because I am female.Over time,this created doubts surrounding my abilities as an artist.59Intersectionality30.In its 2017 Dignity in Work survey and campaign,the Incorporated Society of Musicians found that nearly half of the 600 respondents said they had experienced some form of discrimination,with reference to all nine protected characteristics,including women who had lost work because they had children.60 Women frequently did not report incidents of discrimination due to a fear of losing work.Dr Cassandra Jones,Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Northumbria said that research on the industrys culture found that nearly 60%of respondents said white British people are favoured over other ethnicities;84%thought it is sexist and 80%thought it favours non-disabled over disabled people:What we found was that women with disabilities were subjected to bullying and harassment so much more often than men without disabilities.We also found that women who identified as sexual minorities experienced bullying and harassment much more than heterosexual men and BME women were sexually harassed more often than white men were.6131.The Musicians Union and other organisations have called on the Government to“review the limit of two characteristics within Section 14 of the Equality Act 2010,so the law acknowledges that overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination impacts on people who experience sexual harassment.”62 Section 14 of the Equality Act which provides for protection from discrimination because of a combination of two characteristics has never been brought into force.We recommended the Government introduce section 14 in our 2022 report on support for women experiencing the menopause.63 The Government rejected that recommendation.It argued that bringing section 14 into force would impose additional burdens on business despite the evidence we had received that such burdens would be minimal.We were told that businesses are already 59 Musicians Union(MiM0020)60 Incorporated Society of Musicians,Dignity in Work:A survey of discrimination in the music sector,April 201861 Dr Cassandra Jones and Dr Kallia Manoussaki,Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry“Completely entangled in its fabric”,University of Winchester,May 2022;Q28 Dr Cassandra Jones62 Ivors Academy of Music Creators(MiM0022);UK Music(MiM0037);Music Managers Forum(MiM0017);Musicians Union(MiM0020)63 Women and Equalities Committee,Menopause and the workplace,First Report of Session 202223,HC 9116aware of their responsibilities under the Equality Act and enacting section 14 would not require much,if any,further training or education.64 When we challenged the Government on its response to our report,the Minister for Women explained that section 14 would be a burden because:there is such a potential variety of combinations of characteristics that employers would need to accommodate or ensure that they are not treating those less favourably than people who do not have the particular combination of characteristics.6532.The Musicians Unions 2022 snapshot survey found that more than 65%of respondents who had experienced misogyny and/or sexism said it was linked to another characteristic.It explained:These behaviours are often experienced combined with and driven by ageism,racism,LGBT phobia,ableism,and assumptions about womens ability to perform if they are pregnant or have caring responsibilities.66Black Lives in Music said its data revealed that black women are the most disadvantaged in the music industry,experiencing oversexualisation and objectification.67 Black women creators experience poor mental health at a disproportionate rate to black men and are more likely to feel pressure to alter themselves to assimilate.Black women are overlooked for promotions,and have their qualifications questioned.Regarding pay,Black Lives in Musics data shows that black women in the industry are on average paid the least and are paid 25%less than white women and 52%less than white men.Nearly half of the black women the group has corresponded with say their mental wellbeing has“significantly worsened”in the music industry and a fifth have sought counselling due to racial abuse,while others are yet to do so.6833.Charisse Beaumont,chief executive of Black Lives in Music,told us that her report“says 65%of all black disabled music creators experienced discrimination due to their race;35%of black disabled creators have experienced gender discrimination;and just 7%were subject to discrimination because of their disabilities.69 She concluded,“Unless we 64 Ibid,para 9165 Letter from the Minister for Women to the Committee,dated 8 February 202366 Musicians Union(MiM0020)67 Black Lives in Music(MiM0029)68 Black Lives in Music(MiM0029)69 Q27 Charisse Beaumont;Attitude is Everything and Black Lives in Music,Unseen Unheard:Race and disability-Black disabled experience in the UKs music industry,June 202317break or tackle racial discrimination,we cannot really tackle everything else”.7034.Conclusion Women have significant additional barriers to pass to get a foothold in the music industry and must navigate acts of passive aggression,ridicule,and misogyny to have a sustainable career.Female artists are routinely undervalued and undermined,endure a focus on their physical appearance in a way that men are not subjected to,and have to work far harder to get the recognition their ability merits.Despite increases in representation,discrimination and misogyny remain endemic.These concerns are intensified for women faced with intersectional barriers,particularly racial discrimination.35.Recommendation Section 14 of the Equality Act 2010 which provides protection from discrimination on the basis of a combination of two relevant protected characteristics presents a limited understanding of how overlapping characteristics are used to discriminate against individuals and prevent the most vulnerable from bringing harassment claims based on their actual experience.The Government should bring section 14 of the Equality Act into force and consider whether an amendment to that section is required to better protect those facing intersectional inequality.Businesses are already aware of their responsibilities to equality of treatment under the Equality Act;bringing section 14 into force would impose minimal additional burdens.Support36.There are a myriad of organisations that help support women to have careers in the music industry,from those who gave evidence to us,including the F-List,Black Lives in Music,Cactus City,and Women in CTRL,to more local schemes such as Girls Rock London,Yorkshire Sound Women Network and Manchester-based Brighter Sound to name just a few.71 Initiatives such as UK Musics Five Ps action plan;72 the global Keychange pledge;73 a 70 Q27 Charisse Beaumont71 Professor Bethany Klein et al(MiM0001)72 UK Music,The Five Ps:The music industrys action plan73 Keychange is an international initiative led by the PRS Foundation-the philanthropic arm of the Publishing Rights Society for Music,Reeperbahn Festival and Musikcentrum st.It invests funding in emerging female talent and encourages music festivals to pledge a 50:50 gender balance in their programming.18joint code of practice by the Musicians Union and the ISM74 and the best practice framework for the industry being developed by the BPI(British Phonographic Industry)and others are just some that seek to promote a change of culture in the industry.But as Lady of the House,a platform championing women in electronic music,told us:The fact we have so many initiatives,communities,programs etc is amazing but on the other hand shows the desperate need to straighten the music industry out so it can protect and give women an equal opportunity in regards to equity.7537.Many of these organisations are sparsely funded,or completely volunteer led.76 Additionally,while we heard a lot of support for initiatives such as the Keychange pledgewhich asks organisations to commit to 50male representation,we were told that they can sometimes mask progress as well as help to drive it.77 Dr Sarah Raines work on jazz festivals showed that while those festivals felt they met the Keychange pledge of a woman on stage 50 per cent of the time this did not prevent a large gender imbalance,with women making up“at best a third of total musicians scheduled”with“women instrumentalists particularly underrepresented”.Dr Raine concluded“The one woman on stage interpretation of 50/50 hides continued gender inequality and the gendering of certain roles within jazz.”78Diversity in leadership and other key roles38.The concern that the music industry is a boys club was raised repeatedly with us.There is evident frustration at the continuing effect of the historic domination of key roles by white men.The lack of women in positions of authority sets the culture and influences decisions for the rest of the profession and can have a direct impact on womens career opportunities and progression.79 In organisations where men are overrepresented the Musicians Union told us it has:led to workplaces that dont support women in aspects of their lives such as starting a family,having caring responsibilities or policies that support older women such as menopause policies.When women do raise these issues their commitment to work is questioned and quite often it can have a detrimental impact on their careers.8074 ISM-MU Code of Practice75 Lady of the House(MiM0035)76 Cactus City Studio Community Interest Company(MiM0027)77 Dr Sarah Raine(MiM0010)78 Dr Sarah Raine(MiM0010)79 Musicians Union(MiM0020)80 Musicians Union(MiM0020)19In contrast,we heard how the atmosphere at one label had become more collaborative and less egotistical and competitive following a female chief executive taking post.8139.There are encouraging signs that diversity is improving.UK Musics 2022 Diversity Report found that the proportion of women in higher level roles within the industry is increasing,with numbers rising at senior level from 40.4%in 2020 to 45.1%in 2022,and at mid-level from 51.2%in 2020 to 53.3%in 2022.82 Women in CTRLs 2022 study of board members in the industrys trade bodies found 42%were female(an increase from 34%in 2021);since that study two of the bodies have appointed black female chairs.83 There are still drop-offs in representation as women age-out of the industry but the rate is reducing.8440.Across the record labels there are significantly more women in frontline roles than ever before,as the British Phonographic Industry explained:EMI,Virgin,RCA,Decca,Epic and Atlanticto name just a feware some of the most well-known labels in the music industry and are now run in the UK by women.In other areas of the business,women hold the roles of Managing Directors,Chief Operating Officers,Executive and Senior Vice Presidents.85The major labels set out the proportion of women in their senior leadership teams:Universal 50%;Sony 55%;and Warner 48%.86 With respect to A&R a department that has traditionally employed more men than women,the labels told us that they now had dedicated programmes to consider barriers to entry and increase the representation of women.87 Vick Bains 2019 study of the music industry found that just over 14%of those currently signed to 106 music publishers and just under 20%of those signed to 219 record labels were female.88 The BPI told us:We are already seeing the changes in relation to the signing of women artists as a result of more women working in these crucial roles and targeted entry-level programmes,some specifically for women.8981 Q364 Annie Macmanus82 UK Music,Diversity Report 2022,202283 Women in CTRL,Seat at the table report-1 year on,July 202184 In 2020 the proportion of female respondents to UK Musics survey of the industry was 49.7%aged 35 to 44 and 35%aged 35 to 64.Figures for 2022 were 53%and 40.6%respectively.UK Music,Diversity Report 2022,202285 British Phonographic Industry(further submission)(MiM0042)86 Q239;Sony Music UK(MiM0052);Universal Music UK(MiM0048)87 Q244 Natasha Mann88 Counting the Music Industry:The Gender Gap,Vick Bain,201989 British Phonographic Industry(MiM0038)20Although gender imbalances persisted in their rosters,we were assured by label executives that the situation was improving and there is“real momentum behind female talent”.9041.The picture across the music industry is however more mixed.Research by Arts Council England found that while women make up a substantial portion of the workforce in classical music,they remain less well represented in senior roles like orchestral principals,as solo artists,in artistic leadership roles and elsewhere.91 In the technical side of the business,while trends are positivefemale membership of the Music Producers Guild is at the highest recorded level,up from 5%in 2016 to 15%the number of female producers and engineers credited on the most played tracks remains very low.92 The ISM report that despite increases in female representation,66%of respondents to their 2022 survey reported that they had been subject to discrimination,up from 47%in 2017.9342.Recommendation Although female representation in the music industry is improving,particularly at senior levels,progress is not uniform and gender imbalance remains entrenched in certain areas.The music industry and government should increase investment in diverse talent and make more funding available to the schemes that support it.Pathways to careers for women working in the sector must improve,particularly in key gatekeeping roles such as A&R and other male-dominated areas including sound engineering and production.43.Recommendation To allow progress to be monitored,record labels should commit to regular publication of statistics on the diversity of their creative rosters.All organisations with more than 100 employees should be required to publish data on the diversity of their workforce and gender and ethnicity pay gaps.44.Recommendation Organisations in the music industry should provide mandatory equality,diversity and inclusion training.These steps are required because misogynistic and discriminatory behaviours remain entrenched despite increased representation.90 Q208 Isabel Garvey91 Arts Council England,Creating a more inclusive classical music:A study of the English orchestral workforce and the current routes to joining it,202192 Music Producers Guild(MiM0031)93 Q123 Deborah Annetts2145.The music industry needs to become more welcoming and supportive of women.Reported increases in discrimination have shown that increased female representation alone will not be enough.Legislative change,better reporting pathways and redress for victims of poor behaviour are also required.We discuss those challenges next.223 Legislative and other related changes46.Over 70%of the music workforce is freelance(for musicians the figure rises to over 80%),94 working hours can be unsociable,contracts are often precarious,support is inconsistent and the provision of work is often based on unequal relationships.These factors contribute to demoralisation and ultimately the attrition of women from music.Women are leaving the music industry in their 30s and not returning owing to challenges around access,career progression and parenting.95 Since 2018,the number of women aged 45 to 64 in the sector has fallen from 38.7%to 35spite women outnumbering men in the lower age groups.9647.In the sections below we explore concerns around employment,some of which are shared between freelancers and employed staff and some which are particular to each of those groups.Maternity and paternity support and childcare48.Parents and carers are underrepresented in the music industry:29%of people in the music industry have caring responsibilities,compared with 44%of the UK population.97 It can be difficult for parents to maintain a career in a sector which involves late hours,freelance work and insecure working environments.98 Concerns raised with us focused on the effect of pregnancy on job retention,the adequacy of maternity support and childcare availability.We heard how expectant mothers in the freelance sector have lost their job directly or lost their role more covertly due to pregnancy and that rules around maternity and paternity leave provided insufficient support and protection.99 A survey of over 400 music production 94 F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034);Q72 Vick Bain95 Sally Anne Gross and Dr George Musgrave(MiM000396 UK Music(MiM0037)97 Q133 Jamie Njoku-Goodwin98 See for example,Incorporated Society of Music(MiM0009);Music Producers Guild(MiM0031);UK Music(MiM0037);Women in CTRL(MiM0033);Q133 Jamie Njoku-Goodwin;Qq1937 John Shortell;Q64 Vick Bain99 F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034);Incorporated Society of Musicians,Dignity at work 2:Discrimination in the music sector,September 202223professionals found that 8%of respondents had been discriminated against because of pregnancy or maternity.10049.There is a marked difference in the way that parents are treated who are employed,particularly in larger organisations with HR functions,compared to those who are freelance.Senior executives from the major record labels set out their companies progressive policies on maternity and childcare and the positive effect they are having on retention rates.101 Such policies contrast starkly with the support available in the freelance sector.What support exists is available only to mothersthrough Maternity Allowanceand there is no paternity or shared parental leave that would enable fathers to take paid time off.We heard how this can place the entire burden of childcare in the first year on the mother and removes her from the workplace which can then have a detrimental effect on future earnings.102 The Music Producers Guild explained:music production is very competitive.It relies heavily on personal relationships,and the impact of the break from the workplace lasts beyond the nine months of statutory maternity allowance.Research by Parental Pay Equality showed that only 20%of self-employed mothers return to their pre-baby earnings by the time their child is two.10350.On returning to work,long hours and the lack of a set pattern can raise logistical and financial difficulties with childcare for parents who lack a supportive employer or who are freelance,and tend to impact the mothers career significantly more than the fathers.104 We heard reports of women in production and artist management roles moving to other positions within or outside the industry where it is easier to combine parenthood with a successful career.105 A Parents and Carers in Performing Arts survey of over 400 parents and carers working in classical music found that 90%of respondents had turned down work due to caring responsibilitiesjust 4%of respondents referenced a supportive employerwhile 40%said they were thinking of leaving their careers in music.106 Charisse Beaumont explained:This is reflected across the music industry,not just in classical in this case.There is not much support from the Government.There is not much support from the industries and the employers when it comes to parents and caring responsibilities.That is something that definitely 100 Music Producers Guild(MiM0031)101 Sony Music UK(MiM0052);Q230 Jessica Carsen;Universal Music UK(MiM0048)102 UK Music(MiM0037)103 Music Producers Guild(MiM0031)104 Music Producers Guild(MiM0031)105 Music Managers Forum(MiM0017)106 Q22 Charisse Beaumont);Parents and Carers in Performing Arts,A bittersweet symphony:the experience of working lives and caring duties in classical music,October 202224needs to be looked at,not because it is haemorrhaging talent,not because it affects the gender imbalance at the top,but because it is just a basic understanding of what your workers need to survive and thrive in the music industry.10751.Recommendation Having children should not be a barrier to a career in the music industry,yet the evidence we have seen suggests otherwise.While large employers are taking welcome steps to support parents with childcare responsibilities,the industry as a whole needs to reflect on how it can better support parents to combine parenthood with a successful career in music.Increased awareness of the time pressures on parents,improved childcare support and better flexible working arrangements are required across the music sector to relieve gender disparities and aid the progression of women to senior positions.52.Recommendation Reform of parental leave for freelancers is overdue.The current system places the burden of childcare onto the mother and offers no financial support for self-employed fathers or same-sex partners wanting to share childcare responsibilities.The Government should bring forward legislation to allow self-employed mothers and fathers to share parental leave and pay and for the leave to be taken non-consecutively as is the case with PAYE employees.Employment law and the Equality 2010 Act53.Freelance workers lack many of the protections and access to support and advice available to those with more formal working arrangements.It can be difficult for them to report incidents of discrimination and harassment,or to gain mediation or other resolutions,particularly for issues which are not clearly unlawful or contractual.108 Many individuals work alone,are unsure who to complain to and do not have access to HR managers and traditional reporting systems.109 This is particularly problematic for younger people in the industry who are more likely to be on the wrong side of power imbalances.54.The less formalised employment space can also make it harder to enforce the statutory right to non-discrimination for pregnant women.110 While it is 107 Q22 Charisse Beaumont108 Association of Independent Music(MiM0036);UK Music(MiM0037)109 Women in CTRL(MiM0033)110 UK Music(MiM0037)25hoped that the creation of the Creative Industries Independent Standards Authority see later in the Report will see a step change in the level of support available to freelancers,particularly in cases of discrimination and harassment,we were told that changes to the Equality Act 2010 were also necessary.11155.An individual is protected against discrimination under the Equality Act if they can show they are under an employment contract or a contract personally to do work.Working arrangements entered into by freelancers in the music industry can put them outside of those protections.The Department for Culture,Media and Sport confirmed to us that,“many freelance musicians are exempt from legal protections from sexual harassment at work because of their employment status”.112 The Incorporated Society of Musicians(ISM)explained:the flexible nature by which work is both offered and accepted means that it is often difficult to identify an underlying contract personally to do work to qualify for protection as an employee.Those who do work offered by another would rarely be able to identify a contract of employment between the person who offered them the work and the supplier of that work.11356.The ISM cited the common practice of depping in which a musician might deputise for another,stating that,“in these circumstances it is difficult to see how a court or tribunal could interpret this arrangement as a Contract personally to do work,and much less a contract of employment or apprenticeship”.114 The ISM observed that in these scenarios,there is often no employer and no HR department to which to make a complaint about discrimination.11557.The Government recognised these concerns in its 2021 response to its consultation on sexual harassment in the workplace,stating that:working agreements entered into by freelancers can unwittingly put them outside of certain employment protections.We would expect broader issues around which groups are covered by the Act to be an aspect of any wider future review of it.116111 For example Incorporated Society of Musicians(MiM0009);Music Managers Forum(MiM0017);Musicians Union(MiM0020);Ivors Academy of Music Creators(MiM0022);F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034);UK Music(MiM0037)112 Department for Culture,Media and Sport(MiM0039)113 Incorporated Society for Musicians(MiM0009)114 Incorporated Society for Musicians(MiM0009)115 Incorporated Society for Musicians(MiM0009)116 Government Equalities Office,Consultation on sexual harassment in the workplace:government response,July 20212658.While recognising the challenges faced by freelancers in the music industry,the Minister for Media,Tourism and Creative Industries confirmed to us that the“Government do not have any current plans to amend the Act.”117Time limit59.Where victims of workplace discrimination or harassment are eligible to bring forward Equality Act-based claims to the Employment Tribunal,they only have three months to do so.We were told that this window was too short.UK Music explained that“many survivors dont take an immediate decision to report as sometimes it takes longer to reach a decision or realise that a claim exists”.118 Deborah Annetts,chief executive of the ISM agreed,“I know as an employment solicitor that so often,people come to you when they are virtually out of time;it makes it incredibly difficult”.11960.In its 2019 consultation,the Government said it would look closely at extending the time limit for bringing Equality Act-based discrimination cases to the Employment Tribunal from three months to six months.120 In February 2023 the Minister for Equalities told the ISM:Government continues to look closely at extending the time limit Officials are now taking this work forward and are looking to assess the impact of such a change on all aspects of the Employment Tribunal System Any decision will need to take account of the effect on the wider justice system,which remains under considerable strain following the covid-19 pandemic.121When asked why change had not yet been forthcoming,the Minister for Media,Tourism and Creative Industries told us,“I do not think at the moment we are of a mind that that is desirable”,adding,“I would always be worried about the prospect that people who commit offences go unpunished and unrecognised.I do not think necessarily that the existing measures allow that to happen”122a view clearly at odds with the concerns raised during our inquiry.117 Q305 Sir John Whittingdale118 UK Music(MiM0037)119 Q138 Deborah Annetts120 Government Equalities Office,Consultation on sexual harassment in the workplace:Government response,July 2021121 Equality Hub,Minister for Equalities response to ISM,23 March 2022122 Q309 and Q313 Sir John Whittingdale2761.Conclusion Freelance workers in the music industry are more likely to be discriminated against yet in many cases do not have the same level of protections under equalities legislation as those subject to more formal working relations.The Government recognises this,as it does the benefits of extending the time limit to bring Equality Act-based cases to the Employment Tribunal.However,in both cases it has failed to make the necessary changes,meaning vulnerable people continue to be unable to access the support they need while perpetrators of discrimination and harassment are allowed to go unpunished.We do not accept that the volume of work in the courts system is a reason for further delay.62.Recommendation The Government should bring forward legislative proposals to extend the protections relating to discrimination and harassment in the Equality Act 2010 to include all freelancers.Limitation periods for Equality Act-based discrimination and sexual harassment claims should be extended to six months.In the meantime,the Government should set out clearlyin its response to this reportwhich freelance workers are currently entitled to protections under the Equality Act and which are excluded from that protection.284 Sexual harassment and abuse63.Sexual harassment and abuse is common in the music industry.Women are being sexually harassed by colleagues,employers and audience members;behaviours range from sexually explicit jokes,online trolling and abuse to unwanted touching,stalking,sexual assault and rape.123 48%of 800 respondents to a 2019 survey by the Musicians Union said they had experienced sexual harassment at work,58%had witnessed it.124 Almost one in three respondents felt that the sexual harassment they experienced was linked to a protected characteristic.125 The 2022 study Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry Completely entangled in its fabric,by Dr Cassandra Jones and Dr Kallia Manoussaki,found that a significant proportion of workers in the industry had:Experienced physical violence(35%)Been pressured to do something sexual when they didnt want to(19%)Been offered a career benefit for sexual cooperation(17%)Experienced negative career impact for refusing sexual cooperation(16%)Been made to do something sexual when they were intoxicated with drinks and/or drugs(16%)Been sent unwanted sexual photos/videos by a colleague(15%)Been forced,or threatened with force,to do something sexual they did not want to(9%).12672%of those who responded to an ISM survey that they had been subject to sexual harassment,said they were self-employed at the time of the 123 BBC News,Rape and abuse:The music industrys dark side exposed,December 2017;DJ Magazine,Sexual Harassment in Dance Music:Five Women Tell Their Story,2018;Musicians Union(MiM0020);Women in CTRL(MiM0033)124 Musicians Union(MiM0020)125 Musicians Union(MiM0020)126 Dr Cassandra Jones and Dr Kallia Manoussaki,Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry“Completely entangled in its fabric”,University of Winchester,May 202229incident.127 Jones and Manoussaki concluded that the extent of sexual harassment in the industry is such that women consider“it a part of work culture and a normalised aspect of business that they must learn how to negotiate.”12864.The informal environment in which work in the music industry often takes place,the structures of a sector that is largely freelance and accompanying individual vulnerability,and the prevalence of significant power imbalances make sexual harassment more likely and more difficult to challenge.It occurs across the industry and affects women in almost any role,though those in freelance work are among the most vulnerable.65.Women have had their careers inhibited or have simply left the industry because of sexual harassment,impacting their mental and physical health.The Musicians Union told us:A common theme of the reports we receive through Safe Space129 is men abusing their power to instigate and maintain coercive sexual relationships with women.Promises of work,career progression or the threat of retaliation against women professionally if they refuse to participate are used by men to sexually harass women without consequence.These behaviours prevent women working in certain organisations where there are known sexual harassers.130We heard from women who had record labels withdraw work from them after they rejected advances from their artists.131 One contributor explained how she was harassed by someone responsible for funding who threatened to withdraw a grant if she raised a complaint over his behaviour towards her.Annie Macmanus told us about the experience of a female photographer on tour:about three weeks into the tour,the artist started to become quite emotionally abusive and tell her that her photos were not good enough,and he threatened to sack her in front of people.That happened consistently,so she started to lose her confidence and to be mentally affected.In the end,he confessed to her one drunken night that he fancied herand she didnt fancy him back,and she got fired straight after the tour and has never worked for the label again.Her thingthe point she spoke to me aboutis that she couldnt have 127 Incorporated Society of Musicians(MiM0009)128 Dr Cassandra Jones and Dr Kallia Manoussaki,Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry“Completely entangled in its fabric”,University of Winchester,May 2022129 Safe Space is a reporting tool run by the Musicians Union that helps musicians to share and report sexual harassment,discrimination or abuse in the music industry.130 Musicians Union(MiM0020);see also for example BBC News,Sex exploitation as bad in music industry as in Hollywood,October 2017131 Anonymous submissions30won.If she had gone with him,she would have been fired for being unprofessional,and she didnt want to go with him anyway.13266.The evidence we received suggests sexual harassment and abuse is more prevalent in particular environments,in particular educational settings,recording studios and live music venues.We discuss each of them below.Educational settings67.We have reported previously on the safety of female students in educational settings,in 2015,in 2018 and most recently in our July 2023 report which also addressed the abuse and harassment of female teaching staff.133 A 2018 ISM report on music professionals working in the UK found that 60%of the 600 respondents to their survey had experienced sexual harassment,the majority of whom were women,were self-employed and did not report itconservatoires and music colleges were cited as common locations.134 A follow up report on higher education institutions with a focus on drama,dance and music found 27%of respondents had been sexually assaulted.135 These reports have common threads,that sexual abuse and harassment is commonplace in educational settings,it is normalised,victims are reluctant to come forward and those who do find support to be inadequate.68.Since the ISMs survey,there have been multiple reports of sexual harassment in music settings.In 2019,students of the Royal Academy of Music(RAM)reported their frustration“at the blank wall they encountered when reporting sexual impropriety by their teachers”.136 Allegations included claims that teachers asked students for sexual favours or made lewd comments at them.13769.A review into behaviour at the RAM found a fear of speaking out that“appears to stem from the belief that powerful individuals have the potential to adversely influence opportunities for those in the music profession”.138 The Review called on the institution to commit to a“strategy 132 Q381 Annie Macmanus133 Women and Equalities Committee,Sexual harassment and sexual violence in schools,Third Report of Session 201617,HC91;Women and Equalities Committee,Sexual harassment of women and girls in public places,Sixth Report of Session 201719,HC701,Women and Equalities Committee,Attitudes towards women and girls in educational settings,Fifth Report of Session 202223,HC331134 Incorporated Society of Musicians,Dignity at work:a survey of discrimination in the music sector,April 2018135 Incorporated Society of Musicians,Musicians Union and Equity,Dignity in study:a survey of higher education institutions,2018136 Slipped Disc,Further abuse claims at the Royal Academy of Music,28 November 2019137 Guardian,Students at Londons Royal Academy of Music feared reporting sexual misconduct,29 November 2020,The Standard138 The Royal Academy accepted the recommendations of the review.31for training and development designed to prevent future safeguarding incidents”.It stated that the strategy should extend to part-time and visiting staff and that no one should be invited into a teaching relationship without first being subject to background and reference checks.13970.In 2022,the Independent inquiry into child sexual abuse,which has been examining historical allegations of abuse,noted that music schools“present particular challenges in terms of safeguarding”,as instrumental tuition involves a high proportion of one-to-one teaching and a degree of physical contact will often be necessary.It observed that“tuition may be provided by renowned and distinguished instrumentalists,who teach on a freelance basis without qualifications or training for teaching children”.140 The inquiry concluded:the power and influence of often revered and influential music teachers made some pupils even more vulnerable to being sexually abused by them.The reputations of both the musicians and the schools were often seen as more important than their victims and potential victims when allegations were made or concerns were raised.14171.For progress to be made the high level of non-reporting in education needs to be tackled.The ISM found“a lack of confidence in their higher education institutions capability to take concerns seriously”as the main reason for high levels of non-reporting.They noted that many students who did go on to report their concerns felt unsafe after doing so and felt unsupported.The ISM called on educational settings to have a designated member of staff such as a pastoral officer for students to report their concerns to.14272.It is clear from our previous work and that of the ISM and others that problems in educational settings have not been sufficiently addressed.There are signs that this may be about to change.Earlier this year,in a case brought by two students who had been sexually assaulted,a judge ruled against the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama,finding that the college was negligent in its response and,significantly,had a duty of care relating to processes around the allegations.143 It remains to be seen 139 LeighDay,Review into claims of sexual harassment and misconduct at Royal Academy of Music,1 December 2020140 Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse,The residential schools investigation Phase 1:Music schools,Residential special schools;Phase 2:Safeguarding:day and boarding schools:Investigation Report,March 2022,HC1131141 Ibid.142 Incorporated Society of Musicians,Musicians Union and Equity,Dignity in study:a survey of higher education institutions,2018143 Feder and McCamish v the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama,County Court sitting at central London,2023;Wonkhe,A judge has ruled that universities do owe a duty of care to students,October 202332what the wider implications of that case will be for the higher education sector,but,independent of that judgment,the Office for Students(OfS)is proposing a new condition of registration aimed at protecting students from harassment and sexual misconduct.14473.The OfS proposes requiring all universities and colleges registered with it to publish,in an easily available single document,the steps they would take to protect students from harassment and sexual misconduct,arrangements for handling incidents,details of how it will support anyone involved in incidents and details of training for students and staff.145 A breach of the condition and failure to abide by the steps set out in the document could result in the imposition of a monetary penalty,suspension of elements of a providers registration,for example its access to student support funding or OfS public grant funding,or deregistration.The OfS told us that it expects“to publish an analysis of consultation responses,as well as their decisions about our future approach,early in 2024”.146 It has also indicated that it wishes any new conditions to be implemented quickly once decided.14774.Recommendation We support the Office for Students(OfS)proposed new condition of registration aimed at protecting students from harassment and sexual misconduct.Its effectiveness will depend,in part,on students and staff feeling both able to recognise and report misconduct and that any complaints will be taken seriously.OfS guidance should stipulate that internal reporting pathways must be clearly signposted and independent of the structures and relationships in which harassment and abuse may occur,for example internally via a dedicated pastoral officer or externally to Creative Industries Independent Standards Authority.144 Office for Students,Student guide to tackling harassment,hate and sexual misconduct,February 2023145 Ibid.146 Women and Equalities Committee,Attitudes towards women and girls in educational settings:Government,Ofsted and Office for Students responses to the Committees Fifth Report of Session 202223,HC258147 The OFS proposes that subject to the responses to its consultation,any new condition of registration would come into force on a date not less than three months from the date the it publishes its final decisions.3375.Recommendation The OfS should also require educational settings to ensure that all staff,permanent,temporary and those visiting,are aware of policies around abuse and harassment,including the consequences of inappropriate behaviour.People invited to teach students should undergo background and reference checks and be in no doubt of expectations with regard to conduct.Eminent musicians should not be exempt from these safeguarding duties.76.Recommendation Too often in the past,institutions have put protecting their reputations ahead of a duty of care for their students.The OfSs proposals for potential loss of funding and/or accreditation should help challenge that mindset.We urge the OfS to implement the new condition as swiftly as possible and to enforce it robustly.Recording studios77.The recording studio environment hosts a disparate range of people from the artist client and session musicians to managers,technicians and record label executives as well as permanent studio staff.They tend to be small businesses,often in a rural location,and working hours can be long,blurring the lines between work and socialising.148 Such settings can lack structures within which harassment and abuse can easily be reported and commercial self-interest can deter studios from taking action,for example against an artist,when reports are made.Where women have reported concerns for their safety,the Music Producers Guild told us they were often ignored or dismissed,“action was often insufficient,or no action was taken,and the victim of the harassment was expected to leave their workplace or modify their behaviour rather than the perpetrator.”149 Concerns are not just related to the behaviour of musicians.One artist described to us how a famous producer propositioned her,telling her to submit to sexual harassment or“get out of his studio”.150 Katie Waissel described to us how,at the age of 16,she was grabbed by a much older man and placed on his lap in the recording studio while they were reviewing the track she was recording.15178.Almost all(94%)of the female respondents to a Music Producers Guild survey reported that they had either witnessed or had sexist comments 148 Music Producers Guild(MiM0031)149 Ibid.150 Private roundtable discussion151 Katie Waissel(MiM0057)34directed at them or deliberately said in front of them,21%of women reported being sexually assaulted at work,and 13%reported witnessing sexual assault at work.152 These sentiments were echoed by participants in our private roundtables.A contributor to the MPG survey described the impact of abuse on her mental health:I found myself completely exhausted from trying to avoid redacted,and trying to stay courteous when he would strike up conversation in the presence of clients.I also have recently needed to stop taking out of hours sessions pretty much entirely,as the studio I usually work for do not employ any studio-specific out of hours security a huge factor in this choice was the frequency of sexual harassment from clients on out of hours sessions,and not feeling that the risk of sexual assault is appropriately managed or taken seriously.My income has taken a big hit as a result of this decision.15379.Vanessa Threadgold,Founder and Managing Director of Cactus City,a recording studio set up to be a safe space for women,described to us how she established the studio in response to experiences of female music industry professionals in recording studios and the need to create a safer environment.She told us,“As part of our work,we speak to hundreds of women,and the general consensus is that the music industry will always put a potentially lucrative but abusive person they view as an asset ahead of the needs of victims.”154 Cactus City has developed a charter of good practice for other studios aimed at improving protections for women in the studio.Pledges include having procedures for reporting inappropriate behaviour and for studios to be more prepared for late night sessions.We heard how some studios were reluctant to agree to such terms.Vanessa Threadgold explained:It can be quite difficult,one of the reasons being that sometimes studios tell us that as there are so many freelancers that work in the space,they do not want to be responsible for the actions they are perpetrating within the studios.They sometimes say,“We cant sign up to this because,actually,we feel like well lose business from people who are here in our studios to create a party environment or a more casual working environment,and we want to take advantage of that.”It is difficult in that sense.155152 Music Producers Guild(MiM0031)153 Music Producers Guild(MiM0031)154 Cactus City Studio Community Interest Company(MiM0027)155 Q59 Vanessa Threadgold3580.Recommendation A recording studio should be a safe space for all those who work there.Frequently this is not the case,and commercial self-interest is prioritised over personal safety.We recommend that all commercial recording studios should be licensed.That licensing process should include a sexual harassment risk assessment to ensure that adequate measures are in place to protect the safety of those who work there,particularly during out of hours sessions,and clear reporting pathways when incidents do occur.Studios where there are repeated instances of harassment and abuse should lose their licence.Contracts should allow for termination in the event of inappropriate behaviour.81.To further support this aim the Government should bring forward a mandatory duty to require workplaces to prevent sexual harassment,including from third parties and for all freelancerswe discuss this below.Live music and events82.Musicians and staff commonly mix with audience members and other workers in late-night venues,and informal settings such as festivals and tour buses,often with the presence of alcohol and drugs.We heard that sexual harassment is“rife in these environments”,156 that“Musicians are at risk from audience members,paying or non-paying guests,and their principals”157 and that the“anonymity in these spaces and lack of intervention by venue security leads to a toleration of such behaviours and increased risk to female musicians”.158 The Musicians Union has reported that 47%of their membership have been sexually harassed by an audience member.159 Annie Macmanus described the lack of protection for female DJs:There is no protection for them in the boothanyone can walk in.Most of all,they work till 4,5,6 in the morning,and the promoters or whatever are not prepared to pay for their travel.There is no understanding of the fact that it is not safe for a woman to travel home at that time of night.They constantly have to fight for their own rights when it comes to being safe and a lot of the time they dont get those.16083.The F-List,told us that women on stage may be seen as“easy targets”and receive“higher levels of verbal abuse,heckling,disruption,unwanted 156 Incorporated Society of Musicians(MiM0009)157 Ibid.158 F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034)159 Q176 John Shortell160 Q371 Annie Macmanus36touching,and physical assault than their male counterparts,all heightened by alcohol intoxication”.161 The F-List also highlighted the prevalence of online abuse after performances and a lack of understanding of how this affects female performers:“We submit female and gender nonconforming musicians need protection from third party harassment and this needs to be reinstated into the Equality Act 2010”.162Third party harassment84.Before 2013,subsections 40(2)to(4)of the Equality Act 2010 provided for circumstances where an employer could be liable for third party harassment if someone was harassed on at least three occasions,the employer knew about it and failed to take reasonable steps to prevent it.163 Third party harassment relates to harassment from someone a worker interacts with as part of their job but who is not employed by the same employer.In 2013 the Government repealed those provisions as part of its drive to remove the regulatory burden on businesses.16485.In their 2018 report on sexual harassment in the workplace,our predecessor Committee recommended that the Government should ensure“interns,volunteers and those harassed by third parties have access to the same legal protections and remedies as their workplace colleagues.”165 The Committee found little evidence of whether or not the section 40 provisions,while in force,had any effect on the amount of third-party harassment taking place:Only a small number of cases were taken forward under section 40(2)-(4),and these were mostly settled or withdrawn,with only one known case reaching tribunal hearing.Despite this,there was widespread,if not universal,support in our inquiry for introduction of measures similar in effect to those that were repealed.166During the consultation on the repeal of the provisions,the Law Society,along with other organisations,noted the deterrent effect of the legislation,“which has supported and encouraged best practice amongst employers 161 F-List for Music CIC(MiM0034)162 Ibid.163 House of Commons Library,Worker Protection(Amendment of Equality Act 2010)Bill 20222023:Progress of the Bill,27 January 2023,p7164 The provisions were repealed by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013.Following a review and consultation,these provisions were removed as they were“considered to impose an unnecessary burden on business.”TUC,Tackling third-party abuse and harassment,22 March 2019.165 Women and Equalities Committee,Sexual harassment in the workplace,Fifth Report of Session 201719,HC725166 Women and Equalities Committee,Sexual harassment in the workplace,Fifth Report of Session 201719,HC72537and potentially reduced incidents of third party harassment at work would be lost.”167 Our predecessor Committee recommended that legislation should be introduced to impose new employer liabilities for third-party harassment and general duties to prevent harassment,enforceable by the Equality and Human Rights Commission.16886.The Government had an opportunity to protect workers from third-party harassment in the Worker Protection(Amendment of Equality Act 2010)Act,which received Royal Assent in October 2023.169 The original version of this Bill would have amended section 40 of the Equality Act 2010 by making employers liable for harassment cases involving an employee and a third-party,providing the employer had failed to“take all reasonable steps to prevent the third party from doing so”,and without the three-strikes rule.170 This would have been welcomed by many in the industry.The ISM said that without the option of third-party harassment claims,employers,services providers and fixers are able to:distance themselves from a societal ill that takes place under their watch and,arguably,in circumstances where they should be held responsible.If someone seeks to bring a harassment claim against their employer,they currently have to“rely on nebulous provisions involving vicarious liability in order to found a claim.17187.The Government told the ISM that it was committed to introducing:a new legal duty requiring employers to take all reasonable steps to prevent their employees from experiencing sexual harassment in the workplace;and explicit protections against all workplace harassment of employees by third parties,for example customers or clients.The Government continued:The Worker Protection(Amendment of Equality Act 2010)Bill(the Bill)will deliver on these two legislative commitments.The Bill therefore addresses ISMs recommendation for the Government to reinstate third-party harassment protections.As a result,it will provide increased protections for everyone in employment(as defined 167 The Law Society,Equality Act 2010-employer liability for harassment of employees by third parties Response to the Government Equalities Office consultation,August 2012168 Women and Equalities Committee,Sexual harassment in the workplace,Fifth Report of Session 201719,HC725169 Worker Protection(Amendment of Equality Act 2010)Act 2023170 House of Commons Library,Worker Protection(Amendment of Equality Act 2010)Bill 20222023:Progress of the Bill,27 January 2023171 Incorporated Society of Musicians(MiM0009)38in the Equality Act 2010(the Act)against harassment from,for example,audiences as well as customers and clients.17288.However,instead of legislating to better protect workers vulnerable to sexual harassment at work,as many in the music industry are calling for,the Government removed the third-party ambition from the resulting act,meaning employers have no liability for harassment of their staff by third parties.The Government cited potential costs to business as a reason for its removal from the legislation.173 As seen during this inquiry,women working in the music industry are highly vulnerable to sexual harassment and have little protection or support in addressing it.89.Conclusion The Governments weakening of the Worker Protection Act 2023 has let down women already vulnerable to sexual abuse and harassment in insecure work settings.While we welcome the duty on employers to take reasonable steps to protect their employees from sexual harassment,without third-party harassment liabilities,it will be harder for employees to bring a case against employers who have failed to protect them from sexual harassment from audience members and from staff they have not employed.While few cases were brought under the previous provisions,in removing them the Government underestimated their deterrent effect and encouragement of best practice.There is overwhelming support for their reinstatement.90.Recommendation The Equality Act 2010 should be broadened to impose a duty on employers to be proactive,rather than simply reactive,in protecting workers from third party sexual harassment and for a statutory code of practice to support them in doing this.A statutory duty would create a clear and enforceable legal requirement on all workplaces to safeguard workers,and help bring about cultural change in the workplace.Employment tribunals should impose greater penalties in cases where perpetrators of harassment and bullying behaviour are found to have acted vindictively against complainants.172 Letter from the Minister for Equalities to the Incorporated Society of Musicians,23 March 2023173 HL Deb,14 Jul 2023,col 2030 Lords Chamber3991.Recommendation Guidance for employers and employees,including freelancers,on the new duty to protect from sexual harassment,should set out how employers should prevent and manage sexual harassment coming from third parties in the absence of legal protection,including how all parties can report it,regardless of employment status.Improving safety in venues92.Musicians have shared with us their experiences of being sexually assaulted or sexually harassed by fans and people working in venues.Dr Rosemary Hill,Senior Lecturer at the University of Huddersfield,described how her research found a lack of understanding around sexual violence,and that where musicians have tried to talk to venue staff they have“not known what to do.”174 She explained:Because the music industry is made up of all of these little pockets of businesses and freelancers,there is no central organisation that says,“You will need to have this training.”But that is what they need.They need that kind of training.175Licensing93.Some countries are requiring venues to tackle sexual violence via funding or licensing requirements.In France,the National Centre of Music(CNM)has produced a Protocol for the prevention of sexual and gender-based violence for the French Music Industry.176 The protocol contains a series of measures including that employers and their staff must undergo training around sexual harassment and sexual violence and that organisations must implement procedures to allow victims and bystanders to be heard and protected.Funding from the National Centre of Music is conditional on compliance with the protocol.It is working with grassroots training organisations to help organisations access the necessary training.The Irish Government has tied tackling sexual violence to the liquor licensing lawsvenues will not get their liquor licence if they are not shown to be proactive in dealing with sexual violence.17794.Marta Pallars Olivares,Head of International Press and PR at Primavera Sound Festival,described to us the Protocol against sexual assault and 174 Q21 Dr Rosemary Hill175 Q21 Dr Rosemary Hill176 Centre nationale de la musique,The CNM launches its roadmap in favour of gender equality,January 2021;Q21 Dr Rosemary Hill177 Gov.ie,Minister McEntee to reform Irelands antiquated licensing laws,October 2022;Q21 Dr Rosemary Hill40harassment in private night-time leisure venues that has been introduced by Barcelona City Council.178 The Protocol sets out preventative actions venues should take,and minimum training venue staff should have on detecting sexual abuse and assault and how to assist victims of it.17995.Numerous organisations and initiatives have been set up in the UK in the last few years aimed at improving womens safety,from educating people about how to keep safe to providing training to music venues to help them better understand,respond to,and prevent sexual violence in their spaces.180 Melinda Kelly,Member of Management Team,Safe Gigs for Women,suggested that looking at licensing to improve the safety of women at venues“would certainly be a very good place to start,provided the expense of it would not then stop grassroots music venues being able to put on a show”.181 The Minister for Media,Tourism and Creative Industries told us:The licensing requirements include the personal licence,where there is a set of requirements that individuals need to meet.That is certainly something that I would be interested in looking at if this Committee made a recommendation to strengthen that.It is not really in our gift particularly.It may be a Home Office matter more than ours,but I can certainly see a case for it.I will be interested to see whether that is one of the recommendations this Committee puts forward.18296.Recommendation Public funding and licensing of music venues should be made conditional on those premises taking steps to tackle gender bias,sexual harassment and abuse.This should include the training of venue staff by accredited organisations that work in the sector.The Government should review international examples,such as the measures introduced in France,Ireland and Barcelona,and introduce similar policies in the UK.The Government should consider making funding available to smaller venues to enable them to meet this condition.178 Q183 Marta Pallars Olivares179 Barcelona City Council,Protocol“We wont keep quiet”campaign against sexual assault and harassment in private night-time leisure venues,May 2018180 These include Safe Gigs for Women,Good Night Out,Safety in Music,the Association of Electronic Music Diversity and Inclusion initiative,the Mayors Womens Night Safety Charter,UN Women Safe Spaces in Music,Safer Spaces,Girls Against,the Association of Independent Festivals Safer Spaces at Festivals Campaign and the Women at Night Taskforce.181 Q82 Melinda Kelly182 Q298 Sir John Whittingdale OBE MP41Security97.In addition to venue staff,concerns were also raised with us on the quality of support available in venues from contracted security staff in cases involving discrimination,sexual harassment and abuse,of artists and crew as well as audience members.183 We heard calls for security staff to receive training on dealing with these issues not least because poor responses can lead to retraumatisation of the victim.184 We also heard calls for that training to include education on diversity and inclusion as security staff are invariably responsible for the safety of different genders,races,backgrounds and needed to be“aware of the experience that they are all going to have”.18598.Recommendation Security Industry Authority accreditation for security staff to work at live music venues should include training on dealing with discrimination,sexual harassment and abuse.That training should be survivor-led and provided by accredited organisations dedicated to improving safety for women.Facilities99.Many live music venues lack facilities and structural support for women working in the industry.186 Respondents to the Musicians Union survey reported being treated as“one of the lads”,“expected to share rooms with colleagues,male and female whilst on tour”and in some cases were asked to share beds.187 Often venues lack multiple changing facilities and women are expected to change in front of their male colleagues,in the toilets or in their car which is“uncomfortable and unprofessional”188 and“raises safety concerns.”189183 Private roundtable discussion;Q78 Melinda Kelly;Q188 Lauren Down184 Private roundtable discussion;Professor Bethany Klein et al(MiM0001);Qq1901 Lauren Down185 Private roundtable discussion186 Musicians Union(MiM0020)187 Musicians Union(MiM0020)188 Dr Sarah Raine(MiM0010)189 Musicians Union(MiM0020)42100.Recommendation Expecting women to change in front their male peers or in their car,or to share rooms or beds with male colleagues while on tour,is unacceptable and raises safety concerns.The music industry needs to improve its facilitation of mixed groups.As a minimum,venues that host live music should provide adequate,separate dressing room facilities for women and gender nonconforming musicians.Reporting101.Non-reporting of incidents of sexual harassment and abuse is high.In their 2022 study,Jones and Manoussaki found that 80%of women did not report the incident against them.190 Victims of harassment and abuse may choose not to report because they do not wish for their careers to be defined by something traumatic that happened to them.191 Three-quarters of the people in the ISMs 2022 Dignity at work 2 study who had experienced harassment or discrimination said they had decided not to report due to fears they might not get work again.192 Nadia Khan,chief executive,Women in CTRL,told us:In my own incident where I was sexually harassed after an event,I woke up and somebody was on top of me trying to take my clothes off.This is somebody who works in the industry.This is somebody who I then had to be around multiple times.When I tried to bring it up,in terms of confronting that person with the group,all I got was an apology and a denial to say,“No,I just came in to say goodbye.”I did not want to burn the bridge because this person has a spot on radio,or I am going to see them again at events.You have to weigh it up in a decision and say,“Well,whats the right business choice for me to make?”“How am I going to ensure that I pay my bills?”193102.The majority of perpetrators of harassment and abuse act with impunity.Victims who do call out behaviour struggle to be believed.Even when they are believed,more often than not,it is their career that ends.194 In many cases,those who do report harassment or sexual assault regret doing so 190 Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry project(MiM0026)191 Q347 Annie Macmanus192 Incorporated Society of Musicians,Dignity at work 2:Discrimination in the music sector,September 2022193 Q66 Nadia Khan194 Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry project(MiM0026);Musicians Union(MiM0020);Music Producers Guild(MiM0031);Q31 Dr Jones;Q66 Nadia Khan;Q68 Vanessa Threadgold43due to the way it is handled.195 One contributor explained what happened when she asked what a venue planned to do following her harassment:There was no response and I have since ceased to receive offers of work from them.That is what happens when you report harassment as a freelancer,more often than not you just dont get hired again and the culture never changes.You have nowhere to go,no-one to report to and in the end,no work.196Another professional described her experience after reporting her harassment to a senior colleague at a talent agency:I endured six months of further harassment by WMEs HR department and then the inevitable Constructive Dismissal process found them guilty of unlawful behaviour.The result being,they had to pay me off,yet I,the victim,lost my career.As a woman in her mid-30s.197Witnesses to unacceptable behaviour are not immune from being blacklisted or made redundant.A contributor explained how they were forced out of a company after reporting a senior label executive for groping a young woman in a meeting.They told us the perpertrators sexist behaviour was widely known but ignored in the complaints process.198103.Nadia Khan told us that her organisation had spoken to over 100 womenwho work in radio and“nobody would give us statements with their nameattached because everyone is scared to speak out”.199 This reflects ourexperience in arranging sessions for this inquiry.We approached dozens ofartists and were told repeatedly that talking about their experiences wouldbe detrimental to their career.Reporting pathways104.Victims frequently lack clear procedures to report incidents.200 DrCassandra Jones,Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Northumbria,explained this“reflects the music industry where it can be difficult toknow who is in charge”.201 While there are some large organisations in themusic industry,the majority of companies are small and lack professionalHR structures,as one contributor to Dr Cassandra Jones and Dr KalliaManoussakis research set out:195 Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry project(MiM0026)196 Delphi Mangan(MiM0008)197 Samantha Thompson(MiM0018)198 Evidence submitted in confidence199 Q66 Nadia Khan200 Incorporated Society of Musicians(MiM0009)201 Q32 Dr Cassandra Jones44The label where I was bullied at by the general manager was my first proper full time job in music after graduating from university,and they didnt even have a HR team,so I felt like I had no option but to just endure it,which had an awful effect on my mental health at the time and hugely knocked my confidence.Something I am still trying to fix to this day.202105.Just 13.2%of respondents to Cactus City Studios survey were aware of more established and developed organisations such as the Musicians Unionwho have a reporting tooland/or Help Musicians who have a bullying and harassment helpline.203 Where internal reporting pathways are known the evidence suggests that victims still feel let down by the process.204 Laura Snapes,the Guardians deputy music editor,observed,“short of becoming a whistleblowerand opening oneself up to potential legal threatsI see no genuine recourse for any woman who experiences sexism and misogyny in the music industry as it stands.”205Support106.A lack of support is also cited as a key concern for victims.Cactus City Studios survey revealed that“60.5%of respondents did not know of any support available or said there was barely any support available”.206 One contributor to our inquiry explained:Support is non-existent within the industry despite the recent new era of open mental health conversations.Addicts can seek 12-step meetings and find sponsors in an attempt to recover and feel supported.Victims of abuse have no such safe community other than costly therapy.Victims in turn feel isolated,through fear of speaking out,through the consequences of potentially being unemployable.207107.Laura Snapes told us:Major record labels might have HR departments orin the wake of#MeToohave established specific task forces to deal with these issues,but it strikes me that they are little short of a back-covering sham.And while there are many mutual support groups where women 202 Dr Cassandra Jones and Dr Kallia Manoussaki,Bullying and Harassment in the Music Industry“Completely entangled in its fabric”,University of Winchester,May 2022203 Cactus City Studio Community Intere
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EDITORScott KennedyMARCH 2024A Report of the CSIS Trustee Chair in Chinese Business and EconomicsU.S.-China Scholarly RecouplingAdvancing Mutual Understanding in an Era of Intense RivalryU.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling Advancing Mutual Understanding in an Era of Intense RivalryEDITORScott KennedyMARCH 2024A Report of the CSIS Trustee Chair in Chinese Business and EconomicsU.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|IIIAbout CSIS The Center for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS)is a bipartisan,nonprofit policy research organization dedicated to advancing practical ideas to address the worlds greatest challenges.Thomas J.Pritzker was named chairman of the CSIS Board of Trustees in 2015,succeeding former U.S.senator Sam Nunn(D-GA).Founded in 1962,CSIS is led by John J.Hamre,who has served as president and chief executive officer since 2000.CSISs purpose is to define the future of national security.We are guided by a distinct set of valuesnonpartisanship,independent thought,innovative thinking,cross-disciplinary scholarship,integrity and professionalism,and talent development.CSISs values work in concert toward the goal of making real-world impact.CSIS scholars bring their policy expertise,judgment,and robust networks to their research,analysis,and recommendations.We organize conferences,publish,lecture,and make media appearances that aim to increase the knowledge,awareness,and salience of policy issues with relevant stakeholders and the interested public.CSIS has impact when our research helps to inform the decisionmaking of key policymakers and the thinking of key influencers.We work toward a vision of a safer and more prosperous world.CSIS does not take specific policy positions;accordingly,all views expressed herein should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).2024 by the Center for Strategic and International Studies.All rights reserved.Center for Strategic&International Studies1616 Rhode Island Avenue,NWWashington,DC 20036202-887-0200|www.csis.orgU.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|IVAbout the Trustee Chair in Chinese Business and EconomicsThe CSIS Trustee Chair in Chinese Business and Economics provides unmatched thought leadership for the Washington policy community by examining Chinas economy and the costs and benefits of its commercial relationship with the United States and the rest of the world.We go beyond the headlines to examine Chinese sectoral trends and industrial policy,the behavior of companies and financial institutions,international trade and supply chains,U.S.-China relations,and the political economy of cleantech and climate governance.With our rigorous empirical and data-driven research,we put forward proposals for how the United States and others can adopt smart policies that take into account the economic and security costs and benefits in an era defined by both deep interdependence and strategic competition.Our analysis is shared with the policy community,business leaders,scholars,and the public through reports and commentaries,interactive digital content,media engagement,public events,and private discussions.U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|VAcknowledgmentsThis volume is the product of a multiyear collaborative initiative aimed at rebuilding U.S.-China scholarly ties involving multiple organizations and individuals in both countries.Sitting at the center of the initiative are over two dozen leading scholars based at U.S.and Chinese universities and research organizations.They have devoted a substantial amount of their time,energy,and expertise to engage with one another and analyze the opportunities and challenges of scholarly ties between the United States and China.The CSIS Trustee Chair in Chinese and Business Economics is particularly grateful to each of the scholars who participated in the projects two conferencesin Beijing,China,in July 2023 and Washington,D.C.,in October 2023.The U.S.-based scholars in this group are:Alastair Iain Johnston,Shanjun Li,Ethan Michelson,Stephen Platt,Meg Rithmire,Daniel Rosen,Scott Rozelle,Matt Sheehan,Deborah Seligsohn,Jessica Teets,and Jessica Chen Weiss.The Chinese scholars are:Da Wei,Dai Xin,Gui Yongtao,Jie Dalei,Niu Ke,Qi Haotian,Wang Jisi,Wu Chunsi,Xie Tao,Yao Yang,Yu Tiejun,and Zhang Ran.The program is highly appreciative of the dozen other scholars who were only able to attend one of these meetings.In Beijing,they included:Lei Shaohua,Wang Yong,Xu Qinyi,Zhao Minghao,and Zhu Feng.Those who only joined in Washington are:Jude Blanchette,Mary Gallagher,Bonnie Glaser,Kenneth Lieberthal,Bonny Lin,Ilaria Mazzocco,Andrew Mertha,and Suisheng Zhao.The thoughtful and incisive contributions to this volume are from the experts who attended one or both meetings in 2023.The program sincerely appreciates the help of the U.S.Department of State and Chinas Ministry of Foreign Affairs,including their embassies in Beijing and Washington,respectively,for expeditiously handling visa applications and answering many questions before and during the conferences.The Trustee Chair is also grateful to those in government,business,the media,think tanks,and universities in Beijing and Washington who met with the scholars in this initiative to discuss the opportunities and challenges related to scholarly ties as well as the political,security,and economic aspects of the U.S.-China relationship.The participants learned a great deal from every one of these engagements.This initiative would not have been possible without the energy and spirit of partner organization,Peking Universitys Institute of International and Strategic Studies(IISS).The program is deeply grateful for the leadership and wise judgment of both IISSs founding president,Wang Jisi,and its current president,Yu Tiejun,as well as the hard work of their excellent staff,including Sun Yilin,Xu Bei,Hu Ran,Zhao Jianwei,Ma Liao,and Chen Danmei.The program also appreciates the heartfelt support of this initiative from Peking University vice president Wang Bo as well as Yuan Ming,the honorary dean of the Yenching Academy andprofessor at the School of International Studies at Peking University.Although the editor of this volume is the only individual from CSIS with their name on the cover,many colleagues contributed to the success of the project and this report.The Trustee Chair in Chinese Business and Economics team put in long hours over many months,handling the smallest details and thinking through U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|VIthe biggest issues.The editor is deeply grateful for the efforts of Matthew Barocas,Ryan Featherston,Elyse Huang,Maya Mei,Andrea Leonard Palazzi,Nic Rogers,Jessica Shao,and Vicky Tu.China Power Project colleagues Bonny Lin,Brian Hart,Samantha Lu,and Truly Tinsley provided valuable help with our October 2023 conference in Washington.As always,CSISs publications team,led by Jeeah Lee and Katherine Stark,did a fantastic job editing and producing this volume.Finally,the program is indebted to CSIS president and CEO John J.Hamre for his consistent support for this initiative from its very earliest days to its conclusion.Finally,this project would not have been possible without the financial support and vision of the Henry Luce Foundation.Program Director for Asia Helena Kolenda and Program Officer for Asia Yuting Li offered wise counsel and encouragement throughout the project.The Trustee Chair also wants to acknowledge the funding from the China-United States Exchange Foundation provided to Peking University to support the participation of our Chinese colleagues in this initiative.Although everyone mentioned hereand othersdeserve credit for the achievements of this initiative,the editor alone takes sole responsibility of any remaining errors or mistakes in this volume.U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|VIIContents1|Scholarly Exchange and Reducing Misunderstanding 1Scott Kennedy,Center for Strategic&International Studies,and Yu Tiejun,Peking UniversitySection I:Justifying Scholarly Collaboration2|Scholarly Exchange between the United States and China:The Benefits of Collaboration and the Costs of Disruption 6Scott Rozelle,Stanford University3|The National Security Case for China-U.S.Scholarly Exchange 12Jie Dalei,Peking University4|U.S.-China Academic and Scientific Exchange Is in the National Interest 15Jessica Chen Weiss,Cornell University5|Penny Wise,Pound Foolish:What Is Lost by Downgrading U.S.-China Educational Exchanges 19Andrew Mertha,Johns Hopkins-SAIS6|Scholarly Exchange Must Not Be Collateral Damage of National Security Impulses 22Scott Rozelle,Stanford University7|Mass Attitudes toward China and Their Impact on U.S.-China Scholarly Collaboration 25Mary E.Gallagher,University of MichiganSection II:The Elements of Collaboration:Institutions,Programs,Data,and Publications8|The Role of Local Academic Units in Rebuilding U.S.-China Academic Exchange 29Ethan Michelson,Indiana University9|A Bridge and a Symbol:The Fulbright Program and U.S.-China Scholarly Exchange 32Zhang Ran,Peking University10|Collecting and Disseminating Data on China:Challenges from Chinas Legal Environment 37Meg Rithmire,Harvard University11|Navigating Data Sharing with Chinese Colleagues 40Jessica C.Teets,Middlebury College12|Managing the Chilling Effects of Data Regulations on China Studies 43Dai Xin,Peking University13|Chinese Scholars Publications in English-Language Academic Journals 46Suisheng Zhao,University of DenverU.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|viiiSection III:Challenges and Opportunities of Cooperation in Scholarly Disciplines14|The Reshaping of Chinas Ideology and Its Implications for International Studies 50Wang Jisi,Peking University15|National Security Studies in the Shadow of the Over-Securitization of China-U.S.Relations 54Yu Tiejun,Peking University16|Over-Securitization and Potential Obstacles to Research on Chinas International Relations 57Alastair Iain Johnston,Harvard University17|China-U.S.Scholarly Arms Control Dialogue:Status,Challenges,and Recommendations 61Wu Chunsi,Shanghai Institutes of International Studies18|Approaches to Climate Change Research in China:Collaboration and Field Work 64Deborah Seligsohn,Villanova University19|Area Studies:A New Venue for U.S.-China Scholarly Exchange 67Xie Tao,Beijing Foreign Studies University20|U.S.-China Scholarly Exchanges in Economics:Challenges and Prospects 70Shanjun Li,Cornell University21|Scholarly Economic Think Tank Collaboration and the Problem of Asymmetric Missions 73Daniel H.Rosen,Rhodium Group22|The Road Ahead for Historical Nihilists 76Stephen R.Platt,University of Massachusetts,Amherst23|Using Historical Nostalgia to Rebuild Scholarly Ties 79Niu Ke,Peking University24|Closing the Knowledge Gap in AI Governance 83Matt Sheehan,Carnegie Endowment for International Peace25|Building a Secure Future:A Call for Sino-U.S.Academic Collaboration on AI Governance 86Lei Shaohua,Peking University26|China-U.S.Academic and Policy Networks for Building Collaboration on AI Governance 91Qi Haotian,Peking UniversityConclusion:A Roadmap Forward27|An Argument for Calibrated Scholarly Recoupling 99Scott Kennedy,Center for Strategic&International StudiesEditor and Contributors 106U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|11IntroductionScholarly Exchange and Reducing MisunderstandingScott Kennedy and Yu TiejunNo Ice to Break:Rediscovering Our CommunityLeading American and Chinese scholars were quite uncomfortable when they arrived at the opening session of a conference in early July 2023 on the campus of Peking University.For most,this was the very first time they had been in a meeting face to face with scholars from the other country in over three and a half years.The intervening period had seen the unleashing of a global pandemic that took millions of lives and caused immense suffering and hardship.Moreover,the official U.S.-China relationship had deteriorated dramatically,leading to escalating tensions,tough talk,and sanctions.But what was more important than the pandemic or geopolitics that morning was the temperature,which hovered around 100 F(38 C)and left everyone dripping in sweat,making them even more anxious.But once inside,with the aid of air conditioning and friends,temperatures quickly cooled and the spirits of those present lifted.Within about five minutes,you could hear a collective sigh of relief as the conversation picked up pace,with experts from both countries putting forth a range of views on issues large and small.Consensus?No.All issues immediately out on the table?No.But a willingness to be candid in a spirit of collegiality?Absolutely.As one of the Chinese scholars recalled,“We opened up with a sense of camaraderie right away.”There was no ice to break,not only because of the high temperatures,but because American and Chinese scholars have deep ties that a pandemic and political frictions could not easily extinguish.That said,the resumption of U.S.-China scholarly ties was far from guaranteed,and the obstacles to their full and healthy blossoming still exist.The original hope and the remaining challenges are the reason for this initiative and this volume.Scott Kennedy and Yu Tiejun|2 OriginsScholarly exchange has been an important feature of U.S.-China relations since at least the 1850s.When the United States and the Peoples Republic of China(PRC)established diplomatic relations in 1979,the very first agreement President Jimmy Carter and Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping signed was the“U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement,”which created a foundation for scholarly ties.In the subsequent four decades,the relationship expanded dramatically.Millions of Chinese and tens of thousands of Americans have studied in undergraduate and graduate programs in the other country.Chinese universities substantially revised their structure and curriculum across disciplines,often drawing inspiration from the United States and other advanced industrialized countries.Professors and think tank scholars from both sides have carried out extensive field work on their own and in collaboration with their counterparts in the other country.This includes not just foreign policy experts from the other side,but scholars across all disciplines,including science,technology,engineering,and mathematics(STEM),the social sciences,and humanities.Universities and research organizations have also established thousands of institutional relationships supporting the activities of students,scholars,and each sides broader societies.The expansion of scholarly ties has increased mutual understanding of one anothers societies,promoted the advancement of foundational knowledge in many disciplines,and translated into real-world benefits in public health,a wide of range of applied technologies,and the economic development of the two countries as well as the rest of the world.Yet scholarly ties have not been immune to growing geopolitical tensions.In recent years,the world has faced extreme turbulence,with both traditional and nontraditional security challenges intertwined.The bloody war in Ukraine is still ongoing,responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths and leaving even more homeless.The aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic,stagnant global economic growth,and emerging food,energy,and environmental crises have made global governance an even tougher task.But most problematic for U.S.-China scholarly ties has been the reemergence of great power rivalry,particularly the growing strategic competition between the two countries in the past several years.The pandemic brought in-person scholarly ties to a sudden halt,but even with the pandemics passing,ongoing geopolitical frictions continue to be an enormous obstacle to bilateral educational and scholarly exchanges.In the last 18 months,since Presidents Joseph Biden and Xi Jinping met in Bali,Indonesia,in November 2022,there has been a modest rapprochement in bilateral relations.There have been subsequent cabinet-level meetings,and the two presidents reached a basic consensus in San Francisco in November 2023 about the need to manage differences,avoid conflict,and pursue areas of cooperation where possible.That said,deep Scholars in front of the North Pavilion,Peking University,Beijing,July 2023.Credit:Zheng PeijieU.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|3tensions between the two countries still exist across all aspects of the relationship.The two governments are still locked in an intense competition across economics,security,and politics,and an overwhelming majority of those polled in both China and the United States hold a negative view of the other country.1 About This InitiativeIt is in this complex climate that the Center for Strategic and International Studies(CSIS)and Peking University have attempted to provide leadership in the rebuilding of bilateral scholarly ties in order to avoid a more permanent scholarly decoupling.In 2022,in the midst of the pandemic,Wang Jisi,the founding president of Peking Universitys Institute of International and Strategic Studies(IISS),and Scott Kennedy of CSIS engaged in a pair of individual exchanges meant to break the ice.2 They both held meetings over several weeks with the scholarly and policy communities in each others countries.On the foundation of that initial exchange,CSIS and Peking University mutually agreed to scale up their efforts and facilitate the exchange of leading experts from both countries across a wide range of disciplines.In July 2023,a delegation of 12 U.S.scholars visited Beijing and held a closed-door conference with 17 Chinese scholars hosted by IISS in the North Pavilion on the campus of Peking University.Under the conference title“Rebuilding China-U.S.Scholarly Exchange,”the participants exchanged views on recent developments in universities and think tanks in both countries,the opportunities and challenges of field research,and the prospects of U.S.-China scholarly collaboration,including among students,scholars,and institutions.In October 2023,the scholars from both countries(12 from Chinese institutions and 18 from U.S.ones)held the second of the initiatives two conferences at CSISs headquarters in Washington,D.C.Titled,“U.S.-China Scholarly Cooperation in an Era of Greater Geo-Strategic Tensions,”the participants discussed the value of scholarly collaboration,the challenges to exchanges posed by domestic social and political trends,strategies for navigating and managing national security concerns,and potential principles for managing scholarly ties.In both Beijing and Washington,scholars supplemented the conferences with additional private meetings with government officials,business executives,journalists,and other scholars.The pair of conferences witnessed a great deal of intensive brainstorming.Although there were substantial disagreements,participants were open-minded,and the discussion throughout included a minimum of superficial comments considered to be politically correct.That was in part made clear by the fact that there were as many differences of opinion within both the U.S.and Chinese sides as there was between them.A central source of kinship was a recognition of the potential benefits of scholarly exchange to reduce U.S.-China misunderstanding and promote progress in a wide range of fields,but also an awareness that deep-seated tensions 1 On U.S.views,see Laura Silver,Christine Huang,and Laura Clancy,Chinas Approach to Foreign Policy Gets Largely Negative Reviews in 24-Country Survey(Washington,DC:Pew Research Center,July 2023),https:/www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/07/27/chinas-approach-to-foreign-policy-gets-largely-negative-reviews-in-24-country-survey/.On Chinese public opinion,see“How Do the Chinese People View the West?Divergence and Asymmetry in Chinas Public Opinion of the U.S.and Europe,”Stanford Center on Chinas Economy and Institutions,China Brief,June 1,2023,https:/sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/how-do-chinese-people-view-west-divergence-and-asymmetry-chinas-public-opinion-us-and.2 Scott Kennedy and Wang Jisi,Breaking the Ice:The Role of Scholarly Exchange in Stabilizing U.S.-China Relations(Washington,DC:CSIS,April 2023),https:/www.csis.org/analysis/breaking-ice.between the two countries are imperiling this enterprise.The“securitization of everything”is the dominant obstacle to sustained scholarly ties.Although there were a wide range of judgments about the value of exchanges in the current environment,from confident to skeptical,everyone realized that no matter ones evaluation of the present,it would still take a great deal of effort on the part of scholars,universities,think tanks,foundations,scholarly journals,and governments alike to normalize scholarly ties more fully.It is the hope of both of this chapters authors and their home institutions that this initiative will,as the Chinese saying goes,be a“single spark that can light a prairie fire.”About This VolumeThe U.S.and Chinese participants to the conferences in Beijing and Washington were invited to contribute essays on the topics raised during the meetings.Those essays compose the current volume.Scholars had wide latitude in selecting issues to address,and the project team encouraged everyone to express their own perspectives to facilitate a vigorous debate and did not attempt to reach a collective common point of view.This volume adheres to this goal.The contributions in Section I consider the reasons why scholarly collaboration between the United States and China is valuable.Authors evaluate the costs and benefits to the academic enterprise itself and to the two societies.Several grapple with the debate about the national security implications of extensive scholarly ties.The essays in Section II examine the components of scholarly exchange and collaboration,including institutions(such as university departments),the Fulbright Program,research data,and publications.Each author identifies current problems and proposes specific solutions.In Section III,the discussion shifts to consider the issue of scholarly exchange and collaboration through the lens of several disciplines.Authors weigh in on issues facing international relations and security studies,climate change,area studies,economics,history,and artificial intelligence.This section exhibits the widest range of views about the opportunities and risks in different fields and suggestions about how best to move forward.A straightforward interpretation of the contributions suggests that progress has varied across fields,a pattern that may continue.However,there is an opportunity for more uniform progress if best practices are shared across disciplines.The final contribution to the volume attempts to brings the various strands of the analysis together.Although unconditional and fully open scholarly ties between the two countries are unlikely for the foreseeable future,outright scholarly decoupling is also improbable,in part because it would be highly detrimental and unnecessary.The essay considers proposals for how to most effectively calibrate the extent of scholarly ties to maximize their benefits to the two societies while also minimizing the attendant risks.Scholars in front of CSIS,Washington,D.C.,October 2023.Credit:Truly Tinsley.Scott Kennedy and Yu Tiejun|2 Section IJustifying Scholarly Collaboration2Scholarly Exchange between the United States and ChinaThe Benefits of Collaboration and the Costs of DisruptionScott Rozelle3International collaboration drives advancements in scholarly research for all fields,from the hard sciences to the social sciences and humanities.The rise in the number of internationally coauthored papers in recent years highlights the importance of international collaboration and the role of cross-border research networks in creating new knowledge within and across various fields.4 International collaboration aims to facilitate progress and solve problems that cannot be solved with domestic resources alone.5 Studies have also shown the effectiveness of international collaboration in increasing the impact,quality,and citation rates of academic publications.6 Among the most productive research collaborations in all of academia3 The author wishes to acknowledge Stanford University intern Sophia Liu for her contributions to this chapter.4 Isabel Gomez,Mara Teresa Fernndez,and Jess Sebastin,“Analysis of the Structure of International Scientific Cooperation Networks through Bibliometric Indicators,”Scientometrics 44,no.3(March 1999):44157,doi:10.1007/BF02458489.5 Anthony F.J.Van Raan,“The Influence of International Collaboration on the Impact of Research Results:Some Simple Mathematical Considerations Concerning the Role of Self-Citations,”Scientometrics 42(October 1998):42328,doi:10.1007/bf02458380;and Jakob Edler,“The Role of International Collaboration in the Framework Programme:Expert Analysis in Support of the Ex Post Evaluation of FP6,”Manchester Institute of Innovation Research,2008.6 Fereshteh Didegah and Mike Thelwall,“Which Factors Help Authors Produce the Highest Impact Research?Collaboration,Journal and Document Properties,”Journal of Informetrics 7,no.4(October 2013):86173,doi:10.1016/j.joi.2013.08.006;Vincent P.Guerrero Bote,Carlos Olmeda-Gmez,and Flix de Moya-Anegn,“Quantifying the Benefits of International Scientific Collaboration,”Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 64,no.2(February 2013):392404,doi:10.1002/asi.22754;and Barbara S.Lancho Barrantes et al.,“Citation Flows in the Zones of Influence of Scientific Collaborations,”Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63,no.3(March 2012):48189,doi:10.1002/asi.21682.Scott Rozelle|6 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|7including those in science,technology,engineering,and math(STEM)fields as well as in the social sciences and humanitiesis between scholars in the United States and China.Many studies have documented the benefits of this collaboration as well as the costs of recent disruptions caused by the declining political relationship between the two countries.Although national security concerns should not be disregarded,it is equally important to ascertain the costs associated with a potential decline in academic collaboration with China.This chapter,drawing on reviews of English-and Chinese-language scholarly research contributions,provides empirical evidence for the benefits of U.S.-China academic collaboration and the costs of disrupting this relationship.The Benefits of CollaborationSCHOLARLY PUBLICATION PRODUCTIVITYEnglish-Language Academic Literature Lee and Haupt found that the annual number of science and engineering bilateral publications between the United States and China increased by 10,811 between 2014 and 2018,an average annual rise of 52.5 percent.7 U.S.-China bilateral collaborations far outweigh the number of U.S.academic collaborations with any other country.According to the National Science Foundations biannual report Science and Engineering Indicators,the U.S.share of internationally coauthored papers increased from 12 percent to 29 percent between 1990 and 2007,mirroring Chinas share of 25 percent in 2007.8 Furthermore,U.S.-China collaborations have not only boosted the quantity of publications but have also improved the quality of research as measured by the rising citation rate of U.S.-China coauthored papers.Tang and Shapira also found an increase in the quality of publications that were produced by U.S.-China coauthored publications.9 Jia et al.show that China has been the most important collaborator for U.S.scholars in the life sciences since 2013,as measured by both publication rates and paper citations.10 Chinese-Language Academic Literature Yang and Li found that the United States participated in 49 percent of highly cited papers globally between 2008 and 2017.Sixty-two percent of all highly cited papers have either U.S.or Chinese authorship.11 7 Jenny J.Lee and John P.Haupt,“Winners and Losers in US-China Scientific Research Collaborations,”Higher Education 80(July 2020):5774,doi:10.1007/s10734-019-00464-7.8 National Science Board,Science and Engineering Indicators 2010(Arlington,VA:U.S.National Science Foundation,2010),NSB 10-01,https:/www.heri.ucla.edu/PDFs/NSB.pdf.9 Li Tang,and Philip Shapira,“ChinaUS Scientific Collaboration in Nanotechnology:Patterns and Dynamics,”Scientometrics 88,no.1(July 2011):116,doi:10.1007/s11192-011-0376-z.10 Ruixue Jia et al.,“The Impact of US-China Tensions on US Science,”National Bureau of Economic Research,April 2022,https:/www.nber.org/papers/w29941.11 Yang Yang and Li Zhe,“40 Years of U.S.-China R&D Cooperation,Development and Evolution-An International Papers Perspective,”Science and Technology China 杨洋 李哲,中美研发合作四十年：发展与演,科技中国,no.11(November 2019):117,http:/ and Li also show that U.S.-China collaboration comprises the largest international scientific partnership.12 The number of papers coauthored and published by the United States and China has increased from 17 in 1979 to 56,171 in 2018,a more than 3,300-fold increase.By 2018,China and the United States had become each others largest international collaborators,accounting for 8 percent of all U.S.publications and nearly 12 percent of all Chinese publications.Currently,23 percent of the scientific and technological papers in the United States are produced in collaboration with China,which is much higher than U.S.collaborations with either the United Kingdom(14 percent)or Germany(11 percent).Additionally,35 percent of U.S.science and engineering students come from China.According to a U.S.National Science Foundation survey of Chinese students,as many as 87 percent of Chinese students pursuing doctoral degrees inscience and engineering in the United States want to stay in the United States after receiving their doctoral degrees.13 Huo et al.,from the Ministry of Science and Technology,showed that the number of joint academic publications between 2000 and 2010 by Chinese and U.S.scientists reached 80,000,far exceeding the number of joint publications by Chinese and Japanese scientists(30,000),which ranked second.14 In 2011,19,480 papers were jointly published by Chinese and U.S.scholars,accounting for 48 percent of the total number of papers coauthored by Chinese scholars with scholars from foreign countries.STUDENT EXCHANGEEnglish-Language Academic Literature International students from Chinaincluding those studying STEM as well as the social sciences and humanitiesdrive research productivity in the United States.In 2011,88,492 Chinese graduate students came to the United States;this number increased to 137,096 between 2019 and 2020,cementing China as the top country of origin for international students inside the United States.15 Between 2005 and 2015,87.2 percent of Chinese doctorate recipients at U.S.universities intended to stay in the United States after completing their degree.16 Not only do doctorate recipients at U.S.universities produce research while they are students,but many of them continue to conduct research in the U.S.private sector or stay in faculty positions in the United States and are highly productive.17Chinese-Language Academic Literature According to Yue,students studying in the United States make up one of the largest groups of Chinese 12 Ibid.13“International Students Who Intend to Stay in the United States:What Are the Overall Trends,”U.S.National Science Foundation,2017,https:/www.nsf.gov/statistics/2017/nsf17306/report/international-students-staying-overall-trends/stay-rates-country-of-origin.cfm.14 Huo Hongmei et al.,“Situation Analysis and Countermeasures of S&T Talent Exchange between China and the U.S.,”Science&Technology Progress and Policy 31,no.10(2014):14348.15“Academic Level and Places of Origin,”Open Doors,https:/opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/academic-level-and-places-of-origin/.16 Ibid.17 Patrick Gaule and Mario Piacentini,“Chinese Graduate Students and US Scientific Productivity,”Review of Economics and Statistics 95,no.2(May 2013):698701,doi:10.1162/REST_a_00283.Scott Rozelle|8 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|9students studying abroadand this includes STEM students as well as those studying the social sciences and humanities.18 Most students that are studying abroad are in graduate school(either in masters or doctoral programs).Yue also concluded that about 90 percent of Chinese doctoral students choose to stay in the United States after graduation,thus becoming an important force in the U.S.academic and scientific community.19 Song and Shi show that undergraduate and masters degree students are an important source of income for U.S.universities.In 2018 alone,Chinese students contributed more than$14 billion in tuition and other fees to U.S.universities.20 Song and Shi have likewise demonstrated that a high percentage of Chinese students who have earned doctoral degrees in science and engineering are staying in the United States.In 2015,70 percent of science and engineering doctoral degree recipients from all countries remained in the United States five years after graduation,compared to 85 percent of Chinese recipients.Additionally,of the 31,600 Chinese temporary visa holders who earned doctoral degrees in science and engineering in the United States from 2004 to 2006,as many as 90 percent remained in the United States after 10 years,according to 2015 statistics.21The Costs of Disruption Just as important as looking at the benefits,some studies have shown the negative impacts caused by the disruption of U.S.-China collaboration.PUBLICATIONSEnglish-Language Academic Literature Lee and Haupt found that if this collaboration were disrupted or discontinued,for whatever reason,between the years 2014 and 2018,U.S.publications would have declined by 6,405 articles in Science and Engineering Indicators.22 Analysis of scientific papers in the database PubMed reveals that National Institutes of Health(NIH)investigations into hundreds of U.S.scientists since 2018 have brought about a 1.9 percent decline in the publication rate and a 7.1 percent decline in the citation rate of U.S.scientists with collaborators in China,compared with U.S.scientists who had collaborated with scientists in other countries.23 In fields more affected by the NIH investigations,the United States and China both produced fewer publications during 2019 and 2020 compared to the rest of the world,suggesting that U.S.-China political tensions affect overall scientific progress.2418 Yue Tingting,“A Forty-Year Overview of Chinese Students Studying in the United States since the Reform and Opening,”Journal of Jiangxi Normal University of Science and Technology,no.2(2018):10228.19 Ibid.20 Song Yajing and Shi Changhui,“A Study on the Current Situation and Trend of Scientific and Technological Talent Exchange between China and the United States,”Global Science,Technology and Economy Outlook 36(2021):4652.21 Ibid.22 Lee and Haupt,“Winners and Losers in US-China Scientific Research Collaborations.”23 Jia et al.,“The Impact of US-China Tensions on US Science.”24 Ibid.Chinese-Language Academic Literature Lee and Haupt also found that from 2019 to 2021,the number of research publications in the natural sciences by authors from multiple countries declined from 12,992to about 8,000.The number of such papers with authors from the United States and China also dropped from more than 20,000 to roughly 10,000.In 2021,the number of papers by such researchers from multiple different countries fell by more than 30 percent.25 STUDENT EXCHANGEEnglish-Language Academic Literature By 2020,17 percent of all science and engineering doctoral degrees went to foreign students with temporary visas from China.26 However,policies such as the U.S.governments China Initiative,which ran from 2018 to 2022,led to a decline in the migration of scholars from China to the United States.Though the China Initiative formally ended in early 2022,lingering political tensions continue to negatively impact scientific collaborations.Although the full impact of such policies is unknown,the disruption caused by political tension between the United States and China could cost the United States if scholars trained at U.S.universities choose to return to China.27 In fact,research is already showing that scholars who have returned to China because of the hostile political environment in the United States make up a large share of Chinas top 10 percent of most highly cited publications.TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETITIONEnglish-Language Academic Literature In terms of technological advancements,restrictive policies against China enacted by the United States may challenge the United States leading position in certain technological areas because it may induce China to launch its own independent efforts.For example,the Wolf Amendment,passed by the U.S.Congress in 2011,has restricted the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations bilateral cooperation with China.Ronci found that the Wolf Amendment drove a number of U.S.-China engineering and technological relationships to be primarily competitive rather than cooperative.28 As a result,China began testing its own technologies and has independently made breakthroughs in a number of areas.China-European Union Scholarly CooperationGiven the current political climate,it is also important to observe the approach of key U.S.partner countries,as it will help identify some of the costs of limiting scholarly exchange.Despite labeling China as a rival,competitor,and threat to strategic autonomy,the European Union has identified the importance of 25 Lee and Haupt,“Winners and Losers in US-China Scientific Research Collaborations.”26 Xie Yu et al.,“Caught in the Crossfire:Fears of ChineseAmerican Scientists,”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120,no.27(June 2023),doi:10.1073/pnas.2216248120.27 Sylvia Schwaag Serger et al.,“What Do Chinas Scientific Ambitions Mean for Scienceand the World?,”Issues in Science and Technology(April 2021),https:/issues.org/what-do-chinas-scientific-ambitions-mean-for-science-and-the-world/.28 Robert Jay Ronci,“Dividing Heaven:Investigating the Influence of the US Ban on Cooperation with China on the Development of Global Outer Space Governance,”Masters thesis,Norwegian University of Life Sciences,s,2018.Scott Rozelle|10 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|11research collaboration with China.29 The European Unions recent policy of“de-risking,”instead of complete decoupling,shows that while they are reducing over-dependency on China,they are willing to continue working with China to take on global challenges.30 The European Unions caution toward international collaboration with China allows them to reap the benefits while still playing defensively,a tactic from which the United States may draw inspiration.Unofficial data(collected by the author by calling colleagues at a number of universities)suggest that science and engineering doctoral students from China who attended the top universities as undergraduates are now going to Germany and other European universities for graduate school instead of the United States.ConclusionAlthough there are valid national security concerns related to U.S.-China scholarly exchange,the literature cited here indicates that the U.S.-China scholarly exchange has produced a tremendous amount of positive research,human capital,and technological advancements that have greatly benefited the United States.31 Therefore,when deliberating to what extent scholarly exchange should be restricted,the U.S.government should balance national security issues with the costs of disruption.29 European Commission,EUChinaA,Strategic Outlook:European Commission and HR/VP Contribution to the European Council(Brussels:European Commission,March 2019),https:/commission.europa.eu/system/files/2019-03/communication-eu-china-a-strategic-outlook.pdf.30“European Council Conclusions on China,”European Council,June 2023,https:/www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/06/30/european-council-conclusions-on-china-30-june-2023/;and Arense Huld,“The EUs China Strategy-How to Understand Its De-Risking Approach?,”China Briefing,July 13,2023,https:/www.china- Jeffrey Stoff and Glenn Tiffert,Eyes Wide Open:Ethical Risks In Research Collaboration with China(Washington,DC:Hoover Institution,2021),https:/www.hoover.org/press-releases/eyes-wide-open-ethical-risks-research-collaboration-china;Margaret K.Lewis,“Criminalizing China,”Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology(1973-)111,no.1(Spring 2021):145225,https:/scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol111/iss1/3/;and Aruna Viswanatha and Kate OKeeffe,“Chinas Funding of U.S.Researchers Raises Red Flags.”Wall Street Journal,January 30,2020,https:/ National Security Case for China-U.S.Scholarly ExchangeJie DaleiAgainst the background of intensifying China-U.S.strategic competition and the growing national security concerns in traditionally non-security-related domains(e.g.,economics,technology,and academia),the relationship between national security and bilateral scholarly exchange is often portrayed as involving a range of trade-offs.While in some cases both governments do need to strike a balance between these two competing objectives,this is not always an either-or situation.Indeed,bilateral scholarly exchange can be invaluable for the sake of ones own national security interests.Few would dispute the proposition that whatever ones strategy is vis-vis another state(barring the rare circumstance in which one relies solely on brute force),a deep and sound understanding of the other side is indispensable.Better yet,“strategic empathy”is believed to be an effective tool for sound policy and decisionmaking in national security affairs.32 The current state of China-U.S.relations has made mutual understanding even more imperative and simultaneously more challenging.Mutual understanding is more imperative because the margin of error for misunderstanding and miscalculation is so much smaller compared to the previous era of engagement.At the same time,mutual understanding is more challenging because a dominant view of each others strategic intentions as utterly hostile is taking shape,or even ossifying,in both countries without much regard to policy nuances or different interpretations.In addition,in the era of strategic competition,the tendency to inflate threats and demonize rivals can easily distort understanding of each others policies and strategies.32 Claire Yorke,“Is Empathy a Strategic Imperative?A Review Essay,”Journal of Strategic Studies 46,no.5(2023):1082102,doi:10.1080/01402390.2022.2152800.Jie Dalei|12 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|13Indeed,worrying misinterpretations and misunderstandings are already happening.For example,Chinese president Xi Jinping mentioned in October 2013 that the long-standing“political differences”across the Taiwan Strait cannot be“passed down from generation to generation.”33 Yet often times,this passage has been interpreted by U.S.analysts as Xi saying that the Taiwan question cannot be passed to the next generation.The latter would imply a clearer timetable for national reunification,while the former is simply a reformulation of past policies that the Taiwan question must eventually be solved.Another example is about the supposed spread of the“China model.”Many U.S.observers have taken one passage from Xi Jinpings report at the Chinese Communist Partys 19th National Congress in 2017 as evidence that China intends to spread its model of development.In his speech,Xi proclaimed that Chinas development“offers a new option for other countries and nations who want to speed up their development while preserving their independence;and it offers Chinese wisdom and a Chinese approach to solving the problems facing mankind.”34 The message it was meant to convey was that China can walk a different path,not that others should follow in Chinas path.It is about exploration and sharing instead of exporting or spreading.35One last example is about the interpretation of gan yu douzheng(敢于斗争)in Chinese official discourse.It often has been translated as“dare to fight”and was perceived as evidence that China is“preparing for war.”Yet as China experts Todd Hall and Xiaoyu Pu note,douzheng is a multifaceted and malleable concept and can be translated as to“struggle,”“fight,”“campaign,”“battle,”or“strive for.”36 In the current context,it is best understood as“making determined efforts in the face of adversity to overcome obstacles and opposition.”Indeed,as Tsinghua University scholar Da Wei writes,“there are a variety of forms of struggle depending on different issues.”37 It may include fierce confrontation as well as detour,compromise,moving to the outer line,and even cooperation.In the context of the United States assertive strategy vis-vis China,tit-for-tat pushback is struggle,negotiation and dialogue are struggle,and not responding temporarily and creating a new“battleground”in the outer line is also struggle.In short,struggle can almost be anything that can be of help to achieve the ultimate strategic objective,not just the threat or use of military force.On the other hand,the combination of differences in cultural traditions,value systems,and political processes,information overload and the spread of misinformation on social media,and the unpredictability of the Trump years have made it a daunting task for many Chinese to understand the current state of affairs in the United States.Scholarly exchange will not solve all of the problems facing building mutual understanding 33 Teddy Ng,“Xi Jinping Says Efforts Must Be Made to Close the China-Taiwan Political Divide,”South China Morning Post,October 6,2013,https:/ Daniel Tobin,“How Xi Jinpings“New Era”Should Have Ended U.S.Debate on Beijings Ambitions,”CSIS,May 8,2020,https:/www.csis.org/analysis/how-xi-jinpings-new-era-should-have-ended-us-debate-beijings-ambitions.35 Jie Dalei,“The Emerging Ideological Security Dilemma between China and the U.S.,”China International Strategy Review 2(December 2020):18496,doi:10.1007/s42533-020-00059-3.36 Todd Hall and Xiaoyu Pu,“Dare to Fight or Dare to Struggle?Translation of a Chinese Political Concept,”Interpret:China,CSIS,May 8,2023,https:/interpret.csis.org/dare-to-fight-or-dare-to-struggle-translation-of-a-chinese-political-concept/.37 Da Wei,“Adhering to a Systematic Approach and Taking a Chinese Path of Modernization Featuring Peaceful Development”以系统观念推进中国式现代化的和平发展之路,Contemporary China and World 当代中国与世界 4(2022):1522,https:/ the two countries,but exchanges such as Track-2 and Track-1.5 dialogues can go a long way in offering a strong dose of objectivity and accuracy and clarifying nuances to both sides policymakers.In addition,China-U.S.scholarly exchange can further both sides national security interests through addressing intractable problems,emerging issues,and transnational challenges.Compared to formal official channels,scholarly dialogues have more leeway to be flexible and innovative.A project jointly led by Michael Swaine and Zhang Tuosheng on China-U.S.crisis management may be the best case in demonstrating the value of bringing together a group of Chinese and U.S.experts to tackle difficult and sensitive issues in China-U.S.relations.38 Another example is a joint project on China-Japanese historical studies initiated by the Institute of International and Strategic Studies at Peking University and the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.39 Given that historical issues constitute one of the major obstacles for better China-Japanese relations and deeper reconciliation,such a joint scholarly project is a major step in the right direction.Although this project is not about China-U.S.relations,it highlights the value of scholarly exchanges on contentious bilateral issues.In the domain of emerging issues such as the governance of artificial intelligence(AI)and transnational challenges such as climate change,scholarly exchanges are also instrumental in identifying mutual concerns,creating a common language,sharing best practices,and proposing feasible solutions.A joint project on AI and international security started by the Center for International Security and Strategy at Tsinghua University and the Brookings Institution discusses conceptual terminology,military applications of AI,and international AI governance.40 A piece of great news about climate change is that six leading universities from China and the United States(Peking University,Tsinghua University,the University of Hong Kong,Stanford University,Berkeley,and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology)are in the process of initiating a collaborative coalition for climate change research.In conclusion,when China and the United States try to balance between national security and scholarly exchange,the national security benefits of scholarly exchange should be taken into consideration.The national security consequences resulting from miscommunication and miscalculation or from failure in addressing common challenges are otherwise potentially too catastrophic.38 Michael D.Swaine and Zhang Tuosheng,eds.,with Danielle F.S.Cohen,Managing Sino-American Crises:Case Studies and Analysis(Washington,DC:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,2006),https:/carnegieendowment.org/2006/12/04/managing-sino-american-crises-case-studies-and-analysis-pub-18899.39 Wang Chaoguang 汪朝光 and Yu Tiejun 于铁军,eds.,Joint Research Report on Sino-Japanese Historical Understanding(Pre-War Period):Why the Sino-Japanese War Broke Out 中日历史认识共同研究报告（战前篇）：中日战争何以爆发(Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2020)北京：社会科学文献出版社,2020年,http:/ Organizes the 8th Round of U.S.-China Dialogue on Artificial Intelligence and International Security,”Center for International Security and Strategy,Tsinghua University,October 3,2023,https:/ Dalei|14 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|154U.S.-China Academic and Scientific Exchange Is in the National InterestJessica Chen WeissOn both sides of the Pacific,efforts to protect against risks to national security and intellectual property theft have led to heightened scrutiny and restrictions over academic exchange and collaborative research between the United States and China.Efforts to manage such risks are appropriate,as a Massachusetts Institute of Technology report noted,but must be balanced with a clear-eyed recognition of the benefits that may be forgone by overly expansive restrictions.41 Legitimate safeguards against espionage and the transfer of sensitive technologies must avoid discouraging the vast majority of commercial and scientific activity and people-to-people ties that enhance rather than detract from national security.And nongovernmental Track-2 discussions between experts on both sides of the Pacific are more essential than ever to understanding each others concerns,red lines,and room for negotiation,especially as a complement to official channels of communication,which can often be stilted or more intermittent.Academic experts in both China and the United States have taken the lead in warning against the perils of over-securitization and the collateral damage that overly expansive restrictions can have for beneficial ties.42 An approach that fails to take stock of the benefits and only seeks to minimize the risks of interaction and integration will jeopardize not only shared interests but also each countrys respective national interests.41 Richard Lester et al.,University Engagement with China:An MIT Approach(Cambridge,MA:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,November 2022),https:/global.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/FINALUniversity-Engagement-with-China_An-MIT-Approach-Nov2022.pdf.42 For example,see,Zhang Chao 张超 and Wu Baiyi 吴白乙,“On Overcoming the Oversecuritization Trap”泛安全化陷阱 及其跨越,International Outlook 国际展望 14,no.2(March/April 2022).In China,leading experts recognize that China remains far behind the United States in many important dimensions and that sealing China off from the world will hinder its future development.As Tsinghua Universitys Da Wei notes,“There is still a big gap between Chinas development level and that of the United States.Chinas foreign strategy is not to compete with the United States and win or lose,but to ensure that the country can continue to develop.”43 Similarly,there are many areas of science and technology where Americans have a lot to gain from working with their Chinese counterparts.The world cannot keep the global warming associated with climate change under 2 degrees Celsius without the green technologies that Chinese companies lead in manufacturing and deploying.44 And if they want to catch up,U.S.companies and industries will need to license and learn from their Chinese counterparts that currently lead in lithium-ion batteries,solar,and offshore wind technologies,rather than treating any Chinese company as tainted by association.45 Protectionism risks isolating and weakening the United States long-term economic and scientific competitiveness.Trump-era tariffs on China have largely hurt small U.S.businesses and consumers while providing little leverage over Chinese policies.46 Leaders in both countries have underscored that the two countries must preserve space to work together rather than simply seeking to harden their societies for potential conflict.As Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen has written,“We should not make the mistake of becoming so consumed with our competition with China that we become defined by it.”47 From climate change to fentanyl to artificial intelligence,China has contributed to many of the United States most vexing problemsbut China is equally critical to solving them.Ties with China have not just brought economic opportunities and losses,they have also scored major wins for humanity.Joint research on folic acid has prevented millions of stillbirths and lifelong birth defects.48 Mammograms are standard practice today thanks to a collaborative study in China that showed that self-exams are ineffective,enabling American women to receive better treatment for breast cancer.49 Currently,61 percent of American cancer patients say they have difficulty paying for their care,with 25 percent unable to afford 43 Da Wei 达巍,“The“New Normal”for China-U.S.Relations:Trends and Lessons”中美关系 新常态：动向与启示”澎湃新闻,The Paper,November 28,2023,https:/ by author.44 John Helveston and Jonas Nahm,“Chinas Key Role in Scaling Low-Carbon Energy Technologies,”Science 366,no.6467(November 2019):79496,doi:10.1126/science.aaz1014.See also Jeremy Wallace,“More Clean Energy Is Good,Even If It Comes From China,”Heatmap News,January 29,2024,https:/heatmap.news/economy/more-clean-energy-china-us-europe.45 Robinson Meyer,“America Cant Build a Green Economy without China,”New York Times,July 17,2023,https:/ Jiakun Jack Zhang and Samantha A.Vortherms,“U.S.Tariffs on Chinese Goods Didnt Bring Companies Back to the U.S.,New Research Finds,”Washington Post,September 22,2021,https:/ Christopher West Davis,“Heres What Small Businesses,Slammed by China Tariffs,Are Doing to Minimize the Impact of the Trade War,”CNBC,October 5,2019,https:/ Janet L.Yellen,“Theres a Way for the U.S.to Compete with China and to Work with China,”Washington Post,November 6,2023,https:/ Deborah Seligsohn,“The Case for Renewing the U.S.-China S&T Cooperation Agreement,”CSIS,Commentary,August 4,2023,https:/www.csis.org/analysis/case-renewing-us-china-st-cooperation-agreement.49 David B.Thomas et al.,“Randomized Trial of Breast Self-Examination in Shanghai:Final Results,”JNCI:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 94,no.19(October 2002):144557,doi:10.1093/jnci/94.19.1445.Jessica Chen Weiss|16 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|17cancer-fighting drugs.50 Looking forward,greater international collaboration on testing and approving cancer treatments could bring new drugs to market more quickly and cheaply,saving as many as 2 million lives each year,according to the Asia Societys Cure4Cancer program.51Working together on shared challenges will also require continuing to build a stable floor for the U.S.-China relationship and reducing the risk of an avoidable crisis or conflict.Even as each government invests in offering a more attractive value proposition to its citizens and the world,leaders on both sides are coming to recognize that no decisive victory or defeat lies ahead.Whether the Chinese economy stalls or continues to grow,U.S.leaders acknowledge that China will remain a formidable power.52 And Chinese experts recognize that for the foreseeable future,China will remain far weaker than the United States in many respects,even as it excels in others.53 Regardless,both countries will remain powerful enough to damageand enhancethe others well-being.In setting the goalposts for success,both the United States and China must avoid implying that the other side must lose,remain behind,or be overtaken.A zero-sum rivalry,even if it technically remains“cold,”will too readily become lose-lose,casting a chill over even mutually beneficial collaboration.The risk is that both countries and societies focus too much on potential harms to right-size the benefits and risks of potential partnerships,including those covered by the U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement.The trajectory of these ties provides a bulwark and deterrent against escalation.The more they are severed,the less incentive there is for mutual restraint.Critics have argued that now is not the time to de-escalate tensions and that doing so risks exploitation or aggression.54 Such arguments seem to imagine that there will come such a time when one side will achieve such a degree of overmatch that the other will capitulate.That is fanciful.An aggressive,confrontational foreign policy will not serve U.S.or Chinese interests;nor is it what a majority of U.S.voters want,a recent survey found.55 For the first time,more than 70 percent of Americans expect their childrens lives to be worse than theirs.56 Likewise,a new generation of underemployed Chinese youth talk of“lying flat”in despair.To 50 Liz Szabo,“As Drug Costs Soar,People Delay or Skip Cancer Treatments,”NPR,March 15,2017,https:/www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/15/520110742/as-drug-costs-soar-people-delay-or-skip-cancer-treatments.51 Bobby Daly et al.,“We Need A Global System for Testing and Approving Cancer Treatments,”Harvard Business Review,October 18,2022,https:/hbr.org/2022/10/we-need-a-global-system-for-testing-and-approving-cancer-treatments;and“New Cure4Cancer Hub Launched to Raise Awareness of International Clinical Trials,”Asia Society,March 6,2023,https:/asiasociety.org/new-cure4cancer-hub-launched-raise-awareness-international-clinical-trials-0.52 Jake Sullivan,“The Sources of American Power,”Foreign Affairs vol.102,no.6(November/December 2023),https:/ Huang Renwei 黄仁伟,“The Strategic Stalemate between China and the United States and the Buttle Buffer”中美战略相持阶段与战役缓冲,Aisixiang 爱思想,July 7,2022,https:/ Wang Wen 王文,“Rekindle the Passion for Chinas Rise”重燃中国崛起的激情,Aisixiang 爱思想,August 27,2023,https:/ Michael Beckley,“Delusions of Dtente:Why America and China Will be Enduring Rivals,”Foreign Affairs 102,no.5(September/October 2023),https:/ Public Opinion on U.S.-China Policy,”National Security Action and Foreign Policy for America,Politico,October 2023,https:/ Nick Robertson,“Most Americans Dont Think Their Childrens Lives Will Be Better:Survey,”The Hill,March 24,2023,https:/ a brighter future,both countries must focus as much on advancing what is valuable in U.S.-China economic,scientific,and technological integration as they do on mitigating risks and costs.Turning inward and trying to thwart the other will only darken the horizon further,feeding the domestic malaise and enmity that troubles both countries.Jessica Chen Weiss|18 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|195Penny Wise,Pound FoolishWhat Is Lost by Downgrading U.S.-China Educational ExchangesAndrew MerthaIt is difficult to overstate the impact a half-century of engagement has had on the United States and Chinas ability to learn about one another.In a different era,such a statement would be obvious,so self-evident as to be accepted as inarguable fact.These days,however,this is not merely hotly debated;the view among many is that those who devoted their lives to the study of China got it wrongthat China scholars underestimated Chinas strategic capabilities and global intent and thus contributed to a United States unprepared for the Chinese threat to the international status quo.This formulation is not accurate,let alone persuasive.Did China scholars underestimate Chinas strategic capabilities and global intent?To anybody who has paid any attention to Chinese leaders worldview in the past century and longer,China has actively and openly sought“wealth and power”(fuqiang)as its inexorable goal since the end of the nineteenth century.When,as President Richard Nixon wrote that“there is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able citizens to live in angry isolation,”did China scholars think that China would only play a minor,supporting role?When,after years of political setbacks,President Bill Clinton changed course and recognized that the United States and China could better communicate through the language of economic engagement and the transformative power of wealth,did scholars not think about what such economic development would mean for Chinas investment in its own strategic capabilities?Then there are those who aver that China specialists promised that increased engagement would transform China into something akin to a U.S.-style democracy.The problem with this formulation is that it simply is not true.No serious China specialist believed this would happen,let alone advocated for it.As David Lampton put it:“The ask of engagement was being supportive of impulses toward more humane governance in China and creating preconditions for peace.”57This focus on the“preconditions for peace”goes back to the very foundations of todays China scholarship.By 1968,the Vietnam War was polarizing U.S.society,including scholars of Asia.Some of themmany of whom would become leaders in the China fieldbelieved the Vietnam War was a tragic mistake and the result of profound ignorance of Asia;they saw their scholarship as a mission to educate decisionmakers to avoid such monumental errors in the future.It is difficult to overstate the importance of the remarkable rise of research opportunities and the associated access to information that emerged from this deepening of engagement.This allowed the field to become more functionally and spatially specialized,focusing on a wide range of issue areas(e.g.,agriculture,health,and education),with certain individuals carving out various parts of China beyond Beijing as their primary field sites and contributing to the United States understanding by undertaking more arduous field research in the provinces.While this was going on,universities all over China were seeking to establish programs with their foreign counterparts,sponsoring programs for language study,joint research,and university-to-university exchanges.Some of these operated under the aegis of state-to-state relationships such as that between Ohio and Hubei province,to name just one.These intensified the dense network of professional relationships,which,in turn,blossomed into friendships and has been perhaps the most important single element that has allowed those on the outside access to a window through which to understand the functioning of the Chinese state and the myriad ways in which this has shaped Chinese society.What have scholars learned about China that they did not know before?The short answer is more than anyone could have possibly imagined.China scholars have made deep dives into examining the makeup of the Chinese state at the national and local levels and into how policy is made and implemented.These insights challenged the conventional wisdom at the time that simplified China into a cartoonish top-down authoritarian regime.One of the biggest problems with todays China narrative in Washington is that it completely ignores this important work and portrays China as a monolith,rather than a warren of some three dozen provincial-level entities,some 300 prefecture governments,2,000 county-level units,more than 40,000 township-level units,and a half-million village-and hamlet-level units of political organization,many of which have different priorities,interests,and time horizons than central authorities in Beijing.There has been an extraordinary amount of research into state-society relations.Understanding how state rule shapes the lives of its citizens and the ways in which all sorts of prosaic features of daily life are negotiated and decided upon,and,most importantly,how this has changed over the past generation,has allowed China scholars to far better understand China more generally because it is now possible to view Chinese citizens as sophisticated agents of their own aspirations and see ones self in them,and vice versa.This then enables observers to see China as the fully,sometimes impossibly complex place that it is,and it accords state-and non-state actors with the respect and empathy they deserve as agents of change.By going into the provinces and below,U.S.scholars can begin to understand the extraordinary heterogeneity of China and learn about how national policies were manipulated,twisted,or otherwise undermined in the localities.This reality is central to understanding any complex state,and China is no exception.Moreover,the 57 David M.Lampton,“Engagement with China:A Eulogy and Reflections on a Gathering Storm,”in Engaging China:Fifty Years of Sino-American Relations,ed.,Anne Thurston(New York:Columbia University Press,2021),394.Andrew Mertha|20 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|21differencesas well as the continuities and similaritiesamong people throughout the country and the local conditions in which their actions are shaped contribute to a deeply rich understanding and appreciation of China,not simply a celebration of variation and diversity,but an understanding of how challenging it is for the government to manage the demands that emerge from such a complex political landscape.The study of China has also privileged the long view of history.By going back in time,China scholars can see the ways in which cycles of elation,enthusiasm,and subsequent disappointment go back as far as initial contacts themselves between the United States and China.John Pomfrets The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom underscores the fact that what can be observed in the relationship at any point in timethe euphoria,the subsequent missed opportunities,and the inevitable frustrationshas already occurred,many times,and thus decreases the sense of crisis engendered at that moment.58 It also lays bare the important fact that the U.S.-China relationship is one that has endured over time.Unfortunately,nothing lasts forever.Beginning around 2006,access to people,publications,and data began to constrict,a process that continues up to today.Of course,things have not gone back to the pre-1979 period,let alone the pre-engagement era,but it has become increasingly difficult to undertake the type of research that had been taken for granted just a few years ago.Some have responded to this narrowing of access to China by adjusting their approach to be more comparative in scope.Others have taken to studying China from the outside,focusing more on Chinas international impact on other parts of the world,such as Africa,South Asia,and Latin America.But an indirect approach to observing and understanding China is inherently distortionary.China scholars need to be there,and their scholars need to be here.When confronted by calls to“de-risk”by closing off potential areas of high-tech collaboration,the United States must weigh the costs of losing some autonomy and even some security against the far greater risk of delinking and closing off access and,most importantly,knowledge.It cuts both ways.The political environment emerging in both countries threatens to curtail this important mission.In the United States,there is a tendency to divide people with strong opinions about China into two camps:those who seek engagement and the China hawks.These biases are increasingly being mainstreamed as labels to differentiate one group from the other,with engagement being seen as synonymous with being“weak”on China.This is a dangerous distinction,not simply in terms of marginalizing a group of people whose collective body of work has increased the universe of knowledge about China in a way that would have been unimaginable at the time of Nixons 1972 visit.It is also dangerous because,evenand especiallyin the face of a downturn in relations,a nuanced understanding is necessary in the pursuit of policies that are beneficial to U.S.-China relations,regardless of where one stands on the continuum between pro-engagement on one end and hawkishness on the other.Nobody benefits from curtailing knowledge about the other.Closing off channels of scholarship and mutual understanding can lead to misperceptions and potentially destabilizing political outcomes,the dangers of which far outweigh the shortsighted perceived benefits of micromanaging these nodes of contact in the unwise belief that either side is gaining a tactical advantage over the other.58 John Pomfret,The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom:America and China,1776 to the Present(New York:Henry Holt and Company,2016).6Scholarly Exchange Must Not Be Collateral Damage of National Security Impulses Scott RozelleThe scholarly conferences and policy community meetings in Beijing and Washington that are the foundation for the current volume yielded several major takeaways.Among the most prominent is a deeply worrying trend:scholarly exchange is still occurring,but at a much lower level compared with 5 to 10 years ago.More limited scholarly exchange appears to be collateral damage from the deteriorating relations between the United States and China.Scholarly exchange is being challenged as a result of national security fears in both countries.It will take actions from top leaders in both countries for many of the elements that are hindering scholarly exchange to be addressed and resolved.The problem is not between academics from China and the United States.When the small handful of leading academics from the United States got together with academic colleagues from China in July 2023 in Beijing,a sense of camaraderie emerged right away.Almost immediately,participants realized they were facing many of the same challenges on both sides of the Pacific.The challenges were coming from different places in both countries.During these sessionsboth in China and the United Statesa list of rules,regulations,actions,and other measures emerged that colleagues on both sides cited as hindering scholarly exchange between the two countries.In the end,15 different issues stood out that are inhibiting scholarly exchange within China and 10 issues were identified in the United States.Although there are surely more and although some of these are more serious than others,both lists warrant careful consideration.The hindrances to research and scholarly exchange according to Chinese scholars included:1.Restrictions on what can be taught(e.g.,mandatory teaching materials).Scott Rozelle|22 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|232.Surveillance cameras in classrooms and seminars.3.Party members inside classrooms and seminars.4.Requirements for papers to be approved prior to publication.5.Prevention of data sharing with co-authors.6.More restrictive privacy laws.7.Reduced access to public databases.8.Limited access to archives.9.Requirements for high-level approval for international workshops and conferences.10.Requirements for prior approval of visitors presentation slides at seminars.11.Unwillingness of local government officials to accept interviews.12.Wariness of businesspeople and professionals to accept interviews.13.Reduced access to or increased permission requirements for guests to enter campuses.14.Unwillingness to approve the collection of health samples(e.g.,blood to measure anemia).15.Restrictions on allowing faculty to travel overseas or extend visits after conferences.The hindrances to research and scholarly exchange according to U.S.-based scholars included:1.Failure to issue visas to engineering/biomedicine/science PhD students from China.2.Failure to issue visas to engineering/biomedicine/science post-docs from China.3.Hesitancy to invite doctors and other professionals to come as visiting scholars.4.Hesitancy of the U.S.government to extend the U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement.595.Threats directed at scholars as they enter the United States,including those who have been issued a visa.6.Propensity of journals to automatically reject papers from China.7.Decreased support for research on China from government sources and foundations.8.Increased restrictions on universities accepting gift donations from Chinese alumni.9.Difficulty getting approval from institutional review boards for projects in China.10.Universities closing down teaching and research collaborations with China.59 The arrangement,which was first adopted in 1979 and scheduled for renewal every five years since,establishes the foundation for scholarly exchange between the two countries.For more information,see Karen M.Sutter and John F.Sargent,Jr.,“U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement,”Congressional Research Service,updated November 17,2023,IF12510,https:/crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12510.These hindrances came up again and again over the course of the conversations.Most of the participants agreed that the source of these obstacles that both sides face is the perception that scholarly exchange may be compromising national security.The emerging collective attitude toward this can be summarized as:“Yes,it is true that some scholarly exchange is related to national security issues.However,the vast share of scholarly exchange is not related to national security.”In fact,scholarly exchange is frequently beneficial and related to positive outcomes in research,technology,and outcomes that can induce economic growth and rising welfare in both countries and around the world.A decline in scholarly exchange is likely to have large negative impacts on growth,equity,and happiness in China,the United States,and the world as a whole.Hence,it could ultimately be harmful to national security.How can the downward trend in U.S.-China scholarly exchange be reversed?Leaders of both countries have stated that limiting(and,in some cases,prohibiting)scholarly exchange is necessary in cases related to national security.Because these concerns come from the highest levels of government,it is critical for leaders in both countries to define which types of scholarly exchange are a detriment to national security and which types are not.In other words,what is needed are direct,unambiguous public statements clarifying what types of research are not related to national security and declaring that the nation should try to promote scholarly exchange in these areas.While such actions are neededand the scholars at this dialogue mostly agreed that this would go a long way in reviving scholarly exchangegetting leaders to produce such documents and making them public will not be easy to accomplish.When trying to determine which areas of scholarly exchange impinge on national security,some areas are black,some are white,and others are gray.Efforts should begin with the“white”areas,that is,the topics that are definitely not related to national security.Research and scholarly exchange that will not have any effect on national security can then get restarted.After that,the governments of the two countries can sort out which types of gray-area research deserve cooperation and which need to be restricted.To be clear,the immediate challenge is that neither country has offered a definition or clarification of what types of scholarly exchange are sensitive to national security.As a result,lower-level bureaucrats in both the United States and China have taken a risk-averse approach to restricting scholarly exchange,making it difficult to do almost all research.Scholars at the dialogue from China and the United States almost unanimously agreed that what is urgently needed is for higher-level leaders in the two countries to officially define which specific topic areas are national security concerns,and which are not.The work undertaken for this project in July and October 2023 demonstrated the importance of scholarly exchange and the need to continue to move forward.Chapter 2 of this volume summarizes the findings of scholars in both countries,identifying both the benefits of U.S.-China scholarly exchange as well as the costs of disruption.The benefits of exchange are great across many dimensions,from research findings and publications,to the flow of talent and ideas across borders,to the creation of new technologies and beyond.Meanwhile,the costs of disruption are clearly already very high.In the end,this chapter conveys the same message as Chapter 2:the United States and China need to admit that there are reasonable national security concerns,but over-securitization of the relationship also comes with big costs.With a bit of effort by the leadership of both countries,the benefits of non-security-related exchange can move forward,and the unneeded costs of disruption can be avoided.Scott Rozelle|24 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|257Mass Attitudes toward China and Their Impact on U.S.-China Scholarly CollaborationMary GallagherDisenchantment with the United States policy toward China emerged in Washington as early as the Obama administration following its pivot to Asia.By early 2018,former Obama officials Kurt Campbell and Ely Ratner had declared it a failure in the pages of Foreign Affairs.60 However,mass attitudes toward China lagged this negative downturn among policymakers.In 2017,44 percent of Americans still had a favorable or“somewhat favorable”view of China.By 2023,this had plummeted to only 14 percent.61 U.S.public opinion toward China is now at a nadir.62 More than half of Americans name China as the most important enemy of the United States,even after Russias invasion and protracted war in Ukraine.Partisan differences are slight;they reflect differences of intensity,with opinions among left and right voters trending in the same direction.According to open-ended responses in recent Pew Research polls,unfavorable views are motivated by concerns about Chinas political system as autocratic,repressive,and,most importantly,communist.63 60 Kurt M.Campbell and Ely Ratner,“The China Reckoning:How Beijing Defied American Expectations,”Foreign Affairs 97,no.2(March/April 2018):6070,http:/www.jstor.org/stable/44822081.61 Laura Silver,Christine Huang,and Laura Clancy,Chinas Approach to Foreign Policy Gets Largely Negative Reviews in 24-Country Survey(Washington,DC:Pew Research Center,July 2023),https:/www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/07/27/chinas-approach-to-foreign-policy-gets-largely-negative-reviews-in-24-country-survey/.62 Craig Kafura,“American Views of China Remain at Record Lows,”Chicago Council on Global Affairs,Public Opinion Survey,October 13,2022,https:/globalaffairs.org/research/public-opinion-survey/american-views-china-remain-record-lows.63“Americans Have Cold Views of China.Heres What They Think about China,in Their Own Words,”Pew Research Center,June 30,2021,https:/www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/06/30/most-americans-have-cold-views-of-china-heres-what-they-think-about-china-in-their-own-words/.What began as a Washington-centric policy shiftfrom Obamas“Asia pivot”to Trumps“trade war”and his Justice Departments China Initiativehas morphed into a mass-and state-level movement to reduce U.S.dependence on China in every realm,from technology to investment to students.Unfavorable attitudes toward China are also reflected in the sharp decline in Americans studying abroad in China.Drawing on current research on U.S.attitudes toward China,there is evidence that the Covid-19 pandemic was the catalyst for this sharp and broad drop in public opinion.The pandemic reinforced existing fears and concerns about China,but it made those fears and concerns more connected to Americans daily lives than ever before.Covid-19 itself and the consequent supply chain disruptions taught Americans that they are too dependent on China and that economic interdependence does not necessarily produce a more connected and collaborative world.64 Instead,many Americans now see U.S.-China economic interdependence as a tool that can be weaponized by Beijing.This fear of dependency on China now permeates every aspect of the relationship,including higher educations reliance on Chinese students and Chinese-trained scientists.In a word,cooperation itself,even for altruistic ends such as promoting green energy,is viewed as suspect if it possibly makes the United States more reliant on China.These negative views toward economic interdependence with China are not matched by similarly negative views of international trade in general.That is,Americans are specifically worried about interdependence with China.While U.S.-China academic collaboration has deteriorated alongside the broader bilateral relationship,especially over the last six years,the cratering of U.S.attitudes toward China since the pandemic presents severe problems for U.S.-China scholarly collaboration.Public fears of dependency and of being“held hostage”by Chinese supply chains have turned fundamental beliefs of liberal internationalism on its head.Mending the relationship via more cooperation and exchange,the hallmarks of what universities do,will be difficult as long as policymakers and many citizens believe that further engagement with China increases U.S.dependency on China to the countrys detriment.However,most scientists,experts on China,and university administrators realize that academic decoupling would be catastrophic for the United States.First,it would undermine the United States competitiveness in science and technology.Second,it would undermine the United States global reputation as an open society and as a beacon to many who respect and admire those principles.How can U.S.-China scholarly collaboration survive a period when collaboration itself is vilified?This chapter presents two recommendations.First,academic institutions need to do more to engage the public and policymakers about the benefits of scholarly collaboration with China to the United States.The case must be made that a complete decoupling of academic collaboration would hurt the United States more than it would hurt China.It risks the isolation of the U.S.system,and it risks long-term negative impacts on technological competition with China.U.S.students should be encouraged to study China and to study in China because knowledge of the competition is necessary to understand Chinas challenge to the United States as a peer superpower.The argument must focus on the interests of the United States,not the benefits to other countries or even to the resolution of global problems.Second,academic institutions need to do more to engage Chinese students and scholars on the difficulties and benefits of studying in the United States at a fraught geopolitical moment.Most Chinese students and 64 Mary Gallagher and Daniela Stockmann,“Admiring Authoritarians:Anti-Chinese Sentiment in the United States and Germany,”American Political Science Association,Annual Meeting Paper,September 2023.Mary Gallagher|26 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|27scholars who choose to study in the United States are doing so because they seek a freer,more open academic environment.Recognizing that Chinese students,scholars,and scientists who come to the United States for their education overwhelmingly want to stay in the United States for the long term,academic institutions should ensure that fundamental principles of academic freedom,freedom of expression and association,and restrictions on censorship are widely known and respected.Universities need to do more to ensure that students and scholars from China understand the important institutions and norms that allow this environment to flourish.Efforts at intimidation,encouragement to self-censor,and,worst of all,transnational repression via organizations affiliated with the Chinese government,such as Chinese Student and Scholars Associations(CSSA),should not be tolerated.65The government can also do more to prevent the U.S.-China rivalry from becoming racialized by focusing on the real differences between the two governments,which is a rivalry of political institutions and ideology.Emphasizing ideological and regime differences between a communist dictatorship and a liberal democracy reinforces why the United States continues to attract top students and scientists from China.Initiatives such as the China Initiative,which emphasize racial and ethnic differences,reinforce fears of racial profiling and anti-Asian discrimination,which has an ignominious history in the United States that should be fully repudiated.Emphasizing democratic values and the benefits of an open society is not the same thing as calling for regime change in China.It is,instead,a desire to protect and preserve the American way of life and make the opportunity of living that life accessible to those in China who also desire it.65 Mary Gallagher,“Do Confucius Institutes Belong on American Campuses?”in The China Questions 2:Critical Insights into US-China Relations,Maria Adele Carrai,Jennifer Rudolph,and Michael Szonyi,eds.(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2022),355.Section IIThe Elements of CollaborationInstitutions,Programs,Data,and PublicationsU.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|298The Role of Local Academic Units in Rebuilding U.S.-China Academic ExchangeEthan MichelsonU.S.-China academic engagementincluding student and faculty mobilityhas atrophied in recent years.Political headwinds in both countries stymie the mutual eagerness of U.S.and Chinese university administrators to reconnect their students and faculty to their counterparts.U.S.politicians frequently threaten to withhold government funding to universities that they believe run afoul of their ideological beliefs in areas such as diversity,critical race theory,sexuality and reproductive health,and,most recently,the Israel-Hamas war.Such threats have extended to U.S.-China academic engagement and came to fruition when,in 2018,universities were forced to give up federal funding if they chose to host a Confucius Institute and,in 2020,when Fulbright programs with China and Hong Kong were suspended.In the wake of deteriorating U.S.-China relations,politicians on both sides appear to equate academic exchange and cooperation with support for an enemy regime.Some U.S.politicians seem to view academic engagement with China as tantamount to legitimizing authoritarianism,political repression,a clampdown on academic freedom,espionage,and intellectual property theftas if student exchange programs and faculty research collaboration are tools for supporting and appeasing dictators.Similarly,on the Chinese side,political rhetoric promoting“core socialist values”and the realization of the“Chinese Dream”discourages and even chastises academic engagement with the United States.In recent months,Xi Jinping has softened the tone with somewhat more conciliatory rhetoricechoed by other party-state officials,including Chinas ambassador to the United Statespromoting U.S.-China people-to-people exchange.Understandably,university administrators who fear attracting the attention and arousing the ire of politicians exercise caution.With sadness and dismay,I have witnessed the decline,and possibly even the collapse,of the field of China studies,which was arguably experiencing its heyday when I entered graduate school three decades ago.The kinds of study and research opportunities I took for granted have vanished.In 1991,as an undergraduate student,I went to Xiamen University on a Chinese-language study abroad program that changed the course of my life.Language training is the gateway to area studies.Plummeting Chinese-language enrollments at U.S.universities portend a grim future for China studies.U.S.universities that rigidly interpret and apply the U.S.Department of States Level-3 Travel Advisory(reconsider travel)for China have deprived many students of the opportunity to acquire Chinese linguistic and cultural competence in China.This contrasts with Taiwan,to which some universities,including my own,have diverted their study abroad programs.I spent the 19992000 academic year doing fieldwork in China with the support of a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship.I was able not only to do an immense amount of fieldwork,including surveys of Chinese lawyers in 25 cities,but also to insinuate myself in a community of Chinese scholars and build a professional network that helped launch and sustain my academic career.As study abroad and research opportunities disappear,so too does the next generation of China scholars.Regardless of what they think of each others governments,Americans and Chinese need to understand each other and work together to tackle common challenges.My universitys response to a travel request I submitted in advance of a trip to the Sichuan University School of Law in the spring of 2018 illustrates the extent and nature of external political pressure bearing down on U.S.universities as their faculty and students attempt to engage in normal and healthy academic activities with their Chinese counterparts.Within hours of submitting my request for approval to reimburse travel expenses,I received a phone call from my universitys export control officer in the Office of Research Compliance.Both U.S.and Chinese universities must comply with a growing array of rules from their respective governments pertaining to issues such as data security,intellectual property,and export control.Designed to promote national security interests,they also paradoxically undermine national security,international cooperation on global public health and climate challenges,and technological innovation insofar as they stifle basic research and drive away scientific talent.To be sure,few would oppose protections against intellectual property theft.At the same time,however,some universities compliance efforts,in some instances,have been comically absurd.For example,a university official questioned the purpose of my visit to Sichuan University by inquiring about the purpose of the visit,asking whether my talk would involve any proprietary data,and further asking whether I may be carrying information or knowledge about particle accelerators.While export controls should not be criticized per se,mindlessly overzealous,one-size-fits-all compliance approaches such as this should be.Thankfully,I made the trip and successfully exchanged ideas with Chinese faculty and students.Not all university faculty are as fortunate.Two suggestions stem both from my personal efforts as the chair of an interdisciplinary department as well as from fruitful discussions at three recent conferences devoted to reviving and strengthening U.S.-China academic engagement.First,whenever feasible,agree to host visiting scholars.Neither issuing a letter of invitation nor initiating and processing visa paperwork requires a formal institutional agreement or memorandum of understanding.Visiting scholars,regardless of the auspices under which they are invited and hosted,remain subject to visa background checks and other national security measures.Second,consider inviting faculty from counterpart universities to serve as external members of dissertation committees.By following both suggestions,we can facilitate research and expand the scholarly contacts of counterpart university faculty and graduate students.Both sides should do the utmost to welcome and integrate scholarly contacts into the intellectual life of the community of scholars relevant to their interests.Ethan Michelson|30 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|31When higher-level university administrators are hamstrung by external compliance pressures or skittish about erring on the side of permissive interpretations of policies imposed from above,local academic units should step up and do what they can to promote U.S.-China academic exchange and cooperation.If enough department chairs,directors of centers and institutes,and rank-and-file faculty members take even one or two small steps,they can,in the aggregate,reverse some of the damage.9A Bridge and a SymbolThe Fulbright Program and U.S.-China Scholarly ExchangeZhang RanWhereas education is viewed as a priority for social,political,and economic development by virtually every government,international cooperation in education often contributes to another goal:building international relationships.One major endeavor of the U.S.government in this area is the Fulbright Program,which“leverages U.S.leadership in higher education to build relationships and grow networks that strengthen the economy at home and bolster security abroad.”66 The Fulbright Program was initiated in 1946 by drawing upon revenues from selling surplus war property from World War II,with only 10 countries participating in the Pacific and European areas by 1948.The scope was expanded in the 1950s and 1960s with more diverse financial resources and international collaboration patterns.67 The program was proposed by Senator J.William Fulbright,a former Rhodes scholar who was regarded as an internationalist fighting against McCarthyism and who was supportive of the United Nations in his subsequent political career.68 66 United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy,2022 Comprehensive Annual Report on Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting(Washington,DC:U.S.Department of State,December 2022),32,https:/www.state.gov/2022-comprehensive-annual-report-on-public-diplomacy-and-international-broadcasting-2/.67 Molly Lenore Bettie,“The Fulbright Program and American Public Diplomacy,”(PhD dissertation,University of Leeds,May 2014),https:/etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6889/1/Bettie_ML_Communications_PhD_2014.pdf.68 J.William Fulbright and Seth P.Tillman,The Price of Empire(New York:Pantheon Books,1989),2089;and Charles King,“The Fulbright Paradox:Race and the Road to a New American Internationalism,”Foreign Affairs 100 no.4(July/August 2021):92106,https:/ Ran|32 U.S.-China Scholarly Recoupling|33The Fulbright Program is widely held as an example of exercising soft power worldwide.69 This has been achieved through public,cultural,and exchange diplomacy.70 Unlike hard power,which directly draws upon state power and diplomatic or even military efforts,educational exchange achieves its goals more indirectly.It cultivates favorable worldviews,cross-cultural understanding,and,most broadly,world peace through creating a structural opportunity for fostering people-to-people interaction.71 What is most notable about the Fulbright Program is that besides its foreign relations purpose,it has also developed into“an academically prestigious brand in international education.”72This chapter briefly traces this process as well as the programs impact by drawing upon published books and articles by scholars and Fulbright grantees,the programs annual report,and online alumni data.The findings here are meant to illuminate the changing landscape of U.S.-China scholarly exchange.The Trajectory of the Fulbright Program with China China was among the earliest and biggest buyers of the wartime surplus materials and was among the first group of countries that embarked on educational exchange with the United States.73 After the Peoples Republic of China was founded,the exchange program came to a halt in 1949.74 In the 1970s,universities in Taiwan participated in the program.Scholarly exchange between the United States and China resumed in 1980 but was terminated by the Trump administration in 2020 through an executive order related to Hong Kong.The Fulbright Scholarly Directory,published online,provides a glimpse into the changing landscape of the program.75 According to information from the Fulbright U.S.Scholar Program and the Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program,a total of 1,804 scholars have participated in these two programs since 1980,with 792 scholars from the United States going to China and 1,012 from China visiting the United States.76 As Figure 9.1 69 Richard Garlitz and Lisa Jarvinen,Teaching America to the World&the World to America:Education and Foreign Relations since 1870,1st ed.(London:Palgrave Macmillan,2012),doi:10.1057/9781137060150;and Christopher Medalis,“The Strength of Soft Power:American Cultural Diplomacy and the Fulbright Program during the 1989-1991 Transition Period in Hungary,”Audem 3(2012):144163,https:/go.exlibris.link/8Qfc8pP0.70 Antnio F.de Lima,“The role of international educational exchanges in public diplomacy,”Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3(July 2007):23451,doi:10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000066;Iftikhar H.Malik,“American Public Diplomacy and Pakistan in the 1980s,”Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 14,no.2(Winter 1990):6590,https:/go.exlibris.link/H7KYCnM8;Zhu Biyun and Margaret J.Wyszomirski,“Designing cultural diplomacy policy:structuring a flagship mechanism,”International Journal of Cultural Policy 29,no.5(2023):118,doi:10.1080/10286632.2022.2092102;and Molly Bettie,“Exchange diplomacy:theory,policy and practice in the Fulbright program,”Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 16,no.3(September 2020):21223,doi:10.1057/s41254-019-00147-1.71 Shin Freedman,Pat Munday,and Jeannette W.Cockroft,Narrative Inquiries from Fulbright Lecturers in China:Cross-cultural Connections in Higher Education,1st ed.(London:Routledge,2019),doi:10.4324/9780429453038.72 Bettie,The Fulbright Program and American Public Diplomacy.73 Sam Lebovic,“From War Junk to Educational Exchange:The World War II Origins of the Fulbright Program and the Foundations of American Cultural Globalism,19451950,”Diplomatic History 37,no.2(April 2013):280312,https:/www.jstor.org/stable/26376447.74 Freedman,Munday,and Cockroft,Narrative Inquiries from Fulbright Lecturers in China,2.75“Fulbright Scholar Directory,”Fulbright Scholar Program,retrieved July 2023,https:/fulbrightscholars.org/fulbright-scholar-directory.76 There was another small scholarly exchange program called the Fulbright Scholar-in-Residence Program.In this shows,the number of U.S.scholars slightly surpassed that of Chinese scholars in most earlier years.In 2004,however,the number of Chinese scholars nearly doubled,after the two governments signed an agreement to expand the program and to have China partake in cost sharing.77 In 1989,the U.S.Scholar Program briefly stopped for one year.The number of U.S.scholars dropped significantly a few years before its official termination in 2020.Figure 9.1:The Number of Fulbright Scholars between the United States and China(19802020)Number of scholarsFulbright U.S.Scholar ProgramFulbright Visiting Scholar Program051015202530354045501980198119841985198819891992199319961997200020012004200520082009201220132016201720192020Source:Authors calculations based on data retrieved from the Fulbright Scholar Directory,https:/fulbrightscholars.org/fulbright-scholar-directory.The data also show that participating scholars have mainly been from the humanities and social sciences.Between 1980 and 2020,there were 252 scholars in literature,215 in law,175 in history,and 132 in political science.In contrast,there were a mere two scholars in physical sciences and one in biological sciences,all three of whom were U.S.scholars.In fact,this disciplinary preference was clear ever since the initiation of the program,foreign scholars teach in U.S.educational institutions.It was excluded from the present analysis due to its small sc
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NOVEMBER 2024Transforming Student Futures.Insight and analysis of Insight and analysis of NCUK University Pathway NCUK University Pathway students perceptionsstudents perceptionsIntroductionIncreasingly,international students are choosing to start their university studies within their home countries by enrolling in pathway programmes,and universities are recognising pathway provision as a key recruitment channel and a fundamental ingredient for their diversification and transnational strategies.In this context,NCUK has partnered with IDP Education to better understand the perceptions of international pathway students.Specifically,this report provides insights about:International pathway students learning preferences and motivations;Their awareness about destination policies and the impact they have in students decisions;International pathway students post-study plans.Reaching out to c.1,000 NCUK students from over 90 different countries studying International Foundation Year,International Year 1,International Year 2 and Masters Preparation programmes;this survey provides relevant insights for NCUK and other pathways providers keen to better understand their audiences preferences,expectations and motivations within the evolving higher education landscape worldwide.Andy HowellsChief Marketing OfficerAbout NCUKStudy Centres110 Countries40 NCUK is a leading global university pathway NCUK is a leading global university pathway providerprovider,established by universities 35 years ago to enable international students to access world-class education.With a network of over 110 Study Centres international schools,colleges and universities across 40 countries,NCUK provides students with routes to more than 60 leading university partners,including 19 in the QS World Top 200,across popular international study destinations.NCUKs high-quality programmes are developed to prepare students from over 120 nationalities for success,with 89hieving a 2:1 or higher at university.To date,NCUK has successfully supported over 50,000 students in reaching their university and career ambitions.QS World Top 200 Students progressed to university50,000 UniversityPartners60 In the QS World Top 20019NCUK HQ in Manchester,UK with regional offices NCUK HQ in Manchester,UK with regional offices in Beijing&Kuala Lumpurin Beijing&Kuala LumpurStudent nationalities120 Contents5|Research context6|Key highlights7|Survey overview11|Learning preferences and motivations18|Destination policy29|Post-study plansSupported by IDPResearch contextMotivations and preferencesMotivations and preferencesExplore student motivations for choosing pathway study Understand students preferences for study modes Identify perceived benefits of an in-country pathway vs a traditional on-campus pathway Determine destination considerations and preferences Investigate factors influencing destination choice Determine the impacts of policy Determine the impacts of policy Understand awareness and impact of policy updates on studentsCareer readiness and post-study plans:Career readiness and post-study plans:Explore students confidence in their study and future career prospects after completing NCUK qualifications Research ObjectivesResearch Objectives15-minute survey programmed in QualtricsAdministered in English and Chinese Distributed via email by NCUK Conducted between 23 August 19 Sept 2024MethodologyMethodologySupported by IDPKey highlights Motivations and preferencesMotivations and preferencesThe UK is the preferred destinationThe UK is the preferred destination for 59%of NCUK students.Fully on-campus learning is favoured by Fully on-campus learning is favoured by 66%of NCUK students.The student leads decisions on destination and programme,The student leads decisions on destination and programme,especially regarding programme choice,though their decisions are also influenced by their parents.Access to higher-ranking universities is the main benefit of in-country Access to higher-ranking universities is the main benefit of in-country pathways pathways for students opting for the NCUK pathway program,followed by easing the transition to an international education system.Destination PolicyDestination PolicyStudents aiming to study in Canada and the UK are more aware of the recent policy changes on post-study work permits and financial requirements,while students considering Australia are more aware of the updates on student visas.For all three countries,finance-related policies are the most influential finance-related policies are the most influential in future students decision-making.For the US,the election outcome is unlikely to impact the choice of the election outcome is unlikely to impact the choice of most Asian and African students most Asian and African students considering studying there.Career Readiness and Post-Study PlansCareer Readiness and Post-Study Plans89%of students are confident about the NCUK pathway 89%of students are confident about the NCUK pathway and its ability to enhance their career prospects.Supported by IDPSurvey overviewStudent respondent profile(1 of 2)967 respondents from across the globe43C55%CurrentCurrentFormer Former not at not at universityuniversityProspectiveProspectiveFormer at Former at universityuniversity61a%7%7%6%6%3%3%QualificationQualificationInternational International Foundation Foundation YearYearMasters Masters PreparationPreparationInternational Year International Year OneOneDont know Dont know yetyetInternational Year Two in International Year Two in Business ManagementBusiness ManagementOther combinationsOther combinations8%8%Study StatusStudy Status9191different different countriescountriesRespondents Respondents from from 1851478871473836NigeriaChinaPakistanKeniaPeruGhanaSri LankaTop Top Source Source MarketsMarketsSupported by IDPStudent respondent profile(2 of 2)A vast majority of respondents studied at,are currently studying,or intend to study at UK-based NCUK study centres and universities 2421261214844423532UKChinaNigeriaKenyaPeruSri LankaPakistanGhanaTop Study Centre MarketsTop Study Centre Markets85%4%4%3%2%UKNew ZelandAustraliaUSACanadaTop Five University MarketsTop Five University MarketsSupported by IDPDestinations choicesThe UK dominates preference by far with the USA,Canada and Australia considered by nearly three out of ten USAUSA2727%UKUK8080NADACANADA2626%NEW NEW ZEALANDZEALAND1010%AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA2424%A vast majority(80%)of the respondents are considering/considered the UK as their preferred study destination.A far second is the US with 27%,followed closely by Canada with 26%When looking at source markets individually and among the top-responding,the UK is the top study destination choice in all of them except in Ghana1,where Canada takes the top position,as selected by 74%of the respondentsWhich destination countries are you considering/did you consider Which destination countries are you considering/did you consider to study in or receive your international degree from?to study in or receive your international degree from?3%4%6%7Y%ChinaAustraliaCanadaUSAUKPreferred DestinationsPreferred DestinationsFrom the set of destinations considered,prospective students were asked to indicate their first-choice destination.In contrast,students who have already applied to or are already studying at an NCUK Study Centre were asked to indicate their intended study destination.Former students who are in university were asked to select their current study location.The chart above shows these responsesAs a result of a dominance of respondents who dominance of respondents who studied at,are currently studied at,are currently studying or intend to study at UK-based NCUK study centres and studying or intend to study at UK-based NCUK study centres and universitiesuniversities,a majority selected the UK as their preferred destination.This is followed by the USA,Canada and Australia,although with considerably lower percentages.Furthermore,even among more diverse samples,such as that seen in IDPs most recent research(Emerging Futures 6,August 2024),the UK ranks first among prospective pathway students and second among current students and pathway applicants(after Australia)Supported by IDPLearning Preferences and MotivationsSir Lanka(n=36)Ghana(n=38)Peru(n=47)Kenya(n=71)Pakistan(n=88)China(n=147)Nigeria(n=185)Grand Total(n=967)72.2h.4c.8Y.2H.9g.3b.2.1ucation Quality 50.0q.1t.5W.7H.9a.2h.1W.6reer Development44.4.5S.2F.57.5a.2.0P.7%Knowledge68.7h.4a.7G.95.2G.6X.4H.1%Reputable qualifications50.0s.7).8P.71.8R.4E.4C.4%Social networkingMotivations to study for an international qualificationMost students pursue overseas education for its high quality,with key differences in Nigeria,Peru and GhanaLooking at the total responses as a whole,education quality(e.g.,high-ranking institutions,evaluation standards or education quality)is the top reason why respondents choose to study qualifications overseas,selected by 60%.This is followed by career development motivations,including increased employability and monetary benefits(58%)and acquiring knowledge(e.g.,global ways of learning or thinking)(51%).At a source market level,however,a few key differences can be identified.For instance,career development goals are the most popular motivation among Nigerian(68%)and Peruvian(75%)respondents.Meanwhile,for Ghanaians,social networking is the top reason for seeking international qualifications(74%).By qualification type,career development is also the top motivation for those who did/are planning to do a Masters preparation programmed or an International Year Two in Business Management.Similarly,career development is also top among prospective and current NCUK students.People have different reasons why they choose to study for an international qualification.Which of these reasons relate to you?People have different reasons why they choose to study for an international qualification.Which of these reasons relate to you?Supported by IDPTaiwan(n=20)Algeria(n=21)South Africa(n=25)Sir Lanka(n=36)Ghana(n=38)Peru(n=47)Kenya(n=71)Pakistan(n=88)China(n=147)Nigeria(n=185)Grand Total(n=967)55.0B.96.0P.0R.6p.2P.7Y.1Q.7F.5R.8%Increase Access35.03.3D.0G.2W.9S.2C.77.54.7X.4C.0se the transition40.0(.6H.06.1G.4B.68.0&.10.6D.96.2%Assistance with.15.0%9.5.03.34.2.4G.90.7$.5C.23.6ditional Academic35.0#.8(.00.6G.46.22.47.5.27.30.5%To reduce the overall70.08.1%8.0.2.8B.6.3%.0S.7.10.4%Help in improvingBenefits of NCUK programmesOver half of NCUK prospective,current and former students seek an increased access to higher-ranked universitiesOverall,the most sought-after benefit is the increased access to higher-ranking universities,as selected by 53%of the respondents.This is also the highest across all study statuses and across most of the top-responding source markets.Exceptions to this include Nigeria and Ghana,where the most selected benefit was to ease the transition to an international education system(58%for both),China and Taiwan,where help in improving English language skills is the most sought-after(54%and 70%,respectively),and South Africa,where the top benefit is assistance with academic preparation(48%).It must be noted,however,that both Taiwan and South Africa recorded small sample sizes.Which of the following benefits of an NCUK pathway programme are you personally seeking?Which of the following benefits of an NCUK pathway programme are you personally seeking?Supported by IDPGreatest influence on where to study internationallyWhilst a majority decide where to study themselves,nearly half of the respondents are influenced by their parentsA vast majority of respondents(68%)indicated that they decide for themselves where to study internationally.This is also the case when looking at top-responding source markets individually.However,a significant 49%also indicated that their parents influence their decision of where to study,and this was even higher among Nigerian(56%),Chinese(70%),Ghanaian(50%)and Sri Lankan(51%)respondents.The influence of parents is higher than the average among International Foundation Year(58%)and International Year Two in Business Management(50%)students.Who,if anyone,is/are the greatest influence on your decision on where to study internationally?Who,if anyone,is/are the greatest influence on your decision on where to study internationally?Sir Lanka(n=35)Ghana(n=38)Peru(n=47)Kenya(n=71)Pakistan(n=86)China(n=145)Nigeria(n=181)Grand Total(n=951)65.7h.4p.2c.4h.6s.8f.9h.3%Self51.4P.06.26.6A.9p.3U.8I.3%My Parents22.9.5.1.9.5.7.8.9%Friends studying or living in another country11.4#.7.9%9.9.3%5.5.4.8mily studying or living in another country11.4%2.6.6%5.6%4.7.6%8.8%9.7%Friends in my home country5.7.5%4.3.5.6%6.2.6%9.3reer advisor/school counsellor17.1.2%8.5.5.6%2.8%6.6%8.7%NCUK staff5.3%8.5.3%4.7.3%3.9%7.6%Teacher at school2.9.5%6.4%1.4.6%6.9.2%7.0%NCUK alumni2.6%4.3%8.5%3.5%4.1.5%6.9%News/media outletsSupported by IDPGreatest influence on what programme to study internationallySimilarly,a vast majority of the respondents select their programme of study themselvesSimilarly,in terms of influences on what programme to study internationally,a significant majority(80%)noted they made this decision themselves.This is even higher among Nigerians(88%)and Ghanaians(90%).Parents are the second greatest influence,as indicated by a 40%overall.Source markets with a higher proportion include Nigeria(46%)and China(56%).By qualification type,those who studied/are planning to study an International Foundation Year programme recorded the highest influence from parents(46%).However,it must be noted that for all qualification types,self was still the most voted choice.And who had the greatest influence on your decision on what programme to study internationally?And who had the greatest influence on your decision on what programme to study internationally?Sir Lanka(n=35)Ghana(n=38)Peru(n=47)Kenya(n=71)Pakistan(n=86)China(n=145)Nigeria(n=181)Grand Total(n=951)80.0.5w.8.0p.6v.4.3.1%Self40.06.8(.9.18.8S.5E.8.0%My Parents2.9%5.3%6.7.7%8.2.2%6.7%9.6%Teacher at school8.6%5.3.1.3.5%9.0%8.9%9.3reer advisor/school counsellor17.1%7.9.1%4.3.9%2.1%4.5%6.9%NCUK staff11.4%4.4%5.7%9.4.9%2.8%6.8%Friends in my home country17.1%5.3%6.7%7.1%8.2%5.6%6.7%6.8%Friends studying or living in another country6.7%5.7%4.7%9.7%5.6%6.3ucation agent11.4%2.6%2.2%1.4%9.4%6.3%7.8%6.3%Other family in my home country2.9%5.3%4.4%4.3%1.2%7.6%4.5%5.7%News/media outletsSupported by IDPPreferred learning experiencesTwo out of three respondents still favour learning fully on-campus at institutions main overseas campuses7%7#ff%Full on-campuson-campus learning at the main campus overseas main campus overseas locationFull on-campuson-campus learning of an international accredited qualification taught at a local institution in my home countrylocal institution in my home countryFull on-campus on-campus learning of an accredited qualification at a branch campus in my home countrybranch campus in my home countryDistance education Distance education with virtual teacher-student interactions and some academic materials sent by mailFull on-campuson-campus learning of an international accredited qualification at a branch campus in another desirable countrybranch campus in another desirable countryFull on-campuson-campus,but half taught at a branch campus in my home country and half taught at the half taught at a branch campus in my home country and half taught at the main overseas campusmain overseas campus,with a jointly accredited qualificationFull online learning online learning where all courses and assessments are completed onlineSupported by IDPPreferred learning experiencesTwo out of three respondents still favour learning fully on-campus at institutions main overseas campusesTwo-thirds of respondents(66%)selected full on-campus learning at full on-campus learning at the main overseas campus the main overseas campus as their preferred type of learning experience.This is also the top option across all top-responding source marketsThe second most popular alternative(23%)is also a full-on full-on campus learning of an international campus learning of an international qualification,but at a branch qualification,but at a branch campus in another desirable campus in another desirable countrycountry,and it is followed by a similar option in a local institution local institution at the respondents home country at the respondents home country(16%)Interestingly,looking at ChinaChina specifically,full on-campus learning of an international accredited qualification taught at a local institution in their home country is more popular than in any other top source market,with 40%selecting thisContrastingly,the least popular option is distance education with virtual teacher-distance education with virtual teacher-student interactions and some academic student interactions and some academic materials sent by mailmaterials sent by mail,which was selected only by 7%of the respondents Meanwhile,respondents from Sri Lanka Sri Lanka also consider full-on campus learning of an international accredited qualification at a branch campus in their home country(47%)Supported by IDPDestination PolicyThe state of international student policies in 2024Student policy and government sentiment are crucial factors for students internationalAustraliaCanadaAustraliaCanadaUKUKUSAUSAFrom January 1,2025,a proposed total cap of 270,000 new international students will be in place across Australia for the yearAdditional regulations to be legislated in Oct&NovStudent Financial requirements increased to A$29,710Student visa application fee increased by 125%as of July 1,2024 Available funds requirement doubled to CAN$20K Cap on new intl students reduced further,by 10%for 2025&2026.This will include masters and doctoral studentsFrom Feb 15,24,changes to PGWP eligibility.Masters programs under 2 years may be eligible for 3-year PGWPFrom Oct 1,24,college graduates no longer eligible for a PGWP unless their study is an area of high labourdemandRising visa costs,IHS costs and salary thresholds make study/post-study stays less accessibleImmigration policy changes have made the UK appear less welcoming,but the new government states thatinternational students are very welcomeUK government commits to the Graduate visaCalls for US government to introduce an international education strategyIncreased capacity for visa processing in IndiaPSW rights in the US still seen as unappealing.Presidential election to take place in November 2024Supported by IDPNews and politics following Seven out of ten respondents follow-up on news about their destinations at least once a week15#%7ilySeveral times a weekOnce a weekOnce or twice a monthNeverHow often do you follow news about political events and issues in your destination country?How often do you follow news about political events and issues in your destination country?Most students actively keep up with political events and issues in their destination country,reflecting a strong interest in understanding the social and political climate around them.Notably,33%engage with the news several times a week,and 23%do so weekly,suggesting a consistent effort to stay informedInterestingly,students whose preferred destination is the USA are more likely to follow the news daily compared to other countries.In contrast,a higher percentage of students whose preferred destination is Australia(16%)report never following political news,a significantly larger proportion than those bound for other destinations.This variation suggests differing levels of political engagement and information-seeking behaviour,potentially influenced by the unique political climates and media environments of these countriesSupported by IDPNews and politics following(by source market)8.3.6.7.5!.2A.7F.92.03.66.4%.0.5$.02.0#.0.4.6.3 .5.9%5.6%6.3.0%2.5%5.5%GhanaKenyaPakistanChinaNigeriaDailySeveral times a weekOnce a weekOnce or twice a monthNeverHow often do you follow news about political events and issues in your destination country?How often do you follow news about political events and issues in your destination country?Nigerians,Pakistanis and Kenyans among those following news most oftenAt the source market level,students from Nigeria(21%),Pakistan(19%),and Kenya(18%)follow political news daily,surpassing the global average(15%).Interestingly,while Pakistani students show strong engagement at the daily level,a larger proportion(12%)also report never following political news,significantly higher than the global average of 7%n=165n=122n=75n=64n=36Supported by IDPAwareness of UK policiesAwareness is high for most UK recent policy updatesMost students who prefer the UK as their destination are well-informed about recent policy changes.Notably,75%are aware that the Graduate Route remains unchanged,demonstrating a strong awareness of this key aspect.Back in March 2024,when the Graduate Route was set to be reviewed,previous IDP research(Emerging Futures 5)found that awareness of that review happening was lower(64%)among pathway studentsWith 91%awareness of the graduate route update,Kenyan1students demonstrate the highest level of knowledge about this crucial policy among all source marketsNearly seven out of ten(69%)students reported being informed about the increase in financial maintenance requirements.However,fewer students are aware of changes such as the increase in student visa fees(61%)and the restrictions on bringing dependants(61%),indicating that these specific updates may not be as widely communicated or understood compared to other policy changes39aes will increase in 2024 for student visas(from 363 to 490)and the required Immigration Health Surcharge(from 470 per year to 776 per year of study)31i%Financial maintenance requirements will be raised,so international students will have to prove their financial self-sufficiency39a%International students will no longer be permitted to bring dependants unless they are enrolled in postgraduate research programmes25u%The Graduate Route,which allows international students to stay and work for two years after graduation from a UK institution,was reviewed and remains unchangedI am NOT AWARE of thisI am NOT AWARE of thisI am AWARE of thisI am AWARE of thisThe UK government announced some policy updates that will take effect from January 2024 up to early 2025.Which of the following updates are The UK government announced some policy updates that will take effect from January 2024 up to early 2025.Which of the following updates are you aware of?you aware of?Supported by IDPImpact of UK policiesFinance-related policies are a key focus for most students choosing the UKAcross all source markets,most students considered finance-related policies to be the most influential finance-related policies to be the most influential for future students decision-making:Fees will increase in 2024 for student visas and the required Immigration Health Surcharge(35%)Financial maintenance requirements will be raised,so international students will have to prove their financial self-sufficiency(28%)This trend is also observed in some main source markets,including Nigeria,Kenya,Pakistan,and Peru Nigeria,Kenya,Pakistan,and Peru In comparison,Chinese students Chinese students are more concerned about post-graduation opportunities to stay/work in the UK.The majority chose the following policy as the most impactful:The Graduate Route,which allows international students to stay and work for two years after graduation from a UK institution,was reviewed and remains unchanged(44%)Fees will increase in 2024 for Student visas(from 363 to 490)and the required Immigration Health Surcharge(from 470 per year to 776 per year of study)Financial maintenance requirements will be raised,so international students will have to prove their financial self-sufficiencyThe Graduate Route,which allows international students to stay and work for two years after graduation from a UK institution,was reviewed and remains unchangedInternational students will no longer be permitted to bring dependents unless they are enrolled in postgraduate research programmes10(5%Which of these policy updates will have the most significant impact to Which of these policy updates will have the most significant impact to future students decision to choose the destination?future students decision to choose the destination?Supported by IDPAwareness of Australian policiesA majority are not aware of three of the four policy updates presentedStudents whose preferred destination is Australia(only 4%of the total respondents)show relatively high awareness(60%)of the recent change to student visa policies,specifically the restriction preventing tourists and holiday visitors from switching to student visas after arrivalHowever,for other policy changes,awareness is more evenly divided,with roughly half of the students being informed while the other half remain unaware.Previous IDP research(Emerging Futures 5,March 2024)also explored awareness of some of these policies as they were announced.At that time,the amount of savings required to be eligible for a student visa increased to$24,505 AUD and awareness of this increase was higher(55%)among pathway students.Similarly,awareness of reductions to the maximum eligible age for a Temporary Graduate visa,specifically among pathway students,was higher at 63%.This suggests that while certain policy updates are well-known,others may require more targeted communication to reach all students51I%The amounts of savings required to be eligible for a student visa has increased to$29,710 AUD51I%The maximum eligible age for Temporary Graduate visa(TGV)applicants has been reduced to 35 years of Bachelor and Masters by Coursework graduates51I%The student visa fee has increased from$710 to$1600 AUD40%Tourists and Working Holiday visitors can no longer switch to a student visa after they have arrivedI am NOT AWARE of thisI am NOT AWARE of thisI am AWARE of thisI am AWARE of thisThe Australian government announced some policy updates effective in 2024.Which of the following updates are you aware of?The Australian government announced some policy updates effective in 2024.Which of the following updates are you aware of?Supported by IDPImpact of Australian policiesHigher financial requirements and visa fees are the most impactful for students choosing AustraliaRegarding the impact of Australian policies,we collected responses from 34 students who chose Australia as their preferred destinationAmong these students,finance-related policies are also considered the most influentialfinance-related policies are also considered the most influential for future students decision-making regarding their destinations,with most students selecting the following policies:oThe amount of savings required to be eligible for a student visa has increased to$29,710 AUD(50%)oThe student visa fee has increased from$710 to$1600 AUD(26%)The amount of savings required to be eligible for a student visa has increased to$29,710 AUDThe student visa fee has increased from$710 to$1600 AUDThe maximum eligible age for Temporary Graduate visa(TGV)applicants has been reduced to 35 years for Bachelor and Masters by Coursework graduatesTourists and Working Holiday visitors can no longer switch to a student visa after they have arrived12&P%Which of these policy updates will have the most significant impact Which of these policy updates will have the most significant impact to future students decision to choose the destination?to future students decision to choose the destination?Supported by IDPAwareness of Canadian policiesAwareness is the highest for policies related to caps and post-graduate work rightsNearly eight in ten(79%)students whose preferred destination is Canada(only 6%of the total respondents)are well informed about the changes to post-graduate work rights,making this one of the most widely recognisedpolicy updates announced by the Canadian government.Additionally,over two-thirds(65%)are aware of the two-year cap on post-study work permits and the increased financial requirements related to the cost of livingHowever,there is comparatively lower awareness regarding spousal work conditions and the post-study work restrictions for students enrolled in courses delivered through public-private partnerships(PPPs).On the latter,awareness is significantly lower than that seen in previous IDP research(Emerging Futures 5,March 2024),where 59%of the respondents declared to know about21y%Post-graduate work rights will be expanded for students completing graduate studies in Canada,with such students soon being able to apply for a three-year study post-graduate work permit54F%Students enrolled in programmes delivered via public-private partnerships(PPPs)will no longer be eligible for post-graduate work permits35e%The Canadian government has imposed a two-year cap on the number of international students to ease pressure on housing and services35e%The minimum cost of living financial requirement for students,increased from 10,000 CAD to 20,635 CADI am NOT AWARE of thisI am NOT AWARE of thisI am AWARE of thisI am AWARE of thisThe Canadian government The Canadian government announced some policy announced some policy updates effective on 1 January updates effective on 1 January 2024.Which of the following 2024.Which of the following updates are you aware of?updates are you aware of?54F%Spouses of international students are eligible to work only if their spouse is enrolled in a masters or doctoral program at a university or polytechnic institution in CanadaSupported by IDPImpact of Canadian policiesThe rise in financial requirements is the most significant policy affecting future students Regarding the impact of Canadian policies,we collected responses from 51 students who chose Canada as their preferred destinationAmong these students,the increase in financial requirements is considered the most influential financial requirements is considered the most influential policy affecting future students decision-making regarding their destinations,with most students selecting this policy:The minimum cost of living financial requirement for students increased from 10,000 CAD to 20,635 CAD(45%)The cap on international students(18%)and post-graduate work permits(18%)are less impactful compared to the higher financial requirementsThe minimum cost of living financial requirement for students,increased from 10,000 CAD to 20,635 CADThe Canadian government has imposed a two-year cap on the number of international students to ease pressure on housing and servicesPost-graduate work rights will be expanded for students completing graduate studies in Canada,with such students soon being able to apply for a three-year post-graduate work permitStudents enrolled in programmes delivered via public-private partnerships(PPPs)will no longer be eligible for post-graduate work permitsSpouses of international students are eligible to work only if their spouse is enrolled in a masters or doctoral program at a university or polytechnic institution in Canada8E%Which of these policy updates will have the most significant impact Which of these policy updates will have the most significant impact to future students decision to choose the destination?to future students decision to choose the destination?Supported by IDPImpact of US electionMost African and Asian students will still choose the US regardless of the election outcome Significantly-The election outcome will strongly Significantly-The election outcome will strongly influence my decision to study in the USinfluence my decision to study in the US1%Moderately-I am somewhat concerned about Moderately-I am somewhat concerned about how the election outcome could affect my choicehow the election outcome could affect my choice10%Slightly-The election outcome might have a Slightly-The election outcome might have a minimal impact on my decision to studyminimal impact on my decision to study13%Not at all-My decision to study in the US is not Not at all-My decision to study in the US is not influenced by the election outcomeinfluenced by the election outcome60%I am unsure-I havent thought about or do not I am unsure-I havent thought about or do not have a clear opinion on this matterhave a clear opinion on this matter16%There is a presidential election happening in the US in November 2024.How much There is a presidential election happening in the US in November 2024.How much would the election outcome influence your decision to study in the US?would the election outcome influence your decision to study in the US?47S%Which of the following statements demonstrates your Which of the following statements demonstrates your preferred election outcome?preferred election outcome?Regarding the US presidential election,we collected responses from 62 students who chose the US as their preferred destination(7%of the total responses),primarily from Africa or AsiaAmong these students,a majority(60%)believe the election a majority(60%)believe the election outcome would not influence their decision to study in the US,outcome would not influence their decision to study in the US,while 16%are unsure of its impact23%think the election outcome will moderately or slightly affect their choices to study in the USThere is no significant difference in the preference for election outcomes,with slightly more students(53%)choosing Donald Trump.IDPs US pre-election research(conducted in September 2024)also found a very similar split between the two candidates;however,Kamala Harris recorded a slightly higher preference(51%)among pathway studentsKamala Harris as PresidentKamala Harris as PresidentDonald Trump as PresidentDonald Trump as PresidentCohort:All students whose preferred destination is the US;Note:sample size for this question is n=62 Supported by IDPPost-study plans Post-study plansOver half of the respondents plan to stay in their study destination after completing educationA significant portion of international students view their study destination as a long-term option,either for professional development or continued academic advancement33!%7%Work in study destinationUndertake furtherstudy in studydestinationDont know yetReturn to my homecountry for workWork in another countryWhat do you intend to do,or did you do,after completing your international education?What do you intend to do,or did you do,after completing your international education?Over half of the surveyed students expressed a desire to remain in their study destination after completing their education.Of this group,33%plan to seek employment in the destination country,while 21%aim to pursue further studies.On the other hand,around 18%of students intend to return to their home country,either to work(13%)or to continue their education(5%)Note:only top responses are shown;Cohort:AllSupported by IDPCareer prospects after universityMajority of respondents express strong confidence that NCUK pathways will boost their career prospectsGlobally,nearly nine out of ten students(89%)express confidence in the NCUK pathway and its ability to enhance their career prospects.Of these,39%reported being very confident,while 32scribed themselves as moderately confident”4%729%Not at all confidentNot so confidentModerately confidentVery confidentExtremely confidentHow confident are you that an NCUK How confident are you that an NCUK pathway route will help improve your pathway route will help improve your career prospects after university?career prospects after university?Cohort:All except former NCUK students who did not go on to university Supported by IDPContact usmarketingncuk.ac.ukwww.ncuk.ac.uk|
2024-12-26
32页
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