3CONTENTSForeword4 India&Economy Indian Logistics Industry and Market Overview Indian Express Industry Background and Overview Express Industry Value Chain Express Industry Segmentation DOMESTIC Surface B2B Air B2B B2C/E-commerce Documents OTHER RELATED SUB-SEGMENTS Reverse logistics Retail International Air Railway India Post Key end user segment in Express Industry Growth Drivers of Express Logistics Technology Trend in Express Regulation and Government Support Future Outlook Major Players56151719 2125273132 353840424446Editor&Publisher Tariq AhmedArt Director Shaique AhmadLead-Business DevelopmentGaurav DubeyDirector Sales&Marketing Parminder SinghDisclaimerThis Report has been prepared by Aviral Consulting OPC Pvt Ltd.All information in this report has been derived from the Industry reports,for which reference source have been mentioned.Neither we,nor any other person connected with the report has independently verified this information.This material may contain information sourced from publicly available information.Industry sources,discussions and publications generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources generally believed to be reliable,but that their accuracy,completeness and underlying assumptions are not guaranteed and their reliability cannot be assured.Industry publications are also prepared based on information as of specific dates and may no longer be current or reflect current trends.Aviral Consulting does not independently verify any such sources and is not responsible for any loss whatsoever caused due to reliance placed on information sourced from such sources.In no event shall Aviral Consulting Pvt Ltd or its content providers be liable for any damages whatsoever,whether direct,indirect,special,consequential and/or incidental,including without limitation,damages arising from loss of data or information,loss of profits,business interruption,or arising from the access and/or use or inability to access and/or use content and/or any service available in this report,even if Aviral Consulting Pvt Ltd is advised of the possibility of such loss.Investment and commercial decisions should not be taken only on the basis of illustrations in this report.Nothing in this material creates any contractual relationship between Aviral and reader of report.4 4Logistics is an integral activity for economic growth as it involves the management of flow of goods from the place of origination to the place of consumption.The sector comprises shipping,port operation,warehousing,rail,road,air freight,express cargo and other value-added services.Businesses need logistics services for reaching out to their customers within the tight timelines and delivering products.The express industry,by creating and integrating door to door linkage across domestic and international regions along with shipment tracking facilities,serves the need for time sensitive logistics service.Surface express logistics is the dominant mode of transportation followed by air express in India.Government initiatives to develop infrastructure and implementing new tax regime GST have changed the express logistics business.With the introduction of GST,interstate transportation has become more efficient due to removing multiple taxes in state and central.Logistics sector is likely to get increase in upcoming years.Express Logistics companies in India are moving from traditional set ups towards integration of IT and technology and this is expected to reduce the costs incurred and meet services demands.Governments initiative Make in India is expected to boost the manufacturing sector to 10%growth.EXIM Cargo,Agriculture,textile,auto and auto ancillary etc have been identified as traditional growth drivers to demand for Express&warehouses space in India.Furthermore,booming e-commerce market is major growth driver for Express Logistics.Spurred by policy changes and infra upgrade,the logistics industry is expected to grow at 10-12GR in the near term,improving Indias competitiveness.With a pick-up in demand,the logistics market,pegged at$250 bn,is expected to grow at 10-12GR,to$380 bn by FY25.Joint Foreword from Chair and Co-Chair,ICC Regional Council Mr.Inderdeep Singh Mr.Dheeraj PuriForeword5The Global Economy is expected to expand 4%in the year 2021 after a rough year affected by the pandemic,which resulted in contraction of 4.3%.India is one of the fastest growing economy and is expected to be one of the top three economic powers in the world by 2035 supported by its young demographics and strong democracy.Even though COVID-19 was a huge jolt on the Indian economy,there has been a strong recovery.Indias GDP has contracted by a record 7.3%during 2020-21 as COVID-19 pandemic severely hit the key manufacturing and services segments,as per government projection.Indian economy has shown V shaped recovery in 2021 with the return of consumer confidence,robust financial markets,an uptick in manufacturing and exporters braving it out in the global market with never-say-die spirit.Indias GDP is 2.59 Trillion USD and according to target set by government,GDP is expected to touch 5 Trillion USD by 2025.Indias per capita GDP was a meager 82$in 1960 and today has reached 2100$USD according to World Bank data.INDIA&ECONOMY A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 20226Logistics sector globally has a market size of over USD 5.2 trillion as per a report from IMARC group.On an average,sector accounts for anywhere between 820%in various countrys GDP.Logistics costs in India are higher than those in developed countries.USA spends 9.5 per cent of the GDP on logistics while Germany is even more competitive with a share of eight per cent.Higher logistics costs in India could be ascribed to the lack of efficient inter-modal and multi-modal traditional systems thereby presenting significant future scope for development and efficiency.India has the second-largest population in the world with 1.38 billion people and its logistics market is estimated to be around$210 Billion.The domestic logistics market is growing at a faster pace than the economy and is expected to maintain its CAGR of 8-10%in coming years.As per various reports logistics sector contributes around 13%of GDP.Last decade has witnessed multifold changes in logistics landscape like implementation of GST,improvement in road infrastructure and high degree of automation leading to improvement in logistics efficiency.It is estimated that these reforms have led to around 200 to 300 BPS improvement in overall logistics cost to GDP ratio.Going forward we also expect reduction in it,as a resultant of following facts Fast tracking western DFC and announcing three new DFCs Sagarmala project to promote inland waterway transport Make in India initiative to provide industrial clusters along the key logistic routes Scheduled trains to lower lead time Increase in in-house development of software Usage of RFIDs to real time tracking Tech based security to reduce pilferage Increase focus on services inaddition to time and cost by corporatesLockdown imposed due to COVID-19 was a huge shock on the Indian Economy as well as the Indian logistics Industry.The impact was especially serious for transportation sector in INDIAN LOGISTICSINDUSTRY&MARKET OVERVIEW A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 67the initial few weeks,due to strict restrictions on movement of goods vehicle limiting to only essentials.Logistics sector also faced intense labor crisis in initial months of FY21.However,workforce returned and resumed their respective duties after 2-3 months of lockdown.As lockdowns were lifted across the country,the logistics industry,in cohesion with the economy showed high degree of resilience.In the year of pandemic in FY 21 total cargo volume for Indian railway has registered a growth of 2%in volume and 3%in revenue terms with a load of 1232 Mn ton.After sharp dip in e-way bills generation during April 2020,it witnessed a consistent growth post lockdown and in the month of march FY 21 it touched the ever-highest figure of 71.2 million e-way bills.Similarly in EXIM,international trade suffered significantly because of lockdown around the world and in India as well.But,as the lockdowns were lifted across the world,the total export shipments grew by 60.29%to$34.45 billion in march21 when compared with march20.Also,imports grew by 53.74%to$48.38 billion in march21 when compared with march20.Indian Logistics market for FY 2020 was estimated to be$215 bn in economic survey of 2017-2018,Our research has estimated logistics market to touch$320 bn by 2025.The logistics sector in India can be divided into following categories:1.)Transportation2.)Warehousing3.)Value Added/Other ServicesOut of these components,transportation account for the largest pie.In Indian context out of total logistics cost share of transportation and warehousing is lower compared to developed market like US.This is due to low cost of transportation and high contribution of cost due to wastages&inefficiencies.But the scenarios are changing over times and wastages in logistics cost are getting reduced.pib.gov.inAt present,the logistics market is dominated by road transportation sector and the trend is expected to continue in future.Share of road transportation is around 60%of total cargo movement in terms of tonnage in spite of it being the second costliest mode of transport.Tilt toward surface has increased gradually in last 7 decades.In year 1950 use of rail was around more than 80%in modal mix and which has come down to around 31%in present time.Such a high percentage share of road cargo movement is in contrast with other countries such as China(30%),the US(37%),and Europe(10%).However,lack of speed,multi-modal connectivity,and last-mile reach make other modes significantly less preferable in the near term.050100150200250300350Indias logisitcs market sizeSource:Economic survey FY17-18,Ministry of commerce*Estimate of FY25 by Aviral Research 160FY17FY20FY25P*215320Industry Estimated A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 20228According to a report by McKinsey,wastage caused by inefficiencies contributes to 4.3%of GDP,and,if not corrected,can increase to 5%of GDP or$100Bn.On analyzing BTKM of road vs rail,data clearly indicate faster growth of Road transport with a CAGR of 9.8%in terms of BTKM,while the Rail freight has registered mere CAGR 1.1%in last 10 years.The surface transportation sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 8%thereby becoming the fastest growing area of Indias infrastructure sector(not considering the short-term effects of COVID-19).The revenue of surface Transportation sector is$140*Bn.The transportation sector can be further divided into the following:I.Full Truck LoadII.Part Truck LoadIII.ExpressPercentage Of Modal MixRailways 31%Surface 60%Waterways 8%Air 1%Source:Estimated by Aviral research31%8%1 261287728494Road Freight(BTKM)Source:https:/data.gov.in2000-012005-06CARGO:9.8 15-162010-1105001000150020002500*Industry estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 89We will be dealing with the express segment later on in detail in report.Full Truck Load(FTL):Dedicated truck for point-to-point delivery.Part Truck Load(PTL):Less than truck load is used for transportation of small freight by way of consolidation or when freight doesnt require the use of an entire truck.The FTL market is the major contributor to the Transportation sector.The FTL market in terms of revenue is estimated to be at USD 120 Billion*and is expected to grow at the rate of 7-8%in coming year.There is a high level of competition in the FTL market which has resulted in declining profit margin over the years.The traditional players in the FTL market are facing increasing competition from the tech enabled startups.After the FTL,PTL is the second largest contributor to the Indian Surface transportation sector in terms of revenue.It is estimated to be around$12 Bn and has an annual growth rate of 8-10%.There is a rising demand for Part truck load services across the country.The part truck load business is a complex business compared to FTL and has challenges linked to network and load pattern.In comparison to FTL,there are fewer PTL players with an established network and national presence.The trucking industry is also highly unorganized and fragmented.70%of the truck owners have a fleet of less than five trucks.In last few years a shift has been noticed in FTL segment from unorganized to semi organized sector.In certain scenarios,few small truck owners joined together for adoption of technology and offering a fleet service to organized players.In other scenario,these small fleet owners are getting attached with some large aggregator or service provider as a vendor to them.Although this model commands a small share in overall pie as semi organized market,but trend is getting momentum.Segment shareExpressPart Truck LoadFull Truck LoadSource:Aviral Research90%7%3%*Industry Estimated A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202210India has the worlds fourth largest rail network after US,China,and Russia.Railways after roadways account for second highest percentage of goods moved in terms of volume.As can be seen from the cargo movement-modal mix,railways nearly account for 31%of the entire modal movement across the country.While the railways can be one of the cheapest option in terms of long-distance movement of goods,concerns regarding time sensitivity and safety of the goods remain.Also,there has been an underinvestment in the railways and its share in terms of total freight carried has declined over the years whereas the share of roadways has increased over the years.This is due to the fact that there has been a substantial private investment in commercial vehicles.Whereas in the railways sector,private players are permitted only in container transportation,the Indian railways has a monopoly when it comes to rail network,operation and other infrastructure.In India,passenger trains receive preference on railway routes and as a result,container trains usually end up clocking paltry 25-35 kmph mileage.This is because of the fact that freight trains share the same railway infrastructure as the passenger trains.However,during covid lockdown period,average speed of freight trains increased significantly.With start of Dedicated Freight Corridor(DFC)average speed of freight trains on DFC will be more than double.Improvement in efficiency and reduction in transit time will boost to rail freight market in future.Percentage Share of Indian Railways in Cargo Movements1985-86Source:Aviral Research01020304050452020-21302029-3036RailwayRail freight in BTKM2009-10Source:Ministry of Railways6006702019-20560580600620640660680700720CARG:1.1%A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 1011Waterways account for a total of only 8%of cargo movement in India.Water transportation has a definite edge over other modes,in terms of possessing the highest carrying capacity and being the best suited for long distance carriage of bulky goods at lowest cost.India has a huge coastline of 7517 KM and is surrounded on three sides by the sea.India has in total 11 major and 168 minor/intermediate ports across the country.This creates huge scope for movement of cargo along the Indian coast.There are many advantages of coastal shipping ranging from cost saving to the shipper to reduction of road traffic and carbon emission.According to government,India has witnessed a growth of 11.3%of cargo movement on coastal routes from 2015-16 to 2018-19.The total cargo movement is expected to reach 250 MTPA by 2025.Coastal shipping is ideal for commodities like Petroleum,Oil,lubricant,construction material,dry bulk cargo like food grains,fertilizers,steel,coal and minerals.In order to improve the share of coastal shipping and inland waterways,government has taken several major initiatives,which in turn will increase the share in terms of total modal mix cargo movement.India has approximately 14,500 km of navigable waterways comprising of rivers,canals,backwaters,creeks etc which has significant growth potential,as a mode of transportation.In order to develop this mode Government of India established Inland Waterways Authority of India(IWAI)under Ministry of Shipping in 1986 to develop and regulate the inland waterways for shipping and navigation.Huge investment is being planned to develop National Waterways with nearly 2,000 crore invested in National Waterway-1.Of the three multimodal terminals to be built on the Ganga River under JMVP,the one at Varanasi in UP and Sahibganj in Jharkhand are already operational.Work on the third terminal at Haldia and a new navigation lock at Farakka(both in West Bengal)is on in full swing.Government data shows that cargo movement by IWT has increased to 72.31 mt in fiscal 2019 from 55.03 mt in fiscal 2018 with plans to push it up to 150 mt by 2025.Waterwaysource:http:/sagarmala.gov.in/projects/coastal-shipping-inland-waterways A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202212While the focus has been mostly on-air passenger market in India,air cargo segment is also an important part of Indias growth story.The airways share of the modal mix accounts for less than 2%of the total.The materials which are carried by the air for cargo movement are mostly items which are time sensitive in nature like Pharmaceuticals,Healthcare,Electronics,wireless telephony,and Automotive Spares etc apart from horticulture and perishable.For non-time sensitive cargo movement of goods,airways are not preferred as it is expensive when compared to other modes of transport.The cargo movement by air takes place by following ways:1.)Dedicated Air cargo:These are dedicated freighter for air cargo.2.)Belly Cargo Movement:This movement of cargo usually takes place in the belly of the commercial planesRole of air cargo is very critical due to its efficiency in transit times.In spite of being multiple times costlier than other modes,it proves to inevitable for many product categories.The international air cargo industry is highly organized due to regulations of international body(IATA).More than 75%of the air freight market in India is with organized players.AirwayAir freight in Million Metric Tonnes(mmt)Source:www.aai.aeroFY20140.84DomesticInternationalTotal1.442.281.362.23.561.212.143.351.3323.33FY2018FY2019FY2020 A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 1213The warehousing market in India is estimated to be worth 12 billion USD in 2020 and is growing at a faster pace.The warehousing has attracted more than$6.5 Bn investment since 2017 and market is expected to attract more investment in next 5 years.In terms of land availability for development,warehousing has a potential FSI of 500 mn sq ft across the major 8 cities in India,while existing stock across these cities is 307 mn sq ft.The growth in warehousing market is driven by various factors such as rising share of Indias businesses in the international markets,demand for greater storage,rise in e-commerce businesses,etc.Post GST implementation,companies which had a network of small warehouses due to tax efficiencies,have started shifting and prioritizing larger warehouse in more strategic locations.Warehousing market demand is driven by the growth in manufacturing,retail,FMCG,e-commerce and logistics sectors.Furthermore,supportive government policies such as GST,easy clearances for land,100I,establishment of logistic parks/MMLP and FTWZ are expected to be a major driver for the sector.GST implementation has led to the removal of check points thereby diminishing state boundaries and created a way for setting up large efficient warehouses.3PL and e-commerce are the largest lessors of the warehousing space with more than 60%share.This is in line with the trend of more and more companies outsourcing their non-core business operations to experts and focusing on the core area for faster growth.This trend of outsourcing to 3 PL is expected to continue in future.E-commerce has risen significantly in India over the last 10 years and this unprecedented rise has made e-commerce a major user of the warehousing segment.The 3PL market is estimated to be worth around USD$8 Bn.WarehousingSource:Estimate by Aviral ResearchAuto ComponentEngineeringE-commercePharmaceuticalsFMCG/FMCD/CDOrganised RetailOthersIndustry/sectors contribution in 3PL market2$%5$%Industry EstimateIndia warehousing market report 2020 by Knight Frank A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202214Value Added/Other ServicesAs customer demand for customized product grows,the contribution and importance of value-added services to the overall supply chain also grows.Value added services make the overall supply chain and logistics network smoother and more efficient.Value added/Other services cover range of activities such as custom clearing,Logistics packaging,Inventory management,Material handling equipment,etc.Custom clearing:Today,for international trade and businesses to run efficiently,custom clearing is one of the most important parts of the process.Custom clearing is a complex and time-draining process that requires hefty documentations,co-ordination.However,now a days many established companies and startups are using technological platforms to make the process more simplified.Automation of customs has helped the sector and made the operations simpler.Freight Forwarding:Freight Forwarding is a business of organizing shipments for individuals/corporations to transport materials from manufacturer to overseas customer.The freight forwarder acts as a link between liner and the shipper.Freight forwarder facilitates the process and quotes the rate to the customer after adding his margin.Tech-enabled startups are disrupting the traditional processes.For example,Cogoport,an online logistics marketplace,aggregates ocean and airline freight carriers for exporters as well importers.Cogoport also offers freight comparison of various players that bid through for freight.Thus,customer can select from the different bids according to their suitability.Logistics Packaging:Packaging plays an integral role in the overall supply chain.Proper packaging services are a critical component for the companies before the goods are delivered to the customer.A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 1415The express industry started in the United States in 1850s when the United States Congress sanctioned overland stage route that carried mail and other parcels.In due course,the industry moved out of the United States and became a global industry.As trade increased,the role of the express industry in the global environment grew even more significant.Initially the express delivery mainly comprised of documents and parcel which are high value and low weight items.Subsequently as customer demand for on time delivery increased,the use of express delivery services by other industries also increased.Today the global express market is worth around 225 USD billion and has a CAGR of 4%.(Note:Aviral Research 2020 and 2025 estimated based on growth rate)The international air express market is dominated by large global players.As per few global research,the international air cargo is expected to grow at the rate of 4-5%in next five years.Three key players are as follow:1Deutsche Post AG(DHL):Dalsey,Hillblom and Lynn or DHL was founded in the year 1969,by Adrain Dalsey,Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn,in San Francisco.The company initially began its operation by transporting cargo documents from San Francisco to Honolulu by plane thereby reducing the waiting times in the harbor.Later on,DHL became a wholly owned subsidy of Deutsche Post in 2002.Later on,in 2005,DHL acquired Exel for 5.5 billion euros.Today DHL has expanded to over 220 countries and territories worldwide and has 5,70,000 employees worldwide.The estimated revenue is 66 billion euros.EXPRESS INDUSTRY BACKGROUND&OVERVIEW 198225280050100150200250300FY2016FY2020FY2025Global Express Market in USD BnGlobal Express MarketIndustry Estimated A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022162 United Parcel Service(UPS):UPS was started in 1907 with a$100 loan by Jim Casey and Claude Ryan in seattle.It subsequently expanded into different cities across America and later on in the world.Today,UPS has a network covering over 220 countries and territories and has 4,95,000 employees globally and has a net revenue of over 13 billion USD.3 FedEx Corporation:In 1965,Yale university undergraduate Fredrick W.Smith wrote a paper detailing a system for time-sensitive transportation of shipments such as medicine,computer parts,and electronics.In august 1971,he bought a controlling stake in Arkansas Aviation sales and subsequently,federal express shifted their headquarters to Memphis,Tennessee.Federal Express officially began operation in April,1973.Subsequently,it was renamed FedEx and expanded its operation throughout America and later on in 1988 went global.Today it has a global presence and has an estimated 2,45,000 employees with a net revenue of 17.4 Billion USD in 2020.While India is a very small market in global express industry with less than 2%of the global market size,India has one of the fastest growing express industry.The Indian express industry started in very unorganized way few centuries ago,where traders used to send urgent and high value cargo to destination by Angadia i.e.someone who carriers the high value cargo with him in person.The first organized player to start its operation in India was Government of India itself.Government launched Speed Post in 1980.Subsequently,in 1980s,few international express companies entered the Indian market in joint venture with Indian companies.DHL started operation in India in the year 1979 to help make exports easier for SMEs.Whereas,FedEx started its operation in 1984 in India.TNT had started its services much later in 2006.UPS entered India in the year 2001 with its acquisition of Fritz Inc in 2001.In case of domestic landscape,Gati as a division of TCI was the first player that started express distribution in India by surface mode.Gati started its operation between Madras and Madurai.Almost at the same time,Bluedart started with express services for documents.Later on,Bluedart entered the air cargo and surface express distribution services.As market size and scope for growth kept on increasing,other players such as Safexpress entered the market.According to our research,the industry registered CAGR of close to 15%to reach USD 5.5 Bn in 2020.FY 21 witnessed a dip in momentum of growth due to pandemic.The surface express industry accounts for 3%of the total surface transportation market.However,in future this segment is expected to maintain the momentum of growth at more than 15%per annum.The Indian Express industry is fragmented and has an estimated 1000 active players.There are around 15 major players in the domestic express market.The rest are a combination of small and INDIAN EXPRESS MARKETIndustry Estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 1617medium sized players.In case of domestic express business,most of the players are home grown and some of them have been acquired by global logistics players.However,as compared to Full Truck Load and Part Truck Load industry,express industry is highly organized.Large players contribute to around 75%of the market while the rest is a combination of medium and small sized players.This model of express logistics is Hub and Spoke.Consignments are picked up from the shipper via a local pickup vehicle and are unloaded at the nearby branch.Branches subsequently ship consignments to nearby transshipment hub.At transshipment hub sorting and lane wise consolidation takes place.These transshipment hubs connect consignment to next hub as per route.From there the materials are connected according to the delivery branches.Finally,from branch it gets delivered.The movement of goods from consignor to local branch and delivery branch to consignee is termed as first mile and last mile respectively,local branch to hub/hub to delivery branch is called feeder lane whereas the hub-to-hub movement is termed as linehaul movement.While most large players in the industry have their own network of branches and hubs,some players have grown with the help of franchisee model at branch level.Most large players have their own networks,well governed operations and strong use of technology.EXPRESS INDUSTRY VALUE CHAINSemi/UnorganizedOrganized PlayersShare of organized players in the Express Industry75%Source:Industry Estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202218In case of air express,the hubs are usually located in the vicinity of the airport.Very few large players have their own freighter fleet,whereas small players usually rely on belly cargo for movement of materials.Most of the players in the surface express transport segment give contracts to third party vendors for local delivery/local pickup.The middle mile hub to hub movement is done by trucks attached by these companies on long term contracts.However,in some cases,even this middle mile transportation is completely outsourced.In addition to collection,transportation and delivery,the companies also provide value addition services such as packaging,storage,deferred delivery and reverse pickup.On a competitive landscape,framework of express industry is highly competitive with moderate entry barriers and moderate risk of substitution.The risk of substitution is moderate due to 2 factors:One due to consolidation of loads to FTL and other from semi organized Part load players.The express industry value chain for surface is usually as follows:CompetitiveIntensity:HighEntryBarrier:ModerateBuyers Power:HighSupplier Power:WeakSubstitutionThreat:ModerateConsigneeConsignorFirst/Last mile branchFirst/Last mile branchTranshipment hubTranshipment hub A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 1819Express industry can be segmented in various ways based on mode of transportation(Air or Surface),nature of shipment(Dox&Non Dox),based on end usage customer(B2B&B2C)segment etc.For the purpose of this report,we have considered segmentation as follows:As shown in segmentation chart,International/cross border is by Air mode only,as cross border express transportation does not take place by ocean or surface mode.Domestic express is further divided in four sub categories,some of which are overlapping.The market size of domestic express transportation is approx.$4.5 Bn.Express market is most organized and highly competitive segment in domestic transportation industry.The segment has grown in last 4 decades,out of which First 3 decades witnessed growth of B2B express logistics and courier segment but last decade witnessed drastic change in express segment.With growth in e-commerce and penetration of internet,B2C segment busted like anything and registered so high growth that in a single decade it surpassed market size of B2B domestic express market.On the other hand,courier segment saw steep decline.The major players of the organized industry are as follows:Gati-KWE Safexpress TCI-Express Blue Dart Spot OnThese above five mentioned companies account for a total of 55%-60%of the Surface Express Industry.In terms of revenue above players have 700 Cr to 3000 CR per Annum annual revenue from Express domain.While some other players having lesser revenue in domestic express market are:EXPRESS INDUSTRY SEGMENTATIONExpress Industry DivisionDomesticInternationalAirDocumentAir B2BB2C/E-commerceSurface B2B A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202220 Scorpion Express V-ExpressIn terms of product portfolio,Blue dart has the best modal mix in domestic express and is dominant player in Air mode,While Safexpress is dominant player in Surface express segment Apart from above,many B2C players like delhivery,Ecom Express and Xpressbee started their services post e-com evolution.All these companies started as e-com delivery company with quite focus on tech enablement and later entered in B2B segment as well.While a new age company Rivigo entered to disrupt full truck market as express trucking and later entered in express delivery segment.The new emerging companies are giving a tough competition to the existing set of large established players.Rivigo Delhivery E-com Express XpressbeesApart from these there are many new express delivery companies like Dunzo,Wefast,Dotzot,Wow express,etc.Among the large players,India post has the highest coverage of pin-codes.However,other players are also catching up fast with huge investments in network infrastructure.The medium and small players in the express segment are focusing and forming their own niche in the market.In the niche segment,some players only cater to certain industry segments such as perishable products or chemicals while some others are trying to be a strong in a geographical region.NEW AGE PLAYERS(Entered the Market post 2010)A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 2021The Business-to-Business segment of the express industry currently dominates the domestic surface express transportation.Market size of B2B surface express segment is around 1.75 Bn USD and is expected to touch USD 3 Billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 15%.As the overall business landscape got more and more competitive,customers are looking for more value-added services along with on-time and full delivery.In B2B segment,selection of suppliers also depends on multiple factors like lead time,service levels and cost.In surface mode average time of delivery of goods is always higher than Air mode but the price differential is phenomenal.In order to bridge the time gap some companies has introduced surface express products with reduced transit time compared to normal.Transit time depends on the distance but on a national level its around 3 days.The B2B Express surface transport is composed of organized as well as unorganized/semi-organized companies.Over the period of time share of organized players have kept on increasing and it is around 69%as of now.Across this segment we find regional load imbalance.In terms of surface load origin,North India is the biggest market,followed by West and South respectively.The East Indian market is still at a weak market and has a lot of potential for growth.The pattern of load origin is highly in sync with large and SME manufacturing concentration in the regions.The percentage-wise distribution of the same is as follows:Surface B2B segmentUnorganized31i%OrganizedB2BSurface Express Industry34%7&3%Regional business distribtuiton(In weight)NorthWestSouthEastRegional spread&Network A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202222Due to differential in load volumes across regions,various long-haul lanes have significant load imbalance.In such a scenario network optimization become a very critical factor.West-North,West-South and North to South are high volume lanes,while lanes towards east are most imbalancedEven within a region B2B Express load origin and destination are having area-specific concentration,which is dependent on industrial cluster and consumption centers.i.e:Eastern part of India is contributing very less in manufacturing or industrial activities,but its a significantly large consumption center.As per estimate,the East contributes only 6-7%of volume generation for express industry,but its contribution in delivery volume is around 16-17%.Accordingly,logistics companies build their networks to cater the demand and supply.In express industry,most of the volume is contributed by interzone booking.The segment become least competitive for short distance lanes.So,the volume contribution of short lanes/within state is minimal.Many a times,its also non-competitive in terms of transit time as material flows through hub and spoke model,while unorganized sector provides direct connectivity in a better way.As per estimate Interzonal business contribution hovers around 70%by volume for surface express industry.Indicative representation of Load imbalanceRed:high Volume laneBlue:Low Volume lane*Thickness of line indicates volume on the lane A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 2223As detailed in earlier section,express logistics work on Hub and spoke model.Normally a national surface express provider has 15-32 major hubs spread across geography catering to 250-750 branches.As per requirement,each player has customized their network as some have developed mini hubs in addition to major hubs.Most of the major service providers have reach across all pin codes in India.Express logistics transportation delivers value in terms of time and safe handling of product verses conventional transportation.Very high time sensitive shipment uses air mode,while other time sensitive material requiring relatively faster delivery in order to drive efficiency through reduced TAT,uses surface express mode for logistics.Although almost every industry uses express logistics service but the quantum of usage varies significantly.Some of the major users of this service include Apparel,Pharma,Auto,ecommerce and electronics.Pharmaceuticals and Auto has been major contributor to Express logistics since beginning.In pharmaceuticals sector express logistics is not used for bulk transfers from plant to CFA/regional distribution center,instead it is used in shipping of smaller volume stock transfer,inter depot transfer and physician sample.In automobile sector express mode is not for logistics of finished vehicle transportation,instead its more for aftermarket spare movements.Express logistics usage in apparel industry has increased in last decade with the growth of multi brand and single brand retail industry,wherein apparel companies utilize express service to directly ship the products to retail outlets.Volume contribution from e-commerce players have seen a steep jump in express logistics.Its premaritally a stock transfer from one distribution center to other distribution center.AhmedabadIndore,Dewas&PithalpurGreater MumbaiBarodaHyderabadPune(Including Ranjangaon,Baramati&Kurkumbh)Vapi&SuratBangaloreBaddi&NalagharKolkata&HowrahDelhi NCRLudhianaJAIPURChennai&SriperumbudurGhaziabad,Meerut&NoidaMAJOR LOAD ORIGINATING CLUSTERS THAT HAVE A LOAD OF GREATER THAN 1000 TON/MONTH ARE AS FOLLOWS:INDUSTRY VERTICAL A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202224On the other hand,industry that has very high volume and low value products does not use express distribution i.e:FMCG.Even in case of very high value and moderate volume,express is not preferred over dedicated transportation mode.1 Reduced Transit time:As businesses aim for the next level of growth,improving service level plays a critical role in it.Road infrastructure of country has improved year over year in last decade.This has resulted in reduction of overall transit time of express cargo.Now a days an express vehicle with double driver covers around 850 Km per day,which used to hover around 650 Km per day in past.Even the similar trends of improvement in travel speed have been registered in other segments like FTL.2 Network Reach:The reach of the express players is no longer a differentiator i.e.it has become a Hygiene.This is because a lot of companies have expanded their network so as to improve efficiency of business operations.Now more focus is moving to rural area reach for deliveries especially due to e-commerce rise.Trends in B2B express logistics13%6%EngineeringElectricals15%Auto4%FMCG5%Electronics13%Apparel&lifestyle14%Pharma,Healthcare&Chemical4%FMCD10%E-com/Modern Retail16%OthersIndustry wise contribution in Express logistics FY20 A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 24253 Information Availability:Initially information availability such as delivery status,parcel tracking,payment status,etc.formed a major difference between top players and others.However,now all the companies have adopted various IT solutions that provide information to their customers i.e.just like Network reach,it has become a hygiene and is no longer a major differentiator.Now industry is moving to proactive information and alerts,instead of only sharing the current status.4 Cost Optimization:Competition has increased in the B2B express segment as new entrants are entering the market due to good growth prospects.On the other hand,companies that utilize the express services are looking for cheaper alternatives.This has negatively impacted the margins of various B2B express service providers.Because of the competition and margin reductions,companies are continuously focusing to optimize their processes to reduce the cost.Thus,cost optimization has become a major factor for companies.5 Service Quality:Companies are increasingly focusing on improving their service quality level.So as to cater to this demand,companies are investing not only in expanding their reach but also in automation,process standardization,training and development,thereby fulfilling their customer expectations.6 Outsourcing non-core activities:There is growing trend of businesses outsourcing their non-core areas such as logistics to specialized players.This is done so that companies can focus on their core business activity and grow faster.7 Integrated offering:Logistics service providers are increasingly offering integrated services to their clients.Under single integrated umbrella supply chain services range from warehousing,value added services to transportation.In this journey of integrated express logistics have played a vital role in delivering on time delivery and supported growth of warehousing industry,especially post GST when companies went for their distribution network optimization.This trend is expected to continue in future.The domestic air express business-to-business segment is used by corporates to deliver materials which are extremely time sensitive or perishable in nature.The average time of delivery of goods is 1-2 days depending on location or sector.As per data released by Airport Authority total domestic lodgment in FY 20 was 13.25 Lakh tones.Volumes of Air mode is very small compared to surface in domestic express segment.Air express services is mostly used by specific industries having high value and time sensitive products,such as consumer electronics,cold chain pharmaceutical and medical equipments,e-commerce,auto spare parts,Life style products,Perishables and IT Hardware.The total domestic B2B air express segment today is worth about 0.4 USD Bn(Door-to-door)*and is growing at a CAGR of 7-8%Air B2B segment A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202226In air cargo movement by air linehaul takes place by two ways as Dedicated Air freighter and Belly Cargo.In air B2B segment,the service offerings are in two ways:Door to Door(D2D)Port to Port(P2P)Industry which are using air freight services are:Pharma Automotive Hi-tech Perishable Fashion Engineering High value commodityMajority of volumes moved on P2P basis,which has not been considered as part of express domain in this study.*Only door to door has been considered as express cargo in this reportBlue Dart being the early entrant along with strong captive linehaul capacity dominates the market.While other players are far behind in terms of market share.Blue dart has scheduled departure from major cities,on the other hand most of other players uses belly space of commercial flights for connectivity.Second player having dedicated freighter in domestic sector is SpiceXpress,which uses a combination of freighter and belly capacity.Few years back,SpiceXpress also started door to door service,but its first and last mile capabilities are far lower than market leader.As per Industry reports Indigo is also planning to deploy air freighter for air cargo.Even though Port-to-port has a greater share in terms of overall market size,the overall yield in port to port is much lesser as compared with Door-to-door services.In the Door-to-door segment,some of the major players are as follows:Blue Dart SpiceXpress Gati KWE Safexpress Om Logistics TCI Express SD CargoOut of total domestic lodgment,west zone has the highest volume,closely followed by Northern part Door 2 DoorPort 2 PortAir Cargo35e%*Industry estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 2627of country.East has lowest share.Regional share pattern of air lodgment is quite aligned to surface express load pattern.Similarity in both data clearly indicate the industrial/manufacturing pattern.The rise of E-commerce not only in India but across the world is a story in itself.It has provided customers the option of buying items at the tip of their fingers and has increased customer convenience.Even though E-commerce companies initially burnt a lot cash to grow faster,it has resulted in major shift in consumer behavior.Consumers now prefer to buy things online as they can get wide variety of options rather than going to various stores which cost money and travelling time.E-commerce has also resulted in rise of omnichannel retailing,i.e.businesses connect with their customers or potential customers through various social media,email,website,etc.In this day of social media,if something goes viral,then first place customers search for the product is on E-commerce websites.If customer finds the product unsatisfactory,they can return the product without paying any charges.Customers are more informed about the product before buying online and possess higher service expectations.This overall ability of buying at the click of hand and getting it on time as required by the customer has resulted in increased efficiency in backend supply chain.Increasing internet penetration,rise in digital payments and ease of government rules and regulations with regards to selling online are some of the major reasons for the rise in E-commerce.The E-commerce industry is estimated around USD 30 Bn in 2019 and is expected to cross USD 100 Bn by 2025 growing at CAGR of more than 25%.The contribution of B2C segment in the domestic express industry is likely to increase further in the future owing to faster growth in e-commerce.East12%West32%North31%SouthRegional Lodgement sharesource:www.aai.areo;Analysis:Aviral Research35C Segment/E-commerce A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202228As the E-commerce industry grows,the B2C express services are bound to grow.In e-commerce business,turnaround time,from order to receipt of product,is most critical factor for buyers and has impact on decision making.Any delay in delivery leads to cancellation of orders.Such factors have led to use of express delivery network for the e-commerce transactions.Apart from forward delivery,return has also been a challenge for e-commerce industry.In e-commerce,return accuracy and on time pickup are also very important,wherein express industry provides better solution than conventional players.This phenomenon has resulted in rapid growth of B2C express logistics.For B2C delivery,initially e-commerce companies preferred air express services for prompt delivery as the adequate infrastructure of distribution centers was not in place.However,as time went by companies cut reliance on expensive air express services and started using surface express services more and more.Over the time major e-com players have also built network of distribution centers to optimize logistics cost.The E-commerce rise was primarily driven by two major players:Amazon and Flipkart and both the companies have created captive logistics companies as well.However,many E-commerce players have come up such as Jiomart,Grofers,etc.As can be seen in the graph,the highest delivery is done of lifestyle products followed by electronics.In order to understand the complicated operations of e-commerce,it is important to understand the value chain of the e-commerce transportation.Below is the diagram that is the value chain of the e-commerce.33%Electronics8%Food&Grocery5%Furniture37%LifestyleProducts37%OthersE-commerce Landscape-Category distributionIndustry Estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 2829The product is ordered by the customer online and the company picks it up from the seller/retailer/fulfillment center.From there,the shipment is brought to nearby collection center.From the hub,the product is transported to the Hub/Warehouse.This process of shipping of product from the seller/retailer or fulfillment center depends on the marketplace/inventory model of e-commerce company.Then the product is shipped to hub which is nearest to the receivers location.This transportation takes place via the air/surface and is known as middle mile logistics.The final movement of product from the delivery center to the receiver/retailer is known as last mile logistics.Companies today are increasingly outsourcing their logistics operation to experts which helps them to not only efficiently manage the logistics but also help them focus on their core business area.This is one of the major trends contributing to the rise of express logistics services.Both the major players of e-commerce retail have started captive logistics company to handle the majority of volumes generated by them.Currently in-house(captive)logistics arms of large retailers execute the most shipments,followed by E-commerce focused logistics service providers(LSPs)and traditional LSPs.Captive logistics arm of Amazon and Flipkart handles more than 50%volume of e-commerce shipments.Apart from these 2 captive players,there are many new age tech enabled startups that are catering this demand.Out of numerous e-commerce logistics startups,few like Delhivery,Ecom Express,Xpressbees are performing exceptionally well.Other players include some established major like Blue Dart&Gati along with numerous startups like Wowxpress,Shadowfax,etc A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022FIRST MILEMARKETPLACE MODELINVENTORY MODELSORTACTIONFulfillment CenterFULFILLMENTDELIVERY CENTERHOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISE SELLERSMULTI-MODALLINE HAULLAST MILEHUBHUB30There is an overall shift in category of items sold online.i.e.when e-commerce started,items having weight in the category of 0-3 kg were major items sold online.While that category still holds the major share of the items sold,the goods sold in the 3-7 kg category and 7 kg category are rising faster.1.)Demand increase from smaller towns:With the increase in penetration of internet,ecommerce business has also witnessed a trend of growth from smaller cities and rural market.As per estimate by 2025,more than 50%volume will be from tier 2 and smaller towns and gradually with growth contribution of tier 1 and metro town will go down to 33%by 2030.2.)Substantial investment in e-commerce logistics&warehousing:With the rapid increase in demand,e-com logistics sector has attracted phenomenal investment to create infrastructure.Most of the investment is to create distribution center at key locations along with developing capabilities to improve first mile and last mile operation.3.)Reduction in COD(Cash on Delivery):Consumers now prefer to pay through various online methods such as net banking,credit card,debit card,etc.Also,there are various startups that provide online payment services such as Paytm,PhonePe,etc.Various E-commerce companies tie up with this online payment companies so as to provide*Excluding Grocery segment WEIGHT OF SHIPMENTCATEGORY-A0-3 KGCATEGORY-B3-7 KGCATEGORY-C7 KG 86%2%EXAMPLESSHIPMENT SHARESHIPMENT PROFILETrends in B2C*Industry Estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 3031customers with different options.Also,there are various schemes ranging from cashback to coupons that consumers can avail using online payment option.Therefore,the use of cash for payments is reducing.4.)Reduction in RTO(Return to Origin):Initially when e-commerce companies started their operations,there were a lot of return to origin i.e.RTO.This was due to various reasons such as unavailability of customers on the day and time of delivery,wrong address,etc.However,now e-commerce logistics players often give the options of selecting the delivery date and time to the consumer so that there wont be any problem.Also,since the use of online payment has increased,if the customers are not home then the delivery person may leave the parcel as per instructions.5.)Service level improvement:Due to rise in internet across the India,the use of E-commerce has increased significantly across rural towns and Tier-3 and Tier-4 areas.In order to cater to this demand,companies have started setting up regional fulfillment centers.This in turn has resulted in faster delivery of goods to customers due to decrease in transportation time,thereby resulting in improved service levels.The document segment was initially the largest segment under domestic express services.It was mainly used by industries such as BFSI,telecom,etc.to dispatch important documents.However,with the rise in email and internet penetration,the usage of the express services for document has decreased considerably as companies now pass on the important information digitally to the consumers.This downward trend is expected to continue in the future.On National landscape now there are only 2 major players Blue Dart&DTDC,rest of the players are primarily regional player like Professional,Shri Maruti courier,etc.Document A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202232Retail Logistics:Retail in logistics is cash and carry business,which means logistics services on Paid/To Pay basis.Normally retail consist of those customer segment,who are having less frequent dispatches i.e.:Individual,SME or trader.This concept prevails in B2B express logistics to a large extent.In B2C e-commerce logistics retail segment is very small exist as most of the shippers have large shipping volumes with a high frequency.In document segment a small segment of profitable retail segment exists.Blue Dart and DTDC are major players in C2C retail segment,with a good network of booking points across country.This segment is highly important for express logistics service providers,as it requires least working capital involvement with higher per unit rate realization for similar type of services.Only difference is that it requires deeper reach of channel and higher on street sales efforts.Most of the B2B express service providers have dedicated front end team to handle this business vertical.In revenue terms,contribution of retail is around 25%in domestic organized express market.With unorganized/semi organized players share of retail is more than this.In domestic express market,retail segment is dominated by Gati,Safexpress and TCI express.In spite of being pandemic year,Indias merchandise trade stood at USD 686 bn*with a double digit degrowth.Post pandemic its bouncing back sharply.In EXIM trade of India majority of volume flow through Ocean mode,which is not part of express logistics domain.Volume share of Air cargo is relatively very small.As per the data released by Airport Authority of India Ltd international air cargo for year 2019-2020 stood a 2.003 million metric ton.Air cargo volume has more share in Exports.Exports volume are almost 1.5 times of import volumes.Data base of 2018 lodgment&retrieval from Indian airports Nature of International Air cargo industry is highly organized due to regulations of international body(IATA).In India more than 75%of the international air cargo market is organized.Air freight market from India is estimated at US$1 billion.Global multinationals also have significant share in international freight market as opposed to very small share of domestic freight market.Some of the prominent players in Air freight are:OTHER SUBSEGMENTS OF EXPRESS LOGISTICSAir Freight Million Metic Ton*0.00.51.01.52.02.5FY 20FY 15Cagr:5.3%International Air*Industry estimate Aviral Research*Source:Department of Commerce A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 3233DSV Air&SeaDHL Global ForwardingKuehne NagelDB SchenkerExpeditors InternationalGeodisHellmannReverse logistics has become a critical part of the B2C/e-com logistics segment.This is due to the fact that e-commerce companies provide their customers with the option of returning the product.Customer may decide to return the product for various reasons ranging from defective to unsatisfactory.Companies that dont provide the option of returning the goods will be left behind as customers prefer to buy products from companies that provide the option of easy and no-question returns.Managing reverse logistics is a complex task in itself.In case of reverse challenges pertain to pickup timings,on time communication to pick up person,packaging of products etc.In reverse logistics as well,companies have to make sure that the efficiency as good as the forward logistics.B2C logistics players have done considerable automation to make reverse logistics smooth.The customer-to-customer logistics market is,at present,very small and unorganized.It is a high margin segment,however demand for it is very miniscule as compared with the B2B and B2C market.Also,in order to set up a C2C business,the initial investment is relatively high to setup complete channel.However,there is an increasing trend of new age companies such as Wefast,PIDGE,etc.who specialize in delivering goods same day within city radius.They also have an option of selecting the time and place of delivery according to the customers convenience.Moreover,they deliver all type of parcels,ranging from retail stores,restaurants,etc.On the other end,document segment of C2C is almost dying due to better technological communication tools adoption by masses.Railways have never been considered as alternate mode in express logistics and barring few couriers service provider dependence on railways was almost zero for express logistics.But in later stage some of e-commerce logistics companies started using railways for middle mile leg.Historically railways had parcel service,wherein shipments are connected through SLR/VPU attached with passenger trains.Speed of transportation of this mode was always higher than road network,but the absence of first and last mile network along with poor EXIM Share in Air CargoImport40%Export60%Source AAI-International CargoReverse logisticsC2CRail mode in Express Logistics A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202234operational efficiencies never made railways as one of the options for express logistics.For the smaller parcels and faster transit railways has dedicated parcel section within it.But over past few years parcel segment witnessed continuous decline in revenues.Source:https:/community.data.gov.in/In FY 21 railways also introduced a new concept to run parcel trains,just like passenger trains,with a fixed time-table.These trains have become immensely popular among both long-distance and short-distance transporters for being cost-effective and time-efficient.N F Railway has operated 355 such parcel trains during May-June 2020 alone carrying more than 1.1lakh quintals of goods,generating Rs 5 Crore as revenue.Indian Railway is now planning to provide End-to-end Logistic Services in parcel business by gradually moving away from leasing of parcel space in trains to private operators with introduction of on-line booking of parcel space in trains of choice(on first-come-first-serve basis)at pre-determined freight rates.To achieve this railway has launched revamped Parcel Management System(PMS)with advanced features such as user-friendly online booking,status updation of packages through GPRS network,transmission of data from hand held mobile devices through scanning of barcodes etc.With such initiative Railways may register its presence in express logistics market and capture some market share.India Post is the organization to bring express delivery in India for documents,later in 2013 it introduced express parcel services.Later in 2018,it merged its express parcel service with business parcel services for shipments having weight more than 2 Kg.In terms of reach India Post is having clear lead with more than 155000 post offices,out of which 89%are in rural areas.In spite of immense coverage of India post,its share in express logistics(non docs)is still very low.India post has enough headroom to grow in express parcel business.Amazon and few others companies have tied up with India Post for tier 2 and beyond deliveries.Even on global landscape various e-commerce companies have tied up with respective Government Postal Agencies for delivery.Rail Parcel Revenue in Crores25002000150010005000FY 17FY 18FY 19FY 201911161914481749 A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 3435Usage of mode of transportation is dependent on various factors like time sensitivity,cost,security of shipment,lot size etc.even within an industry,the differentiation in mode depends on the type of material i.e.:RM,FG and spares.We see a clear industry wise trend in usage of express industry.1.Auto and Auto componentIndia is 4th largest automobile market in the world.In past 4 years(FY 16-FY20)automobile industry grew to 26.36 million vehicles being manufactured.Export growth rate in the same period has been much higher than the domestic growth rate in the same period.This industry has favorable ecosystem in India,where on one side rising young middle-income group is pulling up and on the other side,Government is aiming to make India as Global manufacturing hub.Along with Auto,Auto component industry has also grown by a CAGR of approx.6%in same period to reach approx.US$48 billion.Automobile and Auto component put together creates significant contribution to GDP and employment.With the introduction of Electric Vehicles,several technology and automotive companies have expressed interest and/or made investments into the India EV space and EV market is expected to be US$7 billion market by 2025.As per budget 2021 declaration,introduction of vehicle scrap policy and complete fitness check after 15 and 20 years for private and commercial vehicles respectively will result in additional growth from replacement of old vehicles.Manufacturing activities of Auto and Auto component is spread across five major clusters:Chennai-Hosur-Bangalore,Mumbai-Pune-Nashik,Delhi-Faridabad,Kolkata-Jamshedpur and Ahmedabad-Sanad.This industry spends approx.5%of revenue on supply chain and most of the spent is done on transportation.Auto industry contributes significant quantum of business to Express industry.Finished product segment does not contribute to express logistics segment as most of the movement is done through Full truck load in domestic markets and by ocean shipping in case of exports,but some part of OEM business and major part of aftermarket spares moves through Express mode.As per the research by Aviral consulting,Auto component contribute approx.15%in domestic B2B express market.Growth of auto and auto component market will boost the growth of Express Industry.2.PharmaceuticalsIndian pharmaceutical sector is expected to grow to US$100 billion by 2025.Today India is largest manufacturing hub of pharmaceuticals,which supplies 80%of global demand of antiviral drugs,50%of global vaccines market.Indian pharmaceuticals and bio technology market is estimated at USD 36 billion including domestic and exports,out of which USD16 billion is exports.KEY END USE SECTORS IN INDIAN EXPRESS INDUSTRY Industry Estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202236Pharmaceuticals market is expected to grow in lower double digit CAGR in next 5 years.Indias biotechnology industry comprising biopharmaceuticals,bio-services,bio-agriculture,bio-industry,and bioinformatics is expected grow at an average growth rate of around 30%YOY.Pharmaceutical industry is also a key user of express logistics industry.For normal stock transfers and domestic sales,use of express is minimal,but its substantially high in case of API,exports,medical devices and samples.As per estimates,pharmaceutical industry contributes around 16%of domestic and international B2B express logistics.Physician Samples&API are major segment in domestic surface movement,while devices,clinical samples&cold chain products are prominent in movement by air.Rapid growth of biotechnology-based products will further push more usage of express logistics.3.Consumer Durable(FMCD,consumer electronics and Appliances)Indian appliance and consumer electronics market is estimated to be worth US$11 billion in 2019.Appliances and consumer electronics industry is expected to double in next 6 year by 2025.The Government is making strong efforts for growth of this sector under make in India initiative and has allowed 100I under the automatic route in Electronics Systems Design and Manufacturing sector.FDI into single brand retail has been increased from 51%to 100%.As per industry estimates,logistics spend of this industry is around 5%of revenue of the industry.In the supply chain of electronics,raw material is sourced from various location and connected to plant.Finished goods distribution is made through hub and spoke model,in which role of CFA is quite prominent.So,use of express industry is product specific i.e.:in distribution of high value products,express logistics use is higher than in heavy or low value product categories.In Post GST scenario,use of express has increased marginally.As per industry estimates consumer durable,electronics and appliance contribute around 14%share in express B2B logistics.4.Textile(Apparels/Non apparels)Indias textiles industry contributed 13%of the industry production in FY20.It contributed 2.3%to the GDP of India and employed more than 45 million people in FY20.The textiles and apparel industry can be broadly divided into two segments-yarn and fiber and processed fabrics and apparel.The domestic textiles and apparel market was estimated at US$100 billion in FY19.As per industry estimates,sector is expected to grow at CAGR of 12%.As per industry estimates logistics spend of this industry is around 2%of revenue of textile industry.Use of express cargo in textile industry is dependent on sub category.In case of yarn and fabric,textile companies do not use express logistics due to price sensitivity except for very insignificant volume of samples.While in case of apparel use of express logistics is relatively high.In case of seasonal fashion clothing dependence on express mode is much higher.Textile/Apparel/non apparel contribution in B2B express logistics is around 13%.With the growth of organized retail and increasing disposable incomes,spend on express segment by textile industry is expected to grow further.Industry Estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 36375.E-commerceE-commerce is the fastest growing industry of present era.Growth of the industry has changed the landscape of express industry as well.Post evolution of e-commerce segment,B2C express logistics has become bigger than B2B express logistics.E-commerce industry is estimated to be at US$30 billion in FY 2020.As per industry estimate e-commerce market has grown at the CAGR of 29%in last 4 years and expected to grow at CAGR of 27%in next 4 years in terms of GMV,while in terms of shipment volumes growth is expected to be higher than this.Over period of time,penetration of e-commerce has increased in rural markets and it is estimated that contribution of tier 3 and other rural markets has reached to 45%.E-commerce industry has also another unique feature i.e.its 75%market is captured by 2 major players Flipkart and Amazon and is expected to grow further.Apart from these two there are certain niche players like Netmeds,1Mg,Nykaa etc.Both the major players have their own captive logistics arm to manage end to end logistics,including express.Growth of e-commerce has helped in emergence of new companies in B2C logistics like Delhivery,e-com express.It has also helped in terms of volume to B2B players by way of outsourcing of specific activities of its value chain like first mile from vendor to Fulfillment center(FC)and FC to FC transfer.Growth of e-commerce is going to boost express delivery in a significant way.6.BFSIBFSI sector is not a rising star for express logistics sector.Increased use of digitization has drastically reduced need of express logistics for the sector.As of now only statutory document as per rule of land move through express/courier.In days to come this requirement will further reduce.Industry Estimate A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202238Post-covid,the IMF has projected a 9.5%growth rate for India in FY 22.Out of all the major economies in the world,India is the only major economy expected to have a such high growth in FY 22.Increasing consumption and growth of various businesses is expected to be one of the major drivers of the express industry growth in India.Growth of industry verticals like electronics,retail,automobile give higher boost to growth of express logistics.Historic trends also indicate that higher the growth rate of economy leads to much higher growth rate of express logistics.The rise in e-commerce,as mentioned in the report before,is an incredible story in itself to say the least.The rise in e-commerce was fueled by growth in internet penetration and digital payments infrastructure across the country.Initially,the e-commerce activity was mainly related to major metro cities and urban centers,however over the past couple of years,e-commerce activity in the tier-2 and tier-3 cities as well as various towns spread across the country,has become the major driver in growth of express industry.The consumer expectations of shorter delivery time,smooth return policy and cheaper pricing has also resulted in increasing competition not only amongst various e-commerce firms but also across various industries.This has resulted in increasing pricing competition amongst different express industry players as companies focus on finding diverse means of reducing their logistics cost.With the rise in competition,value-added services have become a necessity as against a luxury service provided by clients to their customers.The value-added services include picking,packaging,MIS reports,analytics service,mobile updates and online GPS enabled tracking,e-mail alerts among others.As the competition in the express industry increases,value added services are expected to play an ever increasing and important role in future growth of various companies.This initiative was launched by Government of India to encourage companies to manufacture in India and incentivize dedicated investments into manufacturing.Also,COVID-19 has displayed that lack of diversified supply chain can have a devastating effect on the entire business.Hence,many companies are exploring and planning to shift their manufacturing from China to other countries.India,is expected GROWTH DRIVERS AND FUTURE POTENTIALEconomic GrowthE-commerce and changing consumer behaviorValue-Added ServicesMake In India A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 3839to be one of the major beneficiaries of this shift along with countries such as Vietnam,Bangladesh,etc.India has an advantage because like China,it is a developing country with a large labor workforce.Also,the Indian government has proposed production linked incentive schemes(PLI)for various industries to support and bring more companies to India.For example,recently,iPhone maker Apples contract manufacturers,as well other firms such as Samsung,Lava and Dixon have proposed to produce mobile devices and components of over Rs 11 trillion in next five years under the PLI scheme.This will result in increasing demand for express Industry and thereby result in employment as well as wealth generation.Infrastructure is one of the key factors responsible for the growth of the logistics industry in India.Because of infrastructure,the logistics cost in India are often higher as compared with other developed countries.To address these problems,NHAI(National Highways Authority of India)aims to develop 65,000 Km of National Roadways under the Bharatmala programme.This road network transports 64.5%of all goods in the country and 90%of Indias total passenger traffic uses road network to commute.Road transportation has gradually increased over the years with improvement in connectivity between cities,towns and villages in the country.Also,in order to improve the air connectivity,government has launched on the UDAAN scheme and the ministry of civil aviation focus is to make India the largest overall market by 2030.Government is also creating a network of 35 multi-modal logistics park.As for the railways,government is working on commissioning of the Eastern and western dedicated freight corridor by 2022.In todays day and age companies often look upon overall business cost as against the old premise of monitoring only transportation cost and sending parcels via Full Truck Load to reduce the transport cost.With new business practices such as Just in Time,minimum inventory maintenance gaining ground,companies now often use express services to deliver according to customer requirements and maintain minimal/zero inventory.This modern-day business philosophies are expected to be one of the major growth drivers of the express industry for future.Logistics InfrastructureAdoption of agile Business Practices A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202240Companies are innovating as the need for express services expands from the traditional parcel services to cater to the needs of e-commerce companies.There is a huge scope for implementation of various technologies that will not only help to cut cost but will also result in higher customer satisfaction.Currently express companies are not going for monolith architecture of IT platform,instead preference is for modular architecture.IT applications serves 3 major functions:customer interface,operations and analytics.Information technology is fast changing domain,Some of the technologies that are becoming increasingly popular in logistics are as follows:1.)Data Analytics:Today it is often said that Data is the new oil.With the use of data which is tracked through various methods and functions,companies can optimize their own processes.Companies are increasingly using python,R,etc.to analyze and find key insights from the data.Through Data Analytics,companies can find their inefficient processes and optimize them.With the help of modern data analytics tools,the domain of Supply chain optimization is becoming a priority for all companies from small to large corporates.TECHNOLOGY IN EXPRESS LOGISTICSReporting&AnalyticsConsigneeEmployee/partnerHub&BranchConsignorInteranetE-mailInterface Mobile DeviceIoT devicesInternetTMSCRMFleet MgmtTrack&TraceFirst&Last mileWMSVendor MgmtERPCall centerDatabaseUSER LAYERCOMMUNICATION LAYERBUSINES APPLICATION LAYERDATA LAYER A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 40412.)Warehouse Automation:Automation has a huge role to play in the supply chain industry in future.Automation technologies such as ASRS,Auto sorters are now being increasingly used.Also,with the help of automation,companies can cut monotonous jobs and save the money which will help improve the bottom-line.An automated supply chain will be more efficient,organized and agile.This increasing use of automation will create new opportunities.3.)Blockchain:Blockchain is a system that helps in recording the data in a way that makes it very secure and extremely difficult to hack,change,etc.Users can add or view the information stored but they cannot delete it or make any changes to it,i.e.the original data stays put.With the help of blockchain,companies can increase the accountability and transparency.Moreover,blockchain can also help in reducing transaction fees and transaction time.4.)First Mile and Last Mile Automation:Automation will help in reducing the time and resources needed for the smooth first mile and last mile transportation.With the rise in e-commerce,companies are increasingly focusing on technologies and management system to automate the last mile delivery but similar attention is needed for first mile transportation as well.Using route-optimization software,companies can manage to deliver the material from one to another i.e.for first mile or last mile in a shortest possible time-frame.Also,customers as well companies can track the field service personnel through which they can be informed about the status of the parcel.With the help of real-time data provided by automated technologies,better measurement of KPIs and process improvements by using data analytics is possible.Also,with automation,companies can easily take care of sudden labor shortage or increased demand for labor while reducing the material damage and handling time.There are few players like Apptymz,who provide automated first mile and last mile solutions to the express industry.A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202242Government has been exceptional in its support for the overall growth in logistics sector.With reforms such as GST,National Logistics Policy,e-way bill,government has displayed its inclination for improvement in logistics industry.Creation of a specific section under ministry of commerce and recognize it as an industry was the first step towards major Governmental push to improve logistics in India.Government is also going to announce National Logistics Policy in months to come,for which draft was released by Government earlier.World Bank releases Logistics Performance Index score every alternate year.The score matrix comprises scoring on Customs,Infrastructure,International Shipments,Logistics quality/competence,tracking&tracing and timeliness.Indias rank in Logistics Performance Index has touched 35 in 2016 with a significant jump of 19 points,but in following years LPI rank dropped by 9 points.Improved rating in 2016,was primarily due to significant change in Infrastructure score in positive direction.Logistics being very vast field,only few factors related to Government policies directly creates impact on Express vertical.Last few years various Government initiatives has very positive impact on Express logistics segment.Some of which areGST:Prior to the GST regime,inter-state movement of goods in India was subject to many taxes REGULATION AND GOVERNMENT SUPPORT201020122014201620183.123.083.083.42201844355446473.503.403.303.203.103002.906050403020100LPI Performance of IndiaSource:https:/lpi.worldbank.org/A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 4243and clearances.There was a system of check-points for taxes(state taxes,local body tax,entry tax etc)and each check-point in system was cause of added transit time and hassle for service provider.GST has abolished that hurdle completely.WithGSTbringing about a uniform tax code,Service usersno longer need warehouses in so many locations.GST has made cross border movement very easy and has given more avenues of cross border transportation and delivery to customers,wherein express industry plays a vital role.Apart from this in GST regime,express being under forward charge mechanism of GST got benefits of input tax credits as well.e-waybill:E-way bill is an electronic document,generated from theE-way site,that is required to be carried by a person carrying atruckloadworth more than Rs.50,000.E-Way bill helps in the elimination of state boundary check posts and physical paperwork which facilitate vehiclesmovement across the statesand reduce their overall turnaround time.Additionally,nowadays many companies are integrating e-way bill with rfid tag and GST portal.This will enable very fast movement.Digitization:In order to simplify customs procedures and elimination of bureaucratic obstacles,various digitization related initiatives have been taken in last few years.e-SANCHITis such a digital push in Indian Customs.Now India Customs Single Window allows importers and exporters,the facility to lodge their clearance documents online at a single point.This saves significant time and makes express movement very smooth.Customs&Excise department CBEC had already executed major projects to automate customs clearance processes and provide electronic data interchange(EDI)with all agencies.Infrastructure Development:Various Infrastructure projects initiated by Government related to logistics and highways have worked in favor of express industry with better infra transit time and reducing turnaround time significantly.A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202244Express industry has tremendous potential to grow in Indian logistics market,but it has few challenges associated with its growth as:Blurring gap between express and non-express segmentLack of skilled manpower for the sectorAvailability of first and Last mile partners Limited infrastructure for express in air cargo terminals along with high cost of transactionIndian Express Industry has come a long way in last four decades and evolved in terms of product offering&service quality.In last decade segments like e-commerce and on demand logistics have changed the complete paradigm of sector.Future outlook of the sector is very positive and CAGR is expected to be more than 15%in next decade.By year 2025 its market size is estimated to be around$10 bn.CHALLENGES OF EXPRESS LOGISTICSFUTURE OUTLOOKSource:Aviral Analysis5.5 10 20 0510152025FY 20FY 25FY 30Express Market size(bn$)A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 4445In the Express domain we foresee few key changes as follow:In mid to long term,express cargo will be confined to large organized players of industry.In short to medium term competition will be fiercer to gain more market share between organized players.Role of regional express players will get more diluted and many of such regional players may cease to exist.Some more organized players are expected to enter in this domain in next few years.Express market is going to witness more M&A.In 2019 Reliance acquired a delivery startup Grab and in 2020 Allcargo acquired an established express player Gati and in 2021 acquisition of Spoton by Delhivery.As per current scenario projected number of express players seems to be much higher than a mature competitive market,therefore we estimate few more M&A to take place in coming years.Post these M&A there will be 4-5 large express players providing complete array of express logistics services apart from few regional players.Earlier express market was quite divided based on nature of shipment and consignee.Accordingly various businesses and positioning of companies developed over period of time like document courier company,Surface express distribution company,Air cargo,e-commerce logistics company etc.But going forward these different services are expected to be under one umbrella and single service provider to render services across segments of express with same efficiency.This phenomenon may lead to realignment of product portfolio strategies for various express players.In future,digitization and automation will be prerequisite of express business.Technology will not remain as enabler,instead it will be driving processes,efficiency&optimization.Whole range of new technologies from data analytics to automation to quantum computing and 3D printing will be instrumental in growth.New entrant will be early adopters of technology and will become a force for whole ecosystem for accelerated adoption.On the service front we expect more seamless integration with global express industry.With increasing complexities of supply chain and ease of cross border trade we foresee bigger role of the express logistics with integrated and innovative service offerings,which can be valuable for critical part logistics.Organized PlayAcquisition,merger&ConsolidationUnified service offering in expressInnovation and technology adoption A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202246MAJOR PLAYERSGati-Express:Gati-KWE is a joint venture company between Gati and Kintetsu World Express(Japans leading logistics Provider)and was founded in the year 1989.Gati-KWE is a 5500 people strong company with an annual turnover of INR 15273 million.It has a large fleet of more than 5000 vehicles and assured space across 32 airline sectors.Gati covers 98%of the pin codes across India.Subsequently,Gati was acquired by All cargo logistics.HEADQUARTERS:HYDERABAD Services offered by Gati Includes1.Express(Road&Air)Soutions2.Supply Chain Management solutions3.E-commerce solutionsThe last five years have not been very good for the organization.In period of FY 16 to FY 20,CAGR of topline remained at 1%while PAT moved to red zone.In FY 19-20 company got acquired by Allcargo Logistics Limited.New management is in process of reviving growth trajectory of company to regain leadership position in B2B surface express domain.The mentioned numbers of Gati is at consolidated level,while its core surface and air express business is in a subsidiary“Gati Kintetsu Express Pvt Ltd”(GKEPL).In FY20 GKEPL registered topline of 1164 with negative PAT.180017501700165016001550RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY20-20%-5%-4%-3%-2%-1%0%1%2%3%45019001879-18.5%FY21132417011724Gati1%1%-5132ta:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 464716001200140010008006004000200180020000%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%Safexpress7%6%4%5%6%FY16FY17FY18FY19FY20997126915701763RevenuePAT10Safexpress:Safexpress started its operation in the year 1997 with 9 offices and 12 vehicles by Mr.Pawan Jain.In last 25 years,Safexpress has expanded its network by establishing 697 gateways,61 logistics park,84 transshipment centers,connectivity with 54 cargo airports,running 7500 fleet and with a warehousing space of over 18 million square feet.Safexpress offers services amongst 8 verticals that include Healthcare,Automotive,Hi-Tech,FMCG&consumer goods,Apparels&lifestyle,Engineering,Books&periodicals and Alliance partner management.HEADQUARTERS:DELHIServices Offered:1.Express Distribution:Surface and air modes2.3PL and Consulting:For B2B enterprises3.C2C:Campus2Home(college students),Easy2Move(Personal use),Sainik Express(armed personnel),Bike Express(moving bikes).4.Customized B2B services for the 8 sectors.As of now Safexpress is clear market leader in B2B surface express domain.In last five years company has remained consistent performer in the space and registered 15GR in topline.In last few years Safexpress touched double digit EBITDA.In FY 2020 its PAT crossed 7%.Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202248Blue Dart Express:Blue Dart started its operation in the year 1983.Initially the company was started to cater to the parcel market demand.Subsequently,the company ventured into the air express distribution market and later on started its operation for the surface express distribution market as well.Later on,it was acquired by DHL.Its distribution network is spread across 34,800 locations in India and 220 countries&territories worldwide.Bluedart has integrated air support and ground network,with over 28 Lakh sq.ft.of facilities which include 7 aviation hubs and bonded warehouses,11 Domestic Hubs and 87 Ground Hubs and dedicated air services with a fleet of six Boeing 757-200 freighters operating every night to seven of Indias most bustling and connected metros.Blue Darts core competence lies in the business of superior express delivery services and company claims maintaining reliability levels of 99.96%.The company has ISO 9001-2008 certifications standards for design,management and operations of countrywide express transportation and distribution service within the Indian subcontinent and to international destinations serviced through multinational express companies.HEADQUARTERS:MUMBAIServices Offered by Blue Dart includes:1.Time Definite Solution-Domestic Priority 1030,Domestic Priority 1200&Dart Apex 1200 2.Day Definite Solution-Domestic Priority,Dart Apex&Dart Surface line.3.Critical Express and Temperature controlled logistics4.Packaging Solutions:Express Pallet(Air and Ground)&Smart Box(Air and Ground).5.Other services:Cargo solutions(Airport to Airport,interline&charters),Rakhi Express(Festive solution)&Student Express(Student Solution).Blue Dart performance in last 5 years have been moderate with a topline CAGR of 5%.But its EBITDA witnessed consistent decline.In FY 20 PAT dropped to-38 Cr.Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis25002000150010005000FY21RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY20-5%-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8000350031833180Blue Dart3%-1(13280832925%5%A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 48495004003002001000FY16RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY20-1%0%1%2%3%4%5%6%70700600690SPOTON0%3.5F93723066%5%3%SPOTON:Spoton Logistics started its journey in 2012 when a private equity firm India Equity Partners bought the domestic business from TNT India.In 2018,Spoton partnered with a consortium of investors led by Samara Capital and Xponentia Fund Partners to invest in and build out the next stage of Spotons growth.The company has a nation-wide presence across 350 locations.Spoton has a self-managed/owned network.Spot on has a team of over 2500 logistics professional.It is an ISO 9001:2015 accredited company.HEADQUARTERS:BENGALURUServices Offered:1.Road Expresss Services2.Multi-modal express3.Air Express4.Spot Retail:Door-to-Door delivery solutions5.Edu Express:Transport solution for students across India for movement of study material and personal consignments.6.Spot XHIBIT:Services for movement of Exhibit materials across locations.Spot-on is the fastest growing surface express company.Air express business of Spoton is almost negligible.From FY 16 to FY 19 company grew with CAGR of 25%and was expected to maintain the pace.In the period Spot-on continued to maintain the EBITDA at positive level.In 2018 SamaraCapital and Xponentia Fund Partners acquired Spot-on.Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202250TCI EXPRESS:TCI XPS was established in the year 1996 as one of the divisions of Transport Corporation of India(TCI).Subsequently in 2015 express division TCI XPS got demerged from TCI Limited and became TCI EXPRESS LIMITED.TCI today has a team of over 2,500 professionals.It has owned containerized fleet of vehicles connecting over 3,000 pickups and 13,000 delivery locations.HEADQUARTERS:GURUGRAMServices:1.Surface Express2.Domestic Air express3.Reverse Express4.E-commerceSurface Express has been flagship product of the company.Company is having strong penetration in SME market.In last 5 years TCI Express has registered good growth rate with a CAGR of 12%.But its performance on profitability front has continuously improved.Companys EBITDA has been one of the best between express logistics players in India.Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis8006004002000FY21RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY200%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%9%800120010261036TCI EXPRESS7%977518517%5.7%A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 50512000150010005000FY21RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY20-120%-100%-80%-60%-40%-20%00002500350000016942985DELHIVERY-105737563838-64%-84%-11lhivery:Delhivery was started in year 2011 by Kapil Bharati,Mohit Tandon,Sahil Barua,Suraj Saharan and Bhavesh Manglani.Delhivery has been funded by more than a dozen ivestors,some of them are Softbank,The Carlyle Group,Fosun International,GIC,CPPIB.Today the company has fulfilled over a billion orders to more than 300 million households.It has 24 automated centers,85 fulfillment centers,75 hubs,3000 direct delhivery centers,7500 partner centres,1500 vehicles and 40000 team members.HEADQUARTERS:GURUGRAMServices of Delhivery includes:1.Delhivery Express2.Delhivery Fulfillment3.Delhivery Freight 4.Delhivery cross-border5.Delhivery E2EDelhivery started primarily as e-com logistics service provider,which later expanded to other service offering.Today it is fastest growing logistics company with clear leadership in e-com logistics space(Excluding captive arms of Flipkart and Amazon).In last five years from FY16 to FY20 company grew at whopping CAGR of 54%and in FY 20 company showed significant improvement on EBITDA front.Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202252Xpressbees:XpressBees(Busybee Logistics Solutions Pvt Ltd)was started in the year 2015 in Pune by Supam Maheshwari and Amitava Sinha.XpressBees is an ecommerce logistics company,spun out of baby products retailer Firstcry which later acquired BabyOye.Company has over 2800 offices and service centres,100 hubs,10 lakh sqft warehouse capacity.It offers comprehensive last-mile delivery,reverse logistics,payment collection,drop shipping,vendor management,cross border services,fulfilment services,and tailored software solutions to clients.Xpressbees has been backed by the likes of Alibaba and Innoven Capital.HEADQUARTERS:PUNEServices of Xpressbees includes1.B2C Xpress2.B2B Xpress3.Cross-border logistics4.3PL(Third party logistics)Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis3002001000FY16RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY20-45%-40%-35%-30%-25%-20%-15%-10%-5%0P0400600553XPRESSBEES-226187 524-21%-30%-41%A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 52538006004002000FY16RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY20-35%-30%-25%-20%-15%-10%-5%0001000140010181235ECOM EXPRESS-13%-31%-15%9W8493359-27om Express:E-com express was incorporated in the year 2012 by T.A.Krishnan,Manju Dhawan,K.Satyanarayana&Late.Sanjeev Saxena.E-com started its full-fledged operations in 2013 with 35 delivery centres.Currently,it has presence in over 2650 cities/town,3000 facility centres(including hubs,processing centres and delivery centres)and provides services across country.Lead investors of Ecom Express include CDC Group,Warburg Pincus,Peepul Capital and Partners Group.After establishing a foothold in India,Ecom Express marked its maiden venture outside the country in early 2021 with its investment in Paperfly,Bangladeshs largest third-party e-commerce logistics(3PL)firm.HEADQUARTERS:GURUGRAMServices of Ecom express includes:1.E-com Express services2.E-com Fulfilment services3.Ecom Digital servicesServices of e-com express are confined to B2C e-commerce space and company has not yet ventured in B2B express space like its other peers.In 5 years from FY16 to FY20 company registered CAGR of 36%in topline,while its EBITDA and PAT remained negative in the said period.Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202254Rivigo:Rivigo was founded in the year 2014 by Deepak Garg and Gazal Kalra.Rivigo positioned itself as a technology-enabled company that offers logistics services and solutions with a unique model of relay to minimize the transit time in surface express.Rivigo was one of the large logistics provider,which relied on asset heavy model.Rivigo has 5 lead investors:SAIF Partners,Warburg Pincus,Trifecta Capital Advisors,Trifecta Capital and KB Global Platform Fund.The company today has an owned truck fleet and has reach across the country.Rivigo has 100 warehouses,3000 employees.HEADQUARTERS:GURUGRAMServices:1.Full Truck Load2.Part Truck Load3.Cold ChainRivigo started with Full Truck load model and later added service offering in Part Load express and Market place.In FY20 Company registered revenue of 1080 Cr with a CAGR of 64%,but its PAT has continuously declined towards south.Data:mca.gov.in;Aviral Analysis8006004002000FY16RevenuePAT%FY17FY18FY19FY20-60%-50%-40%-30%-20%-10%000100010281080RIVIGO-50%-30%-38r0408148-3%-50%A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 5455OTHER PLAYERSVXpress:V-Xpress is the express cargo division of V-Trans India started in the year 2002.V-Trans India was formerly known as Vijay Transports Ltd,founded by Late Shri Kunverji K.Shah in 1958.The company has 300 branches with a 1000 strong workforce and covers over 1,00,000 locations.HEADQUARTERS:NAVI MUMBAIServices:1.VX Suraface Express2.VX Air Express3.VX Box-n-shipFedEx:Federal Express officially began operation in April,1973.Subsequently,it was renamed FedEx and expanded its operation throughout America and later on it went global.FedEx started its operations in India in the year 1997.FedEx subsequently acquired TNT along with its Indian division.Also,FedEx acquired AFL Pvt Ltd(AFL)and Unifreight India Pvt Ltd(UFL)in the year 2011.HEADQUARTERS:MEMPHIS,TENNESSEEServices:1.FedEx International2.FedEx Priority Overnight3.FedEx Standard Overnight4.FedEx EconomyShadowFax:The company was founded by Abhishek Bansal,Vaibhav Khandelwal,Gaurav Jaithliya and Praharsh Chandra in 2015.The company has over 100000 delivery partners today and has operated over 4000 light commercial vehicles across 500 cities in India with 500 centres.The startup is valued at around$200-$250 million with the latest funding of$60 million by Flipkart.The company has other investors such as NGP Capital,Qualcomm Ventures,etc.Shadowfax acquired Pickingo in 2015 and NuvoEx in 2017.HEADQUARTERS:BANGLORE,INDIAServices:1.Shadowfax Now:Hyperlocal services2.Shadowfax Connect:Forward and reverse logistics services3.Shadowfax E2E:Integrated 3PL services4.Shadowfax Next:Assisted Task Management servicesMahindra Logistics:Mahindra logistics is a supply chain solution company of Mahindra group.Mahindra logistics provides integrated third-party supply chain solutions such as warehousing,transportation,in-factory logistics freight forwarding,VAS,line feed and people transport solutions.Mahindra Logistics is also in process of creating a vertical for serving part load/express consignment for its existing and prospective customers.A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 202256 A Report on Indian Express Logistics Industry 2022 ACRONYMSFY.Fiscal Year3PL.Third Party LogisticsM&A.Merger&AcquisitionVC/PE.Venture Capitalist/Private equityB2B.Business to BusinessB2C.Business to ConsumerCAGR.Compounded Annual Growth RateD2D.Door to DoorP2P.Port to PortCFA.Clearing&Forwarding AgentFC.Fulfillment CenterBFSI.Banking,Financial Services&InsuranceBTKM.Billion Ton KilometerOTIF.On Time in FullMMT.Million Metric TonCFS/ICD.Container Freight Station/Inland Container DepotJIT.Just in TimeVMI.Vendor managed InventoryFMCG/CD.Fast Moving Consumer Goods/Consumer DurableFTWZ.Free Trade Warehousing ZoneMMLP.Multi Modal Logistics ParkCr.CroreEDI.Electronic Data InterchangeAPI.Application Program InterfaceIOT.Internet of ThingsTMS.Transport Management SystemGDP.Gross domestic productGMV.Gross Merchandise ValueGST.Goods and service taxINR.Indian RupeeIT.Information TechnologyLTL.Less than truck loadPTL.Part Truck LoadFTL.Full truck loadMSME.Micro Small and Medium enterprisesUSD/US$.United States DollarYOY.Year on year56
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1A road map for evolving freight transportation with autonomous trucksThe future of self-driving tec.
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LEADS 2022 Logistics Ease Across Different States Government of India Ministry of Commerce&Industry L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 12 Acknowledgement Efficient logistics is the bed rock for a fast-growing economy like India.Movement of goods across the country and beyond its borders has created opportunities for millions of Indians.At the macroeconomic level,logistics is regarded as one of the main factors influencing competitiveness,policy effectiveness,infrastructure development and other investments.Improvement in logistics ecosystem has become a cornerstone for achieving Governments vision of a$5 trillion economy including push towards achieving Atmanirbhar Bharat and becoming a manufacturing hub for the world.Government of India has prioritised development of a robust,cost-efficient,and high-quality logistics ecosystem with is a judicious blend of technology,regulation,standardisation,and highly skilled human resource.A comprehensive exercise of mapping all existing/planned infrastructure initiatives of various Ministries and State Governments has been initiated under pioneering initiative of PM GatiShakti National Master Plan(PMGS-NMP).The National Logistics Policy(NLP)provides an overarching cross functional,cross jurisdictional and interdisciplinary framework for improving logistics ecosystem in the country.LEADS survey is one of the many initiatives taken by Government of India to collaboratively improve the logistics ecosystem in the country in partnership with States/UT.LEADS is an indigenous data driven index which practically measures performance of States/UTs on Logistics.It focuses on providing a common platform for a consultative and collaborative framework for Central and State Governments to work in a coordinated manner in logistic sector.EY is pleased to have supported Logistics Division,Ministry of Commerce and Industry(MOCI),Government of India with preparation of the LEADS 2022 report.I would like to thank Shri Anurag Jain-IAS,Commerce Secretary;Shri Amrit Lal Meena-IAS,Special Secretary-Logistics Division,Ministry of Commerce and Industry;Dr.Surendra Ahirwar-IRTS,Logistics Division,Ministry of Commerce and Industry;and Shri Shlok Bhardwaj-IES,Deputy Director General-Logistics Division,Ministry of Commerce and Industry;for their continuous support throughout the LEADS exercise and guidance.Finally,I would like to acknowledge the support provided by all the States/UTs and various stakeholders of the logistics industry who participated in the LEADS 2022 survey.Their inputs accompanied by the willingness to improve the logistics ecosystem in the country has been a source of constant encouragement and motivation.Mihir G.Shah Partner,Ernst&Young LLP L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 13 Abbreviations Abbreviations Full form Abbreviations Full form LEADS Logistics Ease Across Different States UT Union Territory EY Ernst&Young MOCI Ministry of Commerce&Industry IAS Indian Administrative Services IRTS Indian Railway Traffic Service IES Indian Engineering Services PM Pradhan Mantri Gati Shakti National Master Plan PMGS-NMP Pradhan Mantri NLP National Logistics Policy LLP Limited Liability Partnership US United States PLI Production Linked Incentive Scheme GOI Government of India DPIIT Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade ADB Asian Development Bank GDP Gross Domestic Product USA United States of America EU European Union WEO World Economic Outlook UK United Kingdom JNPT Jawahar Lal Nehru Port Trust WTO World Trade Organization PPP Public Private Partnership EXIM Export and Import CLAP Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan ULIP Unified Logistics Integrated Platform SEM Structural equation modeling CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis Abbreviations Full form ICD Inland Container Depot CFS Container Freight Station MMLP Multi Modal Logistics Park LCS Land Customs Station LCP Land Customs Port RTO Regional Transport Office GPS Global Positioning System SIM Subsriber Indentity Module CLU City Logistics Unit NOC No Objection Certificate IMC Inter-Ministerial Committee FOIS Freight Operations Information System MoCA Ministry of Civil Aviation MoCAF&PD Ministry of Consumer Affairs,Food and Public Distribution WDRA Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority MoSDE Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship MoSDE Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship DPIIT Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade MT Million Tonnes TIES Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme GSVA Gross State Value Added MOSPI Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation FRI Forest Research Institute CAPEX Capital Expenditure PFT Private Freight Terminal TSP Transport Service Providers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 14 Abbreviations Full form TISP Terminal Infrastrcuture Service Providers AFS Air Freight Station PMGS PM GatiShakti BISAG-N Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics NER North Eastern Region RMSEA Root Mean Standard rror of Approximation CFI Conformatory Fix Index NH National Highway NHAI National Highway Authority of India SH State Highways CBIC Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs MTPA Million Tonnes Per Annum CCTV Closed-Circuit TeleVision PTZ Pan,Tilt&Zoom ASPRTC Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation IDTR Institute of Driver Training and Research NIC National Informatics Centre ODC Over Dimensioned Cargo EGoS Empowered Group of Secretaries NPG Network Pkanning Group TSU Technical Support Unit PGA Participatory Government Agency PCS Port Community System AAI Airports Authority of India IWT Inland Waterway Terminal AFCONS Asia Foundations and Construction Limited.GMB Gujarat Maritime Board COT Commissioner of Transport GPCB Gujarat Pollution Control Board XGN Xtended Green Node CCTV Closed-Circuit TeleVision VISWAS Village based Initiative to Synergise Health,Water And Sanitation.GSDM Gujarat Skill Development Mission NSDC National Skill Development Corporation PMKVY Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna FY Financial Year MBKVY Mukhyamantri Bhavishyalakshi Kaushalya Vikas Yojana NMPA New Mangalore Port Authority ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition MoSPW Ministry of Port Shipping&Waterways NCTF National Committee on Trade Facilitation Abbreviations Full form CI Confidence Interval MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation MPCB Maharashtra Pollution Control Board INR Indian National Rupee RFID Radio Frequency Identification MSME Micro,Small and Medium Enterprises SLSWCA State Level Single Window Clearance Authority DLSWCA District Level Single Window Clearance Authority SPMG State Project Monitoring Group SIPCOT State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Ltd TIDCO Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation SIDCO Small Industries Development Corporation CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone DPR Detailed Project Report CRIDP Crescent Resources Incentive Deferral Plan IEF Information Engineering Facility NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and RuralDevelopment FPO Farm Produce Organization TNIAMP Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Project TNRDC Tamil Nadu Road Development Company TNRSP Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project CII Confederation of Indian Industry CMRL Chennai Metro Rail Limited TNEB Tamil Nadu Electricity Board CGTA Calcutta Goods Transport Association AIS All India Services RTA Road Transport Authority PAB Project Approval Board MoR Ministry of Railway BBN Baddi Barota Nalagarh SEZ Special Economic Zone MPLWC Madhya Pradesh Warehousing&Logistics Corporation FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry CM Chief Minister MOU Memorandum of Understanding NIDC Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation Limited MoRTH Ministry of Road Transport and Highways L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 15 Abbreviations Full form SLC State Logistics Cell SLCC State Logistics Coordination Committee CLC City Logistics Committee AQ Animal Quarantine PQ Plant Quarantine ICP Integrated Check Post ACC Air Cargo Complex IBDP Industrial and Business Development Policy PBGRAM EV Electric Vehicle TSRTC Telangana State Road Transport Corporation FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India PWD Public Works Department AQCS Animal Quarantine and Certification Services ATMS Advanced Traffic Management Systems UPSIDA Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Authority IIT Indian Institute of Technology NICDC National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited CHA Customs House Agent UPEIDA Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority NIAIMT National Institute For Automotive Inspection Maintenance&Training MTI Driver Training Institute DTI Mechanics Training Institute IMS Inspection Maintenance Station NW National Waterway ROB Road Over Bridge RUB Road Under Bridge SFPO Sub Foreign Post Office SMP State Master Plan MDR Major District Road MSDE Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship GST Goods and Services Tax CLU City Logistics Unit NVOCC Non Vessel Opertaing Common Carrier GSTN Goods and Service Tax Network L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 16 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e sPage 17ContentsContents Executive Summary.18 Changing landscape of logistics.21 Logistics Ease Across Different States(LEADS)2022.27 Cluster insights on overall indicators infrastructure,services and regulatory.49 Category-wise State and UTs performance.59 Coastal Landlocked North-Eastern Region Union Territories Andhra Pradesh Goa Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Odisha Tamil Nadu West Bengal Bihar Chattisgarh Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Punjab Rajasthan Telangana Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Arunachal Pradesh Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura Andaman&Nicobar Chandigarh Daman&Diu and Dadra&Nagar Haveli Delhi Jammu&Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry Way forward and Conclusion.183 Annexures.189 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 18 Executive Summary India envisions a US$2 trillion export figure by 2030.,As a result the Government has been taking a number of initiatives to spur export trade,support domestic consumption and bring in logistics efficiencies.Make in India,Production Linked Incentive Schemes(PLI),increased Government spending on capex,flagship programs such as PM GatiShakti and launch of National Logistics Policy are few a reforms tools to mould the vision.Given the high Logistics cost in India competition in Global markets becomes extremely challenging and thus more scientific approach has been adopted by the Government of India(GOI)to create a Cost Effective,Data Driven and Technically Robust Logistics Ecosystem across the country.PM GatiShakti and recently launched National Logistics Policy in particular along with many other initiatives such as Unified Logistics Interface Platform(ULIP),E-LogS Dashboard for Ease of Logistics Services,Standards for Warehousing and physical assets and Training Courses on IGoT Platform are aimed at holistically developing Logistics Ecosystem.Given the federal system of our country,States&UTs are the most important Partners and have a critical role as enablers and work in tandem alongside the Central Government for implementation of these initiatives.Monitoring/audit of various sectors,identifying impediments and recommending course correction to streamline processes is thus a reliable mechanism to bring in efficiencies.,Thereby since 2018,the Logistics Division,DPIIT,Ministry of Commerce&Industry,has undertaken an annual“Logistics Ease Across Different States(LEADS)”survey in all States/UTs to assess logistics ecosystem in the country at State/UT level.Its a combination of perception and objective data to arrive at a grading system for States/UTs using a statistical model.It further,assesses viewpoints of various users and stakeholders in the value chain(through perception survey)to identify bottlenecks,and suggest appropriate measures to rectify the same.LEADS acts a feedback mechanism for the administrative ecosystem to take a coordinated approach to develop cost effective and efficient logistics system.LEADS 2022 survey garnered meticulous insights through a much wider reach and deeper penetration into key markets across State/UTs.A total of 6,583 responses were received from 2,140 respondents through 600 meetings facilitated through 20 National and 75 regional associations.LEADS 2022 continues to focus on indicators introduced across 3 established pillars Infrastructure,Services and Operating&Regulatory Environment.These pillars are further divided into 19 indicators.Corroborative evidence collected through stakeholder discussion along with inputs from the States and UTs through an evidence-based objective survey to map their initiatives forms core of the study.LEADS 2022 also considers the facilitation provided by State/UTs in logistics sector through various policy initiatives,interventions and actions taken by the states on the suggestions made under LEADS 2021.L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 19 Previously,States/UTs were ranked based on their logistics ecosystem.However,it was felt that the phenomenal work which has been done in the last one year by States towards logistics ecosystem improvement cannot be properly appreciated through a ranking framework.The scores and resultant ranks of States/UTs have in all previous occasions been arrived at using different sample sizes and intra-category compositions,varying weights applied to the broader Indicator categories(Infrastructure,Services and Regulation)as also to stakeholder groups.All these issues,mostly uncontrollable because of a constantly shifting stakeholder profile and a very strong recency bias,make differentiation in perceptions of logistics competence among States/UTs very unclear and indistinct.Adapting the evaluation framework of the recently released Business Reforms Action Plan1,in LEADS 2022 there is a shift from one uniform ranking.All the States/UTs in their respective clusters(based on geographical profile),are grouped into three grades based on the percentage score ranges.A percentage score indicates how well a State or UT has performed in comparison to the Top State/UT within the specific cluster.The States/UTs with similar percentage score range have been graded in a common group.LEADS 2022 categorizes States based on their geographic demographics into 4 categories of Landlocked,coastal,north-eastern regions and Union Territories.For grading each of these categories in into three categories.The“Achievers”are States which have shown exemplary logistics ecosystems with exceptional infrastructure and transparent regulatory processes.The“Fast Movers”are States who are moving towards becoming Achievers by notifying progressive policy and legislatives initiatives along with new infrastructure projects.Finally,we have the“Aspirers”States which have initiated their journey towards logistics ease and excellence by adopting national best practices to further improve their contribution towards Indias emerging position as a global manufacturing and logistics hub.Results of the exercise are as shown in the exhibit-1 below:Exhibit 1:Result of LEADS 2022 Categories Achievers Fast movers Aspirers Landlocked states Haryana,Himachal Pradesh,Punjab,Telangana,Uttar Pradesh,Uttarakhand,Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan Bihar,Chhattisgarh,Jharkhand Coastal states Andhra Pradesh,Gujarat,Karnataka,Maharashtra,Odisha,Tamil Nadu Kerala Goa,West Bengal North-Eastern Region Assam Sikkim,Tripura Arunachal Pradesh,Manipur,Meghalaya,Mizoram,Nagaland UTs Chandigarh,Delhi Puducherry Andaman&Nicobar,Daman Diu&Dadara and Nagar Haveli,Jammu&Kashmir,Ladakh,Lakshadweep 1 Business Reforms Action Plan(dpiit.gov.in)accessed at Business Reforms Action Plan(dpiit.gov.in)L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 20 Changing landscape of logistics 1 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 21 Changing landscape of logistics Global Supply Chains have been through rough weather in the Covid19 era and recovery from the pandemic has not been a smooth ride either.World economies will continue to brace for economic and geopolitical headwinds ahead.Moreover,there have been some important global developments in the recent past that are also not encouraging from macroeconomic perspective.Declining populations in large number of countries have impacted demographic patterns,random bailouts for the Covid-affected have indiscriminately encouraged inefficient enterprise,de-globalisation as basis of policymaking in many countries has made trade and industry suffer,and reliance on excessive debt-financing has now come to bite over-indulgent economies.Apart from these trends,the war in Europe,galloping inflationary trends in most economies,and the unprecedented energy crisis in Europe are the current woes of the world.Central Banks,the world over,have turned aggressive policy hawks in trying to control unprecedented inflationary trends,even declaring that growth will have to be sacrificed so that aggregate demand reduces in the economy.While the global merchandise trade continues to be in the post-pandemic-recovery phase,the pace of recovery is projected to reduce in 2022 compared to 2021,extent of which for now seems difficult to assess.The trade had seen a reduction of 5%in 2020,owing to pandemic-induced shock.The same increased significantly during post-pandemic recovery(10%in 2021).Hit by the Russia-Ukraine crisis and its impact on the supply of key commodities and global trade relations,the trade growth is estimated to be 3%for 2022 and 2023.Further,as per World Economic Outlook(WEO)July 2022 update,global growth is expected to slow down owing to global inflation and the recessionary monetary policies being aggressively pursued by the developed economies.(Exhibit-2)Further,as per World Economic Outlook(WEO)July 2022 update,global growth is expected to slow down owing to global inflation and the recessionary monetary policies being aggressively pursued by the developed economies These world events,both in terms of policy initiatives and resultant outcomes,could not have left the Indian economy untouched.But most economists and analysts accept that India has emerged from this global crisis as one of the more mature and stable economies,both in its policymaking,its post-pandemic recovery and the more recent well-calibrated response to the geo-political crisis and the recessionary trends in the developed economies of the world.The Asian Development Bank(ADB),in its September 2022 Asian Development Outlook Update,has projected Indias growth at 7%for FY23,increasing to 7.2%in FY24.The World Bank has just recently revised Indias growth projection for the year from 7%to 6.5%.Growth for Developing Asian economies has been forecasted at 4.3%in 2022 and 4.9%in 2023 while for China,the corresponding projections stand at 3.3%and 4.5%respectively.The ADB observed that in more than three decades,this has been the first time that the rest of Asia is expected to grow faster than China.In the wake of ongoing geopolitical developments,key structural changes are happening in terms of international trade and capital flows.These call for major adjustments in relation to sourcing and composition of imports as well as destination and composition of exports,supplemented by substantive policy support.The Indian economy continues to exhibit vulnerability on account of enhanced inflation levels,reduced GDP growth rate,increasing current account deficit,reduced dollar reserves,and expectations of a higher fiscal deficit,mainly on account of geo-political disruptions,the oil price increase and the imminent recessionary conditions in the USA and EU.Still,Indias economic recovery compares well with most large economies of the world.Indias growth rate,despite an expected marginal decline,is projected to be significantly higher than other economies including the developed western world and China.International Trade forms the backbone of the worlds economies,spurring investment,job creation,economic growth,and raising standards of living.As Supply chains across the globe inevitably inch towards normalcy,India is L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 22 expected to take advantage of the increasing trading activity.Indias real GDP has well exceeded$3 trillion and has overtaken UK as the fifth largest economy recently.Emphasis on Government of India(GOI)policy initiatives,such as Make in India,Aatmnirbhar Bharat etc.has made domestic industry grow and fulfil domestic demand,and this will naturally expand into higher export potential.Further,the GOI initiative on the Productivity-Linked(PLI)schemes for select industries,has been well-patronised and is already showing gains by way of enhanced manufacturing which when scaled higher is likely to become much more efficient.Government of India is also increasing the size of Government expenditure relative to GDP and prioritizing public expenditure on education,health and physical infrastructure to sustain economic growth for scaling new heights of becoming a$5 trillion economy coupled with crossing$2 trillion exports in the next few years.In sum,India appears geared to counter global headwinds and to be well on road to recovery.Indias own focused initiatives are likely to receive a boost from the recovery of the world trade and logistics environment.This recovery though,has again received a setback from the current ongoing war in Europe and the growing fears of recession in the world economies.After more than two years of crippling delays,due to Covid 19 leading to high congestion across major ports,shippers are finally witnessing significant improvement in both transit times and in port detentions of vessels and containers.Having suffered from the steep rise in maritime freight prices during the pandemic period,the industry is now on its path to normalization as rates have slowly crept lower in the last few months.This is thanks to the widespread improvement in asset-utilisation across major ports and a consequent decrease in congestion.Average contract rates of major container carriers for westbound bookings from India to Europe have dropped by double digits during the current month from the levels reported in June22.The cost of shipping a 20ft container from Nhava Sheva/JNPT or Mundra ports to London Gateway is now$4,200,which is 43%less than$6,009 a couple of months ago.For a 40ft box,rates are down to$5,200,from$7,141 a decrease of almost 37%.Indias commodity imports and exports are constantly increasing in value terms since Q1 of 2022.Exports registered a growth of 25%till Q4 over Q1,whereas for the same period the import bills increased by 38%,negatively impacting the trade balance.However,the pace of growth of import bills is expected to slow down given the expected decrease in prices of key import commodities,mainly oil.But the gradual end of post pandemic supply crunch is bracing for headwinds of softer demand and tightening market conditions as a result of ongoing inflationary pressures in major global economies and increasing geopolitical tensions.Global trade is being increasingly disrupted due to tariff tensions,political unpredictability,protectionist policies and regulatory uncertainty challenge established business models and trade relationships.Exhibit 2:Annual change in volume of world merchandise trade Source:Twenty-seventh WTO Trade Monitoring Report on G20 trade measures 3%0%-5%3%3 182019202020212022a2023a L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 23 Exhibit 3:Quarter-wise Exports-Imports(INR 000 Cr)from India FY 2022 Source:Ministry of Commerce and Industry,GoI India is now among the worlds five largest economies,doing even better when GDP is measured on PPP basis.In order to improve faster,International Trade will have to be given a strong leg up,with Indian manufacturing becoming efficient producers of comparatively advantaged exports.This competitiveness of Indian goods is a crucial enabler for bolstering Indias economy and for achieving the target of$2 trillion exports by 2030.Sustaining domestic consumption and enabling integration with global value chain is critical for Indias economic growth and logistics holds the key to both.A strengthened logistics ecosystem is going to form the backbone of Indias$5 trillion economy vision.Government of Indias vision to ease the supply chain bottlenecks and expedite the development of an integrated logistics ecosystem is reflected in the scale of decisions and initiatives which have been undertaken in the recent past.The Government of India is now adopting specific strategies to improve the global competitiveness of Indian goods by targeting to position itself among the top 25 countries in the Logistics Performance Index,reducing logistics cost comparable to global benchmarks and creating a technology enabled and data-driven logistics ecosystem in coming years.Envisaging the need of a network-wide collaboration on a marble-cake federalism theme,Government of India has launched the National Logistics Policy(NLP)on 17th September 2022,which will guide States/UTs in formulating and implementing their respective Logistics Policies.The Policy will be implemented through a Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan(CLAP)that proposes interventions in key action areas of Integrated Digital Logistics Systems,Standardization of Physical Assets&benchmarking service quality standards in warehousing sector,Logistics Human Resources Development and Capacity Building,State Engagement,EXIM Logistics,Service Improvement framework,and Sectoral Plan for Efficient Logistics.These key pillars are envisioned to boost EXIM as well as domestic trade and help reduce logistics cost.While NLP will strengthen Logistics Services and Systems,Government of Indias pioneering initiative of the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan(PMGS-NMP)will focus on creation and improvement of multimodal logistics infrastructure in coordination with States/UTs and their agencies under one common platform unifying all decision-making levels,by removing silos.PMGS-NMP is a transformative approach towards integration and synchronization of efforts,prioritization of projects and optimization of cost and time so that the lack of coordination in infrastructure projects does not result in time and cost overruns.The Department of Expenditure,Government of India(GOI)has issued guidelines on Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment to provide financial assistance to the State Governments of Rs 1 lakh crore in the form of 50-year interest free loan for capital investment.Part-II of this Scheme is aimed at facilitating PM GatiShakti-related expenditure in the States for which a total amount of Rs.5,000 crores have been earmarked.Additional amount may further be reallocated to Part II of the Scheme based on the response of the States and utilisation of funds.704761800880Q1Q2Q3Q4Exports(INR 000 Cr)9301,0881,2461,287Q1Q2Q3Q4Imports(INR 000 Cr)L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 24 All The States have been sensitized about the Guidelines of Part-II of the Scheme,including institutional arrangements to be put in place,guiding principles for selection of projects and suggestive list of eligible categories of projects.For more details,please refer Annexure-7 Unified Logistics Interface Platform(ULIP)and E-Logs initiatives are two key pillars of NLP.ULIP is conceptualized to provide an integrated platform that can be effectively utilized by the stakeholders to enhance efficiency,utilize technology,and reduce the cost of logistics in India while E-Logs is a dashboard for ease of logistics services envisages registering,coordinating,and monitoring resolution of logistics stakeholders issues E handbook on Warehousing Standards recently published by DPIIT,intends to bring in standardization of physical assets and benchmarking of Service Quality Standards by adoption of incentives,system of grading,rating and certification of excellence to promote optimization of assets and minimize handling of risks.The context of LEADS Keeping in mind the important role of States/UTs in the overall Logistics competence of the country,the GOI initiatives has set a roadmap of Logistics excellence for States/UTs to adopt suitably in their own special environment.Yet,basic principles of logistics ease and efficiency are universal,and when they are converted to a set of Indicators which together form an Index,the comparative assessment of States/UTs assume significance.The Logistics Division of DPIIT,Ministry of Commerce&Industry,undertakes an annual“Logistics Ease Across Different States(LEADS)”survey;based both on User/Service Provider perception and on Objective data;in all States/UTs to assess their logistics ecosystems and uses a robust statistical model to grade them on performance.This is the fourth attempt in five years after 2018,2019 and 2021 survey,to enumerate and analyse the LEADS survey results and seek learnings that will improve the logistics ecosystem of the entire network and reduce logistics cost for all stakeholders.L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 25 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 26 Logistics Ease Across Different States(LEADS)2022 2 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 27 Logistics Ease Across Different States(LEADS)2022 A.LEADS context:The Government of India(GOI)has prioritised development of a robust,cost-efficient and high-quality logistics ecosystem through blend of technology,digitalisation,regulation,and standardisation coupled with highly skilled human resource.Envisaging the need of a network-wide collaboration on a marble-cake federalism theme,the Government of India has launched the National Logistics Policy(NLP)on 17th September 2022,which will guide States/UTs in formulating and implementing their respective State Logistics Policies.While NLP will strengthen Logistics Services,Government of Indias pioneering initiative of the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan(PMGS-NMP)will focus on creation and improvement of multimodal logistics infrastructure in coordination with States/UTs and their agencies under one common platform by unifying all decision-making processes and removing silos.in continuation of the spirit of Centre-State cooperation,the NLP sets a standard of Logistics excellence for States/UTs to be adopted suitably in their own special environment.Yet,basic principles of logistics ease and efficiency are universal,and when they are converted to a set of Indicators which together form an Index,the LEADS comparisons among States/UTs assume significance.The Logistics Division of DPIIT,Ministry of Commerce&Industry,undertakes an annual“Logistics Ease Across Different States(LEADS)”survey;based both on User/Service Provider perception and Objective data provided by States/UT;in all States/UTs to assess the logistics ecosystem and uses a robust statistical model to grade them on performance.The LEADS study focuses on providing a common platform for a consultative and collaborative framework for the Central and State Governments to work in a coordinated manner in the logistic sector.The objective of LEADS is to channelize focus on bringing out the existing challenges and issues,the States/UTs are facing with regard to their logistics ecosystems and acts as a feedback mechanism to address the inefficiencies via policy or physical interventions,as may be required.The study provides an opportunity to identify the interplay among various stakeholders engaged in the fragmented logistics sector.It is also a reflection of ground reality,as the subjective perceptions of users and service providers,obtained through a carefully designed sampling technique which are comprehensive enough to provide a clear picture of States/UTs logistics ecosystem.This perception is further blended with Objective data and the concerned States/UTs feedback to arrive at an Index-based grouping.LEADS is therefore a combination of both objective data and perception of relevant stakeholders in logistics,based on identified indicators,which constitute an Index.LEADS also provides indicator-level assessments of performance and logistics ecosystem on specific dimensions.Ministry of Commerce&Industry(MoCI)undertook LEADS study to gauge the experience of industry players and stakeholders involved in key value chains.While the gains from this exercise are important,in that they help analyse,monitor and plan logistics efficiency and its improvement,it still does not account for the varying operating circumstances,resource availability,geographical factors,among other things,across all States/UTs.But this study certainly acts as an informed perceptive guide to further deliberations,identification of potential focus areas,and setting priorities for strategic plans.B.Evolution of LEADS)over the years:LEADS is an annual study conducted by Logistics Division,Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade,which is entrusted with the responsibility to measure the logistics performance of States,to help in informed policy L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 28 interventions and action plans and to implement them strategically.“LEADS 2018”focused on international trade(EXIM)and provided a useful starting point in assessing the efficiency of logistics ecosystem in each State and UT.In the second edition of the study “LEADS 2019”,the Ministry expanded coverage to include both international and domestic trades.The two LEADS exercises have served the purpose of initiating a dialogue amongst all stakeholders,including Central and State Governments,as also the private sector,to improve the efficiency of the States/UTs logistics ecosystem.The LEADS initiative had already introduced constructive competition and excitement amongst States.This is now to be taken to the next level though greater engagement with the States/UTs.In this regard,the Logistics Division of MoCI initiated the third edition of the study “LEADS 2021”.Like“LEADS 2019”,the 2021 edition focuses on both international and domestic trade.However,while LEADS 2018 and 2019 editions were perception-based,“LEADS 2021”introduced objective parameters in the index formulation by engaging with all the States/UTs for the first time.LEADS 2022 framework:LEADS 2022 continues to focus on indicators introduced across three established pillars as 1.Infrastructure-covers 4 indicators related to quality of available Logistics Infrastructure 2.Services-covers 7 indicators related to quality of service,price reasonableness(freight rates&terminal services),timeliness(transportation&terminal services),safety and security(transportation&terminal services)and track&trace 3.Operating&Regulatory Environment-covers 4 indicators related to extent of facilitation offered by the State/UT,ease of obtaining all approvals,inter-state border movement and clearance and last,efficiency of regulatory services.The LEADS 2022 survey assesses viewpoints of various users and stakeholders across the value chain viz Shippers,Terminal Infrastructure Service Providers,Logistics Service Providers,Transporters and Government agencies,to understand the enabler and impediment elements to the logistics ecosystem in the country.Anecdotal evidence,gathered on the basis of industry interactions,also forms a key part of the framework.These would be a guide to key issues and challenges in the industry.The annual survey processes data received from stakeholders and States/UTs.It grades logistics ecosystem of each State/UT based on perception inputs from stakeholders and objective data for respective States/UTs using a statistical model.The LEADS Study considers inputs from the States and UTs through an evidence-based objective survey to map their initiatives and improvements in all three categories.It has been considered prudent to utilize the same statistical methodology as in the last round,LEADS 2021.The Structured Equation Modelling(SEM)methodology for undertaking a Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA)has been found useful for preparation of LEADS 2022 index.C.Learnings from 2021 LEADS exercise and resultant modifications made to LEADS 2022:i.LEADS 2021:LEADS 2021 successfully established a robust mechanism to capture key issues and challenges of the stakeholders through its comprehensive set of 17 perception-based indicators(covering infrastructure,services,and the regulatory framework)dovetailed with State/UT specific objective(data based)indicators.Anecdotal evidence(gathered on the basis of industry interactions)is embedded in the study as a key part of the framework to understand issues further.LEADS 2021 was conducted predominantly on a virtual platform owing to the Covid-19 pandemic related travel restrictions.LEADS 2021 exercise garnered a total of 3,771 responses out of which 3,363 responses were considered after data cleaning.ii.LEADS 2021 key findings:In LEADS 2021,Gujarat,Haryana and Punjab emerged as the top three performers.Western India led by L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 29 Gujarat and Maharashtra exhibited good performance on nearly all perception indicators leading to understanding that these States have a well-established logistics ecosystem in relation to the current demand of such services.Southern India on the other hand fared in the average to good range across indicators.Eastern States depicted an average rating across parameters in LEADS 2021 index.Except few States,overall Operating and Regulatory Environment across States was registered in average to good range.Northern States such as Haryana,Punjab and Uttar Pradesh endorsed good scores(highest in few individual indicators)across categories.Uttar Pradesh clocked the highest jump in ranking compared to the previous year with a leap of 7 places to claim 6th Rank.iii.Learnings from LEADS 2021 LEADS 2022 is led by learnings and lessons taken from the previous years exercises.The questionnaire has been revised based on respondents feedback.It has been consolidated into a robust survey instrument and pilot tested with key stakeholders for suitability in terms of data collection and relevant trends being captured.New questions have been added to reflect major initiatives undertaken over the past year and cover the evolving spread of issues and challenges.The number of perception-based indicators have been revised to 15 from 17(in 2021)whereas objective indicators have been retained at the earlier 4.a)Value addition in LEADS 2022:Following revisions were undertaken in the latest study based on feedback from stakeholders and operating environment:D.Perception Indicators Three Pillars of LEADS study,i.e.,Infrastructure,Services and Regulatory environment define the basic structure of Logistics ecosystem.These pillars have independent identities but,play a conjoined role in deciding overall Logistics cost and user experience.Therefore,it is imperative to extensively study all three pillars.To achieve the vision of LEADS study,these three pillars are further broken into various sub indicators.LEADS 2022 not only assesses perception of private stakeholders but also the facilitation provided by State/UTs in logistics sector through various policy initiatives and interventions.Another important aspect of State Engagement that has been captured through this survey is action taken by States/UTs in respect of the recommendations made in LEADS 2021 report and State feedback on observations indicated by stakeholders in existing survey.Physical visits v/s virtual rollout in 2021 due to Covid restrictionsMode of operation More than 40%higher v/s LEADS 2021Sample collection:2,140 respondents 6,583 responsesNumbers achievedPerception survey:15 questions v/s 21,Part B removedObjective survey:3 additional questionOptimized questionnaire lengthData analytics to derive deeper insights from survey findingsData based insights in reportTo avoid respondent fatigue and capture valuable insightsGranular anecdotal insights from IndustryWider reach-out and deeper connect with industry and StatesData driven insights L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 30 Apart from the data available in public domain on key parameters like road/rail network,warehouse capacity,etc.,it was also captured from States/UTs and Line Ministries in respect of terminal infrastructures like ICD,CFS,Air cargo terminals,etc.Given the nature of this study,the focus was only on infrastructure related data sets.The perception survey questionnaire was circulated to industry stakeholders in the form of physical as well as online survey.In LEADS 2022,52%more responses have been collected as compared to the previous years reports,taking the overall number of responses to 6,583 from 2,140 respondents.LEADS Study has established itself as a validated and accepted mechanism for measuring efficiency of the logistics ecosystem of the State/UT.Hence,LEADS 2022 continues with the Index being a combination of perception and objective data-based indicators.Perception questions are administered to private players and objective data queries to the State/UT Governments.Survey instrument(perception-based):Comparison and Revisions undertaken to the survey instrument The perception-based questions focus on the now well-established framework of Infrastructure,Services,and Regulatory and operating environment.A detailed comparison of the Indicators in LEADS 2021 and the respective changes in LEADS 2022 Perception based Survey questionnaire and associated indicators are listed in Annexure-1 Exhibit 4:LEADS 2022(Perception Survey)Indicators and Comparison with LEADS 2021 InfrastructureServicesRegulatory FrameworkQuality of available Road infrastructure Quality of available Rail infrastructure Quality of Multimodal terminalQuality of WarehousingQuality of Unimodal terminalLEAD 2021 IndicatorsQuality of logistics services offered by LSPQuality of Logistics Service ProvidersReasonableness of transportation pricesReasonableness of terminal pricesTimeliness of cargo delivery w.r.t transportationTimeliness of cargo delivery w.r.t terminal servicesAvailability of mobile/internet connectivitySafety/security of cargo during transportationSafety/security of cargo at terminalsExtent of facilitation provided by the State Government/UT for encouraging logisticsEfficiency of regulatory processLEAD 2022 IndicatorsQuality of Road infrastructure Quality of Rail infrastructure Quality of terminal InfrastructureQuality of Warehousing InfrastructureQuality of modal logistics services Quality of Services at terminalsReasonableness of prices of logistics servicesTimeliness of cargo delivery w.r.t transportationAbility to track and trace Safety/security of cargo within State/UTPromoting,incentivising and facilitating creation,management and operation of logistics infrastructure and encouraging efficient logistics services Ease of obtaining all approvals for setting up warehouse infrastructure Satisfaction withlogistics issues related grievance redressal mechanismEase of entry in the selected State/UT from a neighbouring State/UTTimeliness of cargo delivery w.r.t terminal servicesEase of obtaining approvals L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 31 Perception based Indicators definition:The three Pillars of LEADS 2022 study(Infrastructure,Services and Operating and Regulatory Environment)are covered through 15 Indicators.The indicators and their coverage area for study are listed below in Exhibit 5:Exhibit 5:Perception based indicators and their coverage Pillars Indicators Coverage Infrastructure Quality of Road Infrastructure Road network and associated physical infrastructure such as road condition,Capacity utilisation,signage,lighting,vehicle refuelling services,toll,Parking,Lay-bys,State border points,etc.Quality of Rail Infrastructure Sufficiency of Rail tracks,congestion on rail networks etc.Quality of Terminal Infrastructure ICDs,CFSs,AFSs,PFTs,MMLP,port terminals,airport terminals,logistics parks,inland waterway terminals,dry ports,Land Custom Stations,Road-based terminals,transport nagar,LCS/LCP etc.Quality of Warehousing Infrastructure Warehouses including silos/bulk storage,consolidation centres,cold storages,packhouses,ripening chambers,reefer vans etc.Services Quality of Modal Logistics Services Haulage/transportation by different modes,terminal operations including handling and storage of cargo,customs broking,and value-added services like consolidation,repackaging,labelling,last-mile connectivity,etc.Quality of Services at terminals Competency of transport providers,truck drivers,freight forwarders,custom house agents,MTOs etc.Reasonableness of prices of logistics services Road Freight Rates,Terminal Charges,Charges by Service providers such as Shipping Lines,Transporters and Freight Forwarders etc.Timeliness of cargo delivery w.r.t transportation Delivery within schedule/expected time within a State/UT Timeliness of cargo delivery w.r.t terminal services Reasonable time taken for terminal operations viz.,time taken in stuffing up a cargo,customs broking time,dispatch waiting period,etc.Ability to track and trace Ease of tracking and tracing of the cargo movement and condition from First mile to last mile.Safety/security of cargo within State/UT Consistency in delivery without damage/deterioration/pilferage/loss of cargo and to the truck due to logistics inefficiencies or accidents or thefts during transportation of goods Operating and Regulatory Environment Promoting,incentivising,and facilitating creation,management and operation of logistics infrastructure and encouraging efficient logistics services Existence and effectiveness of policies related to single window clearances,logistics/labour,ease of availing land and ancillary facilities,maintenance of law and order,and provision and implementation of tax breaks/subsidies/access to credit etc.Satisfaction with logistics issues related grievance redressal mechanism Provision of effective system to ensure grievance redressal and dispute resolution etc.Ease of obtaining all approvals for setting up warehouse infrastructure Approvals related to Warehouses including silos/bulk storage,consolidation centres,Cold storages,packhouses etc.Ease of entry in the selected State/UT from a neighbouring State/UT Presence of Check posts,easy RTO and Police regulations and implementation of Smart enforcement system L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 32 Quality of available Infrastructure(Rail,Road,Terminals and Warehouses):The quality of available Infrastructure in terms of accessibility,connectivity,cargo handling and storage is the preliminary parameter in root-cause analysis of logistics ecosystem.Infrastructure drives the overall quality of logistics services such as timeliness,prices being paid and safety security of cargo and while in-transit.Infrastructure quality also creates the perception about the proactive approach by States/UTs for betterment of Logistics ecosystem.Quality of modal logistics Services and Service Providers(Modal Logistics Services and Services at Terminal):Extensive deliberations with multiple expert groups from industry and Government to develop LEADS 2021 indicators helped establish how the logistics ecosystem could be evaluated in a holistic way and bottlenecks be identified.The root cause analysis(deliberations)ultimately led to the basic premise of availability and quality of logistics.it was concluded that availability is necessary but not sufficient for logistics infrastructure.Hence,to understand the ecosystem,it is imperative to understand the“quality”of logistics.The quality of available infrastructure dictates the price being paid for the service,thereby driving service levels.Hence the shift in indicators from availability(in“LEADS 2019”)to quality of infrastructure.Since the objective was to identify at which leg of the supply chain issues were being faced,infrastructure construct was further broken into infrastructure subgroups of transportation(rail,road)and terminal infrastructure(multi-modal,unimodal,and warehousing).Reasonableness of Prices of Logistics Services:The indicator aims to determine the respondents perception of reasonableness of cost for services being availed.Pricing is a derivative of multiple factors like infrastructure available,nature of market(fragmented or organized),demand for the service etc.Continuing with the aim to identify at which leg of supply chain is the issue being faced,the indicator is further broken down in terms of reasonableness of prices for transportation and for terminal service.Timeliness of Cargo Delivery with respect to Transportation and Terminal Services:This indicator dictates the bottlenecks in the logistics ecosystem.Any delay in delivery of goods occurs mainly at two stages,first when the cargo is in transit and the second at storage/transit centre such as depots,warehouses,and freight terminals.Both these aspects have been considered in the study.Ability to track and trace:Track and trace is enabled by GPS or SIM-based tracking,which depends on the availability of the cellular mobile network for accuracy.Better the network services in a State,lesser the blind spots in connectivity and the higher the real-time cargo visibility.Ease of track and trace is enabled by strong mobile network strength in the States/UTs.Safety/Security of Cargo:It has been observed that cargo pilferage happens during transportation or during storage at terminals.The indicator maps user perception about any such experience(in the recent past)to accurately identifying gaps in safety and security and help the responsible agency to implement counter measures to reduce such instances.Promoting,incentivising,facilitating and investing in creation,management and operation of logistics infrastructure and encouraging efficient logistics services:LEADS 2021 identified the extent of facilitation provided by State/UT for enabling logistics while LEADS 2022 took an extensive study to understand the perception in Users mind regarding the action taken by the states/UTs in promoting,incentivising,and facilitating for creation,management and operation of logistics infrastructure and encouraging efficient logistics services in the State.State policies are the driving force for any sector to thrive in the State in an organised and efficient manner.Satisfaction with logistics issues related grievance redress mechanism:This Indicator helps in understanding perception about the promptness of the State in handling the users grievances and disputes through effective and responsive redressal mechanism.Ease of obtaining all approvals for setting up warehouse infrastructure:This indicator was part of LEADS 2021 and has been retained in the study.Warehousing Infrastructure is an important component in terms of extent of services,capital investment,required land and approvals.L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 33 Perception about States policies and ease of documentation for obtaining approvals for setting up Warehouses such as CLU,Pollution NOC,Fire department approval etc.is the essence of this indicator.Ease of entry in the selected State/UT from a neighbouring State/UT:In India,diverse policies across States play a major role in determining the interstate cargo movement.Ease of entry from any State depends upon various factors such as policy by the State for checking,number of check posts,effective policy enforcement by police and RTO officials,use of Smart Enforcement System etc.Perception under this category encapsulates both the effectiveness of checks,as also delays that it entails.E.Objective Indicators:The Objective indicators diagnose the logistics ecosystem in the State/UT through enabling initiatives undertaken by respective State/UT and use of available secondary data points.Part I Part I of the survey comprises 13 binary Questions,which collectively are considered as a single indicator for Statistical analysis.Questions under this indicator are used to assess various initiatives undertaken by States such as policy formation,institutional set up,regulatory improvements,and other related initiatives for promoting and facilitating efficient logistics infrastructure and services.As a part of data authenticity process,States/UTs had to also provide documentary evidence against the binary questions where the response was mentioned as“Yes”.This survey was administered to all 36 States and UTs.The framework for binary questions is presented in the Annexure-3 Part II Secondary data sets:A set of 20 questions related to availability of logistics infrastructure,services and facilities in the States were included in the objective survey to map available logistics at State/UT level.To ensure authenticity and reduce variation,all responses from States/UTs were reconfirmed with respective States/UTs before using the data in Statistical analysis.Received data variables were also compared with the data sourced from the repository of different Central Line Ministries and Government organizations.A detailed matrix of secondary data used in statistical modelling,normalizing parameter and for state analysis is represented in Exhibit 6 below:Exhibit 6:Details of Secondary data Sr.No.Variables Year Source Used for statistical analysis 1 Total Length of State Highways Replaced with proxy variable-State wise Capital Outlay on Roads and Bridges Average of(2018-19,2019-20,2020-21)2018-19,2019-20,2020-21 States/UTs budget data 2 Total Length of District Roads 3 Total Length of Urban Roads 4 Total Length of Rural Roads 5 Total Length of Village Roads 6 Total no.of registered Goods Commercial Vehicles(GCVs)2020-21 MoRTH(VAAHAN data)and State data 7 No.of CFSs 2020-21 IMC List and State Data 8 No.of ICDs 2021-22 IMC List 9 No.of PFTs 2020-21 FOIS 10 No.of Railway Good sheds 2020-21 FOIS and State Data 11 No.of Air cargo terminals/AFSs 2020-21 MoCA and State data 12 Capacity of cold storages(MT)2020-21 MoCAF&PD and State data 13 Capacity of warehouses(MT)2020-21 WDRA and State Data 14 Total number of training centres for logistics 2019-20 MoSDE and State data 15 Number of individuals,trained in logistics training 2019-20 MoSDE and State data 16 Subsidy data from TIES,State wise average of(2017-18,2018-19,2019-20,2020-21)2017-18,2018-19,DPIIT,MoCI L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 34 Sr.No.Variables Year Source 2019-20,2020-21 17 Ease of Doing Business(EoDB)2019-20 DPIIT-Business Reform Action Plan 18 Number of road accidents during the year of Goods Commercial Vehicles 2019-20 MoRTH Used as normalizing parameter 1 Gross State Value Added(GSVA)2019-20 MOSPI 2 Total geographical area of the State/UT 2020-21 FRI Dehradun website Used for States analysis/insights 1 Total no.of registered drivers of GCVs 2020-21 MoRTH(SARATHI data)and State data 2 Total forest cover of the State/UT 2019-20 FRI Dehradun website In line with the idea of introducing objectivity to the index,proxy variables were utilised in case the direct,quantifiable measures were not available for all the objective parameters.For instance,for road infrastructure(State Highway/District/Urban/Rural/Village),the available data was outdated and not available for every State.Hence total CAPEX on roads and bridges done by States/UTs has been considered as a proxy measure of infrastructure creation.On the terminal infrastructure availability front,number of CFS/ICD/PFT/Railway goods sheds have been used to assess the extent of logistics network that has been developed at the State/UT level Critical support infrastructure in terms of capacity of cold storage,general warehouse and available capacity has been used as provided by States and available with Warehouse Development and Regulatory Authority.Ease of Doing Business(EoDB)rankings and Trade Infrastructure for Export Scheme(TIES)a subsidy provided by Centre to the States/UTs for development of export infrastructure-have been retained as a parameter.Gross State Value Added(GSVA)and geographical areas have been used as normalising factors.Survey instrument(Objective):Comparison and revisions undertaken to the survey instrument:LEADS 2022 Objective-based questions also deep-dive into the aspects of logistics policy framework,institutional mechanism,first/last mile connectivity,bottlenecks/choke-points and PM-GatiShakti-led initiatives and reforms.Few changes in Objective Survey Questionnaire have been undertaken in LEADS 2022.A detailed comparison of LEADS 2021 and LEADS 2022 Objective Questionnaire is attached in Annexure-3 As a result of the above exercise,four indicators were arrived at for objective data set using the following methodology:Indicator I consolidation of part I of the Objective questionnaire(binary questions).Indicator II Out of these 20 questions in Part II of the Objective questionnaire,11 data variables on availability of logistics infrastructure,services and facilities have been clubbed together as a single indicator.Annexure-3 illustrates the usage of parameters and its normalisation factor.The usage of data in statistical model including normalisation factors were finalised with the expert committee.After normalisation,a total score was generated,which was categorised using a class interval of 1-5.This objective score was considered a measure of the quality of infrastructure data to be included in the Infrastructure construct and was named“Assessment of variables of logistics ease”.Indicator III Range Scaled EoDB Ranks:EoDB is considered as an index to rank the States on the regulatory policies and ecosystem which directly affects businesses in the State.The EoDB Index for individual State was included in the overall model.The rankings of the States were categorised into separate class intervals before including them in the model.This objective variable was named“Range Scaled EoDB Ranks”and was included in the Operating and Regulatory Environment.L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 35 Indicator IV Trade Infrastructure Export Subsidy(TIES)Outlay:Trade Infrastructure Export Subsidy(TIES)Outlay:It is a Government of India Scheme to assist Central and State Government agencies for creation of appropriate infrastructure for growth of exports from the States/UTs.TIES was launched in the year 2017.This parameter was also considered as one of the objective variables included in the Operating and Regulatory Environment.An average of the subsidy across multiple years was calculated.Class intervals were calculated based on the average amount of subsidy for the States.This objective variable was named as“TIES Outlay”.A detailed matrix of data used for statistical modelling,normalizing parameters and State/UT level analysis is presented in Annexure-4 F.Overall indicator set for LEADS 22 index including perception and objective data:Overall,combining 15 perception indicators and 4 objective indicators,a total of 19 indicators have been used for Statistical analysis which is represented in the Exhibit 7 below.Exhibit 7:LEADS 2022 Index Combination of Perception and Objective Data based Indicators G.Framework,data&methodology including statistical modelling i.Sampling:The table below enlists industry stakeholders which were covered for the perception-based survey under four broad categories:Traders and Shippers(TS)(Exporters/Importers)Transport Service providers(TSP)-Road hauliers,Rail operators,Container train operators,Airlines,and Shipping lines Terminal Infrastructure Service Providers(TISP)-Surface transport based terminal operators(CFS/ICD/PFT/AFS),Warehouse operators,Cold storages,Port terminal operators,Air cargo Terminal operators,etc.Logistics Service Providers-freight forwarders,express carriers,customs brokers,multimodal transport operators,and air cargo agents,etc.With ease in travel restrictions,the LEADS 2022 Survey was initiated in April 2022.Physical meetings were held with more than 20 National Associations of Logistics sector and more than 75 Regional Associations across the country operating in the sector.Their active participation resulted in more than 6,000 responses being collated.The States/UTs extended their support by providing necessary data pertaining to the objective survey(in addition to 8 Central Line Ministries).The list below shows a comparison of LEADS 2021 and LEADS 2022 data collection:LEADS 2022Index2120Questions in LEADS 2021151311Statistical modelSEMSEM151No.of Indicators 1MoCI dataStates/UTsNodal officersObjective Questions-assessment of initiative and enablement of Logistics by States/UTsObjective assessment assessment of available Logistics Infrastructure/Services data basedTrade Infrastructure for Export Scheme(TIES)assistance utilized by StatesDPIIT dataEase of Doing Business Ranking(EoDB)11127201Questions in LEADS 2022Private sectorPerception indicators focus on assessment of quality,efficiency of transport and terminal logistics Infrastructure and logsistics Services L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 36 Description LEADS 2021 LEADS 2022%Change Respondents 1,405 2,140 52%Responses 3,771 6,583 75%Meetings 500 600 20%The LEADS 2022 survey also involves a component of PM-Gati Shakti initiative(PMGS),as PMGS is playing a crucial role in developing a robust logistics visualisation platform in close coordination with BISAG-N.As on date,more than 900 essential data layers have been integrated by the States/UTs on the PMGS National Master Plan platform.The States of Gujarat,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh have been leading in the process of integration of essential data layers Survey Instrument finalization:Discussions were held with experts to design the perception and objective survey instruments.The design of the survey instrument is one of the critical aspects of successful capture of respondents perceptions accurately.The designed survey instruments went through multiple iterations to make them accurate,pinpointed,and comprehensive so as to elicit a proper response from the stakeholders.The survey instruments were then subjected to pilot testing sessions with actual stakeholders from the logistics sector to understand their perspectives.After multiple rounds of iterations and modifications,the survey instrument was finalized.Perception survey questionnaire is enclosed as Annexure-1 to this report.Objective survey is enclosed as Annexure-3 to this report.Database of respondents Exhibit 8:Stakeholder categories for LEADS survey Sampling The next step was to arrive at the right sample size,across States and stakeholders.Considering that the sampling frame was segregated as per State and different stakeholder groups/sub-2 Cochrans formula for sample size determination is an accepted practice in the domain of statistics for small or large population sizes groups,the sample size needed to be customised.Cochrans formula2 was used to calculate sample sizes for each States stratum(category of stakeholders).(Cochran,W.G,“Sampling Techniques”,John Wiley and Sons,3rd Edition,1991)2Trader/ShipperTerminal Infrastructure Service Provider31Transport Service ProviderLogistics Services Provider4 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 37 N:Population Size Z:Critical Value of desired Confidence Level(min:90%,max:99%)P:Population proportion with homogeneous characteristics(90%)d:Margin of error(Sampling error Data Collection To collate a population set of the above categories,industry and trade associations and chambers of commerce were approached.Respondents were contacted through multiple means.The exhibit 6 below represents the mode of capturing responses.Exhibit 9:Survey administration tools A total of 6.583 responses from 2,104 respondents were collected as part of the LEADS 2022 exercise.Data was collected from all the four categories of respondents identified earlier.Distribution of responses is presented in the Exhibit 10 below:Exhibit 10:Respondents data sharing percentage Data Analysis For all of 6,583 responses,data was cleaned,and only valid responses,i.e.,responses where more than 50%of the data exists,totalling 5,130 were used for analysis.Each of the objective parameters used for statistical analysis was normalised either using Gross State Value Addition(GSVA)for Industry and Agriculture or the States Geographical Area.Annexure-4 illustrates the usage of parameters and its normalisation factor.After normalisation,a total score was generated,which was categorised using a class interval of 1-5.This objective score was considered a measure of the quality of infrastructure data to be included in the infrastructure construct.1Web enabled portals and emails4Face to face meetings3Videoconferencing2Telephonic discussion41%92%Trader/ShipperTransport Service ProviderTerminal Infrastructure Service ProviderLogistics Service Provider L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 38 EoDB index for individual States was included in the overall model.This Index is meant to measure regulations directly affecting businesses.The rankings of the States were categorised into separate class intervals before including them in the model.This objective variable was included in the Operating and Regulatory Environment.TIES outlay was also considered as one of the objective variables included in the Operating and Regulatory Environment.An average of the subsidy across multiple years was calculated.Class intervals were calculated based on the average amount of subsidy for the States/UTs.Statistical modelling In this edition of the LEADS report,latent variables,or constructs(dimensions of Infrastructure,Services and Regulatory)have been defined in a way that they are composed of a number of indicators/questions,making the measurement more detailed in nature.The perception questions and the objective variables,illustrated in previous sections,were considered as observable variables.A confirmatory factor analysis approach using Structured Equation Modelling(SEM)was adopted where the measurement models and paths were defined to depict the relationship between constructs,the respective observed variables,and the overall dependent variable.The model was executed using Latent Variable Analysis(LAVAAN)package in R a statistical analysis software package.The“Assessment of Variables of Logistics Ease”variable that reflected the quality of infrastructure was included in the infrastructure latent construct.The other objective variables such as the”Range scaled EoDB ranks”,subsidy and the regulatory policy indicated by States“States logistics enabling initiatives”were included in the Regulatory Environment latent construct.For parameter estimation,the Pairwise Maximum Likelihood Estimation method34 was used.During model implementation,goodness-of-fit indices such as chi-square,root mean standard error of approximation(RMSEA),Confirmatory Fit Index(CFI)were examined at every iteration.The CFI was observed to be 0.912,and RMSEA was found to be 0.078.The factor scores of the 3 constructs:Infrastructure,Services and Regulation were utilised to arrive at gradings for States/UTs.Weighting In this round of LEADS survey the highest number of responses have been collected compared to the past editions.However,collecting a greater number of responses could possibly introduce biases due to over-representation of respondents with particular characteristics.Consequently,the current round of data has been weighted to maintain similar proportion as in LEADS 2021.Cluster-based Grading LEADS 2022 has shifted from a purely rank-based listing to a much more holistic grading system.The primary classification is based on geographies or clusters.Within this classification,the States have been graded based on buckets;the ranges of which are derived from the scores formulated using the SEM model.Given the vast demographic profile of India,each State/UT has its own enablers and challenges related to its geographical characteristics.Thus,it is important to assess the States/UTs with respect to their profile.Insights in the LEADS report are presented with due consideration to the context(influenced largely by Geography)in which stakeholders and States have to deliver Logistics services.It is imperative that this aspect is reflected in grading as well.As a result,4 separate clusters have been formulated within which the States/UTs have been categorized:1.Landlocked:States that are landlocked and are away from the coast 2.Coastal:States that are on the coastline of the country 3.North-Eastern Region(NER):States that are considered to be part of political and administrative part of North East Region 4.Union Territories(UT):Territories that are governed,in part of whole,by the Government of India 3 Katsikatsou,M,Moutaki,I and Jamil,H,“Pairwise Likelihood estimation for confirmatory factor analysis models with ordinal variables and data that are missing at random”,British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology,November 2018,4“The Pairwise Likelihood Method for Structural Equation Modelling with ordinal variables and data with missing values using the R package lavaan”,https:/users.ugent.be/yrosseel/lavaan/pml/PL_Tutorial.pdf L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 39 Exhibit 11:The list of the states within each clusters:Landlocked Bihar Chhattisgarh Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Punjab Rajasthan Telangana Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Coastal Andhra Pradesh Goa Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Odisha Tamil Nadu West Bengal North-East Region(NER)Arunachal Pradesh Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura Union Territories(UT)Andaman&Nicobar Chandigarh Daman&Diu/Dadra&Nagar Haveli Delhi Jammu&Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry Shift from ranking to grading in LEADS 2022:Previously,States/UTs were ranked based on their logistics ecosystem.However,it was felt that the phenomenal work which has been done in the last one year by States towards logistics ecosystem improvement cannot be properly appreciated through a ranking framework.The scores and resultant ranks of States/UTs have in all previous occasions been arrived at using different sample sizes and intra-category compositions,varying weights applied to the broader Indicator categories(Infrastructure,Services and Regulation)as also to stakeholder groups.All these issues,mostly uncontrollable because of a constantly shifting stakeholder profile and a very strong recency bias,make differentiation in perceptions of logistics competence among States/UTs very unclear and indistinct.Adapting the evaluation framework of the recently released Business Reforms Action Plan5,in LEADS 2022 there is a shift from one uniform ranking.All the States/UTs in their respective clusters(based on geographical profile),are grouped into three grades based on the percentage score ranges.A percentage score indicates how well a State or UT has performed in comparison to the Top State/UT within the specific cluster.The States/UTs with similar percentage score range have been graded in a common group.5 Business Reforms Action Plan(dpiit.gov.in)accessed at Business Reforms Action Plan(dpiit.gov.in)LEADS 2022 categorizes States based on their geographic demographics into 4 categories of Landlocked,coastal,northeastern regions and Union Territories.For grading each of these categories in into three categories.The“Achievers”are States which have shown exemplary logistics ecosystems with exceptional infrastructure and transparent regulatory processes.The“Fast Movers”are States who are moving towards becoming Achievers by notifying progressive policy and legislatives initiatives along with new infrastructure projects.Finally,we have the“Aspirers”States which have initiated their journey towards logistics ease and excellence by adopting national best practices to further improve their contribution towards Indias emerging position as a global manufacturing and logistics hub.Accordingly,three percentage-based grades are as follows:Achievers:Above 90%of the highest scoring state(at 100%)Fast Movers:80%to 90%of the highest scoring state(at 100%)Aspirers:Below 80%of the highest scoring state(at 100%)Based on the above approach,results of cluster-based grading are illustrated below.The States and UTs are listed in each group in alphabetical order.L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 40 Exhibit 12:LEADS 2022 grading of States/UT across cluster Categories Achievers Fast movers Aspirers Landlocked states Uttarakhand,Himachal Pradesh,Haryana,Punjab,Telangana,Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan Bihar,Chhattisgarh,Jharkhand Coastal states Maharashtra,Odisha,Andhra Pradesh,Gujarat,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu Kerala Goa,West Bengal North Eastern Region Assam Sikkim,Tripura Arunachal Pradesh,Manipur,Meghalaya,Mizoram,Nagaland UTs Chandigarh,Delhi Puducherry Andaman&Nicobar,Daman Diu&Dadara and Nagar Haveli,Jammu&Kashmir,Ladakh,Lakshadweep Creation of separate North-eastern States In the NER states,the geographical positioning,terrain,resource base and economic activity at large act as natural deterrents to development of a robust logistics infrastructure and its effective management.Hence,the region is considered as a separate category for ranking.Limited access points,mostly via the(inefficient)ecosystems in West Bengal and centred primarily around Assam within the NER,only increase time and cost of cargo movement to/from the region.Lack of major industries/production centres across the entire region discourage logistics infrastructure development and the States difficult terrain makes operation and management of logistics challenging.NER is a consumption-based economy with little to offer for return cargo.This fact itself makes the region a high-cost logistics territory.The entire region encounters similar kinds of challenges,and it appears as though it is one large homogeneous territory with its centre in Assam.Though efforts are underway to develop connectivity and build infrastructure in States other than Assam,it will take time for the focus to shift.The NER has a unique status in the national economy,and it currently enjoys a determined developmental focus.Putting these States at the bottom of all States ranking would be discouraging for them,as also an unfair comparison.In any case,the model applied for determining grading for NE States and others is the same.Keeping all the points above in view,putting these States as a special and exclusive set,in one lot and grading them within was therefore considered as justified.Creation of other Union Territories The regulatory set-up in UTs is different as compared to other States.Limited area,and lack of industrial zones are factors that reduce scope of development of logistics infrastructure and robust service deliveries.As a result,the demand in these centres is largely catered by support from infrastructure/service providers in adjacent States.As a result,UTs as a group was treated separately.Puducherry,Ladakh,Daman&Diu and Dadra&Nagar Haveli,Andaman&Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep have been excluded from grading due to inadequacy of responses in the survey.L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 41 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 42 Exhibit 13:LEADS 2022 indicator-wise grading and heat maps Bihar Chhattisgarh Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Punjab Rajasthan Telangana Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Andhra Pradesh Goa Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Road infrastructure Rail infrastructure Terminal infrastructure Warehousing infrastructure Modal logistics services Quality of services at terminals Reasonableness of prices of logistics services Timeliness-transportation services Timeliness-terminal services Track and trace cargo movement Safety/security of cargo Promoting,incentivising,facilitating Ease of obtaining all approvals Ease of entry Issues related grievance redressal LegendAchieverFast MoverAspirer90%-100%-90%L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 43 Odisha Tamil Nadu West Bengal Arunachal Pradesh Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura Andaman&Nicobar Chandigarh Daman&Diu/Dadra&Nagar Haveli Delhi Jammu&Kashmir Ladakh Lakshadweep Puducherry L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 44 Cluster:Landlocked States Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Bihar Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Telangana Legend Achiever Fast Mover Aspirer 90%-100%-90%L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 45 Cluster:Coastal States Tamil Nadu Gujarat Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Odisha Maharashtra Kerala West Bengal Goa Legend Achiever Fast Mover Aspirer 90%-100%-90%L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 46 Cluster:North-Eastern Region Assam Sikkim Tripura Meghalaya Manipur Mizoram Arunachal Pradesh Nagaland Legend Achiever Fast Mover Aspirer 90%-100%-90%L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 47 Cluster:Union Territories Delhi Chandigarh Puducherry Daman&Diu and Dadar&Nagar Haveli Jammu&Kashmir Ladakh Andaman&Nicobar Islands Lakshadweep Legend Achiever Fast Mover Aspirer 90%-100%-90%L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 48 Cluster insights on overall indicators infrastructure,services and regulatory 3 L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 49 Cluster insights on overall indicators infrastructure,services and regulatory Globalization has led to convergence of supply chain across borders with raw materials being sourced from one part of the World and finished products being supplied to another.As a result,being competitive and agile,in terms of efficient supply chains,is need of the hour.What it means for the domestic industry is that States/UTs and Central agencies have to work in unison to facilitate seamless movement of goods.Given the vast geographical demographics of India,every State/UT has a certain advantage/disadvantage inherent to deal with.Adjoining sub-regions of two or three States/UTs may exhibit a common ecosystem,only differentiated by varying policy measures undertaken by the concerned States/UTs.The flow of goods from origin to destination is almost always across more than one State,traversing various geographies.The presence of production and consumption centres are not bound by the logic of administrative units such as a State or a UT.Multiple interactions with industry stakeholders have indicated that a broader geographic lens must be used to examine the performance of logistics ecosystem.Therefore,States/UTs have been clustered as per geographic demography and their performance,indicator wise has been studied to better understand the underlying cause/effect of existing supply chain.Clustering approach highlights that the logistics ecosystems depend on many variables,of which geographical position of a State/UT is only one factor.Though geographical position might provide an initial impetus to logistics,its sustenance is based on a number of underlying factors for an efficient ecosystem.As detailed earlier,the States/UTs have been clustered into 4 segments as follows:Landlocked States Coastal States North-Eastern States and Union Territories Performance of States/UTs,in each of these clusters,was based on their individual scores(respondents ratings)across pillars of “overall quality of logistics infrastructure,quality of logistics services;and operating and regulatory environment”.These three indicators were part of the perception questionnaire administered to private stakeholders(as Question no.A,B and C).Detailed analysis is presented below:L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 50 3.1 Landlocked States Quality of overall infrastructure-Exhibit 14:Landlocked-Overall quality of infrastructure As shown in the exhibit below,all States barring three fall in Achievers category,indicating that the respondents perceive that infrastructure is good in the cluster.Telangana,Madhya Pradesh,Punjab,Haryana,lead the cluster.A deep dive into sub indicators of road,rail,terminals,and warehouse indicates that the achievers maintain their leadership across all the indicators.Especially in roads,all the achievers retain their position.Further highlighting majority of the cargo is shipped via road mode and thus having good road infrastructure augurs well for States logistics ecosystem.In terms of“Quality of rail infrastructure”,Punjab,Uttar Pradesh,Haryana,Telangana are the leaders.Madhya Pradesh which has the largest warehousing capacity in the country features in Fast Movers category for“Quality of warehousing infrastructure”.Bihar is the only State to feature in the Fast Movers segment,mainly as the respondents have indicated high confidence in“Overall rail infrastructure”which puts it in the Achievers category for the said indicator.Respondents feedback indicate that the States in Aspirers segment need to improve logistics infrastructure i.e.road,rail,terminal and warehousing infrastructure.Bihar may specifically focus on further improving roads infrastructure which will help advance its overall logistics ecosystem.Quality of overall logistics services:Telangana,Punjab,Haryana,Madhya Pradesh score high in“Overall Services indicator”.Telangana in particular features in Achievers segment in most of the sub-indicators like“Quality of modal services,Quality of services at terminals,Timeliness of transportation services,Timeliness of terminal services”.Primary interactions indicate that well developed road connectivity in Telangana(with ring roads to bypass city traffic)especially in consuming hub of Hyderabad has made supply chains efficient,timely and reliable.In terms of“Reasonableness of prices of logistics services”also,the State features in Achievers category.Bihar is the only State to feature in Fast Movers segment mainly on account of scoring high in“Reasonableness of logistics prices”indicator and progressive steps being undertaken by the State towards improving logistics ecosystem.Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have scored low on all sub-indicators of“Quality of logistics service indicator”,particularly on“Timeliness and Safety and Security of cargo”aspects.States may look into immediate interventions to improve quality of logistics services and further improve logistics ecosystem.TelanganaMadhya PradeshPunjabHaryanaHimachal PradeshUttar PradeshUttarakhandRajasthanBiharJharkhandChhattisgarh2.802.903.003.103.203.303.403.503.603.703.800.501.001.502.002.503.003.50INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 51 Exhibit 15:Landlocked Overall quality of services Overall operating and regulatory environment Telangana continues to maintain its leadership position even in the“Overall Operating and regulatory environment”indicator,followed by Himachal Pradesh and Haryana.States featuring in the Achievers segment are the ones who have formulated their Logistics Policy barring Uttarakhand,Punjab and Rajasthan,whose policy is in final stage of being notified.Madhya Pradesh is the only State to feature in Fast movers segment as it is one of the high scorers in each of the sub indicators,a reflection of its progressive policies.States in Aspirers segment have been perceived to have poor operating and regulatory environment.Thus,the States may look at immediate interventions to resolve relevant issues.Over the long term,formulation of logistics policy and providing a favourable business environment will help States to improve regulatory perception.Exhibit 16:Landlocked-overall operating and regulatory environment TelanganaPunjabHaryanaMadhya PradeshHimachal PradeshUttar PradeshUttarakhandRajasthanBiharJharkhandChhattisgarh2.702.903.103.303.503.703.900.501.001.502.002.503.003.50INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchieversTelanganaHimachal PradeshHaryanaUttar PradeshUttarakhandPunjabRajasthanMadhya PradeshBiharJharkhandChhattisgarh2.302.502.702.903.103.303.503.700.501.001.502.002.503.003.50INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 52 3.2 Coastal States Quality of overall infrastructure All States in coastal cluster barring two(West Bengal and Goa)feature in the Achievers segment lead by Tamil Nadu,Gujarat,Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh.Gujarat and Karnataka score high in sub-indicator road infrastructure.Gujarat leads in“Quality of rail and Terminal infrastructure”which also reflects in positive feedback from primary interactions indicating that the State has one of the best terminal infrastructure across country.Karnataka on the other hand tops in quality of warehousing infrastructure.Goa fares particularly low in“Overall quality of logistics infrastructure”.As per primary interactions,warehousing and terminal infrastructure needs major improvements to cater to the trade demands.West Bengal too has been perceived with similar observations and improvement areas,with the exception of having good rail infrastructure as per feedback from industry and hence it features in Fast Movers segment.Exhibit 17:Coastal quality of overall infrastructure Quality of overall logistics services All States barring two(Goa and West Bengal in Fast Movers)feature in Achievers category.Odisha,Gujarat,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu lead the cluster.Odisha leads in sub indicators of“Modal logistics services,Quality of service at terminals,Reasonableness of prices and Track and Trace”.Goa and West Bengal have been rated low on all sub-indicators of logistics services,particularly“Quality of services at terminals,Timeliness and Track&Trace”.Tamil NaduGujaratKarnatakaAndhra PradeshOdishaMaharashtraKeralaWest BengalGoa2.803.003.203.403.603.804.000.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 53 Exhibit 18:Coastal quality of overall services Overall operating and regulatory environment Karnataka,Tamil Nadu,Odisha,Andhra Pradesh lead the cluster.South India States featuring in Achievers segment have undertaken a collaborative approach with industry stakeholders,whereby regular interactions are being held to understand issues faced on ground and devise necessary resolutions.This has helped create a positive environment in the States and support State machinery with necessary feedback to optimise and take appropriate policy interventions.Goa and West Bengal have been rated low on all sub-indicators of operating and regulatory environment.The States need to particularly focus on ease of obtaining approvals and ease of entry to/from neighbouring States where multiple issues have been highlighted.Exhibit 19:Coastal Overall operating and regulatory environment OdishaGujaratKarnatakaTamil NaduAndhra PradeshMaharashtraKeralaGoaWest Bengal3.203.303.403.503.603.703.803.900.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchieversKarnatakaTamil NaduOdishaAndhra PradeshGujaratKeralaMaharashtraWest BengalGoa2.502.702.903.103.303.503.700.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 54 3.3 North Eastern States Quality of overall infrastructure Assam features in the Achievers segment,barring which all other States are categorized in Aspirers with Arunanchal Pradesh in Fast Movers.Assams focus on developing logistics infrastructure,prepration of Logistics Policy has augured well for development of logistics ecosystem.For North Eastern States,limited access points,mostly via the long distance and inefficient ecosystems in West Bengal,logistics development centered primarily around Assam,only increases time and cost of cargo movement to/from the region.The States difficult terrain makes operation and management of logistics challenging.As a result,development is seen in Assam barring which rest of the States lack established logistics ecosystem as reflected in the grading.Arunachal Pradesh on the other hand features in Fast movers category as it one of the high scorers in“Quality of services at terminal,Reasonableness of prices and timeliness”.Among all the States featuring in Aspirers category,Manipur,and Mizoram in particular are rated low on road,rail and warehousing infrastructure.Considering difficult terrain of the region,State Governments may look at developing appropriate action plan or policy to create required infrastructure in coordination with Central agencies.Exhibit 20:North-eastern Region quality of overall infrastructure Quality of overall logistics services Nagaland and Assam lead the category of“Overall logistics services”in Achievers segment.Nagaland has been rated high in every sub-category indicator of quality of logistics services.Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur feature in the Aspirers segment mainly on account of low ratings in“Reasonableness of prices and timeliness”indicators.AssamArunachal PradeshSikkimNagalandMeghalayaTripuraManipurMizoram1.501.701.902.102.302.502.702.903.100.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESCOREAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 55 Exhibit 21:Northeastern Region quality of overall services Overall operating and regulatory environment Assam and Mizoram lead the indicator.Assam especially on the back of its progressive polices reflected in the launch of its Logistics Policy and proactive work towards building sustainable logistics infrastructure.Tripura,Sikkim and Meghalaya have been rated low on operating and regulatory environment during primary interactions.Exhibit 22:North-Eastern Region-overall operating and regulatory environment NagalandAssamSikkimTripuraMeghalayaMizoramArunachal PradeshManipur2.002.202.402.602.803.003.203.400.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchieversAssamMizoramManipurNagalandArunachal PradeshTripuraSikkimMeghalaya1.501.701.902.102.302.502.700.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 56 3.4 Union Territories(UTs)UTs have a different regulatory set-up as compared to the States.Limited area,and lack of industrial zones are factors that reduce scope of development of logistics infrastructure and robust service deliveries.As a result,the demand in these centers is largely catered by support from infrastructure/service providers in adjacent States.Hence they have been clubbed in a separate category.Quality of overall infrastructure Chandigarh,Puducherry,Delhi,Jammu&Kashmir,are leaders in this category.Chandigarh scores maximum in sub indicators of“Quality of road,terminal and warehousing infrastructure”.Delhi tops in quality of rail infrastructure.Exhibit 23:Union Territories quality of overall infrastructure Quality of overall logistics services Chandigarh,Puducherry and Delhi lead in the category.Chandigarh scores maximum in sub indicators of“Quality of services at terminals,Timeliness at terminal services,Track and Trace and Safety and security of cargo”.Ladakh leads in sub indicator of reasonableness of prices of logistics services.Exhibit 24:Union Territories quality of overall services ChandigarhPuducherryDelhiJammu&KashmirDaman&Diu/Dadra&Nagar HaveliAndaman&NicobarLakshadweepLadakh2.502.702.903.103.303.503.703.904.100.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchieversChandigarhPuducherryDelhiJammu&KashmirDaman&Diu/Dadra&Nagar HaveliAndaman&NicobarLakshadweepLadakh2.502.702.903.103.303.503.703.904.100.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 57 Overall operating and regulatory environment Puducherry,Chandigarh,Andaman&Nicobar Island and Delhi lead the indicator.Chandigarh scores maximum in all the sub indicators related to operating and regulatory environment.Exhibit 25:Union Territories overall operating and regulatory environment PuducherryChandigarhAndaman&NicobarDelhiDaman&Diu/Dadra&Nagar HaveliLakshadweepJammu&KashmirLadakh2.002.202.402.602.803.003.203.403.603.804.000.511.522.533.5INDICATOR SCORESEGMENTAspirersFast moversAchievers L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 58 Coastal Landlocked NER UTs Category-wise State and UTs performance 4 Coastal Landlocked NER UTs L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e sPage 59Category-wise State and UTs performance 4.1 Coastal Andhra Pradesh a brief logistics profile Brief overview of the logistics profile of the State is provided in the exhibit 26 below.Exhibit 26:Brief logistics profile of Andhra Pradesh Parameter Unit Value Year Source Road Length km NH=7,340/SH=13,500 2020-21 NH-MoRTH/NHAI SH State data Railway Track Track-km 7,714 2019-20 MoR Inland Container Depot(ICD)nos.1 2021-22 CBIC Container Freight Station(CFS)nos.16 2020-21 State Govt.Private Freight Terminal(PFT)nos.3 2020-21 State Govt.Air Cargo Terminals nos.4 2020-21 State Govt.Railway Goods Sheds nos.288 2020-21 State Govt.Warehouse Capacity(incl.State,Central,Private owned)(MTPA)MT 12,17,566 2020-21 State Govt.Cold Storage Capacity MT 11,56,759 2020-21 State Govt.Logistics Training Centres nos.43 2020-21 State Govt.No.of Individuals trained in logistics nos.1,297 2020-21 State Govt.Andhra PradeshCategoryCoastal2022 GradeAchiever L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 60 Coastal Landlocked NER UTs Exhibit 27:States LEADS indicator wise performance Quality of Road InfrastructureQuality of Rail InfrastructureQuality of TerminalInfrastructureQuality of WarehousingInfrastructureQuality of InfrastructureAndhra PradeshMaxAverageQuality of Modal LogisticsServicesQuality of Services atTerminalsReasonableness of Prices ofLogistics ServicesTimeliness of Cargo Delivery(Transportation Services)Timeliness of Cargo Delivery(Terminal Services)Ability to Track and TraceCargo MovementSafety/Security of CargoReliability of Logistics ServicesAndhra PradeshMaxAverageExtent of FacilitationEase of Obtaining all ApprovalsEase of EntryGrievance RedressalMechanismOperating and Regulatory EnvironmentAndhra PradeshMaxAverageTIES OutlayRange Scaled EODB RanksAssessment of Variables ofLogistics EaseState Logistics EnablingInitiativesObjective Assessment of States Logistics EcosystemAndhra PradeshMaxAverage Coastal Landlocked NER UTs L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i f f e r e n t S t a t e s Page 61 Andhra Pradesh has been graded as an Achiever within the Coastal cluster.The State has scored above average across indicators related to Quality of Infrastructure except for Warehousing Infrastructure.Like other Coastal states,Reasonableness of prices of logistics services has been identified as an area where the state could improve.The state has been rated above average on all indicators related to Reliability of Logistics Services.State has scored high with regards to Ease of Entry and Grievance Redressal Mechanism related indicators.Extent of Facilitation and Ease of Obtaining Approvals have been identified as areas where the state could improve.Industry feedback Infrastructure Truck lay-bys with ancillary facilities(security,food,washrooms,medical shop,repairs&maintenance areas)are required on important freight routes,at ports,and in industrial parks.First and last mile connectivity to railway sidings/good sheds is required.First and last mile road connectivity to Visakhapatnam port needs improvement.Elevated road access to the port is required and service roads need to be widened.Services Shortage of skilled drivers in the State is a concern.Regulatory and Operating Environment Diesel theft on highways,especially on Vizag-Vijayawada and Vijayawada-Hyderabad routes is a concern.Speedy disbursement of fiscal incentives and grants for development of logistics infrastructure is required.Seamless integration of RTO with centralized Vaahan portal is required.Delays in statutory clearances and approvals from State Authorities have been witnessed.Process and paperwork for securing approvals needs to be simplified.Delays in ODC movements owing to multiple approvals from various agencies is an area of concern.State feedback Truck Parking terminals have been provided near Ports and Industrial Parks with ancillary facilities at Nellore,Gangavaram,Anantapur,Tirupathi,NTR District etc.More than 20 truck lay-bys and resting areas have been provided at regular sections of various NHs namely NH-16,NH-256,NH-65,NH-4,NH-544&NH-40.Various works are under progress and at proposal stage for improving connectivity to Visakhapatnam port such as widening of East Break Water up to Convent Junction to Visakhapatnam Port and Convent Junction to Sheelanagar Junction,construction of fly over near Airport Terminal for MMLP connectivity,4 lane highway connectivity at NH-16 etc.Technology interventions for Smart Enforcement,like Static Weighbridges,Weigh in Motion,CCTV/PTZ Cameras and Emergency Call Box are put in place at critical points connecting to various Highways(at Toll Plazas)namely NH-216-A,NH-16,NH-40,NH-65,and other State Highways.Driver training schools have been established at key logistics hubs.APSRTC a has taken up an initiative on establishment of driving schools in all major cities of the state.The Government of India has also sanctioned setting up Institute of Driving Training and Research(IDTR)at Darsi,Prakasham District and Dhone,Kurnool District.The State Government is in the process of devising zoning for freight movement in cities and district headquarters.Government is also implementing Grievances Redressal Mechanism in the name of INDUSTRIES SPANDANA(http:/apindustries.gov.in/industriesspandana)on the Single Desk Portal to act as a one stop-shop for all investment/industry-infrastructure related Queries/Grievances.Transport Department of the State is integrating its software with Vahan and Sarathi of NIC.Transport Department has taken up various steps to improve transparency.All 83 services of RTO are online 24 X 7.L E A D S 2 0 2 2:L o g i s t i c s E a s e A c r o s s D i
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