Trucking Fleet Concept of Operations for Automated Driving System-equipped Commercial Motor Vehicles July 2024 FOREWORD Commercial motor vehicles(CMVs)equipped with Automated Driving Systems(ADS)offer the potential to improve safety in long-haul trucking by eliminating human limitations such as fatigue,impairment,and distracted driving behavior.By decoupling some freight operations from the limitations of driver hours of service(HOS),ADS can improve delivery times,enhance value during driver HOS,and increase the utilization of capital equipment.Additional benefits may be realized that impact the management of limited resources,such as the charging and refueling of electric and green-fuel heavy vehicles,as well as flexibility to schedule operations to reduce congestion and energy demands.This project was funded by a U.S.Department of Transportation Automated Driving System Demonstration Grant from 2020-2024 and managed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.The purpose of this project was to provide the trucking industry with clear guidelines on how to safely implement,integrate,and benefit from ADS-equipped CMVs among mixed fleets and across operating domains.The project included technical information collection,industry outreach,and ADS-CMV operational demonstration,as well as data collection and sharing.This report is intended to serve as a comprehensive concept of operations describing ADS characteristics from the viewpoint of trucking fleets,covering eight primary topics:Fleet Specifications ADS Installation and Maintenance ADS Inspection Procedures Test Driver State Monitoring Motor Carrier Guide to Insuring ADS-equipped Trucks ADS Safety Metrics/Variables ADS Road Assessment System Data Transfer and Cybersecurity Best Practices NOTICE This project was performed by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute and organized by the U.S.Department of Transportation and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.The Virginia Tech Transportation Institute and the U.S.Government do not endorse products or manufacturers named herein.Trademarks or manufacturers names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of this report.AUTHORS Krum,A.Mabry,E.Hanowski,R.Stojanovski,O.Manke,A.Adebisi,A.Hammond,R.Hickman,J.Miller,A.Camden,M.Potts,I.Harwood,D.Jin,X.Pugliese,B.Ridgeway,C.Werner,A.Walker,M.Kerns,L.Meissner,K.Parks.L.Argueta,O.Griffor,E.Sarkar,A.Stephens,M.Yang,G.Levin,J.Faulkner,D.Petersen,M.Golusky,M.Tidwell,S.Crowder,T.Bragg,H.Terranova,P.Thapa,S.ABSTRACT The primary goals of the CONOPS project were to:i)collect information and practices on how to safely integrate ADS-equipped CMVs into the U.S.road transportation system;ii)provide the USDOT with data;iii)demonstrate how to integrate and deploy ADS-equipped trucks in a productive and cooperative way into the existing road freight ecosystem;and iv)collaborate with a broad and diverse group that includes government entities,university and research institutes,trucking associations,and private partners.This research found that the path forward to maintain public acceptance and achieve goals of ADS-equipped CMV operational cost-effectiveness,increased freight productivity,and reduction of crashes is through human operational assurance of vehicle,automation,freight,and public safety through specification,maintenance,inspections,monitoring,insurance,metrics,roadway assessment,and secure communications,as well as continuous lifecycle performance checks.ii SI*(MODERN METRIC)CONVERSION FACTORS Approximate Conversions to SI Units Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Length in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km Area in square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm ft square feet 0.093 square meters m yd square yards 0.836 square meters m ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi square miles 2.59 square kilometers km Volume(volumes greater than 1,000L shall be shown in m)fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m yd cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m Mass oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons(2,000 lb)0.907 megagrams(or“metric ton”)Mg(or“t”)Temperature(exact degrees)F Fahrenheit 5(F-32)/9 or(F-32)/1.8 Celsius C Illumination fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-lamberts 3.426 candela/m cd/m Force and Pressure or Stress lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa Approximate Conversions from SI Units Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Length mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi Area mm square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in m square meters 10.764 square feet ft m square meters 1.195 square yards yd Ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi Volume mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft m cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd Mass g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg(or“t”)megagrams(or“metric ton”)1.103 short tons(2,000 lb)T Temperature(exact degrees)C Celsius 1.8c 32 Fahrenheit F Illumination lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m candela/m 0.2919 foot-lamberts fl Force and Pressure or Stress N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in*SI is the symbol for the International System of Units.Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380.(Revised March 2003,Section 508-accessible version September 2009 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS,ABBREVIATIONS,AND SYMBOLS.XIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.XIX 1.INTRODUCTION.1 2.DEMONSTRATIONS,PUBLIC OUTREACH,AND TECHNOLOGY REFINEMENT.5 2.1 ROADSHOW ITS AMERICA ANNUAL MEETING.5 2.1.1 ADS Truck On-road Testing Demonstration.5 2.1.2 Highlights from the Technical Session.6 2.2 ROADSHOW TMC ANNUAL MEETING.6 2.2.1 ADS Truck Ride-and-Drive.7 2.2.2 Highlights from the Technical Session.11 2.3 ROADSHOW CVSA ANNUAL CONFERENCE.11 2.3.1 Site Visit Activities.12 2.3.2 Roadshow Activities.13 2.4 CONFERENCES AND OUTREACH.14 3.OPERATIONAL USE CASES.17 3.1 PORT OF OAKLAND AUTONOMOUS QUEUEING DEMONSTRATION.17 3.2 CROSS-COUNTRY ROAD TRIPS.18 3.3 FLEET INTEGRATION WHITTIER,ALASKA.20 3.3.1 Manual Truck Operations.21 3.3.2 ADS Trucking Operations.50 4.CONOPS DATASET DATAVERSE.75 4.1 IMPLEMENTATION.75 4.2 DATA FROM ADS TECHNOLOGY ROADSHOWS.75 4.3 DATA FROM ADS TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENTS.76 4.3.1 Port Queuing Deployment.77 4.3.2 Cross-Country Deployment.79 4.3.3 Fleet Integration Deployment.83 4.4 ACCESS AND USAGE.84 4.4.1 Data Organization.84 5.GUIDELINES.85 iv 5.1 FLEET SPECIFICATIONS.85 5.1.1 Fleet Specifications for ADS-equipped CMV Use Cases.85 5.1.2 Industry Practices and References for ADS-equipped CMVs.94 5.2 ADS INSTALLATION AND MAINTENACE GUIDE.124 5.2.1 Highway and Port Queueing ADS.124 5.2.2 Port ADS.142 5.3 ADS INSPECTION PROCEDURE.145 5.3.1 Background.145 5.3.2 Literature Review.146 5.3.3 Existing Truck Inspection Requirements.149 5.3.4 Enhanced CMV Inspection Program.167 5.3.5 Key Findings and Recommendations.179 5.4 TEST DRIVER STATE MONITORING.183 5.4.1 Information Collection.184 5.4.2 Technology Scan.197 5.4.3 Driver State Monitoring Industry Interviews.206 5.4.4 Exploratory Technology Evaluation.212 5.5 MOTOR-CARRIER GUIDE TO INSURING ADS-EQUIPPED TRUCKS.229 5.5.1 Overview:The AV World Today and Tomorrow.230 5.5.2 Auto Insurance Can Meet Societys Needs in an AV World.234 5.5.3 Critical Insurance-related Components for AV Regulation.237 5.5.4 Considerations for ADS-equipped CMVs.240 5.5.5 Summary of Findings.244 5.6 ADS-EQUIPPED TRUCK SAFETY METRICS/VARIABLES.245 5.6.1 Background.245 5.6.2 Objective.246 5.6.3 Criteria for Safety Metrics.247 5.6.4 Characteristics of Safety Metrics.247 5.6.5 Safety Metrics.249 5.7 ADS ROAD ASSESSMENT SYSTEM.255 5.7.1 Approach to Road Readiness Assessment System Development.255 5.7.2 Candidate Variables for Inclusion in a Road Readiness Assessment System 256 5.7.3 Cross-Country Drives for Which Data Acquired from an ADS Are Available 257 5.7.4 Initial Review of Cross-Country Drive Data.258 5.7.5 Supplementary Variables Added to Cross-Country Drive Data.259 5.7.6 Analysis Approach for Cross-Country Drive Data.262 v 5.7.7 Summary of Key Variables from Cross-Country Drive Data.263 5.7.8 Formulation of a Basic Road Readiness Assessment System.268 5.7.9 Potential Advanced Road Readiness Assessment System.280 5.7.10 Potential Extension of Road Readiness Assessment to Other Roadway Types 282 5.7.11 Potential Application of Cross-Country Drive Image Data.283 5.7.12 Application to Fleet Operations.286 5.7.13 Recommendations for Stakeholders.286 5.7.14 Next Steps.286 5.8 DATA TRANSFER AND CYBERSECURITY BEST PRACTICES.288 5.8.1 Cybersecurity Background on Managing Mixed Fleets.288 5.8.2 Cybersecurity Considerations.295 5.8.3 Data Transfer/Security.309 5.8.4 Specific Best Practices for Fleet Cybersecurity(Scenarios&Mitigation Strategies).313 6.CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION.325 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.327 REFERENCES.411 vi LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A:49 CFR PART 396.329 APPENDIX B:INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS ON WHICH DATA WERE COLLECTED IN CROSS-COUNTRY DRIVES.341 APPENDIX C:PORT ADS INSTALLATION GUIDES.345 LIST OF FIGURES(AND FORMULAS)Figure 1.Diagram.CONOPS critical areas for operating ADS-equipped CMVs in mixed fleets.2 Figure 2.Diagram.CONOPS approach to continuous cycling of new technology innovation,application,and dissemination.3 Figure 3.Map.Closed course for demonstration at the TMC Annual Meeting(in red).7 Figure 4.Photo.Work zone setup as part of the closed-course testing at the TMC Annual Meeting.8 Figure 5.Photo.Unexpected crossing scenario at work zone.8 Figure 6.Chart.Ride-and-drive participant distribution based on industry role.9 Figure 7.Chart.Participant responses to survey questions pre-and post-drive.10 Figure 8.Chart.Future use case demonstration request.11 Figure 9.Photo.Internal view of truck cab.12 Figure 10.Photo.Typical truck queueing at U.S.ports.17 Figure 11.Diagram.A diagram of a barge with relevant locations labeled.The rail lines are located under the raised port and starboard container rows.25 Figure 12.Photo.An image of a barge with the ramp connections labeled.(Source:Freight operator webpage.).25 Figure 13.Map.A Google Maps capture of the Whittier Port yard with primary locations labeled.Green star=lower yard,green line=lower main track,red star=upper yard,red line closer to water=upper bay track,red line closer to bottom of picture=upper mountain,orange rectangle=the crossing.The ITB is the Integrated Tug/Barge where shipments for Cordova/Valdez are placed.26 Figure 14.Diagram.A high-level workflow of the entire process from the barges arrival in Whittier to before the barges departure.The left lane pertains to the activities the SORC performs,and the right pertains to the activities the FO performs.Some activities,like the FO barge activities,are cyclical and repeat until all of the cargo is unloaded from the barge.29 Figure 15.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of rail being pulled from the barge.36 Figure 16.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of unloading the empty and outgoing containers from rail.This task is completed by lift operators.38 vii Figure 17.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of pre-barge operations safety briefing.40 Figure 18.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of removing the cargo from the barge.Note:task 1.7.3 can be broken down significantly more but was trimmed for space.This task is primarily done by lift operators,but trucks can be a core component of 1.7.3.43 Figure 19.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of transporting cargo to the upper yard via trucks.Primarily performed by truck operators.46 Figure 20.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of loading the train with incoming shipments.A combination of lift and truck operators.48 Figure 21.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of backloading the barge.This task is primarily completed by lift operators.50 Figure 22.Photo.The primary ADS equipment.See Table 8 for equipment descriptions.52 Figure 23.Illustration.Buffer zones surrounding a truck.The truck is the center red box,the blue box is a slowdown buffer,and the pink is a stop buffer.Note:The buffers are not to scale.55 Figure 24.Illustration.Operational zones overlaid on the port.The blue area represents the AOZ,the purple area represents the parking zone,and the pink represents the dynamic zone.57 Figure 25.Photo.Cab of a lift used in the port of Whittier.Logos are redacted.60 Figure 26.Photo.Mini wheel can be used to control the lift in lieu of the steering wheel.The mini-wheel folds down and takes the place of the left armrest.The brand name has been redacted.61 Figure 27.Photo.Mast and pick control panel.61 Figure 28.Diagram.A high-level hierarchical task analysis of ADS truck inspection.Note:tasks can be further broken down but were simplified for space.Lift operators or other FO employees will perform this task.63 Figure 29.Diagram.High-level hierarchical task analysis of dropping a new trail for autonomous operations.Note:tasks can be further broken down but were simplified for space.Lift operators or other FO employees will perform this task.65 Figure 30.Diagram.High-level hierarchical task analysis of removing the cargo from the barge with ADS implemented.Note:tasks can be further broken down but were simplified for space.Lift operators will perform this task.67 Figure 31.Diagram.High-level hierarchical task analysis of loading the train in the upper yard with ADS implemented.Note:tasks can be further broken down but were simplified for space.Lift operators will perform this task.70 Figure 32.Diagram.High-level hierarchical task analysis of a routine shutdown of ADS vehicles.Note:tasks can be further broken down but were simplified for space.Lift operators or other FO employees will perform this task.72 Figure 33.Diagram.High-level summary of data collected by Pronto during each operational use case deployment of ADS-equipped CMV available on the CONOPS Dataverse.77 Figure 34.Diagram.Longhorn assembly.125 Figure 35.Photo.Longhorn mounted on roof rack.126 Figure 36.Diagram.Power and CAN Interface Plate.127 viii Figure 37.Diagram.Communications Interface Plate.127 Figure 38.Diagram.Stack light and side cameras.128 Figure 39.Photo.Front-facing camera.130 Figure 40.Photo.Front-facing radar.130 Figure 41.Photo.Cabin HMI prototype.131 Figure 42.Illustration.U.S.DVIR.153 Figure 43.Illustration.Enhanced CMV Inspection procedure form.171 Figure 44.Illustration.Enhanced CMV Inspection Report Tractor/Semitrailer(Air Brakes),procedure form.173 Figure 45.Diagram.Illustration of the Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal.190 Figure 46.Chart.Percentage of responses to the question,“Is your company currently exploring ways to integrate driver state monitoring with autonomous vehicles?”.208 Figure 47.Photo.Smart Eye AIS hardware.212 Figure 48.Photo.Empatica smart wearable device.213 Figure 49.Photo.Installation position for Smart Eye.214 Figure 50.Photo.Empatica watch on driver.214 Figure 51.Photo.Phone call.215 Figure 52.Photo.Texting behavior.216 Figure 53.Photo.Yawning.216 Figure 54.Photo.Blinking slowly.217 Figure 55.Photo.Closing eyes.217 Figure 56.Photo.Drooping head.218 Figure 57.Photo.Motorcycle and bicyclist road users positioned at intersection.218 Figure 58.Photo.Adult,male pedestrian positioned at intersection.219 Figure 59.Changes in HR(in BPM)over time for the Smart Roads driver.221 Figure 60.Photo.Changes in EDA over time for the Smart Roads driver.222 Figure 61.Graph.HR in BPM for during the shipyard trip.224 Figure 62.Graph.Empatica EDA amplitudes over trip duration.225 Figure 63.Map.Hotspots for AV technology.231 Figure 64.Graph.Total U.S.motor vehicle traffic fatalities.232 Figure 65.Map.States that have passed AV legislation.233 Figure 66.Slide.Key principles to Travelers Every Second Matters initiative.240 Figure 67.Graph.Cumulative distribution of road lane scores by road length based on cross-country drive data for interstate highways.264 Figure 68.Chart.Distribution of road condition categories by road length based on cross-country drive data for Interstate highways.265 Figure 69.Graph.Cumulative distribution of cellular LTE signal strength by road length in cross-country drive data for Interstate highways.267 Figure 70.Chart.Distribution of number of GPS satellites visible by road length based on cross-country drive data for Interstate highways.268 Figure 71.Graph.Cumulative distribution of IRI by road length for the Interstate highway sites included in the five cross-country drives.272 ix Figure 72.Map.Basic road readiness assessment score for Interstate highways(based on 10-mile averages from the cross-country drives),mean score=5.278 Figure 73.Map.Basic road readiness assessment score for Interstate highways(based on 10-mile averages from the cross-country drives),mean score=4.278 Figure 74.Map.Basic road readiness assessment score for Interstate highways(based on 10-mile averages from the cross-country drives),mean score=3.279 Figure 75.Map.Basic road readiness assessment score for Interstate highways(based on 10-mile averages from the cross-country drives),mean score=2.279 Figure 76.Map.Basic road readiness assessment score for Interstate highways(based on 10-mile averages from the cross-country drives),mean scores combined.280 Figure 77.Image overlay.The images show the application of the CLRerNET algorithm to ADS CONOPS Cross-Country data to measure shoulder width.284 Figure 78.Image overlay.The images show the application of the CLRerNET algorithm to ADS CONOPS Cross-Country data to measure lane lines.285 x LIST OF TABLES Table 1.A list of the relevant actors related to unloading barges.The quantities and descriptions are those of a typically operating environment,not a hard and fast rule.27 Table 2.Example PIF table adapted from reference 9.The PIFs captured in this table are combined from multiple HRA methods applied in the nuclear power industry.30 Table 3.Environmental,human,and object characteristics that impact a workers ability to detect objects.The example risks are extracted from a combination of references 7,10,and 11,manuals provided by the FO,and observation by human factors professionals.32 Table 4.Various characteristics that impact a workers ability to make sense of their environment.The example risks are extracted from a combination of references 7,10,and 11,manuals provided by the FO,and observations made by human factors professionals.32 Table 5.Various characteristics that impact a workers ability to make decisions.The example risks are extracted from a combination of references 7,10,and 11,manuals provided by the FO,and observations made by human factors professionals.33 Table 6.Various characteristics that impact a workers ability to perform an action.The example risks are extracted from a combination of references 7,10,and 11,manuals provided by Lynden,and observation made by human factors professionals.34 Table 7.Various characteristics that impact a workers ability to coordinate with others.The example risks are extracted from a combination of references 7,10,and 11,manuals provided by the FO,and observations made by human factors professionals.35 Table 8.Overview of equipment descriptions corresponding to Figure 22.54 Table 9.Potential metrics for ADS evaluation at the Port of Whittier.73 Table 10.File name:car state.78 Table 11.File name:IMU.78 Table 12.File name:gpsRTK.79 Table 13.File name:frames.79 Table 14.Data from cross-country deployments.80 Table 15.Five road trips that composed the cross-country deployment data collection.80 Table 16.Data type:IMU.81 Table 17.Data type:infrastructure metrics.82 Table 18.File Name:car state.83 Table 19.File name:frames.84 Table 20.Inspection requirements for CMVs.150 Table 21.Summary of considerations around 49 CFR 396.13(pre-trip inspection).151 Table 22.Comparison between U.S.pre-trip and Canadian trip inspection elements.154 Table 23.OOS rates for U.S.-and Canadian-domiciled carriers.155 Table 24.Summary of considerations around 49 CFR 396.11(post-trip inspections).157 Table 25.CVSA levels of inspections and procedures.158 Table 26.Summary of considerations around 49 CFR 396.9 and the existing CVSA inspection levels.161 xi Table 27.Summary of considerations around 49 CFR 396.17(periodic inspections).164 Table 28.Summary of considerations around 49 CFR 350&368.7(interactions with law enforcement/inspection personnel).166 Table 29.Summary of findings.193 Table 30.Full list of providers and technologies from the initial results of the technology scan.197 Table 31.Description of each of the metrics collected from the DSM technologies.200 Table 32.Final technology scan results.201 Table 33.Responses for all ADS developers about safety operator responsibilities and prohibited actions.210 Table 34.Emulated driving behaviors and tasks.220 Table 35.Driver self-reported behaviors during drive.223 Table 36.Number of alerts for each of the 11 tasks.223 Table 37.Exposure characteristics and rating levels.248 Table 38.Potential ADS exposure calculations and rating characteristics.248 Table 39.Safety metric characteristics and rating level(adapted from Fraade-Blanar et al.().250 Table 40.Potential ADS lagging safety metrics and rating characteristics.250 Table 41.Potential ADS leading safety metrics and rating characteristics.251 Table 42.Total length of directional roadways for which ADS data were collected in the five cross-country drives.260 Table 43.Distribution of lane marking quality by road length based on cross-country drive data for Interstate highways.263 Table 44.Distribution of road condition categories by road length based on cross-country drive data for Interstate highways.265 Table 45.Distribution of cellular LTE signal strength by road length based on cross-country drive data for Interstate highways.266 Table 46.Distribution of number of GPS satellites visible by road length based on cross-country drive data for Interstate highways.267 Table 47.Recommended scoring for lane marking quality in the basic road assessment system.270 Table 48.Distribution of IRI by road length based on FHWA HPMS data for Interstate highways being considered in the research.271 Table 49.Comparison of IRI values from the FHWA HPMS data to the road condition categories from the cross-country drive data.272 Table 50.Recommended scoring for road roughness in the basic road assessment system.273 Table 51.Recommended scoring for cellular connectivity in the basic road assessment system.273 Table 52.Recommended scoring for GPS connectivity in the basic road assessment system.274 Table 53.Recommended scoring for right(outside)paved shoulder width in the basic road assessment system.275 Table 54.Distribution of basic road readiness assessment scores for the study network on Interstate highways.277 xii Table 55.Template for scoring road readiness measures in advanced road readiness assessment system.281 Table 56.One potential candidate scoring scheme for road readiness assessment.282 Table 57.Two hypothetical numerical examples of potential candidate scoring scheme for road readiness assessment.282 xiii LIST OF ACRONYMS,ABBREVIATIONS,AND SYMBOLS Acronym Definition AADT annual average daily traffic ABS anti-lock braking system AC air conditioning ACL access control list ACU automation control unit ADAS advanced driver assistance systems ADS Automated Driving System AEB automatic emergency braking AI artificial intelligence AID alcohol interlock device AIS Aftermarket Installation System AOZ autonomous operating zone API application programming interface ASE Automotive Service Excellence ATA American Trucking Associations AV automated vehicle AVSC Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium BAC blood alcohol concentration BMS battery management system BPM beats per minute CAN Controller Area Network CC0 Creative Commons 0 CCMTA Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators CDL commercial drivers license xiv Acronym Definition CFR Code of Federal Regulations CMV commercial motor vehicle CONOPS Concept of Operations CVSA Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance DADSS driver alcohol detection system for safety DAS data acquisition system DBW drive by wire DDT dynamic driving task DGPS differential Global Positioning System DOI digital object identifier DSM driver state monitoring DPF Diesel Particle Filter DPS Department of Public Safety(Texas)DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communication DUI driving under the influence DVIR Driver Vehicle Inspection Report DWI driving while intoxicated EAP emergency action plan ECU electronic control unit ECG electrocardiogram EDA electrodermal activity EEG electroencephalogram EU European Union EV electric vehicle EVI Electronic Vehicle Identification FCC Federal Communications Commission xv Acronym Definition FER facial emotion recognition FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FMCSR Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards FO freight operator fps frames per second FY fiscal year GIS geographic information system GMSL Gigabit Multimedia Serial Link GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System HMI human-machine interface HOS hours of service HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring System HR heart rate HRA human reliability analysis HRV heart rate variability IDS/IPS intrusion detection and prevention system IEP intermodal equipment provider IMU inertial measurement unit IO input/output IoT internet of things IR infrared IRI Internation Roughness Index ITB integrated tug/barge ITS Intelligent Transportation System LED light-emitting diode xvi Acronym Definition lidar light detection and ranging LTCCS Large Truck Crash Causation Study MARAD Maritime Administration MCMIS Motor Carrier Management Information System MMIP Mandatory Mechanical Inspection Program MMW millimeter wave MRC minimal risk condition MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices NAS North American Standard NCAP New Car Assessment Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NSC National Safety Code(Canada)OBD On-Board Diagnostics ODD operational design domain OEM original equipment manufacturer OOS out-of-service ORD Observer Rating of Drowsiness PAR Police Accident Report PERCLOS percent eye closure PIC person in charge PIF performance influencing factor PII personally identifiable information PM preventative maintenance PoLP principle of least privilege PPG photoplethysmography PRC percent road centre xvii Acronym Definition RBAC role-based access control RFID radio frequency identification RID Roadway Information Database RODS record of duty status RTK real-time kinematic SHRP 2 Second Strategic Highway Research Program SMS Safety Measurement System SORC State Operated Railroad Corporation SpO2 saturation of peripheral oxygen SVD service vehicle disconnect TCP Transmission Control Protocol TMC Technology Maintenance Council TPMS tire pressure monitoring system TSB Technical Service Bulletin UDP User Datagram Protocol UEI unique electronic identification USDOT U.S.Department of Transportation V2I vehicle-to-infrastructure V2P vehicle-to-pedestrian V2V vehicle-to-vehicle V2X vehicle-to-everything VDC volts direct current VPN virtual private network VTTI Virginia Tech Transportation Institute ZMTP ZeroMQ Message Transport Protocol xviii xix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Automated Driving Systems(ADS)are set to revolutionize the transportation system.In this project,we developed and documented a concept of operations(CONOPS)that informs stakeholders,decision-makers,and all interested personnel in the trucking industry on the benefits of ADS and the best practices for implementing this technology into fleet operations.The project was completed with a focus on three crucial aspects of implementation.The first focus was to demonstrate the applications of ADS technology in day-to-day truck-driving tasks to fleet personnel and the general public.The idea behind this was to provide personnel with a first-hand experience with ADS and to showcase how this technology can improve truck driving safety,support drivers,reduce human errors,and optimize fleet operations.The research team also used this opportunity to collect information on personnel expectations of ADS technology and what applications of the technology would be attractive to their operations.The second focus of the project was to document how ADS technology can be customized to support fleet operations under specific trucking use cases such as port queuing conditions,over-the-road trips,and fleet integration,and to collect data that inform policymakers on the readiness of existing infrastructure to support the implementation of ADS technology on U.S.roadways.The third focus of the project was to pool information on the existing practices of various stakeholders involved in the ADS ecosystem and use this information to provide fleets with guidelines on how to manage implementation and policy issues related to ADS technology.A high-level summary of the insights from the research activities based on these focus areas is provided here.Public Demonstrations of ADS Truck Technology The research team engaged personnel in the trucking industry at three major public events,the Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS)America annual meeting,the Technology Maintenance Council(TMC)annual meeting,and the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance(CVSA)annual conference,of which many of the attendees were from the trucking industry.The first public outreach at the ITS America annual meeting,held in December 2021,featured exhibition booths,presentations,technical sessions,one-on-one question and answer sessions,and real-time displays of an ADS-equipped truck deployed in this project actively operating on U.S.roadways.Attendees were given an interactive behind-the-scenes look at ADS-equipped truck cross-country trip operations as well as the port queuing deployment use case to showcase the safe deployment of ADS technologies under real-world fleet operating conditions.Readers can go to section 2.1 of this document for more details on this outreach.Other resources can be found in the research brief summarizing activities at the meeting(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/ITS-Roadshow.pdf).The TMC annual meeting,held in March 2022,featured similar research activities as the TMC meeting described above.However,the research team took a step further to provide on-site demonstrations of an ADS-equipped truck operating under simulated safety-critical roadway conditions such as work zone driving.The team provided attendees with the opportunity to ride along in an ADS-equipped truck to have a first-hand experience of the technology.This not only allowed the team to showcase the importance of ADS technology to fleet operations but also collect information directly from stakeholders in the trucking industry(fleet,suppliers,government personnel,maintenance/analytics personnel,manufacturers,inspection/law enforcement agents,and many others)on their expectations of the technology and potential xx future use case demonstrations of ADS technology.This provided crucial information on the steps towards increasing fleet interest in the technology.The team found that the existing public perception of ADS technology is generally positive.More interestingly,a before-and-after survey provided to attendees showed that the perception and acceptance of the technology improved after their first-hand experience of the technology.However,attendees who participated in the demonstration further requested future specific use case demonstrations.Sixty-two percent of the attendees requested future demonstrations on ADS application to Automated Trailer Parking,43%requested demonstrations on Truck Platooning and on Intermodal Yard,35%requested demonstrations on Lane Keeping Assist,25%requested demonstrations on Exit-to-Exit,22%requested demonstrations on Truck Teleoperation,and 14%requested demonstrations on Queueing Operation.Future work is needed to address these requests.Readers can go to section 2.2 of this document for more details on this demonstration.Other resources,including the research brief summarizing activities at the meeting(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/TMC-Roadshow.pdf),video showing the ride and drive in an ADS-equipped truck(https:/youtu.be/djWIsFFWw08,and video showing conference activities and stakeholder interviews(https:/youtu.be/eBnlxkS7i_4)are also available publicly using the associated links.The final outreach was held at the CVSA Annual Meeting in September 2023.The primary activity demonstrated how ADS developers are implementing the CVSA Enhanced CMV Inspection Program within their operational policies and procedures.The Virginia Tech Transportation Institute(VTTI)sponsored a CONOPS booth in the exhibit hall that was staffed by project personnel for the duration of the conference to support the Enhanced CMV Inspection Program demonstration.Project personnel spoke to attendees who visited the booth about the CONOPS project and how the CVSA Enhanced CMV Inspection Program and Electronic Roadside Communication activities supported the CONOPS goals.VTTI drove their newly refurbished Peterbilt truck and the CONOPS trailer to Texas and showcased it in the CVSA exhibit hall for the demonstration.VTTI also partnered with Kodiak Robotics to demonstrate their procedures for implementing the Enhanced CMV Inspection Program within their fleet and daily operations.This allowed attendees to consider questions they may want to address to better understand the program.The second element of the outreach included a joint partner presentation to give ADS developers,OEMs,and fleets an opportunity to share their experiences with the Enhanced CMV Inspection Program and certification and training process.Readers can refer to section 2.3 of this report for a full report on this outreach event.Additional information can also be found using the following links:research brief summarizing ADS-equipped trucks inspection procedures(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/ADS-CVSA-Brief.pdf)and video showing the ADS-equipped trucks inspection procedure and interviews(https:/youtu.be/rcgJYd_gDnA).Feedback on lessons learned from these events was also distributed on a rolling basis at various other academic conferences.The VTTI team attended over 20 conference sessions,sharing information about the project as it was obtained.ADS-equipped Truck Deployment for Fleet Operational Use Cases and Data Collection As part of the CONOPS effort,ADS-equipped trucks were deployed for three operational use cases.This research effort is detailed in section 3.1.The aim was to explore and showcase how xxi ADS-equipped trucks can be customized for specific fleet use cases and to collect data on the readiness of existing infrastructure on U.S.roadways to support ADS implementation.The fleet use cases were port queuing,cross-country trips(similar to over-the-road operations),and fleet integration.The port queuing use case was deployed at the Port of Oakland in California.This use case focused on refining ADS technology for loading and unloading operations in port queuing operations.During this use case the research team collaborated with Pronto,an ADS technology developer,to refine their driving algorithms to account for the unconventional behaviors of other drivers(such as speeding and cut-ins)at ports.Pronto modified the ADS behavior to include reduction in transition time(from being stationary to reinitiating motion when the queue resumed),maintaining tighter gaps with preceding vehicles,and improving object detection and tracking to prevent collision during aggressive low-speed cut-ins from surrounding vehicles.Following fine-tuning,the research team operated and showcased the ADS-equipped truck delivering containers for five days.A live stream was provided to attendees at public events as reported in the previous section.During this deployment period,over 50 GB of data was generated.This part of the research effort is detailed in section 3.1.The data is publicly available on the CONOPS Dataverse developed for this project by VTTI.Interested readers can find more details on this use case using the following links to access the port queuing operations data(https:/dataverse.vtti.vt.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.15787/VTT1/ZYMSEM),video showing the queuing demonstration(https:/ a research brief summarizing the port queuing activities(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/Port-Queuing-Brief.pdf).For the cross-country trips,the team deployed ADS-equipped trucks on select routes to collect data on the readiness of the existing infrastructure to support ADS technology.The five routes were selected to cover states across the country with various roadway classifications,terrains,weather conditions,and times of day.The first trip was a round trip from California to Texas,the second was from Calgary,Canada,to California,the third was a round trip from California to Florida,the fourth was a nationwide cross-country loop,and the final trip traversed routes that linked California,Oregon,Washington,Idaho,Montana,Wyoming,Utah,Arizona,Nevada,and back to California,in that order.This part of the research effort is detailed in section 3.2.The team deployed various sensors on the ADS-equipped truck to collect real-time data on the infrastructure required for the technology to function optimally,such as lane marking quality,Global Positioning System(GPS)strength,availability of cellular connectivity,and road condition.Data from this deployment was used to develop a road readiness rating system that provides a detailed evaluation of the infrastructure required to support ADS trucks on each roadway section traversed.This is especially useful for government agencies and decision-makers,both at State and Federal levels,that are interested in utilizing truck automation technologies.The data is publicly available on the VTTI CONOPS Dataverse(https:/dataverse.vtti.vt.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.15787/VTT1/ZYMSEM).Interested readers can find more details including the cross-country deployment data(https:/dataverse.vtti.vt.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.15787/VTT1/ZYMSEM),video showing the cross-country deployments(https:/ a research brief summarizing the cross-country deployments(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/Cross-Country.pdf)using the associated links.xxii The fleet integration use case was conducted at the Whittier port in Alaska.The goal of this task was to thoroughly define the organizational elements as they exist at an operational level to better understand the implications of introducing ADS into an intermodal fleet operating heavy trucks for repetitive driving actions on a private yardin this case between a barge and rail cars.This goal was accomplished by collecting relevant observational and interview data and using those data to perform various task,risk,and organizational systems analyses.The objective for the approach was to establish a baseline evaluation of the organization at the operational level for future use in identifying the impacts of incorporating automated vehicles(AVs).The analyses address both organization-and person-level elements and relate those across a macrocognitive model for human involvement within their tasks and roles.This part of the research effort is detailed in section 3.3.Guidelines on Implementation and Policy Issues for ADS-equipped Trucks To develop a comprehensive understanding of the present practices regarding ADS implementation and policy issues for fleets,the research team consulted with various stakeholders involved in ADS technology development.This included technology developers,insurance agencies,commercial motor vehicle(CMV)safety agencies,inspection agencies,and cybersecurity experts.Information was pooled from these sources to provide fleets with guidelines on how to navigate each of these issues.The CONOPS includes eight key sections:Fleet Specifications,Installation and Maintenance,Inspection Procedures,Driver State Monitoring,Insuring ADS-Equipped Trucks,ADS Safety Metrics/Variables,Road Readiness Rating System,and Data Transfer and Cybersecurity.Below,we provide a high-level description of the focus of each section.Each of these is documented in detail in chapter 5 of this report.It is recommended that readers treat each section as a stand-alone guide that addresses different aspects of ADS implementation and policy concerns.The Fleet Specifications guidelines are provided in section 5.1.Considering that the adoption of ADS technology by fleets is more likely to be a gradual process rather than a one-time,full-scale adoption,the research team took an industry-first approach and conducted discussions with truck industry partners regarding the use cases that have the most appeal to truck fleets.The goal of this task was to identify the most desirable set of use case specifications for fleet users to support the development of the fleet ADS.This was to ensure that truck fleets specified their needs as a function of their real-world operational experiences and that guidelines provided on integrating ADS would meet those needs.Based on the discussions held by VTTI with fleets,three use cases were identified and research was conducted to understand stakeholder expectations of ADS technology in these use cases.Further,various systems such as safety equipment,electrical components,batteries,sensors,controls,and displays on conventional trucks that may require special consideration towards the integration of ADS technology for these use cases were outlined and practices on how these are handled were provided.ADS Installation and Maintenance guidelines are provided in section 5.2.One of the goals of this CONOPS is to prove the viability of an ADS in mixed fleets composed of trucks from a variety of makes and models equipped with a range of driving automation systems that assist drivers or carry full responsibility for sustained control and monitoring.The research team developed this section to serve as a guide for the installation and maintenance of ADS equipment for fleets.The ADS used during the project varied based on the operational use case for xxiii deployment.These systems are examples demonstrating how ADS technologies and their assembly with the vehicle can vary based on the operational design domain(ODD)and automation functions required for operation.This section provides two separate installation guides and related maintenance practices for each system demonstrated in this project.The first system was developed to support operations on public highways(as demonstrated with the port queuing cross-country deployments).The second system was developed to support operations in limited geofence private yards or ports(as demonstrated with Fleet Integration).The section gives a product-focused overview of the installation process of an ADS developer,Pronto,on CMVs.The installation practices are heavily guided by Prontos goal to provide an ADS that can be installed in a straightforward manner and validated in different CMV makes and models.ADS Inspection Procedure guidelines are provided in section 5.3.The development of vehicle automation and ADS show potential for significant safety improvements.However,there will be a need to inspect the vehicle and its systems that operate without a driver onboard to ensure proper performance and safety.This creates a challenge for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA),Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration(FMCSA),and the CVSA to create policy and inspection procedures to ensure the safety of both CMVs and the motoring public.VTTI reviewed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations(FMCSRs)and the existing research literature to better understand the current state of practice regarding truck inspections and the implications of driverless vehicles.In conducting the literature review,the study team searched various terms related to truck inspectionsroadside,pre-trip,Driver Vehicle Inspection Report(DVIR),periodic,and the link between mechanical failures and truck crashes.Additionally,the VTTI study team interviewed nine experts involved in motor carrier enforcement,motor carrier safety,and ADS technology development to better understand the challenges that ADS-equipped vehicles pose to existing truck inspection processes,to identify the changes needed in the FMCSRs,and to identify alternative truck inspection procedures.The section also provides insights into the enhanced CMV Inspection Program by CVSA specifically for ADS-equipped trucks.Lastly,recommendations,next steps,and future areas to consider are highlighted.Driver State Monitoring guidelines are provided in section 5.4.Safety operators(or safety drivers)supervise the performance of prototype Level 4(L4)ADS-operated vehicles in on-road traffic for testing purposes.Their role is to respond to unexpected events in case an ADS,on rare occasions,executes an incorrect or unsafe driving maneuver.Hence,ensuring the driver is actively engaged with the vehicle operations while the ADS is active is of utmost importance.Present practices involve implementing in-vehicle technologies that monitor driver states in real time and can nudge a driver when alertness or attention to the ADS is compromised.In this section,we document the state-of-practice on driver state monitoring(DSM).DSM systems are designed to track metrics(i.e.,physical,physiological,psychological,and/or behavioral variables)that may be indicative of driver inattention or inability to react appropriately.First,we document some of the performance indicators used for monitoring driver states,including distraction,impairment,drowsiness,mental workload,and emotions.Then,we conducted a technology scan to identify commercially available DSM technologies that could be used to assess the ability of a safety operator to take over control of an ADS-equipped CMV during a planned or unplanned ADS disengagement.This technology scan established what DSM technologies and systems are available and their functions,capabilities,limitations,and use cases when integrated and applied with ADS operations.Further,the research team conducted xxiv interviews with personnel from two critical sectors involved with ADS technology:ADS developers and DSM technology providers.The interviews gathered information about the integration of DSM into ADS-equipped CMVs through questions about barriers to integration,roles of a safety operator,and current use of DSM technology.Finally,a pilot study was conducted to explore the capabilities of two DSM systems by documenting possible shortcomings and by exploring how effectively a state-of-the-art DSM system meets the needs of safety operator monitoring.Findings in this section inform stakeholders on the existing practices and capabilities of DSM systems and identifies future research directions.Guidelines on Insuring ADS-Equipped Trucks are provided in section 5.5.In this section,we focus on insurance practices involving AVs in general,with specific consideration for heavy vehicles.The section was to answer questions on what the current and future AV trends are,how auto insurance will meet societys needs in an AV world,and what the critical insurance-related components for AV regulation are.A comprehensive review of publicly available information on insurance policies for AVs was conducted.The materials reviewed were based on resources from the Travelers Institute,an education and public policy division of The Travelers Indemnity Company,a home,vehicle,valuables,and business insurance provider.Most of the information herein was released in a position paper published by Travelers in January 2021 titled,“Insuring Autonomy:How Auto Insurance Will Lead Through Changing Risks.”We examined the discussions in the paper and modified the findings and conclusions to focus on trucking fleets.We also provided insights based on a technical session hosted by the S.18 Automated Vehicles Study Group at the TMC annual meeting on February 28,2023.It should be noted that the information and positions stated in this section are shared to inform the developing conversation about insuring AVs.The information is based on the publicly available resources mentioned and is not necessarily representative of positions held by VTTI or the U.S.Department of Transportation.Guidelines on Identifying Truck Safety Metric/Variables are provided in section 5.6.Traditional safety metrics,such as crashes and moving violations,may be inadequate for monitoring the performance of ADS-equipped trucks once they are deployed or for convincing the public of the safety of these technologies.In this section,we conducted an extensive literature review to identify potential variables that might be used by fleet decision-makers and the public to evaluate the safety of the ADS.We also examined the data required to assess the safety of an ADS before implementing ADS-equipped vehicles into their operations and to monitor ADS performance when deployed.Our findings revealed two major categories of safety metrics:lagging metrics and leading metrics.The lagging metrics,such as incidents per vehicle counts,year-over-year number of vehicle crashes,and incidents per million miles,are often used to measure system safety performance after deployment.They measure incidents based on the continuous operation of the ADS.Hence,they are poor measures for preventing safety incidents.On the other hand,the leading metrics(such as near-crash events,disengagements,traffic violations,and safety envelope violation)are good indicators for future events and they measure activities carried out to prevent and control safety incidents.These metrics are proactive and provide information on how the ADS is performing on a regular basis.We identified the application of both categories of safety metrics and how it can be used to inform policy making.ADS Road Readiness Assessment guidelines are provided in section 5.7.In this section,we developed and documented a basic road readiness assessment system for ADS-equipped trucks xxv using the cross-country deployment datasets.The idea is to use this system to distinguish roadways that are suitable for the operation of ADS-equipped trucks from roads that are not,in which case intervention by a human operator may be needed.The system was developed using a combination of roadway infrastructure data and the ADS-equipped vehicles perception of the roadway conditions based on its kinematics.Understanding that the operation of ADS technology across various developers is not homogeneous and may differ in terms of the systems and algorithms used to develop them,an advanced road readiness system was also designed to be flexible enough such that future applications are adaptable to specific ADS developers proprietary algorithms.This advanced system was designed as a variation of the basic road readiness system.The section further demonstrated how the systems can be applied to U.S.interstate highway systems using the data collected by Pronto,an ADS developer.As a first step towards ADS implementation,government agencies can also evaluate their State roadway system using the road readiness system developed in this section.Recommendations and next steps are also provided to stakeholders on preparing U.S.roadways for ADS trucking operations.Data Transfer and Cybersecurity guidelines are provided in section 5.8.Like many new technologies,ADS development continues to evolve at a rapid pace,especially regarding cybersecurity.This section provides detailed information on data transfer and cybersecurity topics that are directly relevant to end users who adopt ADS technologies.More specifically,the focus is on cybersecurity from the point of view of an ADS-equipped CMV fleet as opposed to an ADS developer.General guidelines for understanding cybersecurity,how mixed fleets(both conventional and automated trucks)and cybersecurity relate to each other,and how fleets should tailor these guidelines to meet their specific systems are provided.The section addresses cybersecurity topics from a unique angle that has not previously been studied in detail and is continuously evolving.As such,this section does not focus on technical details for implementation.Rather,it is best viewed as a starting point for CMV fleets and other audiences with a general interest in the practical,real-world implementation of cybersecurity measures in ADS deployment.The section goes into more detail on various possible vulnerabilities in an ADS environment,potential security challenges for ADS-equipped CMVs,and challenges of mixed fleets.We also discuss various security aspects to consider such exposure,access,security assurance,failure and recovery,emergency action plan,life cycle,and those involving data transfer such as storage,processing,sharing,logging,and auditioning.We wrap up the section with insights on best practices for fleet cybersecurity to protect their ADS technology from various potential sources of cyberattacks.1 1.INTRODUCTION The introduction of Automated Driving Systems(ADS)technology on heavy trucks is expected to increase safety,productivity,and efficiency.This will significantly affect all commerce in the United States,as over 70%of our goods are moved by trucks.However,it is yet unclear how ADS-equipped trucks should be integrated into fleet operations with conventional trucks.Further,the technical progress in ADS technology is moving at a faster pace than truck fleets and associated industries can keep up with and plan for its deployment.As a result,stakeholders in the road freight ecosystem(for-hire and private truck fleets,shippers,brokers,truck manufacturers,and service and maintenance providers)do not have a clear picture of how ADS should be implemented into their daily operations.This drawback may adversely affect its adoption,thereby delaying the improved safety,productivity,and efficiency benefits of ADS-equipped trucks.Hence,there is a need to understand the real-world operational impacts of ADS technology and fill the existing knowledge gap on how trucking executives can gradually and successfully integrate ADS into their fleet operations by providing current stakeholders and new entrants in the trucking industry with data-driven guidance.Towards this end,the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute(VTTI)assembled a team of experts in the field of ADS,data collection,safety data analysis,naturalistic driving,roadway infrastructure,data repositories,statistical methods,and truck fleet operations to develop and demonstrate a Trucking Fleet Concept of Operations(CONOPS).The CONOPS documents and describes ADS characteristics from the viewpoint of truck fleets and provides the trucking industry with clear guidelines on how to safely implement and benefit from ADS-equipped trucks.Overall,the CONOPS is intended to(1)provide commercial motor vehicle(CMV)fleets with practical information on how to integrate ADS-equipped trucks into their operations,(2)demonstrate the safe integration of ADS-equipped trucks into the U.S.on-road transportation system,and(3)investigate public and stakeholder attitudes towards ADS-equipped trucks.Given the tremendous potential safety,efficiency,and productivity benefits of automated trucks,and the fact that 100%of all consumer goods are delivered via trucks,the CONOPS is expected to benefit all road users and consumers,in addition to those working in the trucking industry.Reductions in traffic congestion and the associated pollution could be reduced with ADS-equipped trucks.Beyond the costs associated with reduced efficiency and increased pollution,trucks pose a safety concern.Compared to the general U.S.working population,heavy-truck drivers are 12 times more likely to die on the job and three times more likely to suffer an injury involving time off work.In 75%of fatal interactions between heavy trucks and passenger vehicles,it is the driver and/or passenger(s)in the passenger vehicle that are killed.All these effects degrade the quality of life of the public.With ADS-equipped trucks,there is a possibility of preventing and mitigating these safety issues.Further,there is an increasing demand for consumer goods and just-in-time inventory strategies(i.e.,receiving goods only as they are needed).This places a significant demand on truck drivers and the U.S.highway system as increasing amounts of goods are delivered by trucks.In 2023,the American Trucking Associations estimated the truck driver shortage at roughly 60,000 drivers.The driver shortage has been one of the trucking industrys top concerns for years.In its annual survey to truck fleets in 2023,the American Transportation Research Institute found the lack of qualified drivers to carry the Nations freight is the second most important issue,just 2 behind the economy as number one.The current shortage of quality drivers,along with the high turnover rates inherent in the trucking industry,puts tremendous pressure on human resources to find quality drivers.The VTTI team is also cognizant of the potential disruptive yet beneficial impact of ADS-equipped trucks on the U.S.economy.Approximately 9 million professional truck drivers haul more than 11 billion tons of freight annually in the United States.The demand for freight services has increased in recent years,and truck drivers have needed to move more goods.As of December 2021,813,844 interstate motor carriers were actively operating in the United States.The trucking industry contributes significantly to the nations economic portfolio,employing millions of people and hauling more than two-thirds of the total freight transported in the United States.Thus,delivery of goods via trucks is vital to the health of the U.S.economy,and ADS-equipped trucks have the potential to significantly increase economic output.This CONOPS was intended to transcend a simple technology demonstration and include areas critical to the safe integration of ADS into the U.S.on-road transportation system.As shown in Figure 1,the CONOPS covered eight aspects of ADS integration:ADS Installation and Maintenance Guide for Fleets,ADS Inspection Procedures,Driver-Monitor Alertness Management,Truck Fleet Guide to Insuring ADS-Equipped Trucks,Identification of ADS Safety Metrics/Variables,ADS Road Assessment System,Data Security/Transfer Protocol and Cybersecurity Best Practices,and Operational Use Cases Demonstrations.Figure 1.Diagram.CONOPS critical areas for operating ADS-equipped CMVs in mixed fleets.As shown in Figure 2,the research adopted an iterative process of collecting information on existing ADS trucking practices,demonstrating the operations of ADS technologies on trucks under naturalistic and controlled environments,and sharing the lessons learned from these previous steps with stakeholders to update existing practices.The“Collect”stage of this cycle involved gathering ADS trucking technology capabilities and practice information to obtain insights on the best practices for installation and maintenance of ADS-equipped trucks,inspection procedures,driver state monitoring,insurance considerations,metrics to measure the safety performance of ADS-equipped trucks,the readiness of roadway systems for ADS 3 technologies,and potential cybersecurity concerns as these technologies are implemented.These practices and guides were updated throughout the project as new information came to light.Figure 2.Diagram.CONOPS approach to continuous cycling of new technology innovation,application,and dissemination.The“Demo”stage involved public demonstrations of the safe and efficient integration of ADS-equipped trucks into realistic use cases,including port queueing operations,cross-country road trips,and freight integration.These operational use cases represent example equipment and conditions where the benefits of ADS-equipped trucks could be observed,and data collected with live traffic.These deployments built towards a network of fully deployed ADS trucks integrated into a truck fleets traditional commercial operations that move freight in a safe,repeatable,and commercially viable manner,providing insights into ADS-equipped truck performance in revenue-producing operations.In addition to the deployments,hands-on ADS roadshows were held to allow end users,stakeholders,and the public to experience ADS technology on closed test tracks.The roadshows,hosted at national and international industry conferences across the country,engaged the public with driving automation systems to share information about their functionality,benefits,and limitations.This was to understand public attitudes toward and perception of ADS-equipped trucks,specifically their attitudes towards ADS-quipped trucks before and after the demonstration.During these demonstrations,VTTI worked with an industry team member,Pronto,a leading developer in the truck ADS space,to use their ADS platform in the demonstrations.The approach to conducting these demonstrations ensured the results translate directly to real-world settings that are of practical importance to the trucking industry,regulators,and the public at large.Hence,rather than moving from one automation level to the next simply for the sake of demonstrating technical feasibility in the abstract,the VTTI team focused on demonstrating the 4 ability of traditional truck fleets to integrate ADS functionality into their current fleets and business models.The third stage(“Share”)involved sharing the findings through publishing documentation,demonstration data,and the lessons learned to stakeholders and the public.This involved activities such as webinars,conferences,roadshows,and exhibitions.Research briefs and videos were provided to the public on the project website(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/projects/conops.html)at each stage of the project.The VTTI team also developed a publicly accessible data repository,the Federal Highway Administration(FHWA)CONOPS Dataverse,to house the data from the demonstrations.This data was shared with the United States Department of Transportation(USDOT)and the public in near-real time through the Dataverse.The data includes survey responses from the roadshows and public outreach,vehicle kinematic and ADS state data,and roadway readiness detection data from the real-world deployments.Disclaimer:This report does not imply endorsement of any products or companies mentioned herein.5 2.DEMONSTRATIONS,PUBLIC OUTREACH,AND TECHNOLOGY REFINEMENT To support the CONOPS documentation and provide the trucking industry with clear information on how to implement ADS-equipped trucks among mixed fleets,VTTI hosted a series of roadshows and public outreach with support and participation from ADS partners.Pronto.ai partnered with VTTI during a live demonstration event and a ride-and-drive event.Kodiak Robotics,Inc.,partnered at another event with VTTI to record and demonstrate an enhanced inspection for ADS-equipped CMVs.These were critical to enlightening stakeholders and users on the functionality,benefits,and limitations of ADS,as well as providing guidance to government,insurance,and inspection agencies and the public who are likely to shape policy in this area.The roadshows demonstrated how ADS can be implemented in trucking fleets in a manner that is(1)safe,(2)repeatable,and(3)commercially viable.Since ADS are new and most fleets have yet to encounter or operate an ADS,the outreach and roadshows provided opportunity for direct interaction with different technology solutions under development.Using existing contacts,three conferences and meetings,including the Intelligent Transportation Society of America(ITS America)Annual Conference,the Technology Maintenance Council(TMC)Annual Meeting,and the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance(CVSA)Annual Conference and Exhibition,were selected for the outreach and roadshow events.These events focused on providing the public with a focus on commercial fleet operators,with the opportunity to meet ADS technology developers and original equipment manufacturers(OEMs).The events also provided the attendees with opportunities to participate in hands-on technology demonstrations,such as in-vehicle demonstrations and closed-course roads.Feedback was also collected from attendees to understand their perception and acceptance of the technology and obtain insights on the potential use cases for different automation technologies and document their concerns that might be addressed in the CONOPS.The following sections provide extensive information on the three roadshows,including the participating technology vendor/OEM,exhibition booth experience,technical sessions,closed-course demonstration setup,and survey data collection on perception of the technology.2.1 ROADSHOW ITS AMERICA ANNUAL MEETING The first of the three roadshows was held at the ITS America Annual Conference in Charlotte,North Carolina.This roadshow highlighted two testing demonstrations of ADS,including an interactive and behind-the-scenes look at ADS-equipped truck cross-country corridor operations(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/Cross-Country.pdf),as well as a port queuing demonstration highlighting the safe deployment of ADS technologies in port operations(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/Port-Queuing-Brief.pdf).Technical sessions were also held to provide information and answer questions related to the CONOPS project.A research brief was created to summarize the event and roadshow activities(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/ITS-Roadshow.pdf).2.1.1 ADS Truck On-road Testing Demonstration An interactive visualization of a prototype truck ADS database and map created from data being collected during the ADS cross-country operations was shown to the attendees.The visualization 6 allowed participants to experience the ADS truck driving a wide variety of Interstate highways and rating the highways based on the availability,quality,and strength of required supporting infrastructure.The behind-the-scenes presentations highlighted the ADS cross-country operations,including preparation,planning,training,data inputs,and real-world applications.Activities on the fleet instrumentation,setup,and measurement of metrics were presented to the attendees.Real-time data streams and performance metrics collected from the ADS-equipped trucks during the cross-country operations were also displayed at the demonstration.Attendees had the opportunity to ask questions and have a chat with a Pronto engineer who was monitoring the cross-country data collection from the ADS truck cab in real time.Lastly,a slideshow on the ongoing port queueing deployment was provided to attendees to illustrate how ADS-equipped trucks can relieve major congestion points in daily port operations(https:/youtu.be/DCs8uGJAuks).2.1.2 Highlights from the Technical Session The technical session was given as an information session by a Pronto engineer.The session provided an overview on the existing knowledge gaps in ADS technology development,including the absence of a public dataset on the metrics required to measure the deployability of ADS-equipped trucks and how policy makers and ADS developers are presently relying on secondary data when developing automated vehicles(AVs).Following this,the presenter provided the CONOPS project objectives and how the project intended to fill some of these knowledge gaps by developing a first-of-its-kind national dataset of infrastructure readiness,developing ADS performance metrics required for autonomous operations,and demonstrating an automated truck safely traversing the United States,coast to coast,without a driver.The approach to ADS data collection,including driving automated trucks across routes under a variety of road conditions(traffic,weather,time of day)to measure infrastructure quality,and sharing this data,was presented to the attendees.Insights on the key infrastructure metrics(connectivity,lane marking quality,road bumpiness,and GPS satellite coverage)needed to support ADS integration on the various routes and how they were measured and rated were also presented.The session wrapped up with questions and answers,and attendees were directed to follow the project progress on the project website.2.2 ROADSHOW TMC ANNUAL MEETING The second roadshow was conducted at the TMC annual meeting in Orlando,Florida.A research brief(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/TMC-Roadshow.pdf)and video(https:/youtu.be/eBnlxkS7i_4)were created to summarize the event and roadshow activities.This featured an ADS-equipped truck running closed-course demonstrations,an exhibitor booth,and a technical session.The closed-course demonstrations involved a ride-and-drive to allow end users,stakeholders,and the public to experience ADS technology on closed test tracks and share information about their functionality,benefits,and limitations.The exhibitor booth showcased the ongoing overall CONOPS project and active deployments,including ADS Port Queuing and ADS Cross-Country Road Testing.VTTI personnel networked and interacted with attendees who visited the booth in the exhibit hall to further market the CONOPS project and disseminate information(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/Tech-Brief.pdf).Additionally,a video of the outdoor ride-and-drive was displayed at the booth to garner additional attention for the dynamic demonstration(https:/youtu.be/djWIsFFWw08).On the other hand,the technical session 7 included a panel of experts in the automated commercial trucking industry to share information and address important issues that fleets,shippers,brokers,State governments,and service/maintenance providers need to understand to plan for ADS deployment.2.2.1 ADS Truck Ride-and-Drive The ride-and-drive provided the attendees with a first-hand experience of the capabilities of an ADS truck.Attendees had the opportunity to ride in a Pronto ADS truck(accompanied by a safety operator)as it followed a traditional truck on a closed-course route(Figure 3)around the Orange County Convention Center where the TMC conference took place.The closed course involved the ADS truck starting from a complete stop and performing various maneuvers,including left turns,right turns,mandatory lane changes,and coming to a complete stop.Along the closed-course route,the ADS truck navigated a small work zone(Figure 4),which was designed and executed with the support of the Florida Department of Transportation.The work zone involved traffic cones set up along the route to guide the ADS truck.A“road worker”mannequin(see Figure 5)was also programmed to perform a sudden unexpected crossing as the truck traversed the work zone,and the truck was expected to react by coming to a stop at a safe distance ahead of the worker.This was done to re-create a typical safety-critical and complex driving situation as it would be experienced under real-life driving conditions.The research team created a handout highlighting truck crashes in work zones to support the safety benefits of the operational use case for ADS trucks in work zones.Figure 3.Map.Closed course for demonstration at the TMC Annual Meeting(in red).8 Figure 4.Photo.Work zone setup as part of the closed-course testing at the TMC Annual Meeting.Figure 5.Photo.Unexpected crossing scenario at work zone.Early signups for the ride-and-drive were available beginning one month prior to the event,and TMC organizers helped to disseminate the information by sending daily email blasts to the registrants.Over the course of the two-and-a-half-day conference,VTTI and Pronto conducted 54 ride-and-drive trips with a total of 161 attendees.Among the participants,29.7%had a commercial drivers license(CDL),17.8%worked as a CMV driver,and 70.3%had not previously experienced a commercial truck ADS.Figure 6 shows the distribution of the ride-and-drive participants based on their profession.To collect information from the attendees about their opinions,perceptions,and attitudes towards ADS applications in fleet operations,the VTTI team collected questionnaires both before and after attendee participation in the ride-and-drive.This allowed researchers to observe any changes in opinions and perception that could be attributed to their experience during the demonstration.A total of 101 paired pre-and post-roadshow 9 questionnaires were collected from the attendees who participated in the ride-and-drive.The questions obtained insights on their perception of the technology,such as the effectiveness,safety,desirability,cost-effectiveness,acceptability,performance,readiness for deployment,commercial viability,and integration into fleet operations.Figure 6.Chart.Ride-and-drive participant distribution based on industry role.Figure 7 shows the responses to the survey questions,which were framed as pairs of polar opposites.Participants were asked to respond using a scale of 1 to 5,where“1”represented the first pole and“5”represented the second pole.Careful attention should also be paid to the questions,as the positive and negative valences of the responses were alternated between left and right in the pairings.In general,feedback from participants on ADS opinions and acceptance was positive and did not change drastically before and after demonstration participation.Specifically,questions on whether the technology was effective/superfluous,raising alertness/sleep inducing,unsafe/safe,cost-effective/too expensive,acceptable/unacceptable,performs well/performs poorly,and if training was difficult/easy received more positive responses after the demonstration.Questions on whether the technology was useful/useless,bad/good,irritating/likeable,assisting/worthless,or undesirable/desirable received a slightly less positive response.This could mean that more demonstration or exposure to use cases is required to have a much better judgment of the technology.Further,no changes were observed in the other survey responses.However,in all cases,all the responses were positive.Lastly,participants also requested future use case demonstrations,as shown in Figure 8.Participants were able to select multiple options for future demonstrations.10 Figure 7.Chart.Participant responses to survey questions pre-and post-drive.11 Figure 8.Chart.Future use case demonstration request.2.2.2 Highlights from the Technical Session The technical session was presented by a panel of experts involved in the CONOPS project and moderated by Tom Keane,Associate Administrator of the Office of Research and Registration at the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration(FMCSA).The assembled panel included experts in the automated commercial trucking industry to address important issues that fleets,shippers,brokers,State governments,and service/maintenance providers need to understand to plan for ADS deployment.Dr.Rich Hanowski,Division Director of Freight,Transit,and Heavy Vehicle Safety at VTTI,provided an overview of the active research project and pointed to some operating environments where automation might help drivers perform consistently and safely.Next,Jeff Loftus,Division Chief at the FMCSA Technology Division,shared information about the role that FMCSA is playing in supporting and guiding ADS trucking deployment.Jessica Kearney,Assistant Vice President at Travelers Institute,spoke about what the future of insuring ADS-equipped trucks may look like.Assuring that ADS-equipped trucks are well maintained through the right level of electronic and manual interactions was discussed by Will Schaefer,Director of Safety Programs at CVSA.Additionally,the fleet perspective was covered by Vice President of Maintenance at Bison Transport,Mike Gomes,who discussed his fleets experience with automation that supports drivers on the road.Finally,an expert who has watched the development of ADS vehicles for years,Ognen Stojanovski,Chief Operating Officer and Co-founder of Pronto.ai,discussed the beginnings of automation and where it can do the greatest good to support the safety and efficiency goals of every fleet.2.3 ROADSHOW CVSA ANNUAL CONFERENCE The final roadshow was held at the CVSA Annual Conference and Exhibition in Grapevine,Texas,in September 2023.This roadshow focused on the CVSA Enhanced CMV Inspection Program.To capture early marketing footage and generate discussion prior to the roadshow activities,the research team conducted a site visit near Dallas,Texas,with Kodiak Robotics to 010203040506070TeleoperationQueuing OperationIntermodal YardExit-to-ExitLane Keeping AssistPlatooningAutomated Trailer ParkingPercent(%)of Ride-and-Drive Survey Responses(n=84)Future Use Case Demonstration Requests 12 film,photograph,and document their protocols and the procedures surrounding their pilot of the Enhanced CMV Inspection Program.Technical sessions were also held at the conference with representatives from ADS developers and OEMs to discuss their experiences with the enhanced inspections and facilitate discussion about other important related ADS inspection topics.A research brief summarizing ADS-equipped trucks inspection procedures(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/ADS-CVSA-Brief.pdf)and video(https:/youtu.be/rcgJYd_gDnA)were created to summarize the site visit and roadshow activities.2.3.1 Site Visit Activities On Day 1 of the site visit,the research team(VTTI and FMCSA)worked with Kodiak and partners,the Texas Department of Public Safety(DPS)and Drivewyze,to film demonstrations of the electronic roadside verification communication procedures to highlight real-world applications and operational integration of the enhanced inspection standard.The demonstrations and filming took place along Interstate 45 and the weigh station in Wilmer,Texas.The team documented staged runs of the Kodiak ADS-truck driving on the interstate past the Wilmer weigh station to capture the truck wirelessly communicating the enhanced CMV inspection status,via the Drivewyze platform,to the DPS trooper monitoring the weigh station.The VTTI team set up multiple video cameras to capture different angles inside the truck cab(Figure 9).The team also captured the Drivewyze interface inside the weigh station to document the information communicated from the truck to the DPS trooper and how this messaging was received and displayed.During the demonstration,the Drivewyze team collected real-time data from their back-end interface and provided this to the VTTI team to help with data documentation and creation of the demonstration videos.Figure 9.Photo.Internal view of truck cab.To accompany the demonstrations,brief interviews were conducted with members of the Texas DPS and the Drivewyze team to gain their opinions and insights into the purpose,value,and next steps for the ADS enhanced inspection and electronic roadside verification communication 13 activities.The interviews provided an overview of Drivewyzes approach to the roadside screening of ADS-equipped trucks as they approach a stationary weigh station,including the development of software(Inspection Client)congruent with CVSAs enhanced pre-trip inspection procedures.The Inspection Client is the enhanced inspection that the CVSA-trained ADS developer goes through,certifying a defect-free inspection,before the truck is dispatched.The approach also includes inspection forms and public application programming interfaces(APIs)for data transfer from ADS developers to the Drivewyze AV database,which are then used for a pass/fail screen decision.Expectations on the potential benefits of the ADS enhanced inspection technology include reducing crashes stemming from human factors such as fatigued or aggressive drivers and improving overall highway safety.On Day 2 of the site visit,the research team visited Kodiaks office and garage facilities in Lancaster,Texas,to demonstrate and document Kodiaks internal enhanced inspection procedures as an example implementation of the CVSA Enhanced CMV Inspection Program on their trucks.With CVSAs enhanced inspection certification program,other ADS personnel(not just law enforcement officers)are now able to complete training and certification to become certified inspectors.The industry is looking to developers,like Kodiak,to learn about the internal inspection processes and procedures in place at garage facilities and how these are being done thoroughly and efficiently prior to an ADS truck being dispatched.To document this,the VTTI team recorded a CVSA-certified inspector with Kodiak as he conducted a full enhanced inspection on a Kodiak truck.To highlight key elements of the enhanced inspection,CVSA recommended five areas to capture and reinforce the process.The following elements of the inspection were documented in detail with accompanying narrative from the Kodiak inspector:(1)interior checks including air loss/build up testing;(2)inspection of undercarriage and measurement of brakes under the CMV;(3)inspection of rear tractor and trailer lighting;(4)checking the securement and movement of the 5th wheel;and(5)checks of the ADS and components(i.e.,cameras,lidar,radar,etc.).Brief interviews were also conducted with the VTTI and the FMCSA teams to gain information on how these demonstrations support the research objectives of the CONOPS project as well as the future of ADS trucking.Team members from Kodiak were interviewed to discuss Kodiaks involvement in the ADS Enhanced CMV Inspection Program and how these programs support and advance ADS trucking initiatives.A comprehensive video documentation of the enhanced inspection process and interviews can be found on the project website(https:/youtu.be/rcgJYd_gDnA).2.3.2 Roadshow Activities 2.3.2.1 CONOPS Booth VTTI sponsored a CONOPS booth in the exhibit hall that was staffed by project personnel for the duration of the conference to support the Enhanced CMV Inspection Demonstration.Project personnel spoke to attendees who visited the booth about the CONOPS project and how the CVSA Enhanced CMV Inspection Program and Electronic Roadside Communication activities supported the CONOPS goals.The video summarizing the site visit and roadshow activities was shown on a loop at the booth(https:/youtu.be/rcgJYd_gDnA).Demonstration handouts(https:/www.vtti.vt.edu/PDFs/conops/ADS-CVSA-Brief.pdf)and VTTI giveaway items were 14 distributed to attendees,and VTTI staff verbally advertised the Enhanced CMV Inspection Demonstration,which was held during the CVSA reception.2.3.2.2 Enhance CMV Inspection Program Demonstration The primary Roadshow activity demonstrated how ADS developers and OEMs are implementing the CVSA Enhanced CMV Inspection Standard within their operational policies and procedures.VTTI drove their newly refurbished Peterbilt truck and CONOPS trailer to Texas and showcased it in the CVSA exhibit hall for the demonstration.VTTI partnered with Kodiak Robotics and their Head of Service and Support and Hardware Manager,Matthew Cearnal,to demonstrate their procedures for implementing the Enhanced CMV Inspection within their fleet and daily operations.In addition to advising on the development of the CVSA Enhanced CMV Inspection training and certification program,Mr.Cearnal completed the training and is a certified inspector himself.The presentation and demonstration by Mr.Cearnal allowed attendees to consider questions they may want to address to better understand the program.Now that personnel are completing training and certification on enhanced inspections,what are the processes and procedures in place at shops?What does this business model look like?What do the in-transit versus dispatch inspections look like?How are certified inspectors completing these inspections efficiently?The demonstration was available during the opening reception,exhibit hall hours,and during lunch and midday breaks for the duration of the conference.2.3.2.3 Enhanced CMV Inspection Program Presentation The second element of the CONOPS roadshow demonstration at CVSA included a joint partner presentation at the Enforcement and Industry Modernization Committee Meeting to give ADS developers,OEMs,and fleets an opportunity to share their experiences with the Enhanced CMV Inspection Program and certification and training process.Presenters included Tom Kelly(FMCSA),Andrew Krum(VTTI),Kodiak(Brett Fabbri and Matt Cearnal),and Drivewyze(Miranda Leadbeater and Todd James).Mr.Kelly provided an overview of research of interest to the committee being conducted by FMCSA,including the CONOPS project.Mr.Krum presented an overview of the CONOPS project and showed the full video that was created during the June site visit to showcase the Enhanced CMV Inspection Program and electronic roadside communication activities and pilot program.Kodiak and Drivewyze closed the presentation with a discussion of their roles,perspectives,results and takeaways,and next steps from their pilot program.Topics of discussion during the presentations extended into other ADS inspection topics:What are the internal policies for checking the function of the ADS sensors and perception processors?How can the status of the vehicles inspection be communicated electronically and securely?How will ADS-equipped trucks interact with roadside enforcement agents in emergencies?The presentation was well received by the committee and generated thoughtful discussions during and after the meeting.2.4 CONFERENCES AND OUTREACH Including these major outreach events and demonstrations,the research team spoke at and or attended 20 conference sessions to share information about the grant,collect new information,and provide feedback on lessons learned.These conferences covered topics such as automated 15 truck operations,maintenance,roadway metrics,ADS safety metrics,CMV inspections,sensors,insurance of CMVs,and global trucking automation research.16 This page intentionally left blank.17 3.OPERATIONAL USE CASES 3.1 PORT OF OAKLAND AUTONOMOUS QUEUEING DEMONSTRATION There is a growing problem of increasing wait times at U.S.ports and other major shipping facilities.In the past decade,container ships have gotten considerably larger.The number of 20-foot containers that these mega container ships can carry has grown from 8,000 or so to more than 20,000 containers.Port improvements,and technologies,including reservation systems for trucks,have not been able to keep pace with the sheer number of shipping containers.As a result,wait times for loading and unloading containers onto trucks have increased considerably;in some cases,a driver must wait more than 6 hours(Figure 10).Wait times reduce driver and carrier productivity because they diminish a drivers available hours of service(HOS).Typically,a commercial driver can drive a total of 11 hours in a 14-hour workday.When paid by the mile,as most commercial drivers are paid,increased wait times can greatly reduce driver earnings.Figure 10.Photo.Typical truck queueing at U.S.ports.ADS offer the potential to allow the vehicle to drive itself in“Level 4”mode while queueing to be loaded or unloaded.With an ADS-equipped truck,a driver could go off duty and rest in a sleeper berth or leave the ADS to obtain rest in a motel or port facility.Since the waiting would be used for rest,it would not count against the drivers HOS,thereby increasing the drivers overall productivity,the carriers bottom line(more distance could be covered in the day),and safety(drivers would be better rested and less pressured by time).Alternatively,for local delivery,it could change the operations at port facilities.A driver could manually drive the truck in city traffic to the port waiting line,then switch the truck into autonomous mode and pick up an already loaded ADS-equipped vehicle.This could greatly increase the number of turns that a driver could make in a workday.As a first step towards addressing the problem of wait times at ports and demonstrating how ADS technology could be safely deployed in a port queuing operational design domain(ODD),the VTTI study team conducted an autonomous queueing deployment at the Port of Oakland in 18 Oakland,California.The study team conducted considerable outreach for this deployment.The team briefed principals within the FMCSA and Maritime Administration(MARAD)regarding the study effort and the Port Queuing demonstration.MARAD assisted VTTI with briefing the port facilities in Northern California,including project managers at the Port of Oakland.The team also briefed the California Highway Patrol,California Department of Motor Vehicles,and California Department of Transportation on this demonstration project.For this effort,VTTI partnered with Pronto,an ADS technology developer,to deploy their technology.Pronto has been at the forefront of the most important advances in the AV industry and is the only company to successfully drive coast-to-coast in the United States without a single driver input.In 2020,Pronto conducted testing at the Port of Oakland.They subsequently made refinements in their driving algorithms to account for cut-ins and aggressive driving behaviors.To better understand how the SAE Level 4 ADS-equipped vehicle would affect loading and unloading operations in port queuing settings,Pronto conducted a series of tests at the Oakland Ports to better understand the suitability of this technology in relieving major port congestion points in daily port operations.For 4 months,Pronto developed and tuned their ADS platform to participate in daily port queueing activities at the Oakland ports.Initially,the ADS was already proficient at traversing the routes of the different queues but was unable to handle the speed and aggressive driving of other drivers.For example,as the queue progressed,any significant gap between the ADS-equipped vehicle and a leading truck would be a target for another driver cutting the line.In addition,if the ADS-equipped vehicle was driving too slowly or pausing when the queue started moving,it would be a target of aggressive honking and yelling by other drivers.For the ADS-equipped vehicle to be successful at participating in queue operations,Pronto spent most of the testing time tuning the system to be an effective driver under those circumstances.Key modifications to Prontos base algorithms included reducing the transition time between the ADS being stationary and reinitiating motion when the queue resumed;improving the finesse of the ADSs adaptive cruise control to keep tighter gaps between leading vehicles;and improving object detection and tracking algorithms to prevent collisions during aggressive low-speed cut-ins.To showcase the capabilities developed during those months,VTTI and Pronto set up a week of Port Queueing deployments where the ADS-equipped vehicle delivered at least one container a day for an entire week(5 days).The Pronto ADS operated flawlessly,negotiating heavy traffic and intersections.During the deployment,seven containers were delivered,5060 GB of data were generated(operating 23 hours each day),and each delivery was live streamed via Zoom to showcase the ADS capabilities to a wider audience at conferences as stated in Chapter 2.3.2 CROSS-COUNTRY ROAD TRIPS As part of the CONOPS project,the objective of the cross-country road trips is to demonstrate the application of ADS technology under typical fleet operations such as over-the-road operations,and especially to collect real-world data to understand how ready the existing roadway infrastructure across the United States is to support ADS technology.Drivers are often involved in long-haul operations that can include interstate travel under various roadway,19 weather,and time-of-day conditions.With such long driving hours,drivers are often fatigued and usually must take breaks over the course of the trips.ADS technology provides an opportunity to enable collaboration between human drivers and ADS such that ADS can take over the vehicle when drivers are fatigued(without having to stop the vehicle while resting)and within the ADSs ODD.This reduces the driving task load on the drivers,improves driving safety for drivers and other road users interacting with trucks,and allows the maximization of fleet resources since longer trips can now be assigned to drivers with the support of ADS.While these are the potential benefits of ADS-equipped trucks,the cross-country trips here focused on the first step towards future integration,i.e.,assessing the existing roadway infrastructure to understand how they can support ADS.Hence,this part of the CONOPS collected roadway data related to lane marking quality,cellular connectivity,road conditions,and GPS connectivity.ADS-equipped trucks drove selected cross-country trips and collected information in real time over the course of these trips.Five routes were selected for the cross-country trips.The routes were selected to ensure that the data obtained from the deployments can provide insights on infrastructure readiness and ADS performance on some of the most common driving conditions on U.S.roadways and can be used to measure the potential of ADS technology to serve fleet operations on these routes.The team also ensured the routes selected are often traversed by fleets,involved complex driving conditions(various terrains,times of day,weather conditions),covered interstate travel,and imitated over-the-road operations as often conducted by fleets.The trips covered States nationwide,thereby providing comprehensive data to measure infrastructure readiness and useful to stakeholders and decision-makers.Below are the routes.California to Texas,roundtrip Calgary,Canada,to California,one-way trip California to Florida,round trip Nationwide Cross-country Loop California Oregon Washington Idaho Montana Wyoming Utah Arizona Nevada California For these deployments,a number of ADS-equipped trucks,with similar ADS capabilities,were used.Although the trucks were capable of operating at Level 4 driving automation,safety operators were also onboard to take over at any point necessary during the trip.Hence,the deployments included both the ADS actively driving and the human drivers taking over when necessary.This ensured that the ADS operated within its ODD and control was transferred to the safety operator when not within the ODD.However,in both cases,vehicle sensors were actively collecting the data required to assess infrastructure readiness.The idea was to collect infrastructure data across these routes(whether ADS was active or not)and improve our understanding of how ready these routes are to support the deployment of ADS technology.The trucks were retrofitted with sensors and high-performance computing technologies including high-definition cameras,front radars,six-axis inertial measurement units(IMUs),GPS,20 communication antennas,8-core CPU GPU,4 terabyte storage devices,and a Controller Area Network(CAN)interface board.This enabled the collection of data,including encoded and timestamped video streams from cameras(including driver-facing),numerical data,positional data,vehicle motion data,radar cluster data,CAN data,and other high-level perception and planning information.Additionally,VTTIs proprietary data acquisition system(DAS),FlexDAS,was installed in all participating vehicles.This includes a core i7 CPU,support for high-definition USB cameras,onboard IMU and GPS,and data storage devices.The FlexDAS collected a wide range of data while remaining unobtrusive to participant drivers.As a sample use case,roadway readiness indicators(such as lane marking,GPS and cellular signals,and road bumpiness/smoothness)were obtained from these sensors and used to assess roadway infrastructure readiness for all roadway segments along the trip routes.A summary of the data use case is provided in the next paragraph and detailed in section 5.7.Further,safety performance indicators including traffic violations,near-crash events,and disengagements can be obtained from the data to assess the safety performance of ADS-equipped trucks(see section 5.6 for more)while the technology is active.Section 5.7 details how some of the data obtained from these cross-country deployments have been used to develop a road readiness rating system for ADS technology.The rating system combined data from FHWAs Highway Performance Monitoring System(HPMS)database with data collected from the ADS-equipped trucks,including the ADS-detected real-time lane marking quality,cellular connectivity(i.e.,signal strength),GPS connectivity(i.e.,count of GPS),and road condition(i.e.,bumpiness/smoothness).The assessment used the ADS data to provide a detailed evaluation of the lane marking quality(using a 0 to 10 scoring scale)on all the roadway segments traversed by the truck.Cellular strength(using percentages)and GPS counts on these segments were assessed,and each of these metrics was geolocated on a geographic information system(GIS)-based map to visualize the readiness of the roadways on these cross-country routes to support ADS technology.3.3 FLEET INTEGRATION WHITTIER,ALASKA The introduction of automated heavy vehicles has the potential to revolutionize the transportation industry,offering unprecedented opportunities for freight efficiency and road user safety.As sensing technology advances and developers better understand the roadway system,integrating AVs into the industry becomes an increasingly attractive option.However,there are many implications for implementing ADS on public roadways or private yards.Implementing ADS at a fleet-or operations-level is a complex undertaking that requires careful planning,analysis,and data collection in defining the domain space and evaluating the impact automation has across all organizational levels.The goal of this task was to thoroughly define the organizational elements as they exist at an operational level to better understand the implications of introducing ADS into an intermodal fleet operating heavy trucks for repetitive driving actions in a private yard.This goal was accomplished by collecting relevant observational and interview data and using those data to perform various task,risk,and organizational systems analyses.The objective for the approach is to establish a baseline evaluation of the organization at the operational level for future use in identifying the impacts of incorporating AVs.The analyses address both organization-and 21 person-level elements and relate those across a macro cognitive model for human involvement within their tasks and roles.3.3.1 Manual Truck Operations 3.3.1.1 Methods Documentation Review:The research team was provided with a set of materials from the fleet describing the safety guidelines for all on-site personnel,as well as the training documentation for lift operators.These documents contained significant reference material to guide the research teams observations and questions while performing site walk-throughs and visits.The location of the site was in Whittier,Alaska.Walk-through:The research team employed two distinct types of walk-throughs to collect data:a non-barge yard visit and an active barge video review.The non-barge yard visit took place during a period when a barge was not docked at the port in Whittier;therefore,there were fewer personnel in the yard,and work consisted of preparation for an active barge.The non-active barge visit allowed the team to gather contextual information,observe surrounding infrastructure,and interview personnel involved in the operations.The active barge video review involved reviewing recorded footage of a large barge off-load.The team closely examined barge operations,identified patterns,and extracted valuable data about various aspects of the process.By leveraging these two walk-throughs,the team aimed to gather comprehensive and complementary data
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Toward greener and more sustainable freight railComparing freight rail systems and services in the U.
2024-09-12
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European Rail Supply IndustryA N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 2 3Message from UNIFE Chair2Message from UNIFE Director General401.UNIFE in 2023902.European Affairs19Table of Contents03.International Affairs3705.R&I Activities6706.Signalling and ERTMS8907.ERWA:The UNIFE Railway Wheels Committee9709.Communications10910.UNIFE Staff12011.UNIFE Members in 202312504.Standards and Regulation5110108.IRIS:International Railway Industry StandardTable of Contents1 Message from Michael Peter,UNIFE ChairIn an era where progress resonates against a backdrop of economic and political dynamics as well as climate change,the UNIFE Annual Report 2023 serves as a chronicle and a compass.It is a chronicle that captures the outstanding collective efforts that brought us many achievements and milestones.And it serves as a compass to guide our industry to the urgent priorities ahead.Therefore,it is a great honour for me to introduce UNIFEs Annual Report 2023 for the first time as UNIFE Chair.Looking back at 2023,it was characterized by two main trends:decarbonization and digitalisation.2023 is now confirmed as the hottest year on record and efforts for transformative climate action like COP28 have picked up speed.The evidence has never been clearer that boosting rail transport plays a crucial role in this pivotal phase of transformation.The unprecedented advancement of digital technologies,especially the incredible potential of Artificial Intelligence,offer great possibilities to accelerate this transformation.In 2023,we have made many breakthroughs,and I am pleased to summarise and share the highlights:In our efforts to promote decarbonization in transport,we put rail on a more level playing field with other modes of transport and accelerated the deployment of alternative fuels:The review of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation now includes rail and will encourage EU Member States to roll out the infrastructure for alternative fuels on our networks.Tangible progress is being made to ensure that the shift to rail is not only pursued within Europes borders but also beyond them via the EU Global Gateway initiative.As an important milestone,UNIFE has been selected to join the Global Gateway Business Advisory Group.Here we can press ahead for the best value-for-money in procurement and the promotion of European technology like the European Rail Traffic Management System(ERTMS).2UNIFE Annual Report 2023 Advancing digitalisation in rail requires wide-spread deployment of ERTMS as an essential building block.To promote ERTMS deployment and to overcome challenges such as authorization procedures,we recently launched an important sector initiative.We should see the first deliverables of this initiative in 2024.The digital transformation of Europe has also been on top of the regulatory agenda with a number of blockbuster legislations like the EU Data Act,the AI Act or the EU Cyber Resilience Act being concluded over the last months.Thanks to our joint efforts,important changes were made to these regulations to adapt them to the needs of industrial sectors like the rail supply industry.Looking ahead,2024 is critical to drive the agenda for our industry,even more so with the upcoming EU elections.At UNIFE,a major priority will be to deliver on the rail targets set out in the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy:To double traffic on high-speed rail by 2030,tripling it by 2050 as well as doubling rail freight by 2050.To succeed,we need to forge ahead in three key policy areas:Firstly,to lay the foundation for further digitalisation of the sector we urgently need to expedite the deployment of ERTMS and replace legacy systems.A strong focus needs to be on network-wide implementation,closely aligned with national deployment plans.Secondly,funding for rolling stock and rail infrastructure needs to be increased to accelerate the decarbonization of the EU transport sector.This includes funding for key technologies like ERTMS,the Future Railway Mobile Communication System(FRMCS)and Digital Automatic Coupling(DAC).Thirdly,we need a joint effort to simplify EU rail authorisation and foster a true Single European Railway Area.Procedures and diverging national operational rules are cost drivers that restrict growth.In summary,the European Rail Supply Industry is essential to the EU Green Deal,and one of our key levers to contribute to the achievement of those targets is digitalisation.All of our accomplishments have been driven by our collaborative efforts and the fine work of the UNIFE secretariat.Many thanks to the entire team for your dedication to numerous initiatives this year.I am eager to support this momentum to ensure the competitiveness of our sector and help us to attract the best talent for rail.Finally,I would like to express a special gratitude to Philippe Citron who completes his mandate as UNIFE Director General in 2024.Philippe has steered UNIFE expertly for twelve years with a clear vision and commitment to technology,innovation,and stability in regulations to ensure UNIFE is the trusted voice of the EU rail suppliers.Thank you,Philippe.You have built us a fine legacy and foundation that we can all build upon.Michael PeterUNIFE Chair3 Message from UNIFE ChairMessage from Philippe Citron,UNIFE Director GeneralAs Europe continues to chart a path out of uncertainty and into a more hopeful and brighter tomorrow,our association has been persistent in producing a strong vision of the rail supply industry,and broader European rail network.We have been steadfast on what our vision for the future holds-a commitment to technologies,innovation and regulatory stability,which will ensure a modal shift to rail,while achieving a level-playing field in Europe and third countries with foreign competitors.As we enter the last months of the European institutional cycle(European Parliament,European Commission),many of our projects,plans and responsibilities are entering a crucial phase.Its not just the rail sector and community which we will spend this time advocating for developing a multi-modal transport system for Europe,which aims at achieving the broader goal of climate neutrality-we also believe it is vital the voters of Europe receive the transport solutions they need.In the enabling of greater competition,next generation technologies,and revitalising Europes industrial might,we have the opportunity to start the careers of a range of new rail professionals,while also playing a major role in meeting Europes future challenges and commitments,such as the EU Green Deal Industrial Plan-a strategy designed to ensure Europes global leadership in green technologies while supporting the blocs net zero ambitions.Throughout 2023 the European and Member States policymakers persistently worked in putting the continent in a stronger position,as global headwinds continue to pose a range of challenges for the European industry and businesses.Inflation provided on-going challenge,alongside Russias war against Ukraine,which provide on-going tests for supply chains.4UNIFE Annual Report 2023The consistent vision UNIFE outlined in all its forums,whether it be gatherings such as the 32nd UNIFE General Assembly in Madrid,continuous consultation with industry and policymakers or in the press and online,our message is clear:rail can and will play a major role in shaping a more self-reliant and sustainable future for Europe.We continue to be optimistic our industry can follow through the 2022 World Rail Market Study predictions of growth while waiting for its 2024 projections that will be made available at InnoTrans 2024.Through the EU National Recovery plans,the Connecting Europe Facility and Structural Funds,rail has many potential avenues to continue to be part of the post-COVID recovery infrastructure plans of EU Member States,with UNIFE playing a key role in facilitating this.On that front,UNIFE has been insisting on co-operation.Not just greater co-operation within Europes borders,but also beyond them,as a member of the Global Gateway Business Advisory Group(transport sub-group).Despite geopolitical tensions creating significant barriers to resolutions,we are still supportive of dialogue to enable access to global markets for European companies.Further to this,we also believe that the instruments brought in by the European institutions will ensure fairer competition and a level-playing field,which will enable protection of international trade norms.With the entry into force of EUs autonomous tools-the International Procurement Instrument,the Foreign Subsidies Regulation,and the Anti-Coercion Instrument-we have been working closely with our members to ensure these regulations are understood and feasible to ensure fairness for the European rail supply industry.With 2023 themed the European Year of Skills,UNIFE has been working with the European institutions and our members,on crafting,designing and implementing the strategies to attract and retain the rail workforce of tomorrow.Further to this,we continued working on STAFFER,Rails Blueprint for Skills,undertaken with our partners at the European Commission,the University of Genoa and other members of the rail sector.UNIFE has been present in delivering a range of events,talks,forums and media coverage on the issue,while refining policy strategies,which we intend on delivering as the Final Recommendations of the program are released next year.There was also encouraging further progress through our Gender Equity Policy,which seeks to diversify and broaden the current and future talent pool for the rail industry.This includes activities such as chairing the Gender Equity Working Group,and undertaking deliverables,such as the Barriers Encountered by Women in Rail survey,policy development and broader advocacy on the issue.To support the setting-up of the Single European Railway Area and further inspire a shift to rail,we continued to advocate for a more agile,predictable and flexible European rail technical regulation supporting better the competitiveness of the European rail supply industry.Work has continued on technical regulation,with the publication of the 2023 Technical Specifications for Interoperability and on-going implementation of the Technical Pillar of the Fourth Railway Package by the European Union Agency for Railways(ERA).High-Level meetings with DG MOVE and ERA continued throughout 2023,in order to highlight the importance of getting a predictable evolution of the European technical framework and to prevent any risks toon-going rail projects.Regarding Research and Innovation,UNIFE has followed closely the work of Europes Rail Joint Undertaking.UNIFE and its members were strongly involved in Europes Rail System Pillar,aiming at designing the future rail system architecture,and improving links to rail research and innovation activities performed in the Joint Undertaking with the evolution of the European rail technical regulation and European standards.UNIFE has also supported its members in Europes Rail Flagship Projects on the delivery of the first Europes Rail Innovation Program.Linked with Europes Rail activities,UNIFE has actively supported the European Digital Automatic Coupling(DAC)Delivery Program.5 Message from UNIFE Director GeneralUNIFE has also been very active on another priority:Cybersecurity.It is of paramount importance for the European rail supply industry to ensure that horizontal and vertical legal instruments are sufficiently coordinated to promote the harmonisation of cybersecurity regulations,but also to avoid potential overlaps.In 2023,UNIFE has notably been very active with the follow-up of the Cyber Resilience Act by engaging with co-legislators and stakeholders to adequately convey the main concerns of the European rail supply industry.On the side of telecommunication,UNIFE has been actively involved in the EU funded research project 5GRAIL,which concluded in December with successful results,and is well on the way to validating the first set of specifications for the Future Railway Mobile Communication System(FRMCS).As for quality,following the publication of the specific rail requirements for business management systems under ISO 22163,UNIFE published the IRIS Certification Performance Assessment:2023.In conjunction with the IRIS Certification Technology,these establish the IRIS Certification Revision 04 system which will come into force as of 1st April 2024.The main aim of this evolution is to simplify the process of certification and make IRIS Certification more efficient,streamlined and accessible.2023 saw also a change at the helm of the UNIFE Presiding Board,Henri Poupart-Lafarge,Alstom CEO&Chairman has passed the role of Chair on to Michael Peter,the CEO of Siemens Mobility.We would like to thank Henri for steering UNIFE during the 3 year mandate,as we wish a very fruitful mandate to Michael.Upon taking the new role Michael Peter stated that in order to progress we need to make an impact in three areas:the Single European Railway Area(interoperability,acceleration of ERTMS deployment),digitalisation,and making the rail industry an attractive and desirable place to work.To help us achieve these goals,our membership expanded by 14 new companies,who will be key in reaching our stated goal of sustainable multimodality rooted in rail:ABB Switzerland(SW),Bodet Time&Sport(FR),Comtest Wireless International(IT),Megger(UK),Pilz(DE),koda Transportation(CZ),Viavi Solutions(FR),Vibratec(FR),Camlin Rail(UK),Cellnex Telecom(ES),DIGAS(LV),The Cross Product(FR),Bode-Die Tr(DE).As we enter the last months of the European institutional cycle(European Parliament,European Commission),many of our projects,plans and responsibilities are entering a crucial phase.Its not just the rail sector and community which we will spend this time advocating for developing a multi-modal transport system for Europe,which aims at achieving the broader goal of climate neutrality-we also believe it is vital the voters of Europe receive the transport solutions they need.Last but not least,you may already know this is my last year as UNIFEs Director General,so I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude for the fruitful cooperation we have shared,together with the excellent support of the UNIFE team,during my 12 years in this role.Firstly,I would like to thank our members for entrusting me to drive the European Rail Supply Industrys pivotal role,as working together on this project has been an incredible experience.Secondly,I would like to thank the rail community,the Members of the European Commission,the European Parliament,and the 27 EU Member States representatives for their significant collaboration.Your engagement in our advocacy initiatives has helped us to take our unique transportation mode to a new level.We look forward to 2024,in which we will continue to work on building the future of rail.Philippe CitronUNIFE Director General6UNIFE Annual Report 20237 Message from UNIFE Director GeneralUNIFE in 202301.UNIFE Mission1423“Promoting Rail Market Growthfor Sustainable Mobility”Promoting European policies and programmes favourable to railProviding UNIFE Members with strategic and operational knowledgeWorking towards an interoperable and efficient European railway systemEnsuring European Rail Supply Industrys leadership through advanced research,innovation and quality10UNIFE Annual Report 2023How UNIFE WorksII.Public AffairsIII.European Rail ResearchIV.IRIS CertificationI.EU Standardisation&HarmonisationEuropean Rail Supply IndustryEuropean Union Collaborating with the European Union Agency for Railways on the definition of rail regulations(including the Technical Pillar of the Fourth Railway Package)and Technical Specifications for Interoperability(TSIs)Supplying expertise for European and International Standardisation Bodies(e.g.CEN/CENELEC,ISO)Contributing to the development of the Single European Rail Area Coordinating EU-funded research projects Playing an active role in ERRAC-the European Rail Research Advisory Council Cooperating with the Europes Rail Joint Undertaking and contributing to the follow-up of its activities Shaping the future of rail research&innovation in Europe The globally recognised rail quality management system Enables efficient business processes and leads to substantial quality improvements and cost reduction throughout the supply-chain More than 2275 IRIS Certification certificates issued worldwide Advocating policies that increase the global competitiveness of the European Rail Supply Industry Supporting modal shift policies that give priority to rail Encouraging investment in rail projects Promoting rail transport as the best solution to meet social challenges of the future11 01.UNIFE in 2023UNIFE StructurePublic AffairsStrategy CommitteeOffice ManagerPublic Affairs Liaison GroupNational AssociationsSME CommitteeTrade and International Affairs CommitteeDigitalisation CommitteeInvestment and ProjectFinancing Expert GroupCommunications Communications CommitteeGender Equity Advisory Group MembershipIRIS CertificationIRIS Steering Committee IRIS Topical Working GroupsUNIFE General AssemblyFinance,Legal&HRUNIFE Presiding BoardDirector GeneralTechnical AffairsTechnical PlatformFreight CommitteeSystem PillarCommitteeInfrastructureCommittee(UNIRAILINFRA)Cyber-Security Working GroupResearch&Innovation CommitteeERWA Steering CommitteeUNITELStandards&Regulation GroupControl-Command&SignallingUESCCCS PlatformUNISIGSustainable Transport CommitteeUNIFE Staff&UnitsUNIFE Management CommitteesUNIFE Working Groups&Projects12UNIFE Annual Report 2023UNIFE Presiding BoardPascal SchweitzerCEO,Faiveley Transport Millar Crawford Executive Vice President,Ground Transportation Systems,Thales Group Javier Martnez OjinagaCEO,CAF GroupAugusto MensiCEO,Lucchini RSHenri Poupart-Lafarge CEO,AlstomNicolas Lange*Member of the Executive Board and Responsible for the Rail Vehicle Systems division,Knorr-Bremse AGRoger Dirksmeier Managing Director,FOGTEC(representing the UNIFE SME Committee)Franz Kainersdorfer Member of the Management Board,Voestalpine AGMembers of the Presiding Board Michael PeterCEO,Siemens Mobility2023-2026UNIFE Chair*Subject to approval of the UNIFE General Assembly in June 202401.UNIFE in 202313 The Presiding Board is UNIFEs highest committee.It is responsible for the management of the association.The Board takes any measure or action required to achieve the objectives and general policies of the association.This body reviews applications for membership before they are submitted to the General Assembly for ratification.The Presiding Board is composed of 9 members elected by the General Assembly,every three years.One seat on the Presiding Board is reserved for the Chairperson of the UNIFE SME Committee.The Strategy Committee steers UNIFE activities and advises the Presiding Board on all strategic and political issues.It is composed of high-level managers representing the associations most prominent members.The Technical Platform brings together all UNIFE Members and equally covers all EU research,technical harmonisation and standardisation matters.The platform regularly reports on relevant developments and the Associations activities at EU level standardisation bodies.It also shares news regarding the Associations R&I projects,including Europes Rail Joint Undertaking.The Technical Platform communicates changes within the regulatory framework in regards to the European Union Agency for Railways(ERA)and the European Commission(i.e.DG MOVE,DG RTD,DG GROW,etc.,).This body enables all members to have a better understanding of current EU rail technical issues,their background and their implications for the industry in Europe and beyond.The UNIFE Freight Committee gathers companies active in the rail freight business and aims to strengthen the position of the industry within the European institutions policy priorities.This committee provides its members with information and support on EU R&I funding opportunities,rail freight policy developments and participation in EU lobbying on pertinent rail freight developments,including discussions concerning ongoing and upcoming TSIs/Standards,as well as following the Digital UNIFE Committees and Working Groups14UNIFE Annual Report 2023Automatic Coupling activities at European level including the work of the Task 4 of Europes Rail System Pillar.UNIRAILINFRA is a consensus-building platform focused on rail industry infrastructure at a pre-competitive stage.It promotes investment and innovation in the railway infrastructure and energy areas.UNIRAILINFRA brings together companies specialising in the manufacturing and supply of fixed railway equipment linked to the infrastructure and energy subsystems with companies that design,construct and maintain those products.The Research and Innovation(R&I)Committee is responsible for monitoring European rail research opportunities and preparing recommendations.It is responsible for the regular exchange of information on European rail research,including updates pertaining to Europes Rail Joint Undertaking,discussions on Horizon Europe R&I work-programmes and the definition of railway suppliers R&I positions.The committee also drafts common positions that will be defended at the EU level.Its purview also includes contributing to ongoing initiatives such as ERRAC,Europes Rail,the Industrial Dialogue and European Commission consultations on R&I.The UNIFE System Pillar Committee is responsible for the definition of the overall strategy and strategic guidance of UNIFE regarding Europes Rail System Pillar activities.This committee is following Europes Rail System Pillar activities and aims at defining UNIFEs position on the strategic topics discussed in the System Pillar.This committee is composed notably of UNIFE Europes Rail Founding Members and members of the UNIFE Strategy Committee.This committee is working in close contact with UNITEL,UNISIG,SRG and the UNIFE Freight Committee.The UNIFE System Pillar Technical Group is responsible for the follow-up of the Task 1 of Europes Rail Joint Undertaking dealing notably with the definition of the high-level architecture of the European railway system.It defines UNIFEs position on strategic topics linked to the evolution of the European railway system.The Committee brings together representatives from UNITEL,UNISIG and SRG and reports to the UNIFE System Pillar Committee.The Standards and Regulation Group(SRG)steers UNIFEs technical activities pertaining to the European regulatory framework(i.e.Railway Directives,TSIs,etc.)and standardisation,in Europe and abroad.The SRG is composed of technical directors from the UNIFEs main system integrators and subsystem suppliers.The European Railway Wheels Association(ERWA)aims at promoting usage benefits,lifecycle cost reduction and standardisation of railway wheels and wheelsets.Its mission includes developing standards and promoting innovation in safety and environmental friendliness.The group also encourages the adoption of best practices across the European market.The ERWA Steering Committee is composed of CEOs from European wheels and wheelsets manufacturers.It is supported by the Development Committee,which analyses political issues,market strategy and communications;and the Technical Committee,which deals with standardisation,regulation and research.The Digitalisation Committee focuses on developing digital technologies in the rail sector from a political,technical,and business perspective.The main objectives of the Committee are to bring the rail supply industrys view to the centre of the EU-level digital debate.In addition,the members aim to understand better the potential opportunities and challenges of digitalising rail transport.The Cyber-Security Working Group brings together the associations member companies that possess significant cyber-security expertise.This working groups main objective is to provide UNIFE members with a forum to discuss and identify opportunities for cybersecurity cooperation within the European rail sector,strengthening its position when compared to competitors and other stakeholders.The UNIFE Extended CCS Steering Committee(UESC)coordinates UNIFEs strategic and political ERTMS activities.UESC members regularly liaise with European Commission(DG Move)and European Railways Agency(ERA)representatives 01.UNIFE in 202315 to address any political issues related to ERTMS and organise high-level meetings between European bodies representatives and Signalling companies CEOs and/or Directors.The UNISIG Committee is composed of UNIFE members that supply ETCS products and systems.The committee was established in 1998 to develop the ETCS technical specifications to guarantee interoperability.The role of UNISIG in the context of the CCS TSI is to develop,maintain and update the ETCS specifications in close cooperation with Railways under the leadership of the European Agency for Rail(ERA),which has been made the“system authority”for ERTMS.As of this year,UNISIG is contributing to the technical activities in the System Pillar of Europes Rail Joint Undertaking.The ERTMS Marketing Group(UEMG)is tasked with coordinating any marketing activities related to the European Rail Traffic Management System(ERTMS).This includes collecting and disseminating deployment statistics,planning events,generating common publications such as factsheets,flyers,and brochures,as well as managing the ERTMS website.The Control Command and Signalling Platform(CCS-P)is a platform aiming at exchanging on control command and signalling topics.The platform is an information and sharing platform focusing on the progress of Europes Rail System Pillar activities especially regarding Task 2 of the System Pillar dealing with Control Command and Signalling.The UNITEL Committee focuses on the development and implementation of the future interoperable railway communication system(FRMCS/Next Generation),the inherent successor of GSM-R,as part of the future ERTMS.UNITEL bring together the major railway telecommunications products suppliers and companies that have significant experience in current GSM-R and future railway systems.The committee members aim to ensure that the railways communication system fulfils existing and future signalling,train control and traffic management requirements,as well as supports European railway research initiatives.The National Associations Committee gathers the directors of 12 national rail associations from 11 different EU Member States,collectively representing more than 1,000 large-and medium-sized European rail supply companies.As UNIFE Associate Members,these organisations promote our positions domestically while elevating national concerns to the European level.The Public Affairs Liaison Group brings together representatives of full UNIFE Members responsible for EU and national advocacy.It discusses lobbying strategies concerning important EU political files.It also identifies synergies between the association and its membership for impactful lobbying activities and campaigns.The SME Committee is a platform for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises(SMEs)to share and learn information about EU policies and available funds.This group works to facilitate SMEs members access to support schemes and to prepare advocacy campaigns on issues of concern to organisations of this size.The Trade&International Affairs Committee(TIAC)oversees the monitoring of EU trade negotiations and instruments with potentially significant implications for the European rail supply industry and coordinating UNIFEs responses.The Committee also focuses on public procurement,be it at international or EU level.TIAC is also a platform for the exchange and dissemination of information on bilateral cooperation activities undertaken by UNIFE in international markets.The Sustainable Transport Committee(STC)brings together the rail supply industrys leading experts on sustainability-related topics.The STC defines the strategy and carries out UNIFEs activities in the field of sustainable mobility,climate crisis,energy efficiency,urban mobility,circular economy,sustainable finance(EU Taxonomy)and any other relevant EU policy initiative.The STC coordinates the activities of two technical expert bodies,named Topical Groups:the Life-cycle Assessment Topical Group(LCA TG)and the Chemical Risks Topical Group(CR TG).16UNIFE Annual Report 2023The Investment and Project Financing Expert Group brings together high-level executives responsible for long-term financing and corporate relationships with multilateral development banks,such as the European Investment Bank(EIB)and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD).This committee explores funding avenues for infrastructure and industrial projects,including Public Private Partnerships(PPPs).The Expert Group also tracks and communicates on issues related to export financing(e.g.,Export Credits).The International Railway Industry Standard(IRIS)Steering Committee was established in 2006 and is composed of high-level representatives from the UNIFE system integrators and equipment manufacturer membership.This steering committee is the UNIFE working group responsible for IRIS Certification operational management and decisions regarding resources,contracts and financial budgeting.The UNIFE Gender Equity Advisory Group will work to assess the current situation of female employees throughout the industry,to understand barriers of entry for those wishing to have a fulfilling mobility career and to craft association position papers,statements and recommendations in order to ensure the optimal mobilisation of the rail community going forward.The UNIFE Communications Committee steers the UNIFE Communication Strategy.It is composed of the Communications Directors of UNIFE members.Aerodynamics Brakes Cabin Chemical Risks Crash Safety Diesel Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)Energy Energy Efficiency Entity in charge of maintenance(ECM)Fire Safety(SRT)Infrastructure Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)Noise Persons with Reduced Mobility(PRM)Railway Dynamics Rolling Stock Safety Assurance Signalling Telematic Application for Passengers&Freight(TAP&TAF)Train Control Management System(TCMS)Vehicle Authorisation Wagon(WAG)UNIFE Technical Working Groups17 01.UNIFE in 2023European Affairs02.1.Industrial Policy.202.Skills Policy.223.Green Deal and Transport Decarbonisation.244.Digitalisation.285.Investment Policy.306.Public Procurement in Europe.341.Industrial Policya.Inflation and disruptions in the rail supply industry Despite the positive growth forecast for the world rail market,concerns regarding widespread inflation and supply chain disruptions continue.UNIFE maintained continuous and regular bilateral exchanges with member companies,in order to reflect on the long-lasting impacts of these situations.Based on existing position papers,actions will continue in 2024,as both issues are expected to be a major challenge for the new representatives of the EU institutions.European Commissions Factsheet on the Net-Zero Actb.The Net-Zero Industry Act:Fostering clean technologies in EuropeIn January 2023,the European Commission announced the European Green Deal Industrial Plan,which sets out how the EU will lead the path to climate neutrality by investing in clean technology.UNIFE closely followed a related initiative named the Net-Zero Industry Act,which aims at creating the necessary conditions to facilitate investments in net-zero technology manufacturing projects.However,the proposal from the European Commission was only focused on certain key energy technologies,and not prioritising key decarbonisation industries such as the rail supply industry.Therefore,through a position paper and various advocacy actions,UNIFE strived for the extension of the scope of the Regulation and for the introduction of EU public procurement rules.20UNIFE Annual Report 2023c.Mobility ecosystem transition pathwayIn January 2022,the European Commissions DG GROW published a Staff Working Document titled“For a resilient,innovative,sustainable and digital mobility ecosystem Scenarios for a transition pathway”.The Mobility Ecosystem is one of the 14 priority sectoral groupings established by the European Commission in the revised 2020 Industrial Strategy.Throughout 2023,UNIFE co-organised with the European Commission(DG GROW)a sectoral roundtable on rail and participated in several transversal roundtables(skills,research and innovation).In doing so,UNIFE played a key role in coordinating the views of the European rail suppliers to ensure that the specific needs of our sector are duly taken into consideration when it comes to decarbonisation,digitalisation and resilience.d.Competitiveness of the Rail Supply IndustryAt the end of 2022,at the request of UNIFE,the European Commission endorsed an extension of the mandate of the EC Expert Group on the Competitiveness of the Rail Supply Industry until 2025.Its continuation is instrumental to maintaining our constructive dialogue and collaboration with the different Directorates-General of the European Commission,the Member States and the railway operating community.In June 2023,a meeting of the EC Expert Group was held in order to discuss the economic situation of the industry as well as major priorities,such as the implementation of the Green Deal or EU rail procurement.The meeting confirmed that this forum is a much-needed governance tool for discussing our industrys priorities at EU level,in conjunction with the mobility ecosystem and transition pathway.UNIFE also organised or participated in a number of industry-related events:In the framework of the European Parliaments Forum for International Trade&International Competition,UNIFEs Director General Philippe Citron was a speaker in the event“Revitalising Europes industrial might:pathways to counter de-industrialisation”,hosted by MEPs Inmaculada Rodrguez-Piero(ES)and Iuliu Winkler(RO).Additionally,as part of the French rail fair SIFER,UNIFE organised an event on the rising challenges and possible solutions to boost the competitiveness of the European Rail Supply Industry.UNIFE Position Paper on the mobility ecosystem transition pathway March 2022 UNIFEs Position Paper on the mobility ecosystem transition pathway European Parliament Forum“Revitalising Europes industrial might:pathways to counter de-industrialisation”,28 March 202302.European Affairs21 2.Skills PolicyUNIFE has been active on Skills in 2023,in particular in the context of the European Rail Skills Alliance(STAFFER).The ERASMUS financed project aims at supporting an overall sectoral skills strategy,developing concrete actions to address short-and medium-term training needs and also identifying the most sought-after jobs within the European rail sector.The project is now heading into its final stages,ending in 2024.Throughout 2023,and also in the context of the European Year of Skills,UNIFE organised and participated in a number of events and activities to promote STAFFER.In March,UNIFE organised a roundtable discussion titled“Skills and Youth what are the challenges for the European Railway Sector?”at SIFER.OndejKovak(Member of the European Parliament,and of Rail Forum Europe),Elzbieta Lukaniuk(Member of Cabinet of EU Transport Commissioner Vlean),Josef Doppelbauer(Executive Director,ERA),Jonathan Nguyen(Head of Public Affairs,UNIFE)During the Rail Forum Europe event“Re-Train Rail”and hosted by Member of the European Parliament OndejKovak(CZ)in June,UNIFE had the opportunity to engage with different stakeholders and discuss key topics for the rail industry,such as attractiveness,education and training needs and presented the STAFFER project.Later in December,UNIFE was once again present at the Rail Live!fair in Madrid,participating in the event“People,purpose&potential:The STAFFER project delivering a European view to attracting talent onto the railways”On top of the various events organised during the year,UNIFE advanced on its channels of communication and online activities around skills,attractiveness and diversity,supported by infographics,informative video reels and press articles in the International Railway Journal and Euractiv.Finally,UNIFE participated in the Transition Mobility Pathway and its co-creation roundtables on social issues,a European Commission(DG GROW)led-initiative,aiming at identifying the green and digital transitions main challenges and opportune ities within the Mobility sector.Formoreinformation,pleasevisitSTAFFERs dedicated website,LinkedIn and Twitter channelsLudovic Vermeulen(Training and Operations Director,Ferro Campus),Barbara Grau(Senior Advisor European and International HR Affairs,SNCF),Irma Padilla-Marroquin(L&D Europe/AU Campus Manager,Alstom),Ana Manuelito(Public Affairs Manager,UNIFE)22UNIFE Annual Report 2023What skills does the European rail sector need?Skills for the Railway IndustrySkills for Railway Operators and Infrastructure ManagersProblem-solvingForeign language skillsCommunicationInteroperability skillsICT skillsTechnological skillsAutonomyLearning motivation and opennessResilience www.railstaffer.euAssociation skillsCommunicationProblem-solvingCybersecurityCloud based signallingSystems engineeringBig data analysisDifferent customer service skillsRemote condition monitoringVirtual reality simulators and trainers02.European Affairs23 a.Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation(AFIR)As part of the Fit for 55 package,the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation(AFIR)entered into force in 2023,and thanks to UNIFEs advocacy,with a positive result.The European Rail Supply Industry has been working for several years to develop and place on the market solutions based on alternative fuels,including battery-powered trains and hydrogen applications,to gradually phase out diesel trains.The ongoing deployment of those alternative fuels solutions in the rail sector is already a reality in several European countries,and is set to grow even further in the coming years.Against this background,AFIR marks an opportunity to establish the basis for a progressive deployment of alternative fuels infrastructures for rail,particularly for those lines which cannot be electrified.UNIFE considers the inclusion of rail under the scope of AFIR as a step in the right direction,in particular due to the relevant rail-related provisions:Member States shall assess the development of alternative fuel technologies and propulsion systems for rail sections that cannot be fully electrified for technical or cost-efficiency reasons,such as hydrogen or battery-electric train and,if relevant,any refuelling and recharging infrastructure needs3.Green Deal and Transport DecarbonisationTransport is responsible for almost 25%of greenhouse gas(GHG)emission in the EU.24UNIFE Annual Report 2023 Member States will have to provide an overview by 2025,within their National Policy Frameworks,of the state of play,perspectives,and planned initiatives for deployment of infrastructure,including targets,key milestones and financing needed for hydrogen or battery electric trains on network segments that cannot be electrified.The European Commission will also be able to issue recommendations on the National Policy Frameworks regarding the level of ambition of targets and objectives and the policy measures related to them.AFIR therefore sets an appropriate regulatory framework to sustain the investments made by railway suppliers,operators and infrastructure managers alike in innovative alternatives to diesel,facilitating European technology leadership and deployment in this field.b.European TaxonomyUNIFE and its members have been very active on the EU Taxonomy file,as this topic is vital to channel investments towards greener projects and financing solutions including towards the rail sector and supply industry.UNIFE continued to support the Commissions ambition to use the EU Taxonomy Regulation to define a common classification scheme,including criteria for identifying sustainable economic activities,to guide investors and financial institutions through a truly green transition.The EU Taxonomys regulatory framework must enable fair,verifiable and reliable comparability between the different economic activities and modes of transport.Due to the complexity of this legal framework,part of the rail supply industrys activities were not covered by the EU Taxonomy,a very problematic situation with potentially harmful financial consequences.Compared to the previous versions of the text,the European Commissions proposal for amending the Taxonomy Climate and Disclosures Delegated Acts,published for public consultation in April 2023,improved the legal framework for the rail industry.Some points were still to be adjusted,and detailed feedback from UNIFE was sent to the Commission.In addition,a joint statement was co-signed by six European rail sector organisations and sent to the Cabinets of Commissioners in charge of this file,as well as representatives from the Directorate-General Mobility and Transport(DG MOVE),and the Directorate-General for Financial Stability,Financial Services and Capital Markets Union(DG FISMA).As a result,the final version of the Delegated Acts is much improved compared to the initial draft.Nevertheless,some problematic aspects remain,leading to further actions needed in 2024.These will include a new position paper that will list the rail supply and sectors issues,while providing solutions to the European institutions to improve the EU Taxonomy.The European rail sectors joint statement on the revised Taxonomy Delegated Acts was co-signed by six organisations and sent to the European Commission in May 202302.European Affairs25 c.Ecodesign Sustainable Product Regulation and other initiativesAs part of the first Package of Circular Economy,the European Commission has published a legislative proposal for Ecodesign Sustainable Product Regulation(ESPR).The main objective is to extend the scope of the Ecodesign directive(2009)to a broader range of products and introduce the EU digital product passport to provide the value chain with more information on the products environmental sustainability.The European Commission released in January 2023 its 1st Working Plan of the Ecodesign Sustainable Products Regulation,as a result UNIFE submitted a contribution to the public consultation in May 2023.The main concerns for the rail sector identified by UNIFE are primarily the inclusion of rail-related products in the scope of the regulation and the possible misalignment with existing rail environmental declaration methodologies already in place(Environmental Product Declaration and Product Category Rules).Following exchanges with the Directorate-General for Internal Market,Industry,Entrepreneurship and SMEs(DG GROW),it was clarified that the rail sector will not be included in the first phase,but some essential products,such as steel or glass,are.d.PFAS restriction proposal:a key concern for the rail industryPer-and poly-fluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)are a family of artificial chemicals with 12,000 different substances,used in many products due to various valuable properties:lubricant,water and dirt repellence,durability under extreme conditions(temperature,pressure,radiation,chemicals),electrical and thermal insulation,refrigerants etc.Besides widespread consumer uses,PFAS are used in many industrial sectors,including the rail supply industry and its entire value chain,such as in refrigerant(F-gases),electronic components,batteries,fuel cells,plastics,textiles,lubricants,adhesives,paints,hydraulic fluids,firefighting foam,etc.However,PFAS have a high persistence associated with potential environmental and human health concerns,thus their prevalence in high-impact media coverage,which terms them as“the forever chemicals.?P PF FA AS S r re es st tr ri ic ct ti io on n p pr ro op po os sa al l:a a k ke ey y c co on nc ce er rn n f fo or r t th he e r ra ai il l i in nd du us st tr ry y?“?”.?UNIFE Factsheet explaining the PFAS restriction proposal26UNIFE Annual Report 2023Table summarising the derogations on the PFAS restriction proposal the European rail sector requested Exemption*:as already covered by the revision of the F-gases regulationMain application as defined in Annex XV report proposalSub-uses as described in Annex XV report proposalExamples of useRequest for confirmation of the proposed derogation as in the Annex XV report proposal(plus a review clause)Request for derogations for missing uses and/or no possibility of modifying the existing application(plus a review clause)Applications of fluorinated gases(F-gas)Air conditioning and heat pumpsNew HVACMissing useExemption*Existing HVAC5.i(13.5 years after EiF)Exemption*Existing HVAC with mechanical and hydraulic compressors5.p(6.5 years after EiF)Exemption*Fire suppressantsAutomatic fire system5.m(13.5 years after EiF)Exemption*RefrigerationCatering Battery Monitoring SystemsMissing useExemption*Climatic chamber5.g(13.5 years after EiF)Exemption*Electronics&semiconductorsCoating,solvents,cleaningMissing use13.5 years after EiFElectronic componentsMissing use13.5 years after EiFSemiconductors5.ee(13.5 years after EiF)-Wires&cablesMotor Sheath-Heat shrinkableMissing use13.5 years after EiFEnergy sectorBatteriesBatteriesMissing use13.5 years after EiFProton exchange membrane(PEM)fuel cellsFuel cells6.e(6.5 years after EiF)13.5 years after EiF as a minimumLubricantsGreasesGreases5.s(13.5 years after EiF)-Low viscosity lubricantsOil5.s(13.5 years after EiF)-TransportCoating and finishingsBalljoint6.o(13.5 years after EiF)-Electrical engineering and information technology6.o(13.5 years after EiF)-Sliding and guiding elementsSliding part-segment-guide-bearing5.a(6.5 years after EiF)6.o(13.5 years after EiF)13.5 years after EiFSafety equipment(incl.fire prevention&protection)6.o(13.5 years after EiF)-Sealing applicationsTransformer-bogie-motor-brake6.o(13.5 years after EiF)-Valves of tank wagonsMissing use13.5 years after EiF asaminimumTULAC(Textile,upholstery,leather,apparel and carpets)Technical textilesValves,venting,membrane5.e(6.5 years after EiF)-02.European Affairs27 In the same spirit,UNIFE organised a session on the PFAS restriction proposal with the members of the Platform for Electromobility,which brings together more than 40 members from across all transport modes,including UNIFE.This shows that the other actors of the electromobility value chain share UNIFEs concerns on the chemical risks dossier.The European Chemicals Agency(ECHA),backed by the national authorities of Germany,Denmark,the Netherlands,Norway and Sweden,published a PFAS restriction proposal on 7 February 2023.The proposed restriction on PFAS is set to be one of the largest ever on chemical substances in the European Union.If approved,manufacturing and placing products containing PFAS on the EU market will no longer be permitted by 2027.After this,possible derogations might exist for a use-specific and a time-limited transition period(maximum until 2039)without extension or renewal.This means work on alternatives by industry is essential.For this reason,UNIFE organised an internal webinar for its members,accompanied by a factsheet explaining the PFAS restriction proposal for the rail sector available online.The 6-month ECHA public consultation received more than 5,600 submissions from over 4,400 organisations,including the 68-page contribution from UNIFE and its partner organisations.Endorsed by nine rail organisations led by UNIFE,it proposes a mapping of the PFAS used by the railway sector,a list of alternatives(when possible),and a table listing derogations for essential PFAS applications.UNIFE will continue monitoring the European Chemicals Agencys next move,as its final proposal will be sent to the European Commission.Therefore,raising awareness of the potential negative impact of a total PFAS use ban on the rail sector is crucial.4.DigitalisationThroughout 2023,UNIFE closely monitored all the relevant initiatives linked to the European Data Strategy launched in 2020.The goal of the Commission is to create a single market for data and cybersecurity across the EU as well as to establish“common European data spaces”across different sectors including rail.UNIFE has been mainly focused on the EU Data Act,and on other key digitalisation priorities such as the Cyber-Resilience Act.a.EU Data ActThe European Commissions proposal for a regulation on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data,also known as the EU Data Act,was published in February 2022.It aims to improve user access to data generated by all connected devices in business-to-business(B2B)and business-to-government(B2G)contexts.28UNIFE Annual Report 2023Rail networks produce a staggering amount of digital information,which includes several billion data points yearly.The rail supply industry has fully acknowledged the importance of collecting,managing and effectively processing data,as a better management of data has a range of benefits(such as e.g improving the maintenance of railway infrastructure and rolling stock,reducing the life-cycle cost of rail products and enabling better and dynamic traffic management).Therefore,removing barriers to data-sharing between rail operators(mainline and urban),infrastructure managers,and suppliers is crucial.UNIFE conveyed its position in the European public consultation and in its position paper released in July 2022.UNIFE supported the European Commissions objective to increase access to and further use of data in both the B2B and B2G contexts,as this will contribute to maximising the benefits of data for the mobility ecosystem,but had many concerns with the transversal nature of the proposal.This is an essential file on which there was intensive advocacy,from various sectors and particularly from UNIFE and its members,until the very end of the negotiations.The Council and the European Parliament approved the definitive version of the regulation in November 2023,with overall positive results for the European Rail Supply Industry.c.Cyber Resilience ActIn September 2022,the European Commission proposed a regulation on cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements,including software the Cyber Resilience Act(CRA)with three main objectives:Inclusion of cybersecurity by design through self-assessment or third-party certification affecting CE marking,a maintenance phase in which manufacturers must provide free patches for any exploited vulnerabilities,and reporting obligations for such exploited vulnerabilities.All these obligations are at the manufacturers expense.UNIFE pointed out early on in the process that the proposal would be difficult to apply to the railway sector,as it is an industrial sector.Indeed,the impact of this file would have been detrimental to the Railway Supply Industry and would have had a huge financial impact on the sector.The main concerns related to the unbalanced obligations depending on the organisation of the rail sector as well as technical problems,e.g.in the supply of spare parts interacting with legacy systems and the high cost of the proposed maintenance phase,where the provision of free patches in industrial sectors is very costly.UNIFE and its members have been engaging with the co-legislators throughout 2023 to ensure that the proposal can be better applied in the railway sector.This took the form of position papers,explanatory documents,high-level letters,joint statements with other associations,and proposed amendments to the interim text of the file,while the co-legislators made progress in reaching agreement on the final text.The final form is better suited to rail transport and a great success for a more coherent application within the rail supply industry.02.European Affairs29 5.Investment Policy“EU funds are an exceptional tool to support rail related investments.In the context of NextGeneration EU and the EU MFF programmes,UNIFE continues advocating for significant allocation of EU funds for rail and closely monitoring its implementation and deployment.Strong efforts are needed to improve the absorption capacity and allow an effective implementation of projects across EU Member States”a.NextGeneration EUOver the last 12 months,Member States have made use of EU Recovery and Resilience Facility(RRF)funds to boost rail related investments in infrastructure,rolling stock,urban mobility and signalling.In this sense,the Member States National Recovery Plans incorporate ca.55 billion for rail related investments.According to the European Commission,based on its RRF 2023 Annual Report,a total of 153.4 billion(all sectors)has been already disbursed to Member States.A swift implementation of all the reforms and investments detailed in the National Recovery Plans will be essential to fulfil the implementation deadline of 2026 set up in the RRF Regulation.Furthermore,several Member States are currently submitting revised Plans to the Commission to accommodate the REPower EU chapters,but also to solicit their respective loan components to incorporate new investments or reforms or amend existing ones.In this regard,pending final approval from both Commission and Council,we observe that Member States have requested additional 147.5 billion in loans,which include financial support to new or existing rail investments.UNIFE continues to closely monitor all these updates.Additionally,UNIFE circulated amongst its members a compiled overview of rail projects in the National Recovery Plans in order for them to monitor and track the rail investments foreseen in each of the Plans.SPEEDING UP AND DELIVERING REFORMS AND INVESTMENTSRECOVERY AND RESILIENCE FACILITY-ANNUAL REPORT30UNIFE Annual Report 2023c.Connecting Europe FacilityThe Connecting Europe Facility(CEF)is one of the most successful EU programmes designed to support rail related infrastructure investments on the EU Trans-European Transport Network(TEN-T).Out of the 25.8 billion earmarked for transport,rail is set to be assigned at least 70%of the total.This has been confirmed when considering the 2021 and 2022 call for proposals,which saw over 10 billion allocated to rail project construction and modernisation of infrastructure,but also including ERTMS and military mobility.In order to speed up implementation,the Commission has frontloaded funding in the first three years of the programme.With the recent launch of the 2023 call with 7 billion available for support(all transport sectors),the majority of the budget will be exhausted by 2024.One of the main novelties of CEF is that now,the Commission incorporates Ukraine and Moldova as eligible countries for funding,with the aim of integrating the European rail network with these countries.UNIFE will continue to advocate for significant reinforcement of the CEF budget in the upcoming MFF.b.European Structural and Investment FundsThe European Structural and Investment Funds(ESIF)continue to be a key tool within the EU Cohesion Policy that supports significant rail investmen ts which are co-financed by Member States.During the course of 2023,all Member States had their Partnership Agreements signed with the European Commission.Over this period,UNIFE has been closely monitoring and analysing the publication of all the Operational Programmes which detail the rail related investments to be allocated and implemented over the coming years.To help UNIFE members navigate these funds,UNIFE shared a detailed overview of EU Cohesion Policy funding for rail and SMEs 2021-2027.The analysis shows that ca.30 billion are to be allocated to rail infrastructure and rolling stock,and signalling including at the urban level for urban rail mobility.ESIF related funds have to be committed by 2029.In this sense,UNIFE has been always vocal on the challenges posed by the lack of absorption capacity across several Member States and the need to speed up implementation with reinforced collaboration between public administrations and the rail sector.02.European Affairs31 d.Revision of the TEN-T RegulationSince 2021,negotiations have been ongoing to conclude the revision of the TEN-T Regulation,which should become operational as of 2024.The TEN-T aims to make the EUs transport network safer,more sustainable,faster,and more convenient for its users.To address the missing links and modernise the entire network,quality standards and infrastructure requirements must be increased.As the most sustainable mode of transport,rail plays a fundamental role in the TEN-T Network.Completing missing infrastructure cross-border links and modernising existing ones,will stimulate rail market growth in the years to come.UNIFE is strongly supporting the ambitious proposals,which have been made by the European Commission and reinforced by the European Parliament.In this sense,UNIFE advocates for strong TEN-T governance and investment coordination within the European Transport Corridors and full deployment of ERTMS on the entire network by 2040.The Trans-European Transport Network(TEN-T)e.Revision of the EUs MFF 2021-2027In June 2023,the European Commission presented its mid-term revision of its Multiannual Financial Framework(MFF).Among the key elements of the review,the Commission presented a Proposal to establish a Ukraine Facility with a budget of 50 billion,which is designed to support Ukraine reconstruction and modernisation in its aspirations to prepare for EU accession.Observing the vital role that rail is playing during these critical times,and the importance of strengthening EU-Ukraine rail connections,rail investments should feature prominently in this new Facility.UNIFE is advocating for rail related investments(be it for freight and passenger transport)in infrastructure,rolling stock(including freight and passenger locomotives),and signalling(including in ERTMS)to be considered as priority support within the Investment Plan that Ukraine will prepare with the European Commission,and which will be supported through the upcoming Facility.In addition,UNIFE participated at the EU-Ukraine Business Dialogue organised by the Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations(DG NEAR)in Brussels.During the meeting,UNIFE expressed to the European Commission and the Ukrainian representatives our support to the sustainable reconstruction of Ukraine and our sectors priorities in terms of rail related investments and the procurement associated to it.32UNIFE Annual Report 2023Dominique Riquet(MEP),Matthias Ruete(EU ERTMS Coordinator),Herald Ruijters(DG MOVE,European Commission),Philippe Citron(Director General,UNIFE)f.Basel III reformsAs part of a broader coalition,UNIFE has been advocating on a prudent revision of the Capital Requirements Regulation(CRR3),which was proposed by the European Commission in October 2021 in the context of the banking package regarding Basel III.Pending the official publication on the Official Journal of the EU and following the provisional agreement reached by co-legislators in June 2023,the two main issues identified by the Rail Supply Industry have been addressed in the right direction.Notably,the calibration of the Credit Conversion Factor for trade finance products,and the transitory measures on High Quality Object Finance Risk Weight Asset will allow the financing of rail projects at reasonable costs a key element to accomplish the EU Green Deal objectives.On 20th September,Rail Forum Europe,with the support of UNIFE,organised a breakfast briefing at the European Parliament in Brussels to take stock of the on-going revision of the EU MFF,and plan for the future so as to ensure proper EU funding for rail.The event was hosted by the Chairman of Rail Forum Europe,MEP Andrey Novakov(BG)and counted with high-level key note speeches from MEP Dominique Riquet(FR)and Herald Ruijters,Deputy Director General at DG MOVE.During the discussion,speakers reflected on the importance of the on-going negotiations on the revision of the TEN-T Regulation,debated on the numerous funding opportunities for rail within the current budgetary cycle and the challenges associated to them.g.EU State Aid rules As announced in the European Commissions Action Plan to boost cross border and long-distance passenger rail published in 2021,the Commission is aiming at“clarifying by 2023 the State aid rules on public funding of interoperable rolling stock for cross-border services in the revised Railway Guidelines”.At the time of writing this report,the so-called revision was not yet finalised;nevertheless,on April 2023,the European Commission adopted the State aid Temporary Crisis and Transition Framework to further support transition towards net-zero economy in line with the Green Deal Industrial Plan.In particular,the new Framework increases the amounts of aid that can be paid without first informing the European executive and now includes a section relating to investment aid“for the acquisition of clean vehicles or zero-emission vehicles and for the adaptation retrofitting vehicles”.Aid for micro-enterprises and SMEs to meet the additional costs of energy prices also includes,subject to conditions,the list of exceptions to notifications.02.European Affairs33 h.Engagement with financial institutions to mobilize financing for railDuring 2023,UNIFE successfully organised several sessions with representatives of European financial institutions to leverage private sector financing for rail,and to better understand concrete products and services that these institutions can offer to the benefit of the rail sector.The sessions included:European Investment Bank(EIB):session organised on JASPERS(Joint Assistance to Support Projects in European Regions),which provides support to cities and regions deliver high-quality projects Crdit Agricole(CACIB):session organised on the revision of Basel III paying particular attention on the issues affecting the financing of rail vehicles KfW IPEX-Bank:session organised on tailor made products and services for land base transportation including rail6.Public Procurement in EuropeGiven the importance of public procurement spending in the EU,which totals approximately 14%of GDP(2 trillion per year)by over 250.000 public authorities,(with the vast majority of rail and urban transport operators being public authorities),public procurement is by far the predominant and most common process for funding rail projects in Europe.Moreover,taking into account the various funding and investment opportunities for rail in the EU,(e.g.the National Recovery Plans(NRPs)and other sources of EU funding)UNIFE remains committed to ensure that funding dedicated to rail should be spent in the best possible way and tied to the European Unions public procurement framework principles.This should ensure fair competition between suppliers and establish an approach in rail procurement that focuses on best value,rather than on price criteria only.UNIFE has continued to stress the importance of strengthening the rules on abnormally low tenders and the more profuse acceptance of the Most Economically Advantageous Tender(MEAT)principle.These are of particular importance given increasing budget constraints linked to the ongoing economic and energy crisis on the one hand,and the greater activity from non-European,state-owned enterprises(SOEs)that are shielded from normal market competition on the other hand.UNIFE took the opportunity to speak in May about strategic European public procurement at the Middle East Rail Conference in Abu Dhabi,and at the Train and Rail Conference in Stockholm,highlighting the need to foster successful rail investments attached to specific legal provisions(MEAT principle).Ana Manuelito(Public Affairs Manager,UNIFE)delivering a speech on EU public procurement at the Middle East Rail Conference 2023 in Abu Dhabi34UNIFE Annual Report 2023Discussions have continued within the UNIFE membership throughout 2023 to define the next joint steps and actions to further promote the MEAT principle towards the EU institutions,Member States/Contracting Authorities and the railway community,including to build on the UNIFE/CER/EIM Recommendation to apply the Most Economically Advantageous Tender(MEAT)&Good practices in the domain of railway procurement.Additionally,during 2023,UNIFE updated its contribution to the interactive map on the activity of third country state-owned enterprises in the European procurement market.This map,created with the European Construction Industry Federation(FIEC),European International Contractors(EIC),and the European Dredging Association(EuDA),displays all projects in which third country SOEs have tendered since 2009 in the construction,dredging and rail supply sectors.The update confirms that the interest of third country SOEs in the European public procurement market has kept growing significantly in recent years.Lastly,in 2023,UNIFE co-chaired two meetings of the AEGIS Europe alliances Working Group on Public Procurement,which gathers several industry associations driven by common interests and challenges on the field.Along with UNIFE,AEGIS Europe continues its efforts to promote the European public procurement framework towards the European institutions and individual Member States.UNIFE/CER/EIM Recommendation to apply the Most Economically Advantageous Tender(MEAT)&Good practices in the domain of railway procurementUNIFE Factsheet explaining the PFAS restriction proposal02.European Affairs35 International Affairs03.1.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).382.International Procurement Instrument .413.Foreign Subsidies Regulation.424.Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.445.EUs Foreign Direct Investment Screening Regulation.456.Free Trade Agreements.467.Bilateral cooperation with third countries.478.European Global Gateway.481.Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)2023 was a milestone year for the European Rail Supply Industry with the publication of the awaited OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)trade policy paper titled Measuring distortions in international markets The rolling-stock value chain in February.This report helps shed light on the magnitude and the manner in which governments subsidise the rolling stock manufacturers that they deem as strategic,with a view to informing efforts to revisit global trade rules.It also highlights that government support to rolling stock manufacturers is raising concerns about possible market distortions and unfair competition.Over the period 2016-2020,governments provided about$5 billion to the sector,much of it in the form of government grants and income tax concessions.While not quantified,discriminatory practices in government procurement and competition enforcement,forced technology transfers,as well as non-market export credits may have also distorted global competition in the rail supply industry.In the report,it is notably stated that“CRRC obtained as much as 72%of all absolute support”(through grants,tax concessions,below market borrowings,etc.),and that CRRC obtained“tax support of more than$400 million in 2020 alone”.38UNIFE Annual Report 2023Throughout the year,UNIFE has been communicating about this important policy paper towards the EU institutions and key-stakeholders in a number of occasions,both in Europe and beyond.The report has been showcased during the 2023 UNIFE General Assembly by the Trade and Agriculture Directorate of OECD.UNIFE is confident that the policy paper will provide a credible and substantiated case for distortions in international competition,be useful in advocacy activities and will support the potential use of EUs trade autonomous tools.Jehan Sauvage(Policy Analyst,OECD),Sabine Schneider(Head of Talent Management,Siemens Mobility),Lucian Cernat(Head of the Regulatory Cooperation and Public Procurement Unit,European Commission Directorate-General for Trade),Augusto Mensi(Member of the UNIFE Presiding Board,and CEO Lucchini RS),Lorena Ionita,(Deputy Head of Unit Mobility,DG GROW,European Commission),Nick Kingsley(Executive Editor Railway Gazette)The OECD is also a forum for maintaining,developing and monitoring the financial disciplines for export credits,which are contained within the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits(“the Arrangement”).Over the years,UNIFE has been advocating to undertake a comprehensive reform of the Arrangement,in order to level the playing field in terms of export finance vis-a-vis countries which are not part of the Arrangement.In July 2023,Participants agreed a revamped and modernised text.In a nutshell,the Arrangement will allow longer repayment terms(up to 22 years)that are consistent with the useful life of the exported goods and services.Even longer repayment terms and financial structuring flexibility will be available for a broader range of climate-friendly transactions,including rail related ones,that are not covered under the Climate Change Sector 03.International Affairs39 Understanding(CCSU).UNIFE also had the pleasure to host the OECD Secretariat team in charge of export credits to exchange and better understand the implications for rail in this new modernisation of the policy.Furthermore,as a Member of Business at OECD(BIAC),UNIFE has also collaborated in the preparation of a new position paper titled:Building on the momentum for a more fit-for-purpose OECD Arrangement.The paper highlights proposals by BIAC on the OECD Arrangement post-modernisation discussions on payment and credit terms,including a key priority for the Rail Supply Industry relating to the renewal of the Common Line of Procedure for down-payments.European Export Credit Strategy/FacilityThe European Commission is now exploring options for an EU Export Credit Strategy.In 2023,the Feasibility Study on an EU Strategy on Export Credits,which was commissioned by DG TRADE was published.UNIFE and its Members have had the opportunity to interact and engage during the preparation of this study communicating their challenges and priorities in terms of export credits.These challenges could be addressed by an EU Export Credit Strategy that would on one hand alleviate the export finance bottlenecks experienced in the EU,and on the other level the playing field for EU businesses by broadening their access to opportunities afforded by other forms of official finance in supporting the EUs external agenda.40UNIFE Annual Report 20232.International Procurement Instrument The International Procurement Instrument(IPI)has been part of the EUs autonomous trade tools since August 2022,after several years of intense discussions and negotiations.2023 marks the first year of its entry into force.Throughout the year,UNIFE has been monitoring closely its implementation phase,by supporting its members on navigating the Regulation and identifying possible avenues to manage.The IPI Regulation is of paramount importance for the European Rail Supply Industry as a way to improve reciprocity in non-EU markets in the area of public procurement,by removing unfair barriers and promoting fair competition worldwide.In fact,todays reality is underscored by strong political messages around unfair competition issues as declared by President Ursula von der Leyen during the 2023 Annual State of the Union Address:“Competition is only true as long as it is fair.Too often,our companies are excluded from foreign markets,or are victims of predatory practices.They are often undercut by competitors benefiting from huge state subsidies”During 2023,UNIFE has been engaging with the European institutions on a number of occasions,in order to exchange views regarding the IPI Regulation.Amongst them,the European Commission participated in the 2023 UNIFE General Assembly Roundtable“Competitiveness and Global Leadership of the EU Rail Supply Industry”,as well as on other technical-oriented discussions which proved to be extremely important during the implementation stage.Lucian Cernat,Head of the Regulatory Cooperation and Public Procurement Unit at the European Commission Directorate-General for Trade,highlighted in his remarks that“in the current context of growing protectionist tendencies in public procurement markets worldwide,the International Procurement Instrument is more important than ever to ensure a level-playing field for EU companies”.Lucian Cernat,Head of the Regulatory Cooperation and Public Procurement Unit,European Commission Directorate-General for Trade03.International Affairs41 Another trade instrument which was approved was the,which was an intense and fast-tracked legislative process.The law entered into force on 12 January 2023 and started being applied on 12 July of the same year.It began on 12 October,when the reporting obligations to notify financial contributions in the context of public procurement procedures and takeovers were enabled.The Regulation would grant the European Commission the power to investigate financial contributions granted by non-EU governments to companies active on the European market.If such financial contributions constitute distortive subsidies,the European Commission could impose redressive measures.3.Foreign Subsidies RegulationJonathan Nguyen(Head of Public Affairs,UNIFE)with Denis Redonnet(Deputy Director-General,Chief Trade Enforcement Officer,European Commission)42UNIFE Annual Report 2023On top of the Regulation,the European Commission opened a in March,asking to provide details regarding the rules applicable to proceedings conducted by the European Commission.UNIFE actively contributed to the public consultation,and had subsequent exchanges with the European institutions and relevant stakeholders,outlining the need to have further legal clarity on the scope of the instrument.Further to this,UNIFE outlined the need to have simplified reporting requirements for companies in the context of screening financial contributions.UNIFE also participated in a number of public events to raise awareness of the main issues related to the European Rail Supply Industry,including a organised in Februaryby Oxera and Herbert Smith Freehills,as well as the Conference organised in June by Informa.UNIFE and its members will keep monitoring its implementation and full application,which now needs to pass the practice test,in order to benefit of the European Rail Supply Industry.Ana Manuelito(Public Affairs Manager,UNIFE)with Jani Ringborg(Legal Service State Aid Team,European Commission)03.International Affairs43 UNIFE and its trade alliance AEGIS Europe have been active in the legislative process of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM).The law was adopted by the co-legislators in May of this year,with application beginning later in October.The CBAM is now under its transitional period until December 2025,during which economic operators are requested to submit reports to the European Commission in regards to emissions embedded in their imports,subject to the mechanism without paying any financial adjustment.The full CBAM deployment will take place early 2026.UNIFE will keep on working on the CBAM,with the European Commission set to present by end of 2025 an impact assessment,in particular with a view to extend the scope of the CBAM,after the transition period.UNIFE has been emphasising its support of the stated objective to establish a level-playing field on carbon content and to avoid carbon leakage,but also has highlighted the significant risks for the competitiveness of downstream industries,such as the rail supply industry.The CBAM should be applied to the emissions of the complete product value chain,before such product is imported into the EU.Finished products,such as rail rolling stock and equipment,should have the possibility of being included in the CBAM as soon as possible in order not to create distortions.4.Carbon Border Adjustment MechanismCEMENT IRON-&-STEEL ALUMINIUM FERTILISER HYDROGEN ELECTRICITYEuropean Commissions proposal on Carbon Border Adjustment MechanismIn its first phase,the CBAM will focus on goods most at the risk of carbon leakage:44UNIFE Annual Report 20235.EUs Foreign Direct Investment Screening RegulationThe EUs Foreign Direct Investment(FDI)Screening Regulation was adopted in 2019 as a means to foster Member States to further evaluate foreign investments/non-EU related to security and public order,particularly when it comes to critical infrastructure.This Regulation is of particular importance for the European Rail Supply Industry since over the past years,the foreign direct investment has significantly increased,and the rail sector has been identified by several countries as a strategic sector.In October 2023,the European Commission released its Third Annual Report on the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union,which outlined that one of the main sectors of interest to foreign investors is Transport.More concretely,investments in equity stakes grew substantially in the Transport sector( 24%)in 2022,experiencing a positive trend in the post-COVID period with an increase of 40,9%compared to 2020.During the summer,the European Commission launched a public consultation in view of evaluating and reviewing the EUs Foreign Direct Investment Screening Regulation.UNIFE has contributed with a number of recommendations.For instance,UNIFE stressed the need to implement and promote convergence of FDI mechanisms across all Member States,including screening obligations for“critical infrastructure”and“critical technologies”concerning the transportation sector.The European Commission also published a revised Regulation proposal in December,and UNIFE will keep on actively participating in the debate and advocating these positions together with its members towards EU decision-makers.UNIFEs feedback to the EUs FDI Screening Regulation03.International Affairs45 The European Rail Supply Industry is a strategic and leading economic industry for Europe,and its world leadership strongly depends on the ability of companies to access new markets.Free Trade Agreements(FTA)matter as they encompass a number of innovative provisions,and offer opportunities to reduce tariffs while addressing barriers and discriminatory requirements.As such,they can be beneficial for the entire supply chain(e.g.local content requirements).Yet,according to the 2022 UNIFE World Rail Market Study,worldwide rail market accessibility has declined over the last decade from around 70%in 2008 to 61%in 2022.Market access issues and non-tariff trade barriers remain significant,and this situation stands in sharp contrast with the EU,where the public procurement market is one of the most open and transparent in the world.During 2023,UNIFE continued to work with the European Commission,especially DG TRADE,in order to keep the debate high on the agenda regarding key markets in which European rail suppliers still face a number of trade barriers,especially in Japan and South Korea.UNIFE also continues to work with the European Commission by providing inputs in the context of current negotiations of free trade agreements,focusing in particular on the government procurement chapters,with the objective of boosting the presence of European rail suppliers in third-country markets.In 2023,special attention was given to trade negotiations with Thailand and India.Moreover,UNIFE monitors the legislative process and entry into force of other free trade agreements,such as the ones with Chile,Mexico,New Zealand and MERCOSUR(Argentina,Brazil,Uruguay and Paraguay)and provides intel on their development to its members.6.Free Trade AgreementsRelaunch of the EU-Thailand Free Trade Agreement Negotiations,March 202346UNIFE Annual Report 2023Bilateral cooperation with third countries remains one of UNIFEs priorities.Throughout 2023,UNIFE had the opportunity to exchange and meet with several partners across the globe.In March,UNIFE participated in a panel discussion“Regional trains as an integration and mobility solution”,organised during the NT Expo Congress the main rail event in Latin America-along with its counterparts the Brazilian Association of the Railroad Suppliers(ABIFER)and the Latin American Railway Association(ALAF).UNIFE had the opportunity to share the European experience in delivering regional trains solutions,and outlining the main market prospects for the railway sector in Latin America.Further cooperation with Latin-American counterparts remains high on our agenda.In October,UNIFE had the pleasure of again meeting its North American partners Railway Supply Institute(RSI),Canadian Association of Railway Suppliers(CARS),and the Mexican Association of Railroads(AMF)during the Railway Interchange Conference that took place in October in the US.The four organisations discussed topics of common interest related to trade,in particular public procurement and global competition during the session“International Collaboration to Support a Thriving Rail Supply Chain”.Given the challenges to overcome,many of them going beyond international borders,it is of paramount importance to maintain such good collaboration and join forces with UNIFEs partners worldwide.7.Bilateral cooperation with third countriesAna Manuelito(Public Affairs Manager,UNIFE),Sylvia Newell(President,CARS),Iker de Lusa Plazas(Director General,AMF),and Patricia Long(President,RSI)03.International Affairs47 8.European Global GatewayGlobal Gateway is the EUs contribution to narrowing the global investment gap worldwide,with a mobilisation of 300 bn investments up to 2027.It is in line with the commitment of the G7 leaders from June 2021 to launch a values-driven,high-standard and transparent infrastructure partnership to meet global infrastructure development needs.Since its establishment,UNIFE has been insisting on the need to articulate rail projects in EU third partner countries,in order to promote the EU Green Deal outside of the EU.Over the last 12 months,several milestones have taken place in this regard:Global Gateway Business Advisory Group:Together with 59 other organisations,UNIFE has been selected by the European Commission to become a member of the Global Gateway Business Advisory Group.The new group gathers CEOs or senior executives of European companies and business associations.It will assist the European Commission in promoting European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen at the Global Gateway Forum 2023 48UNIFE Annual Report 2023cooperation with the European private sector,as part of the implementation of the Global Gateway strategy and the scaling up of Global Gateway flagships.The Global Gateway Forum 2023,attended by UNIFE,was organised in Brussels on 25-26 October.The Forum brought together over 40 high-level government representatives,financial institutions and business representatives to discuss the worlds investment needs,debate solutions and seal new deals.During the Forum,UNIFE Director General Philippe Citron had the opportunity to discuss with Jutta Urpilainen,the EU Commissioner in charge of International Partnership and,DG INTPAs Director General Koen Doens to convey UNIFEs support for Global Gateway and its rail and urban mobility flagship projects.Global Gateway Flagship projects and activities:In 2023,the European Commission approved further Global Gateway projects across different continents.Thanks to UNIFEs advocacy,rail projects are now featuring more prominently in the different regions,compared to the initial proposal presented in 2022.Another example of Global Gateway funded activities completed,is the Study on sustainable transport connections with Central Asia carried out by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD).The study identifies 33 hard infrastructure investment needs across the region,including for rail infrastructure and rolling stock,as well as seven coordinated actions on soft connectivity measures.These are all specific,concrete and realistic actions which can contribute to the competitiveness and operational efficiency of the trans-Caspian transport connections between the five relevant Central Asian countries and Europe.03.International Affairs49 Standards and Regulation04.1.Overview.522.2023s key developments in rail standards and regulations.523.UNIFE Technical Working Groups.584.UNITEL:Rail Telecommunication Activities.625.Cybersecurity activities/Cyber Working Group.63a.The 2023 Technical Specifications for Interoperability Revision PackageThis year saw the conclusion of the 2023 TSI Revision Package with the positive vote by Member States achieved during the 98th meeting of the European Commissions Railway Interoperability and Safety Committee(RISC)held 29-30 March 2023.The RISC vote concluded over three years of extensive collective work of the various actors in drafting this TSI revision package and consultation with the European Union Agency for Railways and the European Commission.The 2023 TSI revision package was subsequently published on 8 September,and entered into force on 28 September 2023.As the official representative body for the European rail supply industry,UNIFE coordinates the contributions and position of its members towards the development of regulations,decisions,guidelines and other documents drafted by the European Union Agency for Railways(ERA)and the European Commission(EC).The UNIFE Standards and Regulation Group(SRG)and its supporting UNIFE technical working groups are platforms for members to influence technical regulationsthatrelatetothe interoperability and safety of the European railway system.UNIFE has actively participated in numerous working parties and groups organised by the European institutions to support the drafting of the aforementioned outputs.The SRG plays a pivotal role in coordinating UNIFEs technical stances on the implementation of the EUs 2016 Fourth Railway Package(4RP)and 2023 Technical Specifications for Interoperability(TSIs)Revision Package.SRG also interacts with other rail associations,such as CER,EIM,UIP and NB-Rail,as well as other stakeholders in Europes rail sector through participation in the Group of Representative Bodies(GRB)and the European Standardisation Organisations(ESO)-particularly,CEN and CENELEC-through the Sector Forum Rail(SFR).As an observer on both the ERA Management Board and ERA Executive Board,UNIFE Director General Philippe Citron regularly attends these meetings to express the rail supply industrys position on important topics,such as ERAs annual work programme and ongoing activities supporting the 4RPs implementation.1.Overview2.2023s key developments in rail standards and regulations52UNIFE Annual Report 2023b.Implementation of the Fourth Railway Packages Technical PillarThe 4RPs Technical Pillar,comprised of the recast Interoperability and Safety Directives and the ERA Regulation,entered into force in June 2016.Following the transposition of the measures by EU Member States,the Technical Pillar and its new vehicle authorisation regime entered into operation on 16 June 2019,and has been in force since 31 October 2020 in all Member States.Our association strongly supported the Technical Pillars adoption,which we see as of paramount importance for the rail industrys competitiveness,as it aims to remove the remaining technical barriers to the creation of a Single European Rail Area(SERA).A harmonised European authorisation process ran by the ERA should see a convergence and greater certainty of requirements,leading to a more consistent,quicker and cheaper vehicle authorisation process with less duplication of checks and testing.Since 16 June 2019,ERA has acted as a European authorising entity and delivered over 5700 vehicle authorisation decisions-representing over 64,000 authorised rail vehicles.With now over four years of experience in operation,the time has come to review the new processes based on the feedback and return of experience of UNIFE members.Together with all stakeholders from the railway sector and the National Safety Authorities(NSAs),activities have been launched to review the newly implemented system and define recommendations from all involved stakeholders on how to optimise the new processes and achieve the targeted cost and time saving goals.This review is led by 4RP Steering Group,of which UNIFE is member and has provided the detailed feedback from the European rail supply industry,including during the resulting ERA Vehicle Authorisation Advisory Groups held over the first half of 2023.These activities are followed closely by the UNIFE Vehicle Authorisation Mirror Group,as the key UNIFE group to exchange on the 4RP authorisation process.The package introduces significant changes that will impact all future rail subsystems,as well as subsystems currently subject to ongoing projects.The 2023 TSI Revision Package addressed the“Digital rail and Green freight”TSI revision mandate given by the EC to ERA in January 2020,which is intended to align the TSIs contents with the ECs high-level policy goals.UNIFE attended all ERA TSI Working Party and Topical Working Group(TWG)meetings held in 2023 during the finalisation of the TSI recommendation to RISC,as well as the meetings following the RISC vote to update the TSI Application Guides based on the changes contained in the voted texts.Over the past few years,UNIFE has adapted its internal consultation processes with its committees and technical working groups to follow and contribute to the new revision and structure within ERA.Within our association,the Working Party on the revision of TSIs is followed by the SRG,which coordinates the rail supply industrys response,nominates experts within the TWGs and cooperates with the other UNIFE committees when appropriate.The activities of each TWG,where the detailed TSI revision proposals are developed,have been consulted by a combination of the existing UNIFE technical working groups depending on the change request subject.UNIFEs goal is to ensure that the necessary evolution of the technical regulation and standards framework is carried out in a way that will improve the competitiveness of the European Rail Supply Industry,support the harmonisation and transparency of technical rules in Europe,while also facilitating the development and authorisation of rail products.04.Standards and Regulation53 Vehicle authorisation harmonisation under Fourth Railway Package-Source ERAc.European Commission Expert Group on the Technical Pillar of the Fourth Railway Package UNIFE is a permanent member of the ECs Expert Group on the Technical Pillar of the Fourth Railway Package,alongside Member State and other official sectoral representative bodies.This group is intended to consult the sector on legislation to be voted on,give recommendations on draft texts and to help prepare discussions and votes to be held in the Railway Interoperability and Safety Committee(RISC).This Expert Group is intended to complement-but not replace-the RISC,which only allows Member State representatives to vote on the final Implementing Acts.Five meetings of the EC Expert Group on the Fourth Railway Package were held in 2023,with the first two focused on the European Commissions consultation on the 2023 TSI Revision Package texts,including the TSI on Control Command and Signalling(CCS)prior to the scheduled vote by the 98th RISC in March 2023.The final two meetings were focused on the Commissions revision of the TSI regarding telematic applications.UNIFE took the opportunity to raise our positions on the priority change proposals within the concerned TSIs to support the competitiveness of the European railway sector and its supply industry.d.UNIFE High-Level Dialogue with DG MOVE,ERA and Europes Rail Joint Undertaking on the Implementation of the Technical Pillar of the Fourth Railway PackageUNIFE has established a high-level dialogue between the European Commission(DG MOVEs Directorate C),ERA and Europes Rail Joint Undertaking management teams and UNIFE members at the CTO level on the implementation of the Technical Pillar of the Fourth Railway Package.This high-level forum 54UNIFE Annual Report 2023continued in 2023,where discussions covered the final developments of the 2023 TSI Revision Package,the latest feedback on the 4RP vehicle authorisation process,as well as starting to look forward to the future regulatory developments beyond 2023,such as regarding cybersecurity and FRMCS introduction.For the future evolution of the technical framework after the 2023 TSI Revision Package completion,UNIFE introduced our Vision Paper on the Evolution of Regulation,Standardisation and Innovation for a Competitive European Rail Supply Industry.Published in October 2022,it explained our vision for how to ensure its balanced,streamlined and stable evolution going forward.Following multiple revisions of the TSIs in recent years,UNIFE is calling for better regulatory stability to enable contracts and projects to be delivered smoothly via sufficient transitional provisions and to establish a predictable and transparent evolution of the technical framework in the years to come for the sector.In 2023,this UNIFE Vision Paper has acted as a baseline for our technical lobby activities and overall objectives in the coming years for the Technical Specifications for Interoperability,and their link to the standardisation and research and innovation domains.The goal is to ensure the future technical framework evolutions to support the European rail supply industry to thrive both at home and internationally,while increasing the competitiveness and market share of rail transport in support of the European Green Deal objectives.MEETING MINUTES UNIFE Vision Paper on the Evolution of Regulation,Standardisation and Innovation for a Competitive European Rail Supply Industry 18 October 2022 UNIFE Vision Paper on the Evolution of Regulation,Standardisation and Innovation for a Competitive European Rail Supply Industrye.Cooperation with the Group of Representative Bodies(GRB)As the official representative body for the European rail supply industry,UNIFE is a member of the Group of Representative Bodies(GRB).The GRB is a group of European railway associations tasked with supporting the sectors consultations with the European Union Agency for Railways(ERA),as it undertakes its work programme and its activities on rail safety and interoperability.The GRB has continued to be highly active throughout 2023,with particular focus paid to the revision of the TSIs and return of experience of the process to build upon for future activities.The strong GRB cooperation has resulted in a number of joint positions relating to regulation and standardisation being expressed in consultation forums or jointly submitted to the EC,ERA and Member State representatives over the past year.Since January 2019,Christian Rausch,member of UNIFEs Standards and Regulation Group(SRG),has also served as the GRBs Chair for a two-year mandate including this year acting under his third mandate for 2023/24.For further information on GRB,please visit www.grbrail.eu04.Standards and Regulation55 f.UNIFEs involvement in StandardisationStandardisation is extremely important for our industry,leading many UNIFE members to be involved in both European and global standardisation proceedings through their respective national bodies.UNIFE provides a platform for its members to coordinate their standardisation advocacy and build consensus on our industrys priorities in this area.UNIFEs Standards and Regulation Group(SRG)is responsible for monitoring developments in both regulation and standardisation within the technical framework applicable to rail products.The careful coordination of activities in both areas is required to ensure that the work carried out by European institutions and European Standardisation Organisations is complementary and improves the rail sectors functioning and competitiveness.To support the efforts of its members at the national level,UNIFE has established close links with relevant European Standardisation Organisations(ESOs),namely CEN and CENELEC.Our association works closely with the Commission,who sets the policy framework for European level standardisation,and the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre,which coordinates the activities of both organisations.UNIFE is a member of the Topical Working Group on Standardisation(TWG STA)at ERA,which is the key platform for updating the regulated link between the TSIs and the European Standards,responsible for updating the reference to over 100 standards during the 2023 TSI Revision Package.UNIFE participates in Sector Forum Rail(SFR)which facilitates discussions between the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre and representative bodies on the sectors standardisation priorities,in addition to the Rail Standardisation Coordination Platform for Europe(RASCOP)established by the European Commission.By using these forums,UNIFE aims to influence the EC,ERA and ESOs to deliver an efficient technical framework with a lean interface between regulation and standardisation.Once again,UNIFEs 2022 Vision Paper on the Evolution of Regulation,Standardisation and Innovation for a Competitive European Rail Supply Industry acted as a baseline for our objectives in standardisation in the forums mentioned.Thierry Breton(EU Commissioner for Internal Market)during the EU High-Level Forum on European Standardisation56UNIFE Annual Report 2023g.Urban Rail PlatformIn 2023,UNIFE has relaunched our cooperation with urban transport operators on standardisation through the Urban Rail Platform,a forum driven by UNIFE and the International Association of Public Transport(UITP).The platform aims to support standardisation in urban rail and provide its members with a forum for discussing additional matters related to regulation and Research and Innovation(R&I).In 2023,the URP Standardisation Subgroup was also reactivated to identify potential new standardisation activities by analysing the existing urban rail standardisation works at CEN-CENELEC and consider where gaps and opportunities exist.For more information on Standards and Regulation,please contact UNIFE Technical Affairs Manager Nicholas Shrimpton at nicholas.shrimptonunife.orgAt the global level,UNIFE holds A-Liaison status for the International Standardisation Organisations(ISO)Rail Technical Committee 269(ISO TC 269).This enables us to take part in the committees regular meetings.Finally,in 2023 UNIFE became a member of the European Commissions High-Level Forum on European Standardisation,set up by DG GROW(European Commissions Directorate for Internal Market,Industry,Entrepreneurship and SMEs)and chaired by Thierry Breton,the EU Commissioner for Internal Market of the European Union,as part of the EU Strategy on Standardisation.The purpose of the forum,which is at its second consultation,is to identify standardisation priorities in support of EU policies and legislation,and discuss horizontal issues such as international leadership,education and skills and pre-normative challenges,in a multi-sectoral setting.04.Standards and Regulation57 The UNIFE Technical Working Groups support the associations work on standardisation,regulation and research.The overall coordination is done by the associations committees responsible.There are two types of Technical Working Groups at UNIFE:UNIFE Mirror Groups(MG)are groups which are primarily active during the drafting andheymirrorERAsworking parties or topical working groups,where UNIFE delegates participate as official representatives of the European rail supply industry UNIFE Topical Groups(TG)follow specific topics,mainly related to standardisation and research activitiesThe UNIFE SRG supervises the UNIFE Technical Working Groups and periodically reviews their activities to ensure that they operate in line with ouroverallstandards and regulation objectives.3.UNIFE Technical Working Groupsa)UNIFE Mirror Groups(MG)Electromagnetic Compatibility Wor
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2023ASIA MARKET REPORTAsian markets,with three exceptions,have been the slowest to recover from the dramatic downturn caused by the pandemic that hit the global cruise industry in March 2020.But the passenger figures for 2023(obtained from all cruise lines drawing on Asian markets)show a promising recovery.They prove Asian residents too are resilient,respond to capacity deployed locally and embrace the opportunity to take cruise vacations.2023s standout source markets are three.Retaining top two rankings achieved in 2022,are Singapore(almost doubling in size and accounting for a third of all Asia)and India(with 16%share and an impressive 86%growth on the prior year).Third placed Malaysia with 15%share generated almost 5 times as many passengers as in 2022.The first two benefited particularly from the deployment of local capacity.(Singapore,at 817K passengers,has achieved a penetration figure,never-before seen globally,of 13.9%!).Pre pandemic,2019,Singapore and India each accounted for around 8.5%and Malaysia 3.2%of the total whereas mainland China was the dominant Asian source with 51%share.But China was effectively closed for cruise until August last year,hence its small 7%share in this report.Chinas future growth is assured as capacity returns to its homeports.While Japan is still 31%and South Korea 5low pre-pandemic(2019)levels,most smaller markets are larger than they were then.But Hong Kong SAR,and Taiwan region,like China mainland,are still rebuilding.Limited deployment was a significant influence on demand in East Asia.(Note that for most Asian markets,huge percentage growth figures are almost meaningless,being calculated on very small passenger numbers in 2022).In all,Asia generated almost 2.4 million passengers in 2023,3 times its 2022 volume but still 1.4m short of the 2019 result and 1.9m less than its all-time high in 2018(when mainland China was at 2.4million).2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32,3 5 3 (1 9 7.5%)7 9 1 (2 6.3%)6 2 6 (-8 3.2%)3,7 3 8P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 34 8.03 9.23 5.44 6.2A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 33.02.92.34.3A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3S i n g a p o r eI n d i aMa l a y s i aJ a p a nMa i n l a n d C h i n aT a i wa n R e g i o nI n d o n e s i aH o n g K o n g S A RS o u t h K o r e aP h i l i p p i n e sT h a i l a n dV i e t n a m1 1 (2 5 1.9%)2 2 (2 8 2.7%)3 5 (3 7 6.9%)4 6 (7 0 0.3%)7 9 (1 7 3 2.3%)9 1 (4 6 5.8%)1 3 7 (1 1 3 1 4.5%)1 5 7 (9 4 1 8.4%)2 0 3 (3 8 0.5%)3 5 0 (3 7 0.4%)3 7 4 (8 6.2%)8 1 7 (9 2.4%)3 (6 9 5 6.8%)6 (5 6 6 6.3%)7 (1 8 0 3.9%)6 (4 4 5 9.8%)4 (-9 4.3%)1 6 (1 4 5 9 6.3%)1 (-9 4.8%)2 (-7 2.4%)4 2 (2 6 3.7%)7 4 (2 0 2.5%)2 0 1 (6 3.8%)4 2 5 (1 7.8%)0 (-9 9.4%)0 (-9 9.5%)0 (-9 8.7%)0 (-9 9.7%)7 7 (-6 0.0%)0 (-9 9.8%)2 3 (-9 4.0%)6 (-9 9.7%)1 2 (-9 6.1%)2 5 (-7 9.6%)1 2 3 (-6 0.8%)3 6 0 (1 0.8%)72 02 94 91 9 16 23 8 91,9 1 92 9 61 2 13 1 33 2 5P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)f r o m T o p S o u r c e Ma r k e t s (R a n k e d b y 2 0 2 3)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3S i n g a p o r eI n d i aMa l a y s i aJ a p a nMa i n l a n d C h i n aT a i wa n R e g i o nI n d o n e s i aH o n g K o n g S A RS o u t h K o r e aP h i l i p p i n e sT h a i l a n dV i e t n a m0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%3.4%3.9%5.9%6.8%8.8%1 5.1%1 6.1%3 5.2%0.4%0.7%0.9%0.7%0.5%2.0%0.2%0.2%5.4%9.5%2 5.5%5 3.9%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.0%1 2.2%0.0%3.7%1.0%1.9%3.9%1 9.6%5 7.6%0.2%0.5%0.8%1.3%5.1%1.7%1 0.5%5 1.6%8.0%3.2%8.4%8.7%P a s s e n g e r S h a r e f r o m T o p A s i a n S o u r c e Ma r k e t s3 84 04 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 46 6A v g.A g e2.04.06.08.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sV i e t n a mT h a i l a n dT a i wa n R e g i o nS i n g a p o r eP h i l i p p i n e sMa l a y s i aI n d o n e s i aI n d i aS o u t h K o r e aMa i n l a n d C h i n aJ a p a nH o n g K o n g S A RA v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h f r o m T o p S o u r c e Ma r k e t s,2 0 2 3B u b b l e s i z e i n d i c a t e s r e l a t i v e p a s s e n g e r v o l u meR e g i o n a l O v e r v i e w:A s i a 2 0 1 9 t o 2 0 2 3,(2 0 2 0 O mi t t e d)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 1%2 1%2 1%1 3%1 7%1 7%1 1%1 2%1 3%1 4%1 9%1 6%1 4%1 6%2 4%2 0%1 3%1 3%1 2%1 0%1 8%1 6%1 1%3%7%8%8%8%3%5%4%4%A v e r a g e P a s s e n g e r A g e G r o u p s=7 0 Y e a r s4 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 46 66 8A v g.A g e2.04.06.08.01 0.01 2.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA l a s k aO t h e rN o r t h A me r i c aE x p e d i t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cA v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n /T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3R e g i o n a l O v e r v i e w:A s i a (C o n t i n u e d)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 35 5%2 1%3 3%1 8%3 4%7 8%6 3%7 1%4%7%6%3%4%A v e r a g e C r u i s e D u r a t i o nU p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s P l u sR e s t o f A s i aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nO t h e rMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficN o r t h A me r i c aE x p e d i t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n s1,9 3 61 9 01 0 35 61 91 51 07654V o l u me o f P a s s e n g e r s (K)b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3A t l e a s t 4 K P a s s e n g e r s p e r D e s t i n a t i o n*China,HKG,Taiwan counts passengers departing from their ports.All others count passengers where the ship is predominantly sailing.*R e s t o f A s i aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nMe d i t e r r a n e a nO t h e rC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i c3 4 9 K;1 8%8 0 9 K;4 2%3 4 5 K;1 8%1 0 1 K;9 8%6 K;3 0%4 K;4 2%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e wi t h S o u r c e Ma r k e t S h a r e,2 0 2 3E a c h r o w r e p r e s e n t s t h e v o l u me t o t h e l i s t e d d e s t i n a t i o n;c o l o r r e p r e s e n t s s o u r c e ma r k e t(N o t s h o wi n g d a t a p o i n t s f o r s o u r c e ma r k e t s b e l o w 2 K)R e g i o n a l O v e r v i e w:A s i a (C o n t i n u e d)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nO t h e rMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficN o r t h A me r i c aE x p e d i t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n s45 (1 1%)671 01 51 9 (8 0%)5 6 (3 2 9%)1 0 31 9 01,9 3 6 (1 5 9%)51 11 3(-1 0 0%)7 4 8 (4 4%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)1 0 6 (-9 4%)5 1 9 (-6 7%)1 11 01 42 22 12 54 88 91 81,9 0 41,5 7 1P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eQ 1Q 2Q 3Q 42 0 K;1 0%8 4 K;3 4%5 0 K;2 5%6 9 K;2 8%3 9 K;1 9%2 0 K;1 9%1 4 K;1 3%2 6 K;1 3%3 8 K;1 8%4 3 K;4 1%5 4 K;2 6%3 1 K;1 2%6 1 K;2 9%1 8 K;9%1 3 K;6%1 4 K;7%1 6 K;8%1 4 K;6%1 2 K;5%1 3 K;6%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)b y Q u a r t e r wi t h S o u r c e Ma r k e t S h a r e,2 0 2 3E a c h r o w r e p r e s e n t s t h e v o l u me b y q u a r t e r;c o l o r r e p r e s e n t s s o u r c e ma r k e t(N o t s h o wi n g d a t a p o i n t s f o r s o u r c e ma r k e t s b e l o w 2 K)J a p a nS o u t h K o r e aMa i n l a n d C h i n aH o n g K o n g S A RT a i wa n R e g i o nV i e t n a mP h i l i p p i n e sT h a i l a n dMa l a y s i aS i n g a p o r eI n d o n e s i aI n d i aN o C o u n t r y P r o v i d e d*China,HKG,Taiwan counts passengers departing from their ports.All others count passengers where the ship is predominantly sailing.*2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3K a z a k h s t a nP a k i s t a nC a mb o d i aS r i L a n k aN e p a lMy a n ma rMa c a u R e g i o nB a n g l a d e s hA f g h a n i s t a n11 (-3.2%)2 (1 8 5.1%)11 (-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)(-1 0 0.0%)112212122P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)f o r O t h e r S o u r c e Ma r k e t sS o u r c e Ma r k e t:S i n g a p o r e2 0 1 92 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 34 1.83 8.33 4.14 8.9A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38 1 7.1 (9 2.4%)4 2 4.7 (1 7.8%)3 6 0.5 (1 0.8%)3 2 5.4P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32.02.72.12.7A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aA l a s k aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sN o r t h A me r i c aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nO t h e r0.0%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.3%0.3%9 9.0%0.1%0.1%0.1%0.3%0.2%9 9.2%1 0 0.0%0.1%0.8%0.1%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.3%0.7%0.8%9 6.2%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 3%1 8%3 1%1 2%7 3%8 2%6 8%8 7%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 5%1 1%2 4%1 2%1 5%1 8%1 1%1 3%1 2%1 9%1 6%1 6%1 1%2 5%2 0%1 7%1 3%1 1%1 0%1 9%1 8%1 6%3%7%7%9%7%8%4%5%4%4%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s00859 57 0 80121 3 22 9 06 62 9 401687 42 3 64 9%7 9%6 1 9%1 8 1%-2 8%1 4 4%6 5 0 0%7 0 5 0%6 0 3 2%1 0 0%-2%-1 1%2 5%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s2 12 92 43 03 21 583 11 62 92 73 84 82 71 04 241 01 32 83 61 982 84 87 65 84 03 52 21 13 22 5%-1%-1 3%-2 3%-3 3%-4 5%-2 5%-2 7%2 8 4%2 0 5%1 0 1%3 7%3 5%4 3%3 7%5 0%-9 1%-8 7%-7 7%-3 0%3%-1 2%-3 4%-1 1%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aA l a s k aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sO t h e rN o r t h A me r i c aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa n0111238 0 9000114 2 13 6 02001111233 1 31 8 1%9 6%8 5%8 5%1 0 5%1 8 4%9 2%1 7%1 5%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:S i n g a p o r e (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 9A v g.A g e1.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.01 0.01 1.01 2.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aS i n g a p o r e,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:I n d i a2 0 1 92 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 33 8.73 8.53 0.83 7.0A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 33 7 3.9 (8 6.2%)2 0 0.8 (6 3.8%)1 2 2.6 (-6 0.8%)3 1 2.6P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32.33.33.13.2A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cA l a s k aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nO t h e r0.1%0.1%0.3%0.4%0.6%1.2%1.5%2.3%9 3.4%0.2%0.3%0.2%0.4%1.4%2.2%1.8%9 3.3%9 9.7%2.0%2.1%0.1%0.1%0.5%1.6%1.6%5.2%3.6%3.0%8 0.1%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 5%4 5%4 4%1 5%6 5%5 5%5 1%8 0%8%4%4%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0%1 2%1 1%1 3%1 4%1 3%1 8%1 6%1 9%2 0%2 0%2 1%1 8%1 7%1 3%1 2%2 8%1 2%1 2%3%4%5%7%5%6%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s031 55 63 0 0188 91 0 35 56 721142 57 72 0 23 8 1%1 6 2%9 4%-3 7%1 9 1%6 1%5 3%-2 8%-6 7%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s41 01 21 81 91 261 124568725072 02 63 74 03 61 52 41 4 6%1 2 5%1 2 3%1 8 0%1 3 9%8 2%1 9 0%1 4 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cA l a s k aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficO t h e rMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa n011124693 4 901013441 8 71 2 276002551 61 192 5 02 0 5%1 9%7 1%1 8 0%1 9 3%5 9%3 2%1 3 7%8 6%5 3%-5 1%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:I n d i a (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c3 53 63 73 83 94 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 4A v g.A g e1.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.01 0.01 1.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cR e s t o f A s i aN o r t h A me r i c aMe d i t e r r a n e a nE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aI n d i a,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ma l a y s i a2 0 1 92 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 34 3.14 1.33 7.14 2.7A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 33 5 0.2 (3 7 0.4%)7 4.5 (2 0 2.5%)2 4.6 (-7 9.6%)1 2 0.7P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31.92.21.52.9A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nA l a s k aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cN o r t h A me r i c aE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa n0.1%0.1%0.1%0.5%0.6%9 8.4%1.3%9 7.7%9 9.8%2.9%0.3%0.3%0.2%0.3%0.5%0.8%0.6%2.1%9 1.7%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0 0%2 6%1 4%6 7%8 3%9 0%4%7%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 31 6%1 6%1 8%1 6%1 6%1 6%1 5%1 4%1 5%1 7%1 7%1 6%1 2%1 2%1 0%1 0%1 3%1 2%8%7%9%5%5%5%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s0342 63 1 7111 16 22 500343 28 12 0 7%3 8 6%4 2 9%1 4 1%4 1 0%-7 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s51 0999637244343131 01 92 01 82 01 561 22 0 7%1 7 7%1 4 4%1 6 4%1 3 2%1 1 8%1 4 5%1 2 6%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nA l a s k aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficN o r t h A me r i c aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i c000223 4 517 32 50040011131 1 11 4 4%1 1 0%1 0 5%2 5 9 9%1 0 5%3 7 4%1 9 6%-7 8%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ma l a y s i a (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 7A v g.A g e1.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.01 0.01 1.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aMa l a y s i a,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:J a p a n2 0 1 92 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 36 4.84 8.64 2.55 7.1A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 0 3.3 (3 8 0.5%)4 2.3 (2 6 3.7%)1 1.6 (-9 6.1%)2 9 6.5P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 37.73.11.66.4A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3O t h e rR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nH a wa i iN o r t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n s0.2%0.2%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%0.4%1.3%3.8%4 3.1%4 9.5%0.7%2.2%2.6%9 2.4%9 9.1%0.6%1.2%0.5%0.6%0.6%1.9%0.9%0.8%3.5%9.9%7 9.1%0.6%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 7%5 5%1 8%2 6%1 9%2 1%2 7%9 8%7 0%1 5%5%5%7%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 33 1%2 0%6 3%2 8%1 8%1 3%1 2%1 3%1 3%1 6%1 1%6%9%5%7%4%5%6%7%4%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s0001 1 31 54 33 102283 01 14328 05 37 67 96%1 5 9%-8 6%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s1 0 22 21 08643711001005 65 02 11 61 3921 1P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3O t h e rR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nH a wa i iN o r t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n s0111111388 81 0 10113 91 2232226321 02 92 3 422 9 6%6 0%2 1 0%2 0 6%5 4 0%3 9 8%1 9 2%5 9 4%1 2 4%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:J a p a n (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 04 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 46 66 8A v g.A g e5.06.07.08.09.01 0.01 1.01 2.01 3.01 4.01 5.01 6.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sO t h e rC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cR e s t o f A s i aN o r t h A me r i c aMe d i t e r r a n e a nH a wa i iA l a s k aJ a p a n,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ma i n l a n d C h i n a2 0 1 92 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 35 1.14 4.13 8.94 5.5A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 5 6.8 (9 4 1 8.4%)1.6 (-7 2.4%)6.0 (-9 9.7%)1,9 1 9.5P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34.66.26.44.8A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3Ma i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aO t h e rA l a s k aH a wa i i0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%0.6%0.9%1.4%1.8%5.2%2 1.5%6 7.3%3 9.2%9 7.9%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.1%0.2%0.1%0.3%0.6%0.1%0.7%2 6.2%7 1.4%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 4%8 5%3 2%1 4%8 4%3 8%3 6%1 1%1 0%1 3%4 2%4%3%4%4%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 31 4%2 2%1 8%3 1%1 6%1 8%1 7%1 3%1 1%1 8%1 2%1 9%1 1%9%8%6%8%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s11642 35 66 5115011332 56 81,6 0 52 1 1-9 0%1 4 0%-9 3%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s495342120001 6 24 1 23 0 22 4 13 3 51 4 83 52 0 52 4 0%1 3 9%1 0 6%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3Ma i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aO t h e rA l a s k aH a wa i i0011112383 41 0 51612423251 111 45 0 31,3 7 1-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ma i n l a n d C h i n a (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 16 26 36 4A v g.A g e2.04.06.08.01 0.01 2.01 4.01 6.01 8.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sO t h e rC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cR e s t o f A s i aN o r t h A me r i c aMe d i t e r r a n e a nE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA l a s k aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:T a i wa n R e g i o n2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 34 4.64 9.84 4.84 6.1A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 3 6.7 (1 1 3 1 4.5%)1.2 (-9 4.8%)2 3.2 (-9 4.0%)3 8 9.5P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 33.68.51.52.6A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nMe d i t e r r a n e a nA l a s k aC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i fic0.2%0.3%0.4%0.4%0.4%0.7%1.3%4.4%1 8.4%7 3.2%2 8.0%9 9.7%0.2%0.2%0.2%0.1%0.7%0.6%1.6%9 4.0%2.3%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0 0%2 0%3 1%2 1%2 1%4 2%7 3%1 2%4 9%3%9%4%4%6%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 31 1%1 8%2 3%1 7%2 2%2 4%1 8%1 8%1 7%1 2%1 2%1 1%8%9%9%4%5%8%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s00385 86 7002 31161 68 12 8 6P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s1 11 81 91 81 21 061 2003 27 18 37 14 83 41 63 2P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nMe d i t e r r a n e a nA l a s k aC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i fic001111262 51 0 002 311103263 6 69P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:T a i wa n R e g i o n (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 04 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 2A v g.A g e3.04.05.06.07.08.09.01 0.01 1.01 2.01 3.01 4.01 5.01 6.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA l a s k aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cR e s t o f A s i aN o r t h A me r i c aE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sT a i wa n R e g i o n,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:I n d o n e s i a2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 33 8.13 8.14 1.53 9.6A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 39 0.6 (4 6 5.8%)1 6.0 (-7 4.2%)6 2.1P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32.63.35.83.6A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nA l a s k aC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i fic0.4%0.9%1.0%9 6.9%2.1%1.9%9 3.0%2.8%0.5%0.6%2.7%1.2%2.6%2.5%8 6.7%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 4%3 2%3 4%3 6%3 9%2 4%5 5%1 7%5 6%7 3%6%4%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 31 2%1 0%1 3%1 4%1 2%1 2%1 7%2 2%1 7%2 0%2 5%1 9%1 2%1 0%1 0%1 2%1 4%1 7%6%4%6%6%5%6%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s122 16 61691142 13 42 2 1%2 4 5%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s36578538122342124791 11 28483 5 4%2 7 1%1 9 1%1 1 1%1 0 8%2 0 8%2 7 1%2 5 7%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nA l a s k aC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aN o r t h A me r i c aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i fic0118 8001 520201225 41 3%1 8 4%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:I n d o n e s i a (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c3 63 73 83 94 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 2A v g.A g e2.03.04.05.06.07.08.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aR e s t o f A s i aI n d o n e s i a,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ho n g K o n g S A R2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 35 6.24 9.74 1.75 0.8A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 37 9.3 (1 7 3 2.3%)4.3 (-9 4.3%)7 6.6 (-6 0.0%)1 9 1.2P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 33.56.51.94.2A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3O t h e rR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nA l a s k aC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eN o r t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i fic0.9%0.4%1.7%0.6%1.2%6 6.6%1.1%1.1%4.9%2 1.3%5 5.7%6.5%1 2.3%9.5%9 9.9%1.3%0.3%2.1%0.7%0.4%7 1.1%1.3%1.4%5.1%1 3.7%2.7%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 3%1 0%1 3%2 6%1 1%6 6%1 4%5 3%8 9%6 7%3%7%9%7%3%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 5%1 2%2 3%2 8%1 5%2 5%3 5%1 8%1 7%2 0%1 5%1 3%1 9%1 2%1 8%1 2%1 0%1 3%6%9%9%7%5%9%3%3%3%9%6%6%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s01861 15 311396 80351 21 74 91 0 0-3 2%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s463211011111100245553142 85 23 42 31 7951 86 6 2%4 6 3%1 9 8%2 2 1%1 3 6%5 7%2 3 3%2 8 0%-6 7%-7 4%-8 2%-9 0%-9 0%-8 6%-9 3%-9 4%-9 2%-8 6%-7 7%-7 0%-6 8%-8 4%-7 9%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3Ma i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa nR e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cA l a s k aC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sN o r t h A me r i c aO t h e r011111141 75 301027 6511223141 02 61 3 6-4 4%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ho n g K o n g S A R (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 1A v g.A g e6.07.08.09.01 0.01 1.01 2.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cR e s t o f A s i aN o r t h A me r i c aMe d i t e r r a n e a nE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA l a s k aH o n g K o n g S A R,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:S o u t h K o r e a2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 35 6.15 1.04 4.75 4.5A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 34 6.3 (7 0 0.3%)5.8 (-8 8.1%)4 8.7P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 35.26.15.05.6A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aN o r t h A me r i c aH a wa i iA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eO t h e rMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa n0.7%0.9%0.9%0.9%0.9%1.9%4.3%4.5%1 8.9%6 5.7%4.4%5.0%5.6%1 3.5%2 7.7%3 7.5%4.9%2.0%0.8%1.0%2.0%5.9%5.3%1 3.5%6 3.7%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 2%2 7%2 6%3 5%2 5%5 6%4 3%4 1%4 8%1 1%2 5%1 2%2 1%5%5%6%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 31 6%1 3%2 0%3 1%2 9%3 5%2 3%1 8%1 8%1 2%1 4%1 0%1 1%7%7%4%6%3%5%7%5%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s31 22 21 01221021 32 75P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s91 5843112121110081 51 164213P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aN o r t h A me r i c aH a wa i iA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eO t h e rMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa n0000012293 0000122210013373 16 0%2 1 6%2 0 8%1 6 5%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:S o u t h K o r e a (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 0A v g.A g e3.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.08.59.09.5A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sO t h e rMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s t/Wo r l d C r u i s e/T r a n s a t l a n t i cR e s t o f A s i aN o r t h A me r i c aH a wa i iA l a s k aS o u t h K o r e a,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:P h i l i p p i n e s2 0 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 34 2.94 1.63 8.94 3.0A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 33 4.8 (3 7 6.9%)7.3 (1 8 0 3.9%)0.4 (-9 8.7%)2 9.5P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34.85.53.95.6A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aN o r t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa n0.7%1.5%1.9%2.1%2.3%3.6%9.5%7 7.5%7.4%9.4%1 9.5%5 5.1%1 3.0%2.6%5.3%3.4%5.5%6.0%1 0.6%5 1.5%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 5%1 1%1 2%2 0%1 4%1 8%1 0%3 8%3 7%5 1%4 0%2 5%4 6%1 8%3 6%3%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 31 4%1 4%1 5%1 6%1 4%1 6%1 8%1 6%1 6%1 8%1 9%1 7%1 3%1 3%1 3%1 0%9%8%9%6%6%6%8%9%U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3U p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s0441 41 211410561 17P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s244453221111110124455422P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3R e s t o f A s i aMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aA l a s k aN o r t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sMa i n l a n d C h i n a,H o n g K o n g,T a i wa n01111132 7111441212231 53 9%8 2%1 3 2%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t eS o u r c e Ma r k e t:P h i l i p p i n e s (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y i n n o r ma l y e a r s,b u t a r e e x a g g e r a t e d i n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 1 d u e t o i mp a c t s f r o m t h e C o v i d-1 9 p a n e d mi c4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 2A v g.A g e3.04.05.06.07.08.09.01 0.01 1.0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sMe d i t e r r a n e a nC a r i b b e a n/S o u t h A me r i c aB a l t i c s/N o r t h e r n E u r o p eA u s t r a l i a/N Z/P a c i ficR e s t o f A s i aN o r t h A me r i c aE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t i n a t i o n sA l a s k aP h i l i p p i n e s,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n/T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3CRUISING.ORGData collection of non-CLIA data,plus commentary provided by:Research and Analysis by:CHART Management ConsultantsCHART assists senior management to understand complex issues,to develop strategic solutions to problems and to devise innovative approaches to capitalizing on the growth of the cruise industry.The firm brings unique experience,analytical rigor,strong communication and implementation skills and exceptional client service to every project.In recent years the firms focus is mostly to Asia and the Pacific.The firm created the highly successful Cruise Tourism Strategy for Papua New Guinea,the National Cruise Tourism Development Strategy for the Philippines,the Pacific Cruise Market Research and Intelligence project and a Development Strategy for South Pacific Tourism.CHARTs recent analytical,research and strategic advice projects in Asia include:a new port development in China;financing newbuilds for Asia;private investment in a new Asian cruise operation;operational and market assessment for a new cruise port development in Vietnam;due diligence on and investment in the Asian river cruise industry;evaluating entry of,and preparing strategy for,a new niche ocean cruise product.CHART Principal,Ted Blamey,is a regular speaker and moderator at major cruise conferences in Asia.The firm designed and delivered the 2013 Asia Cruise Association White Paper as well as all Asia Cruise Trends reports and the subsequent Asia Cruise Deployment&Capacity Reports published by CLIA.For more information:www.CHART About CLIACruise Lines International Association(CLIA)is the preeminent cruise association providing a unified voice for the industry as the leading authority of the global cruise community.The association has representation in North and South America,Europe,Asia,and Australasia.CLIA represents member lines which comprise 95%of global cruise passenger capacity,including the worlds most prestigious ocean,river,and specialty cruise lines,as well as business services providers and the largest network of travel professionals who specialize in cruise travel.
2024-09-02
26页
5星级
2023EUROPE MARKET REPORTEurope as a source market produced 8.2m passengers in 2023,a 6.5%increase from 2019s 7.7m.The largest source market within Europe was Germany with 2.5m passengers,or about 31%of the European total.UK Ireland occupied 2nd place with about 28%share of European source passengers,at 2.28m.Italy rounded out the top three with 1.18m pax,or about 14%of Europes source passengers.The average sailing duration for European source passengers has almost returned to 2019 range,at 8.7 days.The source market sailing the longest durations was the UK Ireland at 10 days,very slightly down from 10.2 days in 2019.Overall,the average sailing age for Europeans was 47.9,a decline from 2019s 49.7.The primary destination to which Europeans sailed was the Mediterranean with 3.75m.This is up from 2019s 3.24m,an increase of almost 16%.This is followed by Northern Europe destinations,accounting for about 1.9m pax,up from 1.4m in 2019.Thus,largely,Europeans sail Europe.2 7%0%0%1%7%0%0%1%0%1%1%1%0%0%1 4%1%0%0%3 1%7%0%0%0%0%0%0%1%1%2 0 2 4 Ma p b o x O p e n S t r e e t Ma pS h a r e o f S o u r c e P a s s e n g e r s,2 0 2 3G e o g r a p h i c S h a r e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38,2 0 5 (4 3%)5,7 2 6 (2 2 8%)1,7 4 8 (-7 7%)7,7 0 7P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 7.94 8.34 8.04 9.7A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38.78.57.38.8A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3G e r ma n yU K&I r e l a n dI t a l yS p a i nF r a n c eA l l O t h e r E u r o p eN e t h e r l a n d sA u s t r i aS wi t z e r l a n dB e l g i u mP o r t u g a lN o r wa yD e n ma r kS we d e n2 9 (-8%)3 5 (2 0%)7 2 (2 0%)7 4 (6 6%)8 3 (5 2%)1 0 1 (4 6%)1 0 9 (9 8%)1 2 0 (4 6%)3 0 5 (7 1%)5 7 6 (7 7%)5 8 7 (4 2%)1,1 7 6 (4 9%)2,2 8 1 (3 7%)2,5 1 3 (3 4%)3 2 (5 1 8%)3 0 (6 0 4%)6 0 (7 2%)4 5 (2 7 5%)5 5 (4 4 5%)7 0 (2 4 6%)5 5 (2 7 6%)8 2 (5 3 0%)1 7 9 (3 1 7%)3 2 5 (1 8 0%)4 1 4 (4 5 9%)7 9 1 (1 3 3%)1,6 6 3 (2 4 7%)1,8 7 6 (2 2 6%)5 (-9 1%)4 (-9 1%)3 5 (-6 5%)1 2 (-8 3%)1 0 (-8 5%)2 0 (-8 6%)1 5 (-8 9%)1 3 (-8 9%)4 3 (-8 1%)1 1 6 (-7 9%)7 4 (-8 7%)3 4 0 (-6 4%)4 7 9 (-7 6%)5 7 6 (-7 8%)5 94 59 86 96 61 4 01 3 61 2 32 3 15 4 55 5 39 5 01,9 9 22,5 8 7P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)f o r T o p C o u n t r i e s4 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 0A v g.A g e681 01 2A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sU K&I r e l a n dS wi t z e r l a n dS we d e nS p a i nP o r t u g a lN o r wa yN e t h e r l a n d sG e r ma n yF r a n c eD e n ma r kB e l g i u mA u s t r i aA l l O t h e r E u r o p eA v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h f o r T o p S o u r c e Ma r k e t s,2 0 2 3R e g i o n a l O v e r v i e w:E u r o p e 2 0 1 9 t o 2 0 2 3 (2 0 2 0 O mi t t e d)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 6%1 5%1 6%1 5%2 1%1 9%1 9%2 0%2 1%2 1%2 0%2 0%1 4%1 5%1 4%1 4%1 1%1 0%1 0%9%6%7%7%7%5%5%6%6%7%8%8%9%A v e r a g e P a s s e n g e r A g e G r o u p s=7 0 Y e a r s4 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 46 66 8A v g.A g e51 01 52 0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sT r a n s a t l a n t i c&Wo r l d C r u i s eP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mO t h e rN o r t h e r n E u r o p eN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tH a wa i iE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t.E a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.C a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dB a l t i c sA u s t r a l i a/N e w Z e a l a n d/P a c i ficA s i a&C h i n aA f r i c a/Mi d d l e E a s tN o T r a d e I d e n t i fie dA l a s k aA v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y D e s t i n a t i o n /T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3R e g i o n a l O v e r v i e w:E u r o p e (C o n t i n u e d)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0%1 1%1 9%1 2%1 8%1 8%5 5%6 0%5 8%5 7%1 1%2%2%4%2%3%3%9%4%6%6%7%4%9%3%3%A v e r a g e C r u i s e D u r a t i o nU p t o 3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s P l u sC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eE a s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.A f r i c a/Mi d d l e E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c&Wo r l d C r u i s eB a l t i c sE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t.O t h e rA s i a&C h i n aN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tA l a s k aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mA u s t r a l i a/N e w Z e a l a n d/P a c i ficC a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dH a wa i i2,7 8 7.61,9 6 1.29 6 6.17 4 7.24 7 6.83 3 2.61 9 2.91 8 1.21 7 6.11 0 0.58 2.14 4.94 4.24 3.83 4.01 7.51 0.3V o l u me o f P a s s e n g e r s (i n K)t o D e s t i n a t i o n s,2 0 2 3A t l e a s t 4 K P a s s e n g e r s p e r D e s t i n a t i o nC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eE a s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c sA f r i c a/Mi d d l e E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c&Wo r l d C r u i s eO t h e rE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t.A s i a&C h i n aA l a s k aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mA u s t r a l i a/N e w Z e a l a n d/P a c i ficC a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tH a wa i i1,0 0 6,5 2%3 1 7,1 2%3 6 6,1 4%6 5 9,2 5%3 0 8,3 6%6 0 4,2 3%6 6 7,3 5%1 8 8,2 2%2 6 7,3 8%2 1 6,4 6%4 8 4,1 8%1 6 1,2 3%2 2 4,4 8%1 4 0,5 4%1 0,5 7%7,6 9%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)b y T r a d e&T o p S o u r c e C o u n t r i e sR e g i o n a l O v e r v i e w:E u r o p e (C o n t i n u e d)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eE a s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.A f r i c a/Mi d d l e E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c&Wo r l d C r u i s eB a l t i c sE x p l o r a t i o n D e s t.O t h e rA s i a&C h i n aN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tA l a s k aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mA u s t r a l i a/N e w Z e a l a n d/P a c i ficC a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dH a wa i iN o T r a d e I d e n t i fie d6 (3 5%)1 0 (5 2%)1 7 (6 8%)3 4 (2 2 3%)4 4 (2 7 5%)4 4 (2 5%)4 5 (4 0 1%)8 2 (4 8 9%)1 0 1 (1%)1 7 6 (1 5 9%)1 8 1 (1 4%)1 9 3 (7 6%)3 3 3 (1 2 1%)4 7 7 (4 5%)7 4 7 (8 2%)9 6 6 (1 5%)1,9 6 1 (3 8%)2,7 8 8 (3 7%)471 01 11 23 591 41 0 0 (4 3 6%)6 8 (3 0 9%)1 6 0 (1 5%)1 1 0 (5 3 1%)1 5 1 (4 6 1%)3 2 9 (1 4 9%)4 1 0 (6 8 4%)8 3 8 (2 2 2%)1,4 1 9 (2 1 6%)2,0 4 1 (2 2 4%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)(-1 0 0%)1 9 (-8 9%)1 7 (-8 5%)1 3 9 (-6 7%)1 7 (-9 2%)2 7 (-9 2%)1 3 2 (-7 2%)5 2 (-9 4%)2 6 0 (-7 0%)4 4 9 (-6 8%)6 3 1 (-7 3%)1 04 25 16 44 51 62 0 11 6 81 1 34 2 12 2 23 1 94 7 39 0 48 7 41,4 1 62,3 6 7P a s s e n g e r V o l u me b y T r a d e (K)Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 43 3 9,1 2%6 2 0,1 2%7 2 7,1 0%4 5 7,1 6%6 2 8,1 2%7 3 8,1 0%5 5 5,1 0%1 0 5,4%1 4 3,3%1 3 4,2%1 3 5,3%1 4 7,3%2 7 4,4%1 0 2,2%1 3 8,5%2 9 2,6%4 7 0,6%2 6 3,5%4 8 7,9%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)b y Q u a r t e r&T o p S o u r c e C o u n t r i e s i n,2 0 2 3G e r ma n yU K&I r e l a n dI t a l yS p a i nF r a n c eN e t h e r l a n d sS wi t z e r l a n dA u s t r i aN o r wa yS o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ge r ma n y2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 7.04 7.54 7.94 9.1A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32,5 1 3 (3 4.0%)1,8 7 6 (2 2 5.8%)5 7 6 (-7 7.7%)2,5 8 7P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38.98.67.59.1A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a n a r y I s l.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE a s t e r n Me d.B a l t i c sO t h e rT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tA s i a/C h i n aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tA u s t r a l a s i aA l a s k aC a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n d0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.4%1.2%1.7%2.5%3.3%4.7%5.1%5.6%6.4%8.9%1 9.2%4 0.1%0.2%0.2%0.7%1.4%4.3%4.7%1 1.3%3.6%5.0%8.5%2 0.4%3 9.4%1.1%1.3%1.7%1 5.7%1 3.6%2.4%2.6%1 5.9%2 2.9%2 2.7%1.1%0.2%0.5%0.1%0.6%2.4%1.1%3.0%5.1%9.0%5.8%5.8%7.7%9.7%2 3.7%2 4.0%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 7%1 5%2 5%2 5%4 9%6 5%5 1%4 9%3%2%3%5%3%4%3%9%4%9%9%6%6%7%8%6%3%3%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 3%1 1%1 2%1 2%2 0%1 8%1 9%1 9%2 4%2 5%2 3%2 2%1 5%1 5%1 4%1 4%1 1%1 0%1 0%9%6%6%7%7%5%5%6%6%7%8%8%9%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s7 38 82 3 56 1 61,2 2 91 9 18 14 17 11 6 34 6 79 5 61 2 45 361 92 18 93 7 23 63 47 31 3 02 2 76 9 01,2 7 41 4 35 08 0%2 3%4 4%3 2%2 9%5 4%5 3%5 4 7%2 8 5%6 8 2%4 2 7%1 5 7%2 4 7%5 7%-9 1%-8 6%-9 1%-8 7%-7 1%-7 5%-3 3%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s2 8 64 5 65 2 43 4 02 4 71 6 21 3 52 2 42 0 93 2 83 8 92 4 61 7 91 1 91 0 01 4 55 99 51 3 08 05 63 32 74 03 0 04 7 85 6 93 3 92 1 71 5 11 1 61 6 73 6%3 9%3 5%3 8%3 8%3 7%3 6%5 5%2 5 2%2 4 5%1 9 9%2 0 9%2 2 3%2 5 6%2 6 6%2 6 4%-8 0%-8 0%-7 7%-7 7%-7 4%-7 8%-7 7%-7 6%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a n a r y I s l.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE a s t e r n Me d.B a l t i c sO t h e rT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tA s i a/C h i n aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tA u s t r a l a s i aA l a s k aC a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n d457793 14 26 28 41 1 71 2 81 4 01 6 12 2 44 8 41,0 0 6351 32 78 18 72 1 16 79 41 6 03 8 37 3 9681 09 07 81 41 59 21 3 21 3 02 851 441 66 32 87 71 3 22 3 41 5 01 5 01 9 82 5 26 1 26 2 03 7%5 7 9%2 3 4%1 2 9%4%3 4%-3 9%1 0 9%7 2%4 0%2 6%3 6%9 5%2 5 3%7 4 8%-3%1 7 0%3 7 8%5 1 5%7 4%1 9 1%4 6 6%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-7 7%-9 0%-9 3%-6 1%-4 8%-9 1%-9 2%-6 4%-7 9%-7 9%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ge r ma n y (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 16 26 36 4A v g.A g e681 01 21 41 61 82 0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aB a l t i c sA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.P a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mO t h e rE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.C a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dA u s t r a l a s i aA s i a/C h i n aA l a s k aG e r ma n y,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:I r e l a n d&Un i t e d K i n g d o m2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 35 4.95 5.85 5.25 7.2A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32,2 8 1 (3 7.2%)1,6 6 3 (2 4 7.5%)4 7 9 (-7 6.0%)1,9 9 2P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0.09.77.21 0.2A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.E a s t e r n Me d.T r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tB a l t i c sA l a s k aA s i a/C h i n aA u s t r a l a s i aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mC a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dO t h e rH a wa i i0.3%0.3%0.4%0.7%0.8%0.9%1.3%1.4%1.4%1.5%2.4%3.3%8.2%9.5%1 1.7%2 6.5%2 9.3%0.3%0.8%0.4%0.3%1.0%0.4%0.3%1.5%2.0%0.4%2.2%3.0%1 0.9%9.3%1 0.6%2 7.5%2 9.0%1.7%8.4%1.2%0.9%3.9%7.7%4.9%1 3.4%5 7.4%0.3%0.3%0.5%1.2%2.0%1.2%3.8%1.5%3.8%0.4%2.3%3.9%7.2%7.6%1 5.4%2 5.0%2 3.5%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 0%1 2%1 9%2 2%2 1%1 4%1 9%1 9%3 8%3 2%4 3%4 1%2 1%1 9%3%3%3%6%2%4%5%5%8%7%5%4%2%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 8%2 4%2 5%2 4%2 7%2 6%2 7%2 7%2 0%2 0%2 0%1 9%1 0%9%9%9%5%7%6%7%4%4%5%5%3%3%4%4%4%6%4%5%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s6 01 1 54 9 34 4 09 4 41 6 95 65 17 13 1 33 1 37 1 71 2 57 061 25 56 61 5 19 98 96 31 2 74 0 74 1 87 6 41 0 71 0 11 7%6 4%5 8%4 0%3 2%3 5%-2 0%7 1 3%5 1 0%4 6 6%3 7 8%3 7 3%2 6%-2 1%-9 0%-9 1%-8 6%-8 4%-8 0%-7%-1 2%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s4 4 55 0 53 5 31 7 11 2 49 37 59 63 3 93 6 22 6 21 1 98 36 65 05 79 91 0 98 34 23 01 61 02 34 1 64 0 62 9 81 3 38 16 14 75 93 1%4 0%3 5%4 4%4 9%4 1%4 9%6 9%2 4 3%2 3 2%2 1 5%1 8 0%1 7 9%3 0 6%3 8 0%1 4 4%-7 6%-7 3%-7 2%-6 8%-6 3%-7 3%-7 8%-6 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.E a s t e r n Me d.T r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tB a l t i c sA l a s k aA s i a/C h i n aA u s t r a l a s i aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mC a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dO t h e rH a wa i i781 01 61 92 03 03 13 33 55 57 51 8 82 1 62 6 76 0 46 6 751 4751 7662 53 363 65 01 8 21 5 51 7 74 5 74 8 384 0641 93 72 46 42 7 5661 02 34 02 47 62 97 684 77 91 4 31 5 23 0 64 9 84 6 85 0%-4 2%3 8%2 2 9%1 0%2 1 9%4 4 9%2 3%-2%4 6 4%5 3%5 1%3%3 9%5 1%3 2%3 8%6 5%-1 7%5 0 6%1 0 8 9%8 6 4%3 2 3%6 5 2%6 1 2%7 6%-1 0 0%3 5%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-4 7%-1 0 0%-8 7%-9 5%-8 7%-7 6%-9 2%-8 7%-4 1%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:I r e l a n d&Un i t e d K i n g d o m(C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 16 26 36 4A v g.A g e81 01 21 41 61 82 0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sO t h e rN o r t h e r n E u r o p eN A We s t C o a s t/Me x i c o/C a l i f o r n i a/P a c i fic C o a s tE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aB a l t i c sA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.P a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mH a wa i iE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.C a n a d a/N e w E n g l a n dA u s t r a l a s i aA s i a/C h i n aA l a s k aI r e l a n d&U n i t e d K i n g d o m,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:I t a l y2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 1.74 0.74 1.04 3.2A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31,1 7 6 (4 8.7%)7 9 1 (1 3 2.9%)3 4 0 (-6 4.2%)9 5 0P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 37.57.26.97.3A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aN o r t h e r n E u r o p eA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.B a l t i c sA s i a/C h i n aC a n a r y I s l.O t h e r0.3%0.5%0.6%0.8%1.0%3.9%4.9%5.4%2 6.2%5 6.0%0.4%0.7%2.0%4.4%2.8%2 7.6%6 1.6%0.9%0.8%3 1.9%6 5.7%1.1%1.4%1.2%2.7%1.3%0.5%3.3%5.2%7.8%2 5.5%4 9.5%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0%7 8%8 4%8 2%7 8%3%4%7%9%5%8%6%6%5%4%2%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0%1 4%1 1%1 2%1 3%1 8%1 7%1 7%1 8%1 8%1 7%1 7%1 7%1 2%1 5%1 4%1 2%1 2%1 0%1 2%1 1%1 3%1 2%8%8%9%8%9%8%8%9%9%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s663 91 0 99 2 17 32 341 45 66 5 24 52 01 22 8 52 81 461 189 57 4 14 54 46 1%1 8 4%9 3%4 1%6 3%1 6%3 6 8%1 2 9%6 1%4 2%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 7%-6 2%-3 8%-6 9%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s1 0 21 5 52 1 01 9 11 4 41 0 81 0 41 4 16 59 21 3 61 3 51 0 67 76 71 0 22 73 75 75 54 94 02 73 69 41 3 31 7 11 6 41 1 17 87 11 0 85 7%6 9%5 4%4 1%3 6%4 0%5 6%3 7%1 4 1%1 4 6%1 4 0%1 4 5%1 1 8%9 2%1 4 8%1 8 5%-7 1%-7 2%-6 7%-6 6%-5 6%-4 9%-6 2%-6 7%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aN o r t h e r n E u r o p eA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.B a l t i c sA s i a/C h i n aC a n a r y I s l.O t h e r4571 01 24 65 86 43 0 86 5 9351 53 52 22 1 94 8 7331 0 82 2 31 11 41 12 61 253 25 07 42 4 34 7 01 2 8%8 7%1 9 8%6 6%1 8 3%4 1%3 5%1 1%5 0 5%1 0 2%1 1 8%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 9%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-9 2%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-5 5%-5 3%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:I t a l y (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.3 94 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 7A v g.A g e681 01 21 41 61 82 02 2A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aB a l t i c sA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.A s i a/C h i n aI t a l y,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:S p a i n2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 5.04 3.64 5.04 5.6A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 35 8 7 (4 1.9%)4 1 4 (4 5 8.9%)7 4 (-8 6.6%)5 5 3P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 37.57.37.27.4A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c sP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mA s i a/C h i n a0.4%0.9%1.0%1.1%1.4%2.4%3.9%8.8%1 7.1%6 2.3%0.8%0.5%1.2%1.3%3.6%7.0%1 5.3%6 9.1%1 4.5%7 8.7%0.7%5.3%2.8%0.6%1.4%3.3%5.1%1 0.2%1 8.7%5 0.6%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38 6%8 6%8 3%8 2%2%7%7%8%9%3%6%4%4%2%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 2%1 1%1 1%1 3%1 8%1 5%1 4%1 6%1 9%1 9%1 8%1 8%1 7%1 8%1 8%1 7%1 1%1 3%1 1%1 0%1 1%1 0%7%8%7%7%8%7%9%9%9%9%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s541 45 24 8 12 372373 43 4 41 6856 443653 84 7 41 51 31 4 9%4 9%9 2%5 6%4 0%4 7%-1 5%5 7 6%4 3 9%2 7 4%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 7%-8 7%-7 2%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s7 39 21 0 39 56 04 05 45 64 45 87 37 44 62 93 84 381 11 41 396576 39 71 0 19 26 03 74 45 16 7%5 9%4 1%2 9%3 1%3 5%4 5%3 0%4 3 5%4 3 2%4 1 6%4 6 2%3 8 9%4 2 6%6 2 1%5 4 5%-8 7%-8 9%-8 6%-8 6%-8 4%-8 5%-8 8%-8 7%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c sP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mA s i a/C h i n a256681 42 35 21 0 03 6 632551 52 96 32 8 61 15 842 91 5481 82 85 71 0 42 8 05 0%1 8 0%6 0%1 6 0%5 2%7 9%5 8%2 8%4 9 0%3 9 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-9 0%-7 9%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:S p a i n (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 9A v g.A g e681 01 21 41 61 82 02 2A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aB a l t i c sA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.P a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.S p a i n,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:F r a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 6.84 6.74 6.24 9.0A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 35 7 6 (7 7.3%)3 2 5 (1 8 0.2%)1 1 6 (-7 8.7%)5 4 5P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 37.87.57.48.0A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.P a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mB a l t i c sA u s t r a l a s i aA s i a/C h i n aO t h e r0.5%0.6%0.7%1.0%1.8%2.1%2.5%6.8%1 0.0%1 8.2%5 5.1%0.8%1.2%3.0%1.9%5.6%1 1.3%1 1.4%6 2.3%2.6%1 0.4%4.1%7 5.2%0.7%2.0%0.6%2.2%1.2%1.1%1.8%3.5%3.6%6.5%1 4.4%2 2.3%4 0.0%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 4%1 0%1 2%1 0%7 0%7 3%7 6%7 0%1 3%2%3%2%7%5%5%8%4%3%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 8%1 7%1 7%1 7%2 0%1 6%1 7%1 7%1 7%1 6%1 7%1 7%1 4%1 5%1 5%1 4%1 0%1 0%1 0%1 1%1 0%1 0%9%6%7%7%7%6%8%8%7%9%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s81 13 85 74 0 44 81 1483 92 4 71 71 01 18 51 51 01 21 47 73 8 12 72 31 4 4%3 7 2%4 7%6 4%1 8 3%1 6%2 4 3%1 9 1%1 2%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 5%-7 8%-4 5%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s8 68 88 67 45 03 63 75 35 14 94 94 42 92 12 33 11 81 71 71 61 1781 29 21 0 28 67 04 62 83 24 66 8%7 9%7 6%6 8%7 5%7 3%6 6%7 2%1 8 4%1 9 7%1 8 9%1 7 1%1 7 1%1 9 9%1 8 1%1 6 6%-8 0%-8 4%-8 0%-7 7%-7 7%-7 6%-7 5%-7 5%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.P a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mB a l t i c sA u s t r a l a s i aO t h e rA s i a/C h i n a33461 01 21 43 95 81 0 53 1 7341 061 83 73 72 0 231 258 71 1431 2661 01 92 03 57 81 2 12 1 82 1%1 6 8%2 5%1 2 9%1 1 5%5 7%1 8 2%5 7%5 0 8%2 0 6%6 8 6%1 3 2%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-9 2%-8 5%-9 6%-6 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:F r a n c e (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 16 26 36 46 5A v g.A g e681 01 21 41 61 82 02 2A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aB a l t i c sA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.A u s t r a l a s i aF r a n c e,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ne t h e r l a n d s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 35 2.35 3.35 0.25 3.0A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 2 0 (4 6.0%)8 2 (5 2 9.5%)1 3 (-8 9.3%)1 2 3P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 39.28.67.99.1A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c sT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.A s i a/C h i n aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mA l a s k a1.7%1.9%2.6%3.2%5.0%5.8%8.8%1 4.3%2 2.8%2 9.6%2.7%4.8%3.2%4.3%9.5%1 1.1%2 0.5%3 7.7%4 4.5%1 7.0%1.7%2.1%3.2%2.0%4.3%4.9%5.7%4.9%6.6%2 1.0%2 0.1%2 1.1%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 3%1 9%2 2%1 7%1 8%5 9%5 9%6 6%5 6%2%2%5%3%4%9%8%4%4%6%2%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 1%2 3%2 2%2 3%1 8%2 2%2 2%2 1%2 3%2 1%2 1%1 2%1 1%1 1%6%6%7%6%6%7%5%5%6%5%5%6%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s241 52 16 77271 45 4338361 12 37 2531 1 4%1 2 5%5 6%2 4%1 1 7%3 7 0%6 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 7%-8 9%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s2 62 52 41 288661 81 71 685544232 42 62 41 377664 5%4 9%4 7%5 1%5 6%6 0%5 6%7 9%7 0 8%5 0 8%-1 0 0%-9 2%-8 9%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c sT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.A s i a/C h i n aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mA l a s k a2234671 11 72 73 62434891 73 1622342567682 62 52 60%-2 1%1 2 7%9 5%3 4%8 8%6 3%1 4%1 9 0%1 2 9 5%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-7 6%-9 1%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:Ne t h e r l a n d s (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 16 26 36 4A v g.A g e7891 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 92 0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c sA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.A s i a/C h i n aN e t h e r l a n d s,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:A u s t r i a2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 7.54 8.94 7.65 0.2A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0 9 (9 7.7%)5 5 (2 7 6.4%)1 5 (-8 9.2%)1 3 6P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38.58.57.48.5A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tC a n a r y I s l.T r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tB a l t i c sA s i a/C h i n aO t h e r2.5%3.0%4.4%6.9%8.4%1 1.3%2 1.1%3 6.7%4.6%5.2%6.9%1 4.5%2 3.2%3 6.8%3 0.6%4 0.6%2.3%2.9%4.8%1.5%3.0%6.0%6.7%1 0.1%1 2.6%1 9.7%2 8.1%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 1%1 6%2 2%2 1%5 7%6 4%5 8%5 7%2%4%5%5%6%7%6%6%4%6%4%3%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 4%1 5%1 2%2 2%1 8%2 1%2 0%2 3%2 1%2 1%2 1%1 6%1 6%1 5%1 6%8%9%9%6%7%7%5%6%6%6%8%8%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s572 36 273341 23 22293582 87 8858 5%8 6%8 6%9 3%2 0 6%4 1 2%2 4 1%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-9 2%-8 8%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s1 22 12 11 61 076871 01 0743342321 82 72 91 91 08687 2%1 0 6%1 0 9%1 1 6%1 1 8%1 2 2%1 1 8%1 2 9%3 2 9%2 8 1%2 5 5%-1 0 0%-9 1%-9 1%-8 9%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tC a n a r y I s l.T r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tO t h e rB a l t i c sA s i a/C h i n a335891 22 34 033481 32 05647324891 41 72 73 89 0%1 6 1%1 4 0%5 3%8 0%9 7%1 8 5%2 4 1%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 3%-8 4%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:A u s t r i a (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 1A v g.A g e681 01 21 41 61 82 0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.A u s t r i a,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:S wi t z e r l a n d2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 8.14 9.44 6.54 9.5A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 0 1 (4 5.7%)7 0 (2 4 5.7%)2 0 (-8 5.6%)1 4 0P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 39.28.77.89.4A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c sA s i a/C h i n aP a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mO t h e r3.0%3.5%4.8%5.5%1 0.5%1 0.9%1 2.9%3 9.7%3.2%3.4%1 9.5%6.8%1 2.6%4 4.9%1 7.3%5 2.1%2.0%2.0%3.4%4.2%4.1%2.9%4.9%6.6%1 3.0%9.8%1 7.3%2 7.1%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 32 2%1 7%2 2%1 9%5 0%6 4%6 0%5 4%5%3%6%4%5%6%5%9%6%4%7%5%3%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 7%1 5%2 0%1 7%2 0%1 5%1 8%1 8%2 0%1 9%1 8%1 9%1 4%1 5%1 4%1 4%1 0%1 0%9%6%6%6%6%6%6%8%9%9%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s2 1 D a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 D a y s2 1 D a y s351 01 95 473341 54 2331 37883 17 0977 9%1 5 4%2 7%2 9%1 2 2%3 5 0%2 2 4%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 9%-8 2%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s1 61 81 81 496691 21 01 08643523322 12 42 51 71 17793 5%6 9%7 0%7 1%6 6%6 7%8 2%7 2%3 8 6%3 1 4%2 2 8%2 2 4%-8 8%-9 0%-8 7%-8 6%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.E x p l o r a t i o n D e s tC a n a r y I s l.P a n a ma C a n a l/S o u t h A mO t h e rB a l t i c sA s i a/C h i n a34561 11 11 34 0221 4593 131 0563364791 81 42 43 81 1 6%1 3 5%-2 2%1 3 4%4 9%2 9%2 8 9%1 9 8%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 1%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-7 2%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:S wi t z e r l a n d (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 4A v g.A g e81 01 21 41 61 82 0A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aC a n a r y I s l.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tT r a n s a t l a n t i c/Wo r l d C r.S wi t z e r l a n d,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:B e l g i u m2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 8.75 0.95 0.05 3.3A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38 3 (5 1.5%)5 5 (4 4 5.0%)1 0 (-8 4.6%)6 6P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38.08.07.68.5A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tB a l t i c s2.9%6.2%1 2.9%1 4.8%1 8.7%3 6.0%8.5%1 3.5%8.5%2 0.5%3 8.2%5 6.7%7.0%6.7%1 4.3%1 3.3%1 9.9%2 5.1%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 9%1 6%1 6%6 5%7 8%7 4%6 8%3%4%4%5%4%5%3%2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 31 9%1 7%1 5%2 6%2 4%2 1%2 1%2 0%2 0%1 3%1 3%1 4%6%7%8%5%6%6%5%6%7%5%6%8%1-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31-3 D a y s4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 4 D a y s1 5-2 0 d a y s41 35 642294 18231 34 339 8%5 1%3 8%4 1 9%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 1%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s1 21 71 61 1755691 31 0743331 21 61 3843333 0%3 3%4 9%5 7%7 2%5 3%6 3%9 0%-2 3%-2 3%-2 1%-1 3%-6%6%4%1 3%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aE a s t e r n Me d.A f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tB a l t i c s251 11 21 63 05751 12 1654991 31 61 2%4 5%1 6 4%3 8%4 3%2 6 7%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-6 5%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:B e l g i u m(C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 8A v g.A g e7891 01 11 2A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE x p l o r a t i o n D e s tE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tB e l g i u m,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3S o u r c e Ma r k e t:P o r t u g a l2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34 9.34 6.45 0.44 9.3A v e r a g e A g e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 37 4 (6 6.2%)4 5 (2 7 5.0%)1 2 (-8 2.7%)6 9P a s s e n g e r V o l u me (K)2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 38.18.28.87.5A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n,i n D a y s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c s3.2%9.7%1 3.2%2 3.2%4 1.5%1 0.5%8.7%1 9.0%5 1.6%1 7.0%6 9.0%4.3%5.8%3.2%1 3.8%7.5%2 4.0%3 5.1%P a s s e n g e r P e r c e n t a g e s b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o n=7 0 Y e a r s2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 2%4 8%2 9%2 3%7 7%4 6%6 1%6 7%5%5%2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 31 5%1 4%1 9%2 2%2 2%1 7%1 8%1 8%2 0%1 9%1 8%1 6%1 7%1 5%1 0%9%9%6%8%8%6%8%7%7%8%7%4-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 d a y s%b yA g eR a n g e%b yD u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 34-6 D a y s7 D a y s8-1 3 D a y s1 75 041 32 76585 333 3%8 3%1 2 1%3 9 5%-3 0%-9 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y D u r a t i o nP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3=7 0 Y e a r s1 41 41 31 1765567874443321 01 51 21 164451 3 9%8 1%6 3%4 5%5 9%6 3%3 6%5 0%1 8 7%2 5 0%-1 0 0%-8 3%-8 1%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y A g e G r o u pP a s s e n g e r i n K2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3 V a r i a n c e2 0 1 92 0 2 12 0 2 22 0 2 3C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.E a s t e r n Me d.N o r t h e r n E u r o p eC a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tC a n a r y I s l.B a l t i c s271 01 73 15482 328342951 62 45 4%1 5 3%1 0 3%3 4%3 2 0%1 8 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-1 0 0%-8 8%-6 6%P a s s e n g e r V o l u me&Y O Y C h a n g e b y T r a d e R o u t e /D e s t i n a t i o nS o u r c e Ma r k e t:P o r t u g a l (C o n t i n u e d)D a t a P o i n t s wi t h V a l u e s B e l o w 2,0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s a r e n o t D i s p l a y e d i n t h e a b o v e V i s u a l s a n d T a b l e s.S o me D a t a P o i n t s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g d i me n s i o n s we r e n o t c a p t u r e d,a n d we r e i g n o r e d f r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t a b l e s a n d v i s u a l s:A g e G r o u p,D u r a t i o n G r o u p,a n d T r a d e N a me;t h e s e e x c l u s i o n s a c c o u n t f o r,o n a v e r a g e,1%o f e a c h d i s p l a y.4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 95 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 96 06 1A v g.A g e78A v g.L e n g t h i n D a y sN o r t h e r n E u r o p eE a s t e r n Me d.C e n t r a l&We s t e r n Me d.C a r i b b e a n/B a h a ma s/B e r mu d aA f r i c a/Mi d-E a s tP o r t u g a l,A v e r a g e A g e a n d C r u i s e L e n g t h b y T r a d e R o u t e,2 0 2 3CRUISING.ORGData collection of non-CLIA Passengers by:About CLIACruise Lines International Association(CLIA)is the preeminent cruise association providing a unified voice for the industry as the leading authority of the global cruise community.The association has representation in North and South America,Europe,Asia,and Australasia.CLIA represents member lines which comprise 95%of global cruise passenger capacity,including the worlds most prestigious ocean,river,and specialty cruise lines,as well as business services providers and the largest network of travel professionals who specialize in cruise travel.
2024-09-02
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State of the Cruise Industry ReportMay 2024Updated 8 May 202423About Cruise Lines International Association4Cruise by the Numbers15Cruise Trends24Charting the Future of Sustainable Cruise Travel31The Present&Future Value of Cruise Tourism35The 2024-2028 OrderbookContentsAbout Cruise Lines International AssociationCruise Lines International Association(CLIA)provides a unified voice for the industry as the leading authority of the global cruise community.Together with its members and partners,CLIA supports:Policies and practices that foster a safe,healthy and sustainable cruise operations;Tourism strategies that maximise the socio-economic benefits of cruise travel;and Technologies and innovations that protect and preserve our planet.CRUISE BY THE NUMBERS42023 Passenger VolumeCRUISE BY THE NUMBERSSource Region20232019%Change(2019 to 2023)Global31.7 million29.7 million 6.8%North America18.1million15.4 million 17.5%Europe8.2 million7.7 million 6.5%Asia2.3 million3.7 million-37.7%Australasia1.34 million1.35 million-1.0%South America996 k935 k 6.6%Source:CLIA 2023 Global Passenger Report5CRUISE BY THE NUMBERS82%of those who have cruised will cruise again71%of international travelers are considering taking their first cruiseIntent to cruise continues to be strong among Forever Cruisers and Potential New Cruisers.12%of cruise travelers cruise twice a year.10%of cruise travelers take three to five cruises a year.Source:CLIA Sentiment Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)6Global cruise capacity is forecast to grow at least 10%from 2024 to 2028.CRUISE BY THE NUMBERS7483K524K540K582K590K604K625K656K677K701K730K737K745K0100200300400500600700800201620172018201920202021202220232024F 2025F 2026F 2027F 2028FCruise capacity projections(number of cruise ship berths)Source:CLIA ForecastCRUISE BY THE NUMBERS History and Forecast of Ocean-going Cruise Passengers(amounts in millions)Source:CLIA Passenger Data,2019 2023 and CLIA Cruise Forecast (March 2024)107%of 2019 passenger volume29.75.84.820.431.734.737.138.839.70.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.0201920202021202220232024F2025F2026F2027FCruise travel reached 107%of 2019 levels in 2023with 31.7 million passengers sailing.This compares to overall international tourism arrivals,which are 12%lower than 2019.By 2027,cruise is forecast to grow to nearly 40 million passengers 8Cruise tourism is resilientrebounding faster than other forms of travel and tourism.The future of cruise is the younger generation.Millennials are the most enthusiastic about planning a cruise holidayCRUISE BY THE NUMBERS946Average age of a cruise traveler(36%are under the age of 40)Millennials are the most enthusiastic cruise travelers of the futureGen Z14%Millennials22%Gen X24by Boomers24%Traditionalists10%Gen Alpha 6tt%Traditionalists Baby BoomersGen-XMillennialsGen-Z%of Cruise Travelers who Plan to Cruise AgainSource:CLIA Cruise Traveler Sentiment,Perception,and Intent Survey(March 2024);cruise travelers who have cruised in the past two yearsCruise is a global industry,with cruise lines operating in every major world region.10Percentage of cruise passengers traveling by cruise to the worlds regionsSource:CLIA 1Resource Deployment Data(2023)Top 10 Source Markets in 2019 and Respective Passenger Volume in 2023CRUISE BY THE NUMBERS11During 2023,there were significant relative gains in passengers cruising from Brazil,Italy and the UK.All other markets generally returned to levels similar to 2019.Most increases were in the United States,with an incremental increase of 2.7 million passengers,19%higher than 2019.China re-opened in September 2024,and while there was a surge in cruise passenger volume,it wasnt enough to return the market to its status as a major source market.Source:CLIA 2023 Global Passenger ReportTop 10 Destinations in 2019 and Respective Passenger Volume in 2023CRUISE BY THE NUMBERS12Aside from decline in China,gains were distributed among the top destinations to varying degrees.The Caribbean,which continues to be the worlds most visited region by cruise,gained almost 1million new cruise visitors in 2023 compared to 2019.Cruise destinations with the highest percentage increases in travelers include:The MediterraneanNorth Americas West CoastSouth AmericaAlaska Source:CLIA 2023 Global Passenger ReportAbout the IndustryPlenty of room for growth:Cruise is currently only 2%of the travel and tourism sector.Strong and resilient:Consistent and steady growth over the past 50 yearswith cruise more resilient than other sectors through downturns.Responsible and sustainable:Cruise is one of the safest ways to traveland is becoming one of the most responsible and best ways to see the worldwith cruise lines advancing an ambitious sustainability agenda.13 1%Cruise ships comprise of the worlds commercial fleet CRUISE TRENDS1516of cruisers in the past two years are new-to-cruise,an increase of 12%compared to the prior two-year periodWelcome Aboard:An increasing number of new-to-cruise travelers are choosing a holiday at sea.27%CRUISE TRENDSSource:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)17Millennials and Gen Z are more likely to travel solo than other generations.8-13%of cruise travelers are traveling soloCRUISE TRENDSSource:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)13%from Canada ports8%on average globally,10%from U.S.ports,18of cruise travelers sail with three to five generations Cruises are a top choice for multi-generational travelerswith one-third of families sailing with at least two generations.28%CRUISE TRENDSSource:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)19of cruise travelers only considered cruise for their holiday this year CRUISE TRENDSThe ability to visit multiple destinations value for the money are the top reasons cruisers love to cruise.11%Source:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)20Text CRUISE TRENDSExpedition and exploration are the fastest-growing cruise itineraries being sailed.The number of passengers sailing on expedition itineraries has increased 71%from 2019 to 2023 71%Source:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)21New private islands or beach clubs opening in the next two years CRUISE TRENDSCruise lines are investing in private islands and beach clubs,including enhancing existing ones.5 Source:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)22of cruise travelers say travel advisors have a meaningful impact on their decision to cruise Travel advisors meaningfully influence traveler decisions to cruise;the main driver for working with a travel agent is their advisors knowledge and experience.73%CRUISE TRENDSSource:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024)45%of cruise travelers booked an accessible shore excursion in the past year CRUISE TRENDSAccessibility is a travel imperative,and today more than 100 accessible shore excursions are available in cruise ports of call.Source:CLIA Sentiment,Perception and Intent Survey(March 2024);data regarding the number of accessible shore excursions provided by Sage Inclusion 23CHARTING THE FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE CRUISE TRAVEL24 Reducing emissions at berth and at sea Pursuing fuel flexibility,conducting multiple trials Making substantial and concrete investments in environmental technologies and practicesCruise lines are pursuing net-zero emissions by 2050CLIA-member cruise lines are sailing to a better future:Reducing emissions at berth and at sea by investing in technologies,infrastructure and operational efficiencies.CHARTING THE FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE CRUISE TRAVELNew EnginesPropulsion TechnologyNew Fuels SupplyShoreside Electricity Deployment TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTUREDigitizationReducing Waste&Energy LoadsOptimizing Route&Itinerary PlanningOPERATIONS26The cruise industry is investing billions in new ships and engines that allow for fuel flexibility to use low to zero-GHG fuels,once available at scale,with little to no engine modification.These fuels and energy sources include green methanol,bioLNG and synthetic LNG,hydrogen fuel cells,photovoltaic/solar(in use on five ships today),battery storage,wind(in use on three ships today)Cruise lines are investing in propulsion technologies with conversion capabilitiesPursuing fuel flexibility by investing in propulsion technologies with conversion capabilities for the future.Cruise lines are building the ships of the future,which will run on new,more sustainable engine technologies.There are 32 pilot projects and collaborative initiatives underway with sustainable fuel producers and engine companies testing sustainable fuels and technologies.CHARTING THE FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE CRUISE TRAVEL28Source:CLIA 2023 Environmental Technologies&Practices Report|Alternative Fuels Survey24SHIPS trialing biofuels10 SHIPS using,trialing,or incorporating fuel cells into new-build ships*SHIPS using dual or tri-fuel capable engines10 *Fuel cells are currently being incorporated into 6 new-build ships,3 ships in trials/pilot programs,and 1 ship sailing todayAn increasing number of vessels sailing and launching over the next five years will either use alternative fuels or be able to incorporate zero-carbon fuels once available at scale.CHARTING THE FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE CRUISE TRAVEL297 SHIPS SAILING TODAY using renewable biofuels4 SHIPS ON THEORDERBOOK slated to use green methanol or green hydrogen15%SHIPS LAUNCHINGBY 2028 being built with battery storage and/or fuel cells to allow for hybrid power generationCLIA-member cruise lines utilize a range of technologies and innovations to advance their sustainability initiatives.CHARTING THE FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE CRUISE TRAVELAdvanced Wastewater Treatment Systems(AWTS)CLIA cruise line members have committed to not discharging untreated sewage anywhere in the world during normal operations.Cruise lines also utilize AWTS,which operate to a higher standard than shoreside treatment plants in many coastal cities and go well beyond international requirements.Water Conservation State-of-the-art systems and practices enable cruise lines to produce up to 90%of water on board rather than draw from areas where resources are limited.Systems Designed to Protect Marine Life CLIA members agree to avoid or voluntarily reduce vessel speed in sensitive areas;in addition,many ships have underwater noise and vibration reduction systems,as well as scientists on board to support important ocean and marine life research.Repurposing and Reducing Waste Some ships are able to repurpose 100%of waste,transfer surplus heat from machinery to heat water for showers and pools,and significantly reduce food waste by using bio-digesters.Onshore Power Systems(OPS)Plugging in when ships are in port allows ship engines to be switched off for significant emissions reductions.Today,120 ships(46%of the fleet and 52%of global capacity)have the ability to plug in in ports where the infrastructure is available.Air Lubrication Systems and Hull Coatings Air lubrication systems and coatings for ship hulls reduce drag and,as a result,increase fuel efficiency by nearly 10%.Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems(EGCS)EGCS technologyinstalled on ships is designed to remove 98%of sulphur andwell over 50%of particulate matter,with a 12%reductionin NOx.Fuel Flexibility Propulsion technologies with conversion capabilities are easily adaptable for the use of bioLNG,synthetic LNG,or methanol when these fuels become available at scale.Source:CLIA 2023 Environmental Technologies and Practices Report and Alternative Fuels Survey30THE PRESENT AND FUTURE VALUE OF CRUISE TOURISM31In 2022,cruise generated 90%of economic impact compared to 2019,despite passenger volumes 70%of 2019 levels.*The economic contribution from cruise to the economy is enormous despite cruise being just 2%of international travel.$138 billion in total economic impact globally,supporting 1.2 million jobs worldwide and$43 billion in wagesIn 2023(results to be published in September 2024),the impact will be even greater given the 50%increase in the number of passengers sailing in 2023 compared to 2022.*In 2019,with 29.7 million passengers sailing,the cruise sector generated$155 billion in global economic output.ECONOMIC IMPACT 32Source:CLIA Economic Impact Study|Tourism EconomicsMore than 75%of jobs supported by cruise activity are generated by the industrys onshore activities,particularly at ports.Approximately 910,000 jobs were attributable to the industrys global onshore activities,particularly at ports,including direct,indirect,and induced employment effects.Almost 462,000 jobs were generated through direct effects,257,000 came through indirect effects,and 191,000 through induced effects.In addition,301,000 jobs were provided by cruise lines.The sum of jobs linked to cruise lines economic impact at ports(910,000)and employment sustained by the cruise lines directly equates to 1.2 million jobs.ECONOMIC IMPACT33Source:CLIA Economic Impact Study|Tourism EconomicsCruise tourism brings economic and social benefits to communities that extend beyond the cruise.ECONOMIC IMPACT34Approximately 910,000 jobs were attributable to the industrys global onshore activities,particularly at ports,including direct,indirect,and induced employment effects.Source:CLIA Economic Impact Study|Tourism EconomicsApproximately 910,000 jobs were attributable to the industrys global onshore activities,particularly at ports,including direct,indirect,and induced employment effects.From hotel stays before and after a sailing,to return visits for longer long-based holidays after their cruise,cruise tourism is a powerful part of the travel and tourism sector.2024 2028 ORDERBOOKand CLIA-member cruise line fleet35CLIA-member Cruise Line Ships Launching in 2024THE ORDERBOOK AND CLIA-MEMBER CRUISE LINE FLEETSun PrincessPrincess Cruises4,300 lower berthsLaunched Feb 2024Queen AnneCunard Line3,000 lower berthsLaunching June 2024Disney TreasureDisney Cruise Line2,500 lower berthsLaunching Dec 2024 Source:CLIA 2024 2028 Orderbook Analysis as of May 2024(subject to change)36Explora IIExplora Journeys922 lower berthsLaunching Aug 2024Utopia of the SeasRoyal Caribbean International5,714 lower berthsLaunching July 2024Silver RaySilversea Cruises728 lower berthsLaunching Aug 2024Mein Schiff 7TUI Cruises2,900 lower berthsLaunching June 2024CLIA-member cruise lines are launching seven ships in 2024.THE 2024-2028 ORDER BOOK AND CLIA-MEMBER CRUISE LINE FLEET 37SHIPBRANDSHIPYARDCOUNTRYCAPACITYLAUNCHINGSun PrincessPrincess CruisesFincantieriItaly4,300Launched Feb 2024Queen AnneCunard LineFincantieriItaly3,000Launched May 2024Disney TreasureDisney Cruise LineMeyer WerftGermany2,500Dec 2024Explora IIExplora JourneysFincantieriItaly922Aug 2024Utopia of the SeasRoyal Caribbean International Chantiers de lAtlantiqueFrance5,714July 2024Silver RaySilversea CruisesChantiers de lAtlantiqueFrance728Aug 2024Mein Schiff 7TUI CruisesMeyer TurkuFinland2,900June 2024Source:CLIA 2024 2028 Orderbook Analysis as of 8 May 2024(subject to change)THE 2024 2028 OCEAN-GOING ORDERBOOK(Includes vessels operated by non-CLIA member lines)56 Ships127.2k Lower Berths$39.8 billion Orderbook ValueSource:CLIA 2024 2028 Orderbook Analysis as of May 2024(subject to change)38CLIA-member cruise lines currently have 37 Ships on the orderbook through 2028.THE ORDERBOOK AND CLIA-MEMBER CRUISE LINE FLEETYEARSHIPSCAPACITY(Lower Berths)VALUETotal AverageMinimumMaximum2024720,0642,8667285,714$5.6 billion20251238,9353,2451006,000$10.6 billion2026720,5532,9362005,610$4.9 billion2027717,9442,5632005,400$5.8 billion2028415,6863,9229225,714$4.4 billionBeyond 2028,six ships are currently on the order book to deliver between 2029 and 2036(two to deliver in 2029 and four to deliver in 2030,2032,2034 and 2036,respectively).These ships represent a total of 22,300 lower berths.Source:CLIA 2024 2028 Orderbook Analysis as of 8 May 2024(subject to change);reflects two ships added to the order book since March(one in 2025 and one in 2027)39CLIA-member Cruise Line Ships Launching in 2024CLIA-member Cruise Line Ships on the 2024 2028 Orderbook7 Ships20.6k Lower Berths37 Ships113.2k Lower Berths$5.6 billion Orderbook Value$31.3 billionOrderbook ValueSource:CLIA 2024 2028 Orderbook Analysis as of 8 May 2024(subject to change)40The current and future fleet includes a balance of ship sizes.THE ORDERBOOK AND CLIA-MEMBER CRUISE LINE FLEET4134)4&%Up to 1,0001,000 to 1,9992,000 to 2,9993,000 to 3,9994,000 20232028(projected)Percentage of CLIA-member cruise line ships by ship size(2023 through 2028)(based on passenger capacity;percentages shown in brackets are based on todays fleet)34%of ships 1,000 lower berths39%of ships1,000 to 4,000 lower berthsSource:CLIA analysis of cruise line member ocean-going ship fleet;2028 projected fleet profile is as of December 2023 The CLIA-member cruise line fleet:Surpassing 300 ships in 2024THE ORDERBOOK AND CLIA-MEMBER CRUISE LINE FLEET425075395765565806146352018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 20242512702782682792933032018201920202021202220232024 6.3% 6.8%-3.4% 4.2% 6.0%CLIA-member fleet size based on number of lower berths(amounts in thousands)CLIA-member fleet size based on number of shipsThe CLIA-member cruise line fleet reached a record-high of 300 ships in2024 7.6% 3.0%-3.6% 4.1% 5.0%CLIA-member cruise line fleet capacity accounts for 95%of global ocean-going lower berths 3.4% 3.4%Source:CLIA-member Cruise Line Membership Tracking43
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